Paul and Isaiah's servants: Paul's theological reading of Isaiah 40-66 in 2 Corinthians 5:14-6:10

PAUL AND ISAIA H'S SERVANTS Paul's T heologica l Reading of Isaia h 40- 66 in 2 Corinthians 5.14-6.10

MARK G IGN ILLIAT

.~

LIBRARY OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES

330 formerly the journal for tht Study of the Nt.w Test.ament Supplemeflf serif':S·

Editor Marll Goodacre Editorial lkwd john M.G. Barclay, Craig Blomberg, K>thle
Chapter 4 PAUL: A SERVAl'Cial support they ba'"· The Panacea Society also oiTered aJCbolarsbip for my final year of study. Tho Saint And...,..·'s Society of Nonh Carolina unden>Tote a &gn.ificant amount of my final year of rOO!Cllreh. I am very grateful for t heir suppon. Also, my good friend Frankie Byrd supponcd roe financhrifi frir dk aiiii!Stantentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift f Ur die neutesramemliche Wissen.schaft

FOR NAOMI 111;,-o J'll, f'£1"1 :ml ~¥0 ;,;m KJm

Chapter I PAUL, 1111; OLD TESTAMENT AND THEOLOGICAL R BAOINO: R ECENT II'M'llRPRilTATION ANO A SEARCH FOR A THEOLOGICAL APPROACH

I. Introductio" Since the church's inception, the question of proper Old Testament reading has mainlaincd a certain priority in the church"s definition of itseJl Von Campenhausc:n describes sU/ BmYll'd S. Childs (ed. C. Sciu and K. Orttne-Mc:.Origbt~ G111nd Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999), pp. ll9--54; J.D.G. Dunn, Tlw 'f'he®gycf l'iJUl rk ApIlewna distinct.ion in 2 Cor. 3.6. This alleaorical reading of Paul led him to a generalization and universalizing of the OT with tbe subsequent result of demolisbios particularity. especially Jewish particularity ('Israel aoconling co the Oesh' vs. 'Israel aoconling 10 the promiJe'. Rom 9-11).27 The r<eeol work of Dawson, Chriltimr Fisural RNID!tg 111111 tM FaJlrioning ofltkntlty, is in many respects an intedkoiJ.... p. 9.

Boytrin.

A .RotlkiU Jt:w, p. 9. BoyuiD.. A .RiMiiaJJ Jtw. p. 9. 14. Boyarirt. A R.tJdi.:al lnT. pp. 14-15. l.S. Boyaria. A ~ol Jro. do. I. 26. Boyarin. A l!.odbJ J...,, p. IS. Oo this Chaet Fishbane, 'l oterpretarioo of Mikn. at Qumran., in Muld the analog_ou.~ rolatioRSb.ip between Paul and wbat Ha}'$ call$ lb.e ·coveoaute:cs' of Qumran. H:c abo notes three distinguishiog mar-b. (1) Paul is universal io bis c-.legcsls whereas the: CO\'etll.nterS we~ teetarian in spirit. (2) The Sctlogicol R~uding

IS

text (for reading invo(,..,. interpretation)."' But this is not to assume that the Hebrew text is being downplayed by the exeget.ical potential of the Greek tex-t nor does it pro~oe the unfamilia.rity of a NT author with a Hebrew text 71 fonn. Thou&h Paul"s quotations often overlap with an LXX form. this does not preclude the mong probability of Paul's deep familiarity witll the Hebrew tut .. well.n Overall, the p~ncc of slight alterations in Paul"s quotations of or allusions to the OT does not leave Stanler with the picture of Paul manipulating the text towards his own ends.' As hns been noted, Stanley regards the alterations of the text as having little ciTe< Sau. Flttlffll 0t11 7)polov ..a Pro~ "' C/t.rlstitm sa;,,.,~ (Lollit""l~ Wacmi:M&u/Job K~kn, 2001), p. 111. O.Yld Sapp W coocludcd tbat huJ must bave: rcbcd oa a Hebrew Ytwlttt~ whc-o alllldiftc \0 1a.iab Sl in his. atonement lbcolor:)'. The l.XX and MT cliqe oo

J;L,_,.,,

vicltiOUHioncmcot languazc (tspecially lu.l3.10). Dl'>id S..pp,1'he LXX. IQba.aod MT

Yersioas of laiah S3 aod the Cb.rhoan Ooc:trint of Atoocment' in W.H 6ellirll-et Jr. aDd W.R. Farmer (eels), Jci.J.u attd tlv Suff'-rll¢ SH•fJ11t (Harri11bara: Trinity Prus lntemauooal, 1998}, pp. 170 92. See capccially the review of Wilk and Wap1er by Moil& SiJva 'Florala Wilk: D/41 &d.tu1W1,J Ju J~s~Jwufor Pau/v.t. J. Roq Wapcr~ Htrnld.f 1(1M Good N,__,: IJalalr attd P<JUI lit CattU'I in 1M Ulln to tlw RMIIJiu', Wl'J 66 ('2004), pp, 433·39. Silva taktll ~'Cial ~im &tlltattments web as tM rottowin& from Wilk. 'P1ul'" t iticrt&tcu aw ci.oer LXX~Vcrsloa dell Je51&jo.bucbc:s' (f. Wilt. ·Paulus a.l• Interpret der propbeci»c:heo Schriftto'. K.r)"l ""' wtd O.gma·er, it does not follow that PauJ's new situation meant that Paul was no longer seeking to listen faithful ly to the tcxt.'6 Text-cssity of Spirit-embodied communities in lhcir reading of Scripture10' ' In olher words it is a ministry that cen~rs not on ttxll but on the Spirit· empowered transformation of the cammunity.' 1. . Gramma runains lifeless and dead as a script if 11 is not embodied by a community. II is at thiJ point lhAt RB)'S is at his most rontrovenial on the relationship between the nature and role of the text and the ,...,ding ond appropriation of il by Paul. For Jlays. this 'new CO\'cnant reader compct~· is described as 105 Scripture is not to be read 'slavishly' • ' hermeneutical freedom'. according to t.he gramma but freely aod imaginatively ns •a metaphor. a vast trope thnt signifies and illuminates the gospel or ) d lboolopQII!lsOocy', 54) sa.oa ohJt ..,.,.. 10 hul'• hol'• •oodon&aodioaa o( 'buo - God u •m throupcvt tho Sr•n·. 11oc Saiptwa tor God's pn::seot activity. po\'idc. a cb\'be 102. t l&)'l (Edwd ofScriplltU., PI)- 149--!1) doct qtabfy thl.t by ec.alll'll UK 2 Cor 3.6 is aoc upl10t~ about bermcncu.bcal principles but the i.mplica.Dan or tbc _... COftiW\1 oo hcnnenc.utb M'e: m.lftif«L 10) , tlays, £dt()IIJti/ScripJMn, pp. 1•31. 104. t-layt, t:clt01t3 qf ScripU~n. p. 130. lOS. Hays, &:.hots of Scnpt'"~ p. 149. 106. Hay•, l.'elttHJ of S~tw~, p. 149, Simfl:uJy, typology for U.ty' (Eclwn ofScn'plt~U, p. JOO) i• 1 trope, ' an acl of imaginatn-e oorrdation>,

smp,.,.,

'*t""'

"""'"'of

The relaliooship of the text and the subjecl mauu of whicb it speak$ is not ~rily an o~ "'latiooship of text and subjgy and alltaory. ltAl -

It is prccitcly at this point where the project at band seeks to 611 in the gap on the "'lationship between the titeral S<nsO and its fi&Ural capacity for Paul. 101. lo)'aria doa lbe same iQ A kdk4l J~. OVitt.., Fp.J k~. p )3 tot. 109. Dl•'l UndcrJtattd lsuUJJt. pp. 1&-.19) Thii pl.1¢eil Paul'1 rt:ldin~o and tht.:.IT rot 1hat m1uu, in a unjque context io his tcm,poral placement. 122, UGbner, 'New ,.Citameftl lntcpret.atioa Of the Old TCSIItmt:nt.. p. 337. 123. $o(! &ttbl wmmenu oo Ibis tOpic.. Eberhard 8WJCh, KIPI Bort.ll: HU U/t from Utter~ uNJ Attlt:lbfotrapJUco/ T~xu(Grand Rapick: Ettdmam. l994), pp. )48..49: eee • Jso Frei's COCMlCDII oo 8art.b. lta..os Ftei. Typ~t of CJvlstil.lle '11f«t a systtrnaUc txpose'. Lambr«bt continues tO remind tbe m<XIem reader that we do not t oow bow Ions; it took Paul to OO(l)poie his let~«. Laoobrecbt condudcs: 'No break in the oarrath-e or argument. no c:bangc in lbe \"Oeabu.lary or tone appean to be so a,reu1 thai the part& ooukl not ba\-e stood originaU)'. one next to tbe other. in a 5i.o.tJe lettet' (J. Lambrtdlt. S«(MI/ Corinthians. [SP, 8, Minnesota: The. Liturgic:tl P~. 19991, p. 9). The literary ·probk:o:cf of 2 Corinthians are not nCC~essarily unrtlvclcd by t:bcsc wmmencs: bowe~-er. ~ ·problems' arc not so great for the- modern interp~ter that he « s.be cannot grasp the o.ulobiogrnphic::al ;and tbeolo~ thrullt of the prc:tent CllnoniaLI form of the rt•atctial.

32

Paul and Isaiah's Servants

opponents against whom PauJ is squared ofl~ What historical circumstances led to the composition of this lcttcr/lcltcrsr' Do we need to follow the advice Furnish gives in the following statement: ' Indeed, the student of2 Cor. quickly discovers that, particularly in this instance. biblical interpretation iD\'Ol\'es virtually in equal measure historical reconstruction. literary analysis, and a sensitivity to theological concerns' (emphasis mine).' Historical-criticism has encouraged the interpreter of Scripture to establish the Sitz irn Leben of tbe text before ilS meaning can be procured. On the other hand, recent lite.rary trends p1acc a greater emphasis on the: Sitz im Text.6 Historical nx:onstruclion, though an illuminating aspect of exegesis, cannot be viewed as the hermeneutical key in the process of

3. The {IO$it.ioo$ held on the idMtit) or th-e-opponeo.l$ are $Um11Wiz.ed by Schau: (I) F.C. Baur argu~ that Paul's opponents -were- from the JC'Aisb wing of the church connected wltb tbe :tpo$1Je rete:r. Ortt-oo1es !bur's He,etUan dtaleccie workitlg in bit assump1ioo; (l) Khem.ann recognizes the opponents :1$ Pakstinian Jewisb-Ouistians slyly Ja)ing claim to 1bt. auttw>rily of tbc .kn~ stk,; ()) K.unund pJaoc:s the opponcott io a Pakttinian $Citiog yet oot connected to the J~rusalem autbori ti~. They 'A>ere aosel y related to tht GnostiC$ of 1 Corinthians: (4) Lutgett,. Bultmann. and Scbmithab ubsen-e lhe opponc:nu: u JcwishQQQ$tic Spiritualists: (S) OeoriP (Scb0t2 sides with him) 'plaoes tbe uwonents within a diffuse tradition of wandering pre!~ehers haviog pagan aod Jewish representatives thr<mghout tbe HeUenistic world. They are pneumatia "itbin a Jewish mLs.sionary tradition which hu bun appropriated by Chti5tian eitde$. They wed ;a Cbrlstology of tbe dlvine mao to their apostolic sdf<ensciousness' (J.H. SOft•b. £ioc Uotcnotbuos"" 11 Koriolhtt l().ll'. ZNW 41 (1942~ pp. J~71 (36). 12. J.bfcmann, "SclrCommeadatioo·. p. 66. 13. Ha(em&.on. 'Self..COmmcudllUoo·, p.67.

Placing tht Exegetical/Theological .Ar~nt 1 Cor. 5.14~.10

35

lam throughout 2 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians ~~~If becomes a self.,.,..,_ndation despite Paul's equally explicit rejection of alleplions lbat be tnPF' in such pIQit in 2 CorlnthlatU Is ilis apc.stolie .relf-ilcli'& enuq... >I& Uadatr. ol Dodd's cm,t~W or tbe eoocrpc. ol history a:s tbt llllifyi:ac (Of'tlt ralhn t.bu tbe &Ql Utcmseh'a (ltib&ol ~. p. 228~

lS. tU.y., tdt«3 of $uipb1u. '16. MoitCt Sd~ "'111e New Testamnu Ust: of the Old Taurneot, Tnt Fonn and Authonty'. in &riprw~ aN1 Tnult (c:d. O.A. Canon and J.D. WoOObndc« Orand Rapids: lbkn. 1998), pp. 147.01. 27. Haf~n;a.nn, PtnJ, MOS«J, p. 189. 2$. Fowt, 'Learning to Nanate our Lives in Cbrilt', pp. 339-'-4.

38

Paul and Isaiah's &n·anu

activity in JcsllS and wamiJit for Paul's role in lhiJ mlempti,·e dnma." And we should oot be surprised to find Paul's exegll,,blf IINI mtOtilltuiltf tlttt glory 6/God, or bctw«n tbe 1t.noc and prcxooc of Ood's

Spirit lmOq tnd w;lhiA his coveoaot people~. (Hafcma.on, PM, M OS«I. pp. 4)9-40) Wbdhct tbe aPJ)NJ to salvation his1ory resolves an ~ tbomy lN\lC:J o( the relationship bcl.,..«n ll•w llOd i'Japd Is ur.,:ertai_.,. lbou_p Hafemaruu 111Jiloct:s 1110d soUd 'lpmeut.lltloo apiMt th~ lawJgl)spe:l dichotomy are suu:ly wdJ plac:cd.

Placing tht Eugeticai/ Tir•ological Argum•nt 1 Cor. J. /4~.10

39

subjccl." What should be noud, howev... is Paul"s use of lhe Mosaic: tradition in Exodus 32- 34 a.s normath·e suppon for his claims. One does not neceuarily find Paul proof-te.• ting his way throu8)1 the arsument (thou8)1 many have arsuod this), but thinking deeply on the lar- narrativ< structure and sii!lilicauu: of the Mosaic story of Exodus 32- 34! ' Hafemann slates. Here it will he 11rgucd that rather tha.n merely using tbe Sc::riptural

traditions to buurcss his owo conclusions. which he arrived at independently of the witness of the OT, or mEmsing them under the power or his Christian presuppositions for apologetic rtasoos, Puul, in fact, dethwd his argument and apology for the nature and legitimacy of

his apoJ.tolic: ministry from the-Scripr.u.r c themselveJ."

Hafemann's illuminating work on 2 Corinthians 3 is a demorutrotion of a NT scholar soekina to do justice to the original narrative sttueture of tbe Exodus tradition io its canonical placement and form." Thoush Paul is workina within a 'prc>IW'Itil!g #Qme, p. J4. 84. Webb, R ttw'ltffll UQitte, pp. 42~3.

Phu:illg

t~

EMgetkalfTheol()fi6, especially in the reading of an Isaianic background in 2 Cor. 5. t 1- 7.1. 103 In short. is Paul the Servant or not? Or is there another way of handling the issue of Paul's close identificatio n with the Servant of Yahweh without collapsing the identity of the Servant of Isaiah 40-55 onto Paul? This. raises the quo.'tion of the unique identity of the Servant io J~ah's

redemptive movemt.'Dt and it is to this that attention is now given. The recent worlc. of Richard Bauckham, God Crucified. will play an important role in our discussion of Paul and the redt."Dlptivc drama. of Isaiah 40-66, and this is an appropriate place to bring him into lhe discussion. 1()4 Bauckharn has argued rather persuasively that a way forward in Christological studies is to press past the question of God's nature when dealing with th.e person and work of Jesus !-'hrisL to the more fruitful

101. J. R0$6 Wagper, Htrolds of 1M Good News, Jrp. 33oi-3..S; H.a)'$, £clwH~ qf $r;riptwc. p. 63; ''\\'ho H:t$ Belie\"'ed Our M~-.er, p. 219. 102. Wagner. H~atds of rlw Good News, p. 3'35. IOJ. Wagner's book de3ls with Romans and nor the Corinthian epb:ttels per sing chapter; howeYCT, at this point we need to~ tlat for &nckham, really for Paul, the Sefvant of Isaiah 40-SS is caught up in the unique identity of Yahweh. 1llc S.n'ant m both his

humiliation and his exaltation. is therefore not merely a human figure distingui, hed from God, but, in both his humiliation and his e:ultatioo, belonp to the identity of the unique God.'106 For Bauckham. the typoloaJclll sianificance or fulfillment of the Servant of Isaiah 40-55 6nds its antitype in the person and work of Jesus Christ, the one who is inextricably linked with the very identity of God. This reading of Paul by

Bauckham rnisos several issues related to Paul's identity in the redempth~e

drama of Isaiah 40-66. Specifically, if Paul undei'1Wnd• the Servant of Isaiah 4()..55 tO be a member of the unique identity of Yahweh, we can be sure Paul would not have assumed that particularly unique role for bimtclf.'"' For clarity's sake. tbe definite overlap between Paul and tbe Servant of be argued that a broader reading of Isaiah 40-SS is affinned; how...-er, it IS3iab 40-66's own canonical voice, not strictly Isaiah 40 SS, may lead 10 a more nuanced undemanding of Paul and his vocationll)/escbatoloaJeal identification. The category argued for in this work, a cateaocy largely unnoucod in Pauline srudics. is thAI of the servants of the Servant in Isaiah s~. a comparable but distinct category wbC60 identity is not coUapsed with the Servant of 40-SS. Newer research on IS3iab, e.g., that of Beu.l:en, Childs and Seitz. has brought to the a ttention oflsaianic studies that the servanLS of the Servant is the Servant, the a major theme of Isaiah 56-66. These servant followen offspring promised in Isa. S3. 10. carry on the task of the Servant as light to

,.;u

or

the nations and n.-storcrs of Zion. They. like the Servant, su.tTcr in risJtteOUSI\OSS (lsa. 57.1 ); however, they do not take on the unique role of the rious sin-bearer. At lean Servnnt, who is: the incarnation of Israel and vicn_ for Paul. Uti• Servant bas been caught up into the very identity and uniqueness of Yohweh (ef. Phil. 2). Paul's vocational awareness, coupled with his cochatological suffering. is identi6ed best with the servants of the

10$ 106

SGe Q.&pClt ), a. J.C7 Cor a ~oo ot•..a.rnb'-oe Mieudly"

8auctham.. Godawyit4. p. 51. A.anctham't es;~tioo iatO taa.b 40-5S foOows Ws reldi"l of Ute Second Tnnplt litft'a.UIJ"t~t dellc:ripao. ol dM umq.e. ideabt)' of the ooe God eeoplod "'liJ U..IIWip If God and serves a specific role and function in the person and wcrk of Jesus Christ. Thus, Paul's identity is wrapped up in the senant followers of the ServaJtt who continue to suffer in

righteousness as heralds of the mt5Sage.

108. 'lbe9e two lbenteS, Ser.•ant and servantS of the Servant, will be explored in Cbapttrs 3 and 4.

109. I should nott that this boot also sec:lcs to broker ne'Qo-er Jsaianic r~rcb wittl Pauline studies e~ia.lb' as it relates to the tl'leme of lbt 5eT'\I'&tltS or the Servant.

Chapter 3 THI! SI!RVANT OF YAHWEH AND 2 CORfNT'HIANS 5.14-21: PAUL'S RI!ADINO OF Till! R EOEMmVE DRAMA OF ISAIAII 40-66

I. 2 Corinthians 5.14-Z/ and its Uterary Context The imponance of this panicular passage in Pauline studies cannot be undiog it a.'> a possible 'pcsber'. However, an examio.Jtioo i.nto the oon~t or tbou.gbl world of lhe lsaiani~C quotation is absen:L Thra.U StaltS that th~ ooot.ut or Paul's quotation is that or the Servant of tbe Lord. She· ckoic::s an id~tifi &ale and Webb, u bali been obsetved., n:cogni:« the Servant (conecdy)

:1$

the

rcfert:nt i.o ls:a. 49.g and Paul all tbe referent in 2 Cot. 6.2. h should be no1«1 that the quotation of 6.2 i5 a \'Cfbatim quol:ation of tbe LXX (Stanley, Paul aNI lite I.anguage of ScrlptiiJ'e, pp. 216-11). A~ mentioned in Cbapter I, I am DOt ~uadcd that Paul'1 use of lhc Oi is bound to the LXX. a very slippery tenn in aod of it-;clf. Richard Bauckbam bas araued in his rcadins of Act!J IS tbat the early Cbristi•11'l$ (Jewish Christians) worlced with both Orcck and Hebrew texts as well as their own translatioo of Hebrew ruts. Tbus to allUC tor hen:net~elUjcal si.aniflers oo tbe.basi$ of Paul'$ alteration or tbc Yor/Qgt> is a slippery bwincss, especiaUy when tbe Yorlag' we: are dealing with is noc noces.urily a static eotity as- i$ ofkn upm:sed with the ttrm LXX. See Seitz.. f'igw('d Out. pp. 41-2; Bauckham. God Cruci/itd. p. ~-

20. M ba.s bt.-eD obset\-ed in &ale and Webb. see Olapter 2 Lambrecht ("Tbe Fa\'Orablc Time', p. 386) finds tbis reading a ' hypotbctka1 consuuaicm•. Lane obset'VtS that Paul'$ U3e !)['prophetic call' lanj!uage as round in GaL l .ISIT aud 2 Corinthians 'indicates •hat be has been caUed to the prophetic office' (William L. Lane, 'Covenant: The Key to Paul's Conlli¢1. with Corinth'. TynBW 33 [1982~ pp. 3- 29 [7}). The parallal status of the.OT prophet aod tbe NT apo3de is af'llm:led. For tli.M~ple.. PauJ•$ allusions to Isaiah aod Jeremiah in Gal. l .l5 do not necessarily rdlect Paul·'!i identification of hirn3dr witb eithtr Jeremiah or JJaiah's Servant Rather. Pa.uJ i$ placing: himself in tbte line of prophds used by God in his redemptive action. Tb.i:s also ma.kes Donaldson's affinna.tion or the possibility that Paut lhousht or hirn~lf u the Servant. 'fuD $lOp', on lite. b:uis of b.iJ ({I.IOtatioo in 2 Cor. 6.2 untenable(Dooald:soo. Paul and tht: Gt.ntilu, p. 254). Oooaldsoo (;b.itwl tbat PauJ does not cite IA.iah 49 in refn-e-.oce. to Cbri~t'$ au.fferin.g but in rderc:nc.:c to his own mission (p. 254). Api.n. this presents 11. r11.lse

The Servant of Yahweh and 2 Corinthians 5.14-21

59

the Servant- presses beyond Paul's own explanation in 6.2b. The referent of the second person pronoun is not the central concern with which Paul is dealing. Though Lambre; rlmp6obacte>;, 100 ..UV ~~ljlU... Paul's concern in this particular passage is his emphasis of the eschatoJogjcal vUv of God's work in Christ. Particular issues of identification are not present here, thougb the work of the Servant looms largely in the baeltground as we shall see. 22 What is undeniably present is the larger universalistic vision of God's salvation for both Israel and the nations. a vision both Paul and Isaiah share. Paul is revealing to his listene-r s their privileged position in God's esehatologiea~ c limactic redemption, a.n d oo other OT book sen'"" Paul's putpOses better than Isaiah. The overlap between lsaiab and Pau1 are so gre-.u that Westermann says, 'The time of sc.rvice is past, that of salvation is dawning. When Paul took over these words of v. 8 and used them in II Cor. 6.2, he gave them the exact sense that they have here' ." What Isaiah alluded to as a coming a day centered on the work of the Servant - is for Paul a present day. Beyond this eschatological reading of lsa. 49.8 per se, Paul seems to be doing more with this quotation. It bas been previously claimed that Paul's thought in 2 Corinthians 3 is undergirded by the E.'odus narrative itself.25 Similarly, Pa ul's thought in 2 Cor. 5.14-6.10 centres a round the narrative

df! -

disjunction between Paul's mis:s.ioo and the stgnificaot and foundational rokt Christ'11 suilerin& played in Paul's minioo (this in~i.Aing rtl.ati:ouship " demot~snattd io Paul's thought in 2 Cor. 5. 14-6-10). It also fatls to take into acoount the lsaianic allusions in 2 Cor. S.l"-21 (especially 5.21) whtch. as will be ara:tled. refer to the S;ufferina Servant or J~:.h 53. The reality ofGod'.s initi.ath'tl by means o( lbe Christ to mno\--c sills. an lsaiank: ooocept. is at tbe ''ttY bean of lhe messa~ of recoDCitiatioo. 21. Lambrecllt, 'The: Favorable Time', p 381. 22. A .T . Hanson states, 1hul -·ould oer"'ioly understand chis pauage (ls 49. 1·8) a' applying primarily to Christ. the /Or¢f!k aNI M<Jgy (JSOTSvp, 278; Sbeffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998). 37. This rea.dina, ()( ls:tiab 40-SS 3Cl.:i tbe tone foo Webb'$ v.·ot~ R.eturnin& Home . Tbe el:usic e.umpte of a fo rm-critical re-ading of Isaiah 40-66 is Claus Westermann. /Jo.iah 40-66 (0~

London: SCM

Pte$~,

1966). For an exampk. from a pktbot11 of ~xamples, of an

b.istori.cu.t reult tbat "Alvadon 6.rst and foremost means rtkasc from caplivity' (p. 54) doe! not do justi« tO the. maleritd it.self. For l.$3.iah's Mdem:ptive scheme is deeply rooted in Israel's plight of rebellion and sin coupled ~.~oith God'& radically new method of deali~ with this problem of l$ncl. Whttt BabyJouian c;taplivity sig1:1ifl.es is tb~ mu.cb ~iss-ue of hmel"s inAbit:ily to keep covenant ~.~oitb God, i.e., mo and 1bcir need of forgh•c:-ness. 38, C.C. 1'orn:y, 1M SN:ond Isaiah (Edinbur&b.; 1'&T Clark. l9l8). p. 20. 39. •to the time of Second JWah the "exiles:· i.~~. Jewish emigrants from the bomelaod, were io C:\~ty qu.uter o( the known " '(Hid' (Torrey. TN &torn/ J.saiah, p. 63). O\'Cfty

l'aul and Isaiah's Servants

64

Who are his people? The question might seem to be superfluous. seeing that the prophet hlm..self has just been telling u.s. with imprwive emphasis a od in unequivocal tenn$., that God's children from e\'et)' race

and region oo earth arc intended. But

JlO;

our commentators, one aod

all, ref\1.$1! 10 take the prophet at bjs word. They insist that the 'prisoners are the exiles in Babylon' .40

Torrey put his linger on the perpetual problem of modern lsaianic scholarship. A Babylonian background for the reading of Isaiah has forced interpreters to settle for a myopic, exilic reading of the book. Though Torrey may not have used this terminology. for some modern Isaianic interpreters the sensus litera/is has been collapsed into the Si!n.~us 4

hisroricus.

'

Brevard Childs and Christopher Seitz have both recently published commentaries on lsaiah, and both are equally aware of the dangers of allowing ' behind the texe issues or historical reconstruct ions to dominate the floor.41 Seitz remarks tbat ' it is significant to note, and o ften is not sufficiently noted, how content these chapters are [Isaiah 4G-66] to work with a low degree of historical reference•.• Thus Seitz eoneludcs: 'Then the constraining of the llteratute into some ex.ilic context seems both unneces· sary and less plausible, both on literary and on historical grounds' ... The assumption that I.saiah 40-SS is set in the context of the Babylonian exile and should be read in this light alone bas tended to skew a theological reading of Isaiah 40-SS which emphasizes God's new and mighty

40. Torre:.)', The s~c.orul /Utiah, p. 116. J.D Smart bas also objcc:tcd to an e:J..ilic: for bai.ab 40-SS (HC..ttwy and T!lrolqgy bt. Strt.-orrJ l:raUM rPh.iladelpbia· Westminster, 1965), pp. 2G-33). 41. 0111 anai)'Sis of Isaiah 40-.SS doe$ not pm\i.ppost ill Duhmiao tri-pani~ ~· or Isaiah, e.g. 1- 39, 40-55, 56-66. In fact, lsaiab 4Q-66 will be treah!ld i.o its final fonn. As SeitZ states, "The provenance of tbese dtaptc:rs has bcromc incrcaslogly literary and tcriblll a od anonymoU$, mat jng U$t or the terms "Oeuttt()'' and 1'rito"·baiab - exotpr .u litttal)' designations .. nOIStalglc simpli&catioo' (Cbristopbcr Seiez, ' Isaiab 40-66', N IB Vl [Nashvilk: Abingdon P,..., 2001), p. 3 14). 4 2. CIUJds. lsm./o, aod Sei... 'lsoiah 4().66', 43. Seitz, 'Isaiah 40-66'. p. 315. 44. Seitz. 'ls&lah 40-66', p. 316. Seita$i'-'ll':Sspcclal ;~.ut:ntioo to tbe ~mwncd respoOJSC (rom critiC$ r~ding the mention or Cyrus in 1uiab 45.1. Sti~ ooncedee: the: lsa 45.1 does not ap~r tO be an totetpOiatloo bu.t is clo6ely reta1cd lO tbe eoottlUU&I arpmeot. Howt,'tr, Seitz does not recognize the Cyrus statements as a Oecc:6SW}' inference or :. Babyk)nian prtrands, (I) the affirmation that YH Wli is lbe oolytrue God. (2) tbis truth ~-ill be recognized by the G"otile nlU.ions no lc:sslb~ by Tsratl, \\oith the corollary that they will submit to him and ad:-nowkdgc his universal rule and (J) nowbctc does the prophet affirm l.hat all will avail thcmseh·es of1hi$ offer (p, 396)~ soc ab o Chi:lds, /J;a.Wt, p. 356. Qeltton (p. 397) concludes: 'I sctill bclit\'e wbat J wrote in L965 to be true: "'the prophet discerned in momc:n~ of bi&~ vi!Mon the glorioiJ.S fliC' that Yahwel1's satvatiOII ~·li.$ for an tbe '4'0r1d, whi1e- at other times he sank. b3C.k lO a more traditional and iupe:rior attitude toward~ the- GtntDes!' It seems to be the ~ that tN$ pr()phel recosniz:ed !.hat tbe (l(lrollary of his ootwicti ~ that YHWH was the onty real lod was that he wa~ also "'God of all the eanb.. {54.5)." Vu.n Wintle S«".ks to resoh~ the tenSiOn bet"i'~ unh"ersalism and noationalism by.ob:acrvint 'that for Deute:ro· lsaiah the Rl~tion of tht nationJ dOl:$ not pttdude lheir submission to Israd' (Danid van Wintle, 'The Relationship of the Nations to Yahweh in lsaiah xJ.Jv", Y1"J5 (198S). pp. 446-SS (4S7D: ste also l>.1vid W. Pao, Acts attd 1/t.t ls4ianic ,'+In~ &wdus (Orand Rapids.: Eetdmans, 2000), pp. 226-27. Cbilds, oommeating on b a. 49.24, keenly addresses the issue of nationalism vs, uoi\'tf13.ti$C'I with the foJJowin,g: 'Yc.t it is bjghly misleading tO 9Ct up a polarity between passagC$ 6 one scDJeS the tension between the redemp, rive acu of God in the past and those about to rake plao< in the future... Isaiah 46.9 call$ on God's people to _,.,.,ber the 'former thinp' whereas venoes such as lsa. 43. 18 seem to dina the reader ro the antirhesis of 46.9, 'Do not remember.. .' The continuity between rho post and the future redemptive acu of God are based on the cochatological in~m>otion of God inro history to redeem his people (e.g. the exodus). However, a reliance on the pasr acu of God without a forward looking glance: renders the people of God inoper•tive. The pas! roots the reality of God's redemptive framework, and the future is the place in which God will act again on his people's behalf, yet, in Isa. 48.6 one finds the emphasis on the crearive novelty of God's new redemptive act that is not rypalogically present in the past bur 'created now, nor long ago' (Isa. 48.6). Thus. God's 'new acr' of redemption takes a:ntral sta&e in tho developmeot of the redemptive drama. Though our reading of Isaiah 40-{>6 may be labeled 'theological'. this does not take away from the fact that our study is committed to tho final form of Isaiah 40-{>6 aod irs own discrete witness. It is not found persuasi"" rhar a rooonstructed historical setting delmnining the lens through which the book is read is either profitable or for thai marter posaible on textual grounc!L In short. the text is loudly silent ~rdina its own empirical, hisrorical settlna. The brittle quality of the present literary stn!Ct\m only coofirms the basiopboey in 1h< 8ool: of lulah', JlfL 109 (1990~ pp. 229-47. Childs di~ fro= Seitz rqarding the voice ol luiah. F(H' Sdll. UJe voKle of l»iah is rckp'..Od 10 tbt dltW:It pu1 Mel 1.bt tllllt&Uf:e of lbe oew it &svt'D bJ ~ tnOo)'mOV.S """"'· Q l J d o - th>Jlulah a{lmlsolmtisboth lllo~ oflllo'old - . . oflllopr....... ;sdw, ~ lllo propii•emcnt of cbs. 42-48 and 49.5-6. Also, what begins to eme.rge· in the development of the Servant theme is an individual taking th.e role originaUy designated for Israel. In autobiographical style, the Servant rehearses his frustration a nd wc-•rincss in delivering the mncealed. Ratber, what is crucial to ob&et'lle is that ooe.. bearing aD the macks of an iodi~o·idual his-tori~l Aaul\'$.. bas hom named Semtnt, ool 1.0 repl.aoc corporate Israel .. the Sen•ant in Second L-ui3.b remains inseparable from l!lrnd - but as a faithful m)bodiment oftbe oatioo b rae.! who ha.s not performed i&seboson role (48.J..J:),' Wbate,·c t may lie behind the bistoricaJ actuality of this text will continue to be debated. What can be lcamed from a telltual stat~dpofnt is that in God's 'ocw thing' of redemption he does not a.Oow btacl's failure to hioder God's program of rtCOnciOatioo,. I'(IC()Dciliation not strictly for Israel (though dclinitcly the-case) but rtt.Onciliation with the "ends of the earth'. humanity. Clocments states: ' Yet it still ret.aiU$ something of an c:xpcctatiQil that luacl'$ election i$ art ciection for ic:rvice 10 briogo\her nadOt'i 10 a k.l)ov.•k:dge of Yah~.~o>th'. For furtbtr rel)ections oo tbe roltortscael as 'servant' to the nations see Ronakt E. Oements. Old T~s1amm1 11t~o/ogy: A Fr~sh .4ppr(I(JI._·}t (lond on: Ma.tshalJ, Morgan & Seou., 1978), pp. 9$-96. The meaos by which the: Servanuhratl will brin_a salv«r leitkNk G~rrrlztfertig:,, l)il' a/ttntamcrtlklt-jWutlte T'raditWn •on 'kidernkn Ckrttlu~· und We ReuptiM ~i Pmdus. (WUNT. 2. vol. 13: Tiibin,ou: J.C.B. Mohr. t9841, p. 41),

107.

Paul and Jsa;ah's Servants

80

Moses. Hugenberger has employed this 'new Moses' imagery to help in his understanding of the tenn 11!'. Moses is remembered as tbe ooe who sprinkled the altar with blood in the consecration of Aaron and his sons (Exod. 29.16. 20; Lev. 8. 19, 24). Moses also 'sprinkled' the entire people in Exod. 24.18. 1" Though Childs is com:c:t to note that blood is sprinkled and not people, surely the conceptual category of the Servant's priestly role is not lost in this sentantic disjunction. Though tbe tbrust of Isaiah 52.1353.12 does not b.inge on the weight one gives to its cultic imagery, the echoes of the Moses tradition should allow the reader to catch the cultic overtones. Seitz leans away from reading ;,r as 'sprinkle' based on what be perceives to be the wisdom context of these verses, although Seitz does not state his case as mattcr-of-factly as Childs. Rather, Seitz makes the followmg j udicious comment worthy of q uotation in full: To say that the text is oonoemed wjth ritual cleanness or with juridical

absolution or whh the language of cultie sacrifice or witb propbettc interce$5lon (with models a'•ailable in MoSC$, Jcrcmiab, El..ek:icl. aod others) or even with coloration from royal and priestly spheres - all tllrtween Jano'A'Sic.i :and HofiU$. Hoflus, worid.D.a: uoder Kant's rubric - 'sondem We llfkrpersdnlicltste. nimlich die Siindenschuld, die nur d.er Strafbare, nicht der UnschuWtae. er m.aa auch nocb so grossmO.tl$ scin. 11ie t'w jenen Ubl:mehmm zu woUen. trageo lcann' - states.: 'Wbctber it deals with the prophet hin)SCIIf, or coflecci\•ely with faithful Israel, or with a fuw«: messianic ilaure.• lo any ease \\'C must oonc:fu-lsaiah introduces his boldest of assenions, that God will accept the sufferings of the Servant-Israel. perhaps largely focused on the specific sufferings of the unnamed :llrophet himself, as the ollh< by which tbe restored nation will be purified' . 1 129. Janowski, 'Er 1'rug•; Gese. 'The Atonement•; Von Rad, Old Testalt'U'nt Theology.

vol. lL p. 257. l bese &JI ilrgoe tb~t priestly 5trands are later lbao Ow~.erool~ah a.nd tbertfl)fe could not ba~e in.Ouen«d h.im. On the otheJ hand. Markus Barth. lbough no1. una'llo"'a.l'e f the prieljlly ttrand and its (W'ticular dating, stat£$ that 'S3Cf"iflcial vocabulary cannot be: overlooked'. Barth also SUe'S$C.\ lhat "it is impo«ant to Dote bow who have gone before in a long chain o f prophet&'.'.. Seitz opines that the Servant described is an actual historical 6gure, more precisely, the prophetic voice at work in these chapters (40-55) 1 •' The Servant's identity is veiled because his particular identity is in a sense swallowed up by the 'culmination of prophetic Israel, whose teStimony he takes up and whose suffering he wiUiogly embracca'. ' .. the prophetic We can concur with Seitz regarding the culmination tradition residing on this figure of the Servant. While at tbe same time, to 8J11le too closely for tbe Servant's identity as that of a prophet behind rbe book seems to go beyond tbe witness iuelf. In shan. tbe witneu is silent ~rdina its historical refercn\.

or

....,....._t_ - ·

p. 93 t•l. w.. '"· Seia, 'How IS the Propbd lsaiab•. p. 190. t•s. SeiCL 'How d lbe Propbet l..WO', p. 190. 1"6. Scit.a. 'How it the Propbet bais.h'. p. 190; Wileox!Lnd hton-WiJliamsldrnti(y lbc S rtilio& omplicatlow oflbe iataesting""" w.. iato """"""' ...opbcq. fowdt Savuc Seq. Ho---nu, the rnbdity oi itt: appticatioa may pmsllte pa.., beyoad iu. owa abilitict. Gcdwd YOD Rid opi:oc:s against the Scnu.t u bu10nQJ 5pre po11000. tbe bio~ (..-_ cspcQally tl>at Ol lbe lourth S«vlot Soa11- CUJIOI Voo Rod pkcv.rc o( a bistorical pcnooap!". "'Tbe picture of &he ~Ul or Jab'"h, of hit bokl miuioo to lwad ud to the' wotld. and of his apia.tory tutrerina. ia PfOpboi:J ot the future:. and, hie all tbt rest or O.u:tcto-lsaiah·s prophecy, bekxl,p 10 ~ realm or pu.re mirack whicb Jabwch retetvod from himself'. fl is. o( COimiC. probitble lhat i)routcro-IAJa.b {DducJed a number or hit own ~;tperiCOOCI8 durin, his PfOphctic rnil'liJtty ill hit pict'Ute Of the Strvant. That iJ not to My Uaat be and the: Servant were one and the same penon• (Von Rid, 014 Ttsramtltt Tlwolou. vo&. 1\, p. '260).

cu...· """"""'is

*

be-

the-

q-.

88

P(IU/ (IIId Jsaiah's Servants

The historical questions will remain. One way of pressing toward an understanding of the identity of the Servant literarily is to observe his narrath•e ident~ty, that is. bO\\' the Servant is presented in his actions within the flow of the narrative.'• 7 The question centres more on the ·what' than the 'who', Von Rad gives a helpful summary of the Servant's narrative ideotity when he states the following: he cleanses, he bears sickness, carries sorrows, chastisement is laid upon him, his stripes heal, he makes his life a substitute, he makes righteous, he pOurs out his life. he acts vicariously. 1d The role of the Servant is that of 'light to the nations' and this role is accomplished in his suffering. Coupled with these actions are the observations already given by Bauckham that the Servant is in some way - for Bauckham 'is' - caught up into the identity of God himself. For Bauckham this is based on the intettextual link between Isa. 6. 1 and Isa. 52. 13. Similarly, lsa. 52.13 LXX chooses the term 'glorification' for the 'exalted' of the MT. Elsewhere in Isaiah tho prophetic word has emphasized t,.;re that YHWH's glory belongs to none other than himself (lsa. 42.8; 48. 11). •r will give my glory to

no other.• Yet in lsa. 52.13, the Servant is narratively dcpie1cd as one who is sharing in what belongs to YHWH alone, his glory. 149 It could be said like

147. Narrati\'C identity ls appea)Cd to both in the description of the Servant and the subsequent servanu of the Servant in Cba.pter 4. Narnni~ identity mO\'t$ beyond lbe impas.se of overloaded ontoklgicaJ questions that pra:lede the questions put to the actual

presentation of a charaettr in literary form. ln other words. 'what' .quest~M pertaining to nature ha\'t. «lipsc:d 'who' -question$ per~nin& to the ideo.tit.)' of a fi3'Jre pre$tnted in the temporal flow of a n.a.rrativc sequence. The roots of lhi$ kind of narrativt identity language are to bt found in the pbikJ$ophically dt:me wort of Paul Ricouer and his oonorptu.alizin& of the iss~ in temtS of itlttm and ipse. preferrio.e: tho Iauer. M'U(h hM been made cbe.oloeitallr of namuivc identity in !.he work of fin.ns frti, Robert Jenson, Kevin Vanhoozer and Ricbard Bauclcham. Detailed aueation ~;u not be &i\<en to tliC vari(lut; ways In which rhe cos:~~ is cJ.eplo}-ed b)' the Rlpn:sentativeslisted. Also. tbeoJop~tbct - 'tn cautioning against a $lyle of speo:h wh.lCb is too metrical aod rhythmic in its ddivery, Aristotk warns bis students that this: would not only fail to penuade Jmrte.vo.1, but be coofusloa (ltU,n}n) as weU' (set Ariftotle, Rk.tortt. l408b: Hubbard, New CrtaJ{Oft, p. 1661) one. fails to $CC the connection between 'oonfu.sing and unpolisbod rtetocic' fot God and 'teMOnable and tueid' rhetoric for the Coril)tbians (Hubbatd, Ntw CrNtilm, p. 167). In wbat way is ·coofusiog. unpolished spcocb' in aoy wa)' foJ God't to ooocumocc: wilb Hubbard, the p;assa~ i$ diffil.-uh, namety, in wbat way dOC$ Pa.ul gi,·c. the Corinthians crittrion for boasting (>.12}"! Yet, the thetoric:aJ angle doe$ not do ju~Stioc lO the con\t1.$t$ Paul is seek.io.& to display in 5. 13, that is, the conuau •for God. .. fot you·. Quite possibly, Paul's giving to lhc. Corinthians ao opportunily to boa!St will bt found later in the oontcxt io whicb Paul d:i:spla)'$ his sutferit'ls M proof of his authentic aposrl.esh.ip. 'J'hjs PJOOf is 001 Oeocsiarily att-ractive but is validated ll'l baht Qf God's programme or

rocltmption. 1"11. l>c&nio.g o-.--iXt• '' a tricky ~k. 1/ OtJe kans o n the couJ«t o f S.ll- 13 the fo.;oc of tbe vetb may be ncp.live in nature. '1bc love or Cbrist "controliS"' or "'R:Strains" us.' Tb\1$ Paul is sbowi.oa that lhe low of Christ keeps him from a ftauotin.g spirit. This is the positioo of Thrall. 11 Corilfthialu. p p. 40:8-409. On tbe other band. if one lakes ioto ik':COUOt tht vffl,t that foUOW$, a more active seose of the verb may be opted for. Martin statts: •The idea behind ~w is deeper than a ..moral inftu~nce" of ~ IO\~ of Chri$t, acting $0 A3 lO ccsttaill Or)e's beh.a.,;or il'l tennt or boasting. In 5.14, Paul is not looking back to 5.11· 13.. . a.s much a.s be IS Jookjug fol"\ll'ard to his lbemeo f RICOtK:i.li;atioa. The klve of Cbri$1 compels,• .us to be included in Christ and 1\i$ m_ission. The point is that 'oom.p ds' signi6C$ a positive fon:e' (Martin. 2 Ccrillthians, p. 128). Adjud~ns betweeo these two positions is diJficult and $ei.UanticaDy ihc. options could go ritber way (sec Thrall. II Coriltcltil»u, p. 408, n. 1513). Contl:!l.tuaUy, P-.tu1 is mak.illj tbe case tb~ the·love: or Christ ktepS him from S«"l:.ing bis own as he 'lhu fo r the one who died and was r.med'. ThraD doubts w~tbcr f'ilul .me:lnl be. (Martio. 2 Corimlrlimt. p. 123). I12. Tbe nllaoced debate be(Ween JanowUi and Hofius on ioclusi'fc: and exclus;ive SudiYI!flrt:tiJitg comes ro miod (see n. 1tl). 113. See James O.G. Dunn, 'Paul's Undetsta."lding of the Death of Jesus', in Re«Htcilkttlolf 011d Hope (ed. R.l(_ Banb; E.utt.r: Pattmostcr P~S;, 1974). Duon'$ re~inte is i1.1.ft~oed by hit~ auuranct: of 'Adam Cbristology' oom.ing into play fot Paul io 'the one died for aJJ. therefore all died' (Dunn. T1te 1'hMiogy of Pwlthe tfposrlt. p. 210). Joht'l R. Levison has argued against Dunn's rr3ding of Adllm lbeology in 1bc: Sc\:ond Temple ~riod. tl:louf,b tevison de>« no' uecessarily disagree with Dunn's coodusions (Levison. P(N'trafrs of .fdam ill Etu~•· J•.dairm:, pp. 2~21). 174. See. for e.xample, Leroy Andrew Huit.eoaa. 'Tbe lncaraadoo of the Servant; lbe ''Suffering Servo!" and Miltthean Cbristo1ogy·, HB1' 21 (200S), pp. 2S--S8 (32).

T/w Semmt of Yahweh and 1 Corinthians 5.14·21

95

provided by our sources is too restricted. At aU events, a suffering Messiah did not belong to the widespread popular Messianic hope in the time of Jesus and a crucified Messiah was a real blasphemy'. 175 With that said, to lean too heavily on a trddition·historical reading of Paul and Isaiah 53 would not take into account the new sit uation of Paul's particular OT reading. Paul reminds the reader 'now is the day of salvation·. The event of God's redemption of his people and humanity is an actualized event in the person and work o f Jesus Christ. For Paul, an innovative reading of the redemptive drama of Isaiah 40-55 as fu!Jilled in Christ is a reading that takes into account God's eschatological work in the person and work of Christ. Hengel concludes: 'On the other band, we must ask whether too much weight is not being attached lO the tradition-historical argument. since we reckon with creative innovations in the earliest Christian community, wlllcb was utterly influenced by an enthusiastic and escha tological experi· ence of the S.Ririt. These revolutionary innovations already began. after all. with Jesus'. 1 6 Hengel's sensibilities in these comments are-reflected in the present work as weU. Also, Otto Bet>:'s reading of 2 Cor. 5.16 comes into play. For Betz., this particular verse canoot be understood apart from Isaiah 53. To regard Christ according to the flesh would entail not taking into account Chrisf's suffering as guiltless and on the behalf of others. ' Rather ''he died for all'' (2 Cor. 5.15), for our sake God "made lllm to be sin who knew no sin" [soc Jsa. 53.9b) so that in rum "we might become the righteousness of God" (2 Cor. 5.21)'.\n Bet>: expresses the change in mind that takes place in Jsa. 53.10' of those who now recogni1.e in retrospect the significance of the work of the one wbo suffered and died in innocence. Tills ·new epistemology' is the epistemology of the new age by which God ha< manifested !tis programme of redemption as laid out in Isaiah 40-S5, an innocent sufferer taking the place of those God seeks to redeem. 1111 Th.is knowledge becomes a pparent L75. Martiu Hmgcl, TN A.torttmt'llt (London: SCM Press, !981), p. S7. A more n.'(;tot artkk by HeoJCI ou this aubjc.;t 1$ a bi1 mote ouanological or anlhropoloJical in laJ. Walt's rcaut .rude oo J.saiaD in I UJd 2 Coriat!Uatts ts quuc: tood OD &he ta:hnP liCk ollhiop ('IAiah Ul I aaol2 O>rinlhia!os"). R""'CDioioe is tP""' 10 tbe . , - wbene Paul it: dearly qvocina or aiiud:ina to J.sai.sh. Wilt"s !Udi.na o( Pnl and l:WU .sWTm., ln my cstunaboa. bcalile at doa not lake iotoaccowt tsaia.b's owa btcn.rymo~ot and TOIIIXU tomethina thai erupt have consttaioed PauJ's ru/ Suiptwre, p. 159. 193. RJdderbo&. Poul. p . 4S.

"'*"'

100

Paul and lsaiah'J Suvant.t

c. TM DMM Initiative in the Act of Recondliation and the Surant/ Chrisr as A.g~nt It is ,_lied that within the larg« nanative of Isaiah 40-SS the action or God on behalf of his people is bid bare as the action of lhe Servant. It is also teeolled in lsa. S2.10 that lhc Lord's announcing of his coming salvation will be for and in the sight of all nations. This coming salvation will take place in the 'laying bare of his holy amt'. Contextually in S2.13-IS, nil the nations do see the 'arm of the Lord' laid bore before them in the pellion and work of the Suffering Scrvnnt. Thus, the actiOn$ of Yahweh are intricately connected to the actions of the Servant. God's action on behalf of his people and the world takes place on the basis of God's gracious and free

iniiJative tOward his people - the comfort of Yahweh in Isaiah 40 is not based on the cry of the people but on God's own determined and gracious initiativt. This divine initiath·e, howe,·er. does not take the form expected triumph and the ~Ice - but takes the form of a sufTering one who embodies the vocation of a people stcepod in tbcir rebellion. It was a po$1 facto e>'Cilt that allowed tho !lti'Vant foUOWJy of P..J's Tlle.r.gy (l..oodoo· M•"".U. MO<pa &l ScoU. Manl•. 191t~ pp. 71-79 a.Jds (Jii6l;aJ 77>d>v. p. 4li6), .. lioe Wllh Banh, bclp(.lly .,...., 'I • 'OUJ4 arpc ioiu..Dy lUt &be tt:mt m:ooc:Uia:uoo caa also f\IDCttOCI u a btoad., iodluiwe lhooaopcal ca&tpY ud il OOt DO'elf eri)y a rival at. sueb 1.0 &be d«uioe ol~· See O..oo. n. 17>
l09. Rlclolrr-. POMJ, p. 161. 210. Of coww.. loca&blc IAiah 53 in the bacqrowd or S.ll il aoc • DOVd o~oo... See M"""'- 1 C«INlt»u, p. I SJ: Hom.., ~ f'llmUb 'lootl. 'Tbe debate on ••betber '"tbe rigbteownen of ClOd'' wu aub;cctiw or objective aenith-e. ''an r.ttlYltY o( Cod'' or ..a sift bc:MO'Olo"l:d by God'', can too ca1U,y bc
tread a path through the paradoxes of God's activity in Christ on behalf of humanity, a paradox that leaves mankind in mystery as to the elklgctic as rooted in his Olristoiogy of sufTerin.g. 15. Manus c;il~ a litany of 1;0m.mentator$' praisiua remarks of this perioope tn PauJ's writings. Hugbes states: 11lis movind>' beautiful bymn-tib passage: (2 Cor. 6.4·10) ftows from tbe dcel) hean of the ApostU:•s knowledge.and experience. It$ almost lyrical imensiry. il~ structural balanoc. and its ,enuioc lpOntaPCllY h 1

Thooe wbo ate obedient are Qod•s servants. With Jeppesen, however, we are quicldy "'minded lh:lt 'the .. bbath is a little surprising [ap<en LXV-LXVI'. p. 205. 34. Sciu: abita~ "Tbc prophet b&$ ooc drifted olf into abllttiiClioo llOd kt1tiOJe:otali.t)'. c-hanae for cbaQ.F't sake. 'The opening appeal is sober and dlr~'l: M•iotllio justice and do what il riJht. The C:een the risJ>teous aad the godless. In the tint main section, 56.9-59.21. 'the theme of the contntst between the righteous and the godless' play a cenlr•l role.«~ In the second main section. 60. Hi3.6, the rishtcous arc shown their pank:.ular place in God"s programme ... ' Beuken has pcrsua~ sivcly argued that it is in the fonn of these 'righteous ones' that the servants, the offspring of the Servant, are found."

I. 11w First Main Section: 56.9-59.]1. The struggle between the riahteous and the wicked coupled with their distinct fates is por1rayed in this passage (56.9- 12; 57. 1-2; 57.3-13; 57. 14-19; 57.20-21).''Only the rightoaus will or•) will eomc to Zion. to those who repent of their sins."' Childs stateo:

In

wm. the chapttt (OC1J>C$ on a theological suntJDI.tY of the fuUutent

bratl's apcmasy as it probes the deva.uatin.s dimc:ntions o( sin and evil. The faithful within the nation, who arc fully enmeshed in IMKI's o(

sdf-ddllUCtive fate, thrOI\• thetmdvn compktdy on God's mr ollhe cia,. .... dwllfd"""" ...ply ... thttc: m•t be a New Jcnualcn.. As &bylon. fell so mUJtlht 1wtoc lioa. Jcrv:s&lrm wiD aot be rmorcd. but ttpl.aced: a new heaven. a nt'l' earth. a new JcnaJI&Imt • 49. l\etc • 1 aJJlft to the fWt pttSOO pluta) in 59.9. Oi:ldl prexnu tlus sbrtl as a 'complcuty chffm::~:~t ~ve· f.tom the rotitnC-' - ocher hl.lld. allimu tJw c:anomcal plat:aoen_t of the liunry u"it u tlo<Moa from l.bt pru:eclio& ehaP'Cfl 14 lbc •ubMql.lltDt Ybloo in 65 and 66 o( ~ orw bcawns and D¢W e&rtb.. 1M: rnponsc to tbc Iammi i1 DOt foutld i_~:~ 60-63 but in 6$ (Seitl. 'IJaiah 40-66'. P• SlS). Tbe most oomplea. lljlM!f perta.a.na 10 this wst a.re tbIa in 65.16 may refer to the 108.

Sci~

'Isaiah 40-66'. p, 54'2.

109. The c,u.ct nature of this worship is nol described (Scitz. 'Isaiah 40-66', p. S43). 110. Ou the seroanss as the c;boS4:n OtiC$ d . ba. 41. 1: 45.4 ( Seuken. "Th.t Main Theme', p. iS).

'lsa.l>b 4().66'. p.

lll.

Sei~t.

112.

Beuken, 'The Main Thtmc', p. 78.

$4~.

ll ~- lkuk..,, 'The Moin Tbe=', PI>· n-18. 114. Beuken. '"The Main Theme', p. 78. 115. Bcuken. "The Main Tbttne'. p. 79. Cf. Oeul. 2&.1 ~.26. 4$; 2 Sam. 24. 13: E~k . 4,17: Amo\18.11. Set Wso 1 t(p 18.2: Jsa, l.l9. ~. 13 . 3.21. J7 .27o Jer. ~. l l. 6.J S. 42. J4; E:z.ck. 19.1 J; Mic. 7.16: 1'>
'""""· p. 5'29). 119. Bknkinsopp. 'The Se~·anl.$ of tiM: Lord', p. 396.

120.

Scit:l~ 'Jsaiab 4()-66•, p. 544. 121. Sdtz. 'lsaiah 40-66', p. 544. 122. P.O. Hanson, 1'lte Dat~t'lf oj Apocolyptlc (Philadelphia: Westminster/ John Knox. 1975). pp. IJ4..86. See Cb.iids' oommcnllS in OtiWs. Isaiah, pp. 537-38. 123. Childs. l.soiolt, p. 538. 124. Seitt.. 'J~h 40·66'. p. 544. On tb~ term 'g.a.tden' in Isaiah 4G-66 a-s an escbatoJogjca) theme referring to a return to &teo . .see William P. Brown. £ thtn qf the Co.vmQ.S (· 0104 /'/OJ: A Slvlyo{ JWW>I a.-laTw .,ldmJity lS.).._., Lue. 'CoW2WI.t Key to P~ul's Cofttict•.

.11.,..,_,

ll6. Hal'....,.,l'oJ. M-.p. 112. IS7. Hal'..,...., I'IIMI. M-. pp. 112- ll. Hal'- , ; - clotu'led diJcussioa iD
1116. 0. _.lie -.lap ..._ M-

136

Pmd and Isaiah'• Servanu

ond ·arobossad9r' of Cbris1. 111 Also, Paul's paru!U8ively received (5.21) and •ctively demonstrated (6.67a) by means of the fueling agent of the Spirit. l'aul's flli tbful response to the divine initiative of reconciliation mediated through the Christ has re.11u1ted io Paul's QWO suffering in righteousness. Similarly. the servants oftlte Sel"\•ant are identified narratively as those wbo are the direct recipients of the righteousness procurod by the Servant (!sa. 53.10) resulting io their righteoUJ suffering in the present age (lsa. 57.1) Again, the fi,guraJ pattern is observed.

e. Paulin tM E.JcltatologicJJJ Tension Buhmallll entitled this entire section (6.3·10): 'the apostle io tb< power of the coc:ba tolosical c""nt' ."' Paul's retrospective noading or Isaiah as a realized ctebatological event (2 Cor. 6.2) places Paul's partieular acli•ity and s uffering in the midst of the eschatological tension of Cod's p,resenl

inauauratin& activity of Christ and the awaited day of vindication. "' Paul's list or paradoxes in 6.8·10 pr=ts the Mlithesis of apparent circumstances and inward realities.'" The thought climaxes with Paul's statement, 'as having nothing, and yet possessing everything' (2 Cor. 6.10). ,.. Puul's possession of Chris~. rather. Paul'• being po$:1
Paul and /saioh$s Servams

144

resemblance' in the hislory of iotetpretatioo.1 Does Paul's theological reading of tbe OT bear a familial resemblance to later Christian reading, namely, Christian reading that is defined by the .ren.rus litera/Lr or the plain sense of Scripture.' Is it helpful to appropriate a category from later Christian exegesis in our description or Paul's OT reading or does such an approach fall prey to anachronism? Without doubt, this ten:n ' plain sense• raises a host of questions, aJI of which will not be answered here. It should be stated on the front end that an appeal to plain sense is not a neutral appeal oftbe bmrafacra kind.5 In other words, what i:s plain to the Christian community wiU not necessarily be plain in the sense of a general henneneutics accepted by those outside of the Christian community.6 In this sense, an appeal to plain sense will nc..-ed to be clearly defined, at least on the level of conceptual fnuneworl:., as it relates to the family resemblance between it and Paul's OT reading.' What is being intimated in this final chapter~ which calls for runher exploratio~ is the 3. Frci. ?itt &/ipse of BibJWal Ntmatiw:; Olilds, 1M Struggle tt> UN.krsMNIIsoinlt as Cl!ristitPt Scriptvre. 4. Katbym Greene-McOcigb.4 Ad Liueram: How Augwtlnt, C,aJ'rbt, tWi Barth R£ad thl 'Plain Se'JUt>' of Gerwsi.t 1·3 (New York; Peter Lang. 1998). S. lo b,i$ conumhtnsive work on patristic exe8£$is.. Kannetlgie$Str states: ' f or the C'hri.5tian interpreter, ll fim principle o( the literal meaning o( the Bible, undcr'$COn:d again and again in patristieexq.Hi$ is tburhe blblkal "kuet .. as J/1tlkrttDOd by pQlrlJtlc lttrerprmtrt had iU O'IWt 3tarvs, origiltitoting from 4 di'rint .1owru in a 3Upe'n~Otlll'a1 ~uy: therefor~ it adndut d M ~tral readiltg de\'(>ld ()j dw: nppropriak kind of rcligiclus fail)t' (Cbatlc..'$ K.anneogiesser, Htmdbook of Patristic E.xquis, vol. l (!be Bible in Aneic:ot Christianity, I; 2 vol~; !.<Wen: 801~ 1004), p. t6S. 6. On geoual hermen~tics and Barth's reaction 10 Scbkte-rmac.ber's fathering of lhis mo~'CUIC'ot io biblbl stucties: see R.icha.rd Burnet~ Karl Bartlt 3 'Tht!'ological ExeguU (WVNT U/ 145; TObin,sen: Mohr Si~bect, 200J). Jonathan EdwatdJ. the-~~ ~n tbeologia.a) philosopher, b.ad a similar view on typology a.s a O:uistian discipline (Jonathan Ed~ Typologir:al Wrltbtgl {'Tlle Worb of Jol)atban FAwatd•. \'01. II: ed. W. E. Aodttson. M. 1. l.oW;lDI;C, Jr.; New Uaven: Yak Uoh'«Sily Pres$. J993), p. JO). 7. By way of roueh u:Uogy. David Yeaao aslcs a similar qu.e stion about tbt rel.ationship between Scripture and lata' theological formulations, particulady the Ouis.tological fon:nulatioos a:t Nioea. Yeaao creatt:s tbe ca~esortes of 'judgment$• - the reaJitiei ptntntcd lo Scripture with Scriptural language - and 'c:oacepCual tmns' - the approprfatioo of jud.JOJtOt$ jn 1.\na:~ dilTerenJ (tOtXI the judament lbeauelvcs. (sUI.-b u Jt,omoo11.1iot1). Yca.go. "The New TestiUllCilt and Nicme Dogma', p. 158. Similarly, see T~P. Tottanct, •The Logic aod Analottic of Bibfu.:al and 'IlLeolOogical Stltemeots i.o the Grtek Fathtn(. in Di•Vtt M~: Srwdlaof PaJrinll: &"""""'"-' (Edinbutl)l: T&T Oaric, 1995), pp. 3'1 Paurs read1 na o( ltab.h. 1.111 otM wotds, it was not a.t1 overt eoberm l)( lluJ wort to true the ways In wta,i~ PauJ's COfttmtpora.ntS or aear oontm'lporarirs in the Second Temple pmod read bl\l:ah~

9. Apn. Urevard Oti.lds'• recent work. 1'M: StTt.~gg/4! to

Ultd~rwand

Scripfllr,, 11 CACfUJ)I;uy in thts ~gard.

10, 01md ln.tlc.me--Brcwcr. Techniques and Amtmptiotu, p. 14.

ltaiiD& ofSaipttuo', p. IS&. lO. Loc:owt:, 1"he ..P'taie.. Mt:Miq of Sc:riptute'. p. lS9 "PlaiD" McaJ>iD& of Script.,.·, p tit. lt. U. ........_ '1bc " l'lliD" McaJ>iDc ofS'e theories or hJSIOrio &re~aaoo of the OT m his l1ibiJJotlcalltrodJttlof~l -w Ut"'ll 1997). dl. •: David Let. t..h's •f HlMI l'>rl (JSNTS.p. Ill; SbdBcid: Shcfficl4 Aadcmio,..,., 1 999~ ch. ) . 8ocl> of lheot n tllon uace lbe ~~ of f'n:fs thouebt from a raUric G&tf1111ft'C approiCh to a c:uh'uBI·~ appcOIIdl with rcb.tioo to tl:e Mlt.ftll litna/'11 •s Soc K..U. V a -. "The sprit of Uademudloa:: Spocial R..m- ud Gmen1 Hcnncneutk:t', iD DiltdlliUrt HD1ftt'lltt!Mlit:l: llllei'J!Niat.it~~~ jlf C~ Ptupn#'~ (ed.. k. Ecnlmaus. 1997). pp. lli-Ol Luoc!io: Clfaod 46 Fm. Ed~pN, p. ' · .n, l"m, l!dJp., p. 7. .s. a:m, EdlJUt, p. ' · 49. Fm, &lip.K, p. 7. .so. f'rt~, £4'/lp.w, p. 7. Sl. Frcl, & UpK, p. 10.

s...,..r

Ra'*"'

Paul and Isaiah'$ Savants

152

Cal•in. tile inaemalaestimony of the Spirit and the 1dia& of !be hlOdly Wtrd, H'..O...J (d. 1141) bod a S""'*-"'· Spndt Aated thought about the passage or fiiui8l reading. The allegory of the AlexandriaM that was objected to by the Antiocbeoes was not an opposition to allegory or figural

63. Fl'lnce~ Youog. 'T)'poiogy" in CroJiint 1/te &un&.ukL' EuiJys it BtblktJI (h HOllow Df Mlt:lffM.f D. Goulrkr (8iblntS 8; Ldden: 01\11. t994), p. 31. See O.W.H. Lltmpc and K.. J. WooUcorobe. Emlys on Typolofy (St\Jdie8. tn Biblkl&l nteology 22: Loudon: SCM PrCiesial community as recipient o f its mes..~e.113 WiUt this said. it follows to emphasize that, thirdly, In plain sensc reading the sir. of the text (signum) is not dichotomizod from it.!l subject matter 8 (res). The text in Paul's world. and subsequent Christian trtldition. is the vi••a l'OX Dti and it continues to speak by divine agency to the present eschotoloaical situation." As Kathryn GretnM< ~.,..,.,..~ ore.tlyCbristiao Foilll', "• &du" vt (1991). Ill>· 199-

:13

92 h it pr-ea~ely •t tbd potnt that tbt c:atqOrie, oiYtrcd by O.vtd Ynso ('N"nrtt: Oosma '). COitet:ptf u.d judJUJeol$. belp us in movi"t beyond tht~ 1m~ of !UsrorieaS.. ._'1iti¢aJ rt:UOft.inl 1Uld lbcological judgments" (t tbcre ll CIUCiQt)' WUhin tbe h11tory or lnlcrpreuuioo thJl is " bttpfl.ll judpnent (li PauJ•• oon~cuaJ llC:II\ ity or thcolojically rt~dinw tb~ OT! 'f"'W: dluet~~doo bu adopted the jud.gmml o('plain aen¥CJ'. lhoufh tbislcrm i• bc:ina u»e Selia, 4; Grand Rapids: Zondervan Press. 2003). Bartlett, David L, 'Creation Waits with Eager LonJins, in God ll?ro Crtot<S: &says in Honor of W. Sibky To,._ (ed. W.P. Brown 31ld S.D. McBride. Jr.: Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 2000). Barton. John. 'Ethics in Isaiah or Jerusalem', in Thi.J Piau 1J TtHJ SmoU For Us: Thelsroelite Prophe.ts in Recent Sdlo/arship («n of rhe New TtJtamenr Church: and its Bockgrowrd in Early Judaism (London: SPCK. 1985). Bekcr, J. C., Paul the Apostle: The Triumph of God In Lift and Thought (Philadelphia: Fortre$.~ Press, 1980). Bell, Richard, 'Sacrifice and Cbristology in Paul', JTS 53 (2002), pp. 1- 27. Belleville, Linda L.. 'Gospel and Kerygma in 2 Corimhians'. in Gospel in

Corinthians. Ga/atituu and RomaJU for Richard N. Longr~~~:ckJ!r (ed. L.A. Jarvis and P. Richardson; JSNTS 108; Sheffield: Paul: Strulies

011

Sheffield Academic PresaditiiHI und Re-/n~rpmorin in J.,.•lslr and E:arly ChriJtiDn Utuature: EJsays in Honor of Jurgen C. H. ubfam (ed. J.W. van Henton 11 of.; Leiden: Brill, 1986). Bib/fa Htbrolco Sturtgartensia, (ed. K. Elliger and W. Rudolph; new edn; S tuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesdlschart, 1917). Biddle, Mark 13., 'Lady Zion's Alter Ego: Isaiah 47:15 ond 57:6-14 as

165

Biblk>graphy

SltUCiural Counttrpal1S', in Nno Vim>ns of lsaioh, (eel. R. Melugin and M. Sweeney: JSOTSup 214; Sbellkld: Sheffield Academic ~'Jess). pp. 124-39. Bieringcr, R.. 'Paul's Understanding ofDiakonia in 2 CorinthiiUU 5. 18', in R. Bieringer and J. Lambrecht. Studk~ on 1 C·ersity Press, 1994), pp. 41~29. Bieringer. R. and umbrecbt. J., Studies on 2 Corinthia111 (Lcuvcn: Leu,·en University Prw, 1994). Black, D~vid Alan, Paul. Apostle of Wenkness: Asthtnlo and Its Cognatts in tile Pauline Utemlure (New York: Peter Lang, 1984). Blenklnsopp, J=ph, 'The "Servants of the Lord" in Third l""iah: Profile of • Pietistic Group in the ·Persian Epoch', in This Place is Too Small For Us: 1'htlsratlile Prophets in Recent Scholarship (eel. Robert P. Gordon: Winona Lake: Eiscnbrauns, 1995). Blomberg. Craig, 'Interpreting Old Tesllllllent l'ropbet.ic Literature in Matthew: Double Ful.6llment', TrinJ 23 (2002), pp. 17- 33. Blowers, Paul M., 'Tbe Rfgll/o Fidei and the Narrative Charaeter of Early Christian Faith', Pro &clesio VI (1997), pp. 199-228. Boclcmuchl, Markus, Jft6'isJt Law in Gmtile ChureM-1: 1/alJJkJJit and tM. /kglnnUrgs of Christian i'IJJ/ie Ethies (Grand Rapids: Baker Press. ~).

Boon. Hcndrikus, '2 Corinthians 5:14-6:2: A Fragment of Pauline Christolo&Y'· CBQ 64.3 (2002), pp. 527-47. Borgen, Peder. Philo of A/e;randria; An £Xqett F: A Study In Eighteenth turd Nlntteenrh Century Hermeneutics (New Haven: Yale Press. 1974). - The ltkntlty of Jesus Christ (Piuladelphia; forues• Press. 1975). - 'The "Uteral Reading" of Biblical Narrative in the Christian Tradition: Does it Stretch or Will it Break?'. in The Biblt IJIItl the Narratio·• Tradition (cd. F. M~nncll: New York: Oxford Press. 1986) pp. ~

n.

- TyP'S of Christ/on Thtology (cd. George Hunsinger and William C. Plaeher: New Haven: Yale Unh-enity Press. 1992). Froehlich, Karlfricd, Bib/leal fluerprttatlon In tht Early Church (Piuladelphio: Fortress Press. 1984). Furnish. Victor Paul. ll Corinthions (AB; Garden City: Doubleday. 1984). Garcia Manine., f . (ed.), The Dead Sea Scrolls TratUlatod: The Qumran Ttxt.< in Engllslo (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996), Onventn, Beverly, 'Apostle and Church in 2 Corinthian;', in Pauline

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Tlrel)/ory. vol. 2 (ed. David M. Hay; MinneapoiU: Foru= Press, 1993) pp. 181- 91. O.iston. A., ' Universalism in Second Isaiah', JTS 43 (1992). pp. 317- 98. 0.~. Hartmut. The Atonement', in EJJays on Biblical Theology (Minneapolis: Augsburg Press, 1981). pp. 9}-116. Ghosh, Kantilt., ~ Wyeliffite HereJy: Authority and the Interpretation of Texu (Cambridgo Studies in Medieval Literature, 4S: Cambridge: CUP. 2002). Goppeh, Leonha rd. Typos: The Typological Interpretation of the Old Tmamentln the New (trans. D.H. Madvig; Grand Rapids: &rdmans.

1982). Gordon, Robcn P., 'The Story of Two Paradigm Shifts', in This Plac. Is Too Small For Us: The Israelite Prophets in Recent Scholarship (ed. Robcn P. Gordon: Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, L99S) pp. }-26. Gowan. Donald E., Tlreology of the Propherk Boolu: Tht DMth and RL:tmtction of Israel (IAuiseville: Westminster John Knox. 1998). Grabbe. Lester L. (ed.), Uadir!g CaptMty Capri>..: 'Titr Exile' as History and Ideology (JSOTSup, 27a: Sheffield: Shefl'Jeld Academic Press.

1998).

Gr<en. J.B.. Htaring rlrt Nno• Tenamnu: Stratrgies for lnr.rputation (Grand Rapids: &rdmans. 1995). Green, J.B. and M. Turner (eds), &IK-.m 11-Romart World of the N.,., Ttstarnt!nt Era: Exploring the Background of Emly CArist/Dnity {Downet$ Grove: IVP. 1999). - Systtmatlc Tlttology. vol. l, T1tt 1'r-i1me God (Odord: Oxfo rd Uni>-ersity Press. 1997). - The Trirmt /,;l,.ntit)•: God Auortling to the Gospel (Oreson: Wipf and Stock. 2002). Jensen. Robert, 'The Bible and the Trinity' , Pro &clesla II (2002), pp. 329-

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- 1M TriJIN ldortlty: God Accordil!g to the Gospel (Orqoo: Wipf and Stock. 2002). Jeppesen. Knud, 'From "You. My Servant" to ''The Hand of the Lord is with My Servant$"', JSOT I (1990). pp. 11 3-29. Jervi$, L. Ann, 'Alllm zu Juus (eel. H. Fra.nktm6lle and K. K.ertelgw (Cambridge: Cambridge Univenity Pras, 2000). - 'The Christ of the Old and New Testament', in Tht Cambridge Companion ro Jesus (eel. M arkus Bockmuchl; Cambridge: Cambridge Universicy Prcs.s. 200 1). - The Old Twament of the Old Testament: Parrlarchal Narratl••es and Mosaic Yalnvism (M inneapolis: Fonress Press. 1992). M orgnn , Ro ben, 'The New Testament Canon of Scripture and Christian Identity', in Die Einheit der Schrift und die Vit/falt tics Kttnons (eels John Danoo and Michael Wolter; BZNW. 118: Berlin: Walter de Gru)'ler. 2003), pp. 152- 93. M otyor, J. Alec, Tht Prophecy ofl.taiah: An lnrroductiOif and Commentary, (Downers G rove: IVP. 1993). M ocy.r. Steve. 'Two Testaments, One Biblical Theology'. In &t•·etn Two Hor~OIU (eels. J. B. <men aod M . W. Turner: Graod Rapids: Eerdmaos. 2000). pp. 14l-64. Moyise. S. and MJJ. Menken {tds) Jsaiulr in the New Ttstanthiladolphia: Fortress Pras. 1987). M uller, Richard. 'Biblical Interpretation in the Era of the Reformation: The View from the Middle Ages', in Biblical lntuprernrlon In rhe Era oftht

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180

SixttLtJt Birtlu!Dy(ed. R.A. M uller and J.l.. ThompSOn; Orand Rapids: &rdmans. 1996), pp. 8-13. Mull'liniscry, Weakness, and Spirit in II Corinthians', Cls on th< &
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1&2

-Problmu of Bibliad Theolov in tht I'.'Ontkth Cnwuy (lAndon: SCM.

1986). Ri'tlopmmt of a Central Pauline Themt (NovTSup, 68; Leiden: Brill. 1992). - 'Righteousness Language in the Hebrew Scriptur<s and .Early Judaism·. in Jusrificarlon and Variegattd Nomlsm (cd. DA. Carson. P.T. O' Brien and M.A. Seifrid: Gnmd Rapids: Baker Press. 200 1), Seit2. Christopher, 'Cbristologi
- "Tlte 1'riune Identity: Reflections on Pauline God·Language. in Disagreement with J .D.G. Dunn', JSNT80 (2000). pp. 99- 124. Watt.s. John 0 . W., Isaiah 34-66 (WBC; Waco: Word Publishers. 1987). Watts, IUI, Peter and David Paton-Williams, 'The Servant Sonss in !>ors

14.18 70 fsG/oh I 124 1- 39 68

1.27 114 2.1- 5 92 ~. l-4 l l4 2.2-S 119

41.8- 10 11

42-48 7J 41.25 71 42.1 69. 70, 71 42.1-4 69. 70. 11. 42.2- 3 71. 120 ~ 2. 3

71

42.4 11

42.8 88 42.9 70

n. 73, 11.89

192

Paul and lsoialu Senams

42.18-19 73,ll6 42.18-2.1 102 43.14-IS 91 43. 18 67 43.18-19 66. 91. !17 43:19 66. 91. !17 43.24 102 44.2- 3 120 44.3 118 44.22 4~ 44.24 72 45. 1 7: 45.2 4 45.25 liS 4H772 46.9 67 46.12- 13 114 48.6 67 48.8 73 48.11 88 48.11 liS 48.20 49, 49 58. 15. !17 49.1-6 69. 72, 73. 74, 80, 89, 132 49.3 47, 12, 73, 134 49.3-6 86 49.4 86 49.5 - 12. 15 49.S-6 73 49.6 72. 73. 77. 86. 92. !17. 103. 119, 124 49.7 58. 74, 75 49,7- 12 74 49.8 47, 49, 57, 58, 59. 60, 75, 108, l20, 139 49.12 72 49.1l 63 50.4-6 15 50..H 69. 75. 78. 89. 116. 140 50.7-915 50.10 15. 17, 113. 116. 119. 127. 130. 131. 142 ,.,4 76. 77 Sl.S-6 114 SL6 76 52.1-6 49 52.11-10 45 52.7 n, 81, 120. 130. t37

52.1- 10 49

52.7-12 116 52.8 n 52.10 77, 100, Ill 52.1149 52.11- 12 48. 49 52.13 78, 88. 131 52.13- 15 78, 80, 92, 100 52.13- 53. 12 43, 45, 51 , 69. 70, 74, 76. 80, 89, Ill, 116, 130, 131, 140 52.1 4-15 78 52.15 - 79, 81, 86, 119, 121 53 52, 82, 83, 84, 85. 94, 95, 96, 97. 103. 104, lOS, 113, 115. 120. 130, 132, 134, 135, 142 53-66 53, 96, 112. 119. 142 53.181 , 83, 95. 104, 130,137 53.1-9 80 53.2- J 81 53.3 111 53.4 81 , 82 53.4-6 85 53.5 45, 82, 94. 102 53.5- 10 104 53.6 45, 81 , 82. 9 1, 102. 116 53.8 82, 85, 94 53.9 45, 95 53.10 53, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 94, 102. 113, li S, 118, 128. 130. 131 . 141 53. 10-12 86. 120, 53.11 82, 94, 104. 116, 117. 121, 131 53.1H2 liS 53.12 82, 102 54113 54-66 112, 113. 125. 132 54.11-10 86 54.10 Ill 54.17 75, 116. 120 55 116 55.6 126 56122 56-66 53, 54. I 19, 122. 125. 126. 130. 135 56.1-6 113, 114, 11 5. 121. 135 56.1-63.6 123 56.1 114 56.1-2 114

Index of References S6.3 114, 123 56.6 114, 11 5, 129 56.7 126 56.9 126 56.9- 12 116 56.9-59.21 116 56.9-63.6 115 56.10 116 56.11 116 57 116 s1.1 53, 116, 119, m. 131, 135, 141 57.1- 2 11 6, 117 57.1-13 116 51.2 117, 140 57.3 118 57.3- 13 116, 117 57.13 116 57.1-20 122 59.17 119 59.18-20 117 59.20 118, 120, 122 59.20-2 1 119 59.21 118, 120. 121 60 11 8, 119 60-62 118, 122, 123 60.1 -3 118.• 119 60.1-63.6 116. 118, 119 60.16 118 60.17-111 18 60.21 119. 121 60.22 119 61 119, 120, 121, 130. 131 61.1 120. 122

61.1-4 137 61.2 120 6 1.2.-3 121 61.3 120 6 1.9 120, 129 61.1 1 121 61.17 . 126 62 121 62.1- 2 122 62.1-6 122 62.1- 7 121 62.2 121 62.8 126 62.1Q-12 121 62.12 121, 123 63 122. 123 63.1-6 122, 123 63.6-64.12 13) 63.7-64. 12 123, 125 63.8 124 63.8-14 124 63.10 124 63.17 115 63.17-63.18 123, 124 63.17-64.12 123 65 129, 131 65-66 92. 125, 142 65.1-2 126 65.1- 7 125 65.5 126 65.8 125, 126 65.8-16 125 65.9 125 65.10 125 65.11 126 65.13 125 65.13-15 126 65.15 125 65.16 125, 126 65.17 91 , 97, 131 65.17-18 129 65.17-25 125, 127, 118, 129 65.18 125, 128 65.18-25 128 65.19 m. 128 65.20-·23 125 65.21 126

193

Paul and /Mialu Servants

194

RomOIU

65.22 - 125 65.23 125. 128 65.24 128 66129 66.2 126. 129 66.5 126, 129 66.7-13 129 66.10 126 66.12 130 66.14 129, 131 66.1 7- 24 129 66.24 123

4.25 S2 5.1 241 8.32 52 9- 11 7

I Ctl