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p' ind;"" "" ,h, ide. t h" O-",el i< ... e"';n~ ,r;,".! ,_"n"n, (KTU 1.17 i 7, 9, 10, 11 ; .. 11, 11); cr. A;'t iti,n« (1%-1; 67); de l Olmo (198 1; }f,7).
""m,
OTIIER lE~SER DE.ll1ES
[,nrob«!, offet<J '1 ,he ..,n, 01 ,he Holy On< ['0 d ri nk1 (KTV 117 i 1_3).
D.rnd', ho,pi"Jity to t he god, m. y b. ",s>-rd"d '" hi, ritu. 1 p<m.,
b< n>< of the """,rM pr«imt·". H en«. Ug. qdi at KTU Ll7 i 16 . nd H J... not .. a "oamtuuy' .. t h,r th.n • "cem".ry· '" Mug. lit h... vi.wM it ~ . Th. s>nctuary. the .. mpl • ., Ug.;trit. ';gnifi.. the cmmi< « ntre of ·.11 the ';"iti.., t h e supr.,..., god EI. hi, >on B..ul. and the anonymou< god> ., divine medino". Thm the int ritu. 1 b. nGu in the temple took on their role "" the divine mMi>to" delivering 0.,,ented '" ilm. "goo," . • nd 1m qdi. · son, of Holy On ..•• i> taken h, re .. th .. of th, di"ine medi"oI> bridging the g. p b.tw~n the hum.n . nd the h igher god,.
if ,he div;,,, ,ilk in ,h. P.",hu indie",,,, ,h •• "", .. r>l god i" KTV LI 7 i 16. It i> "'" «,-.. in ~-he,hor i, denot'" ,h. "un di"'·; 'h"', DijkJ.r.t>-doh ,h>1 ',ombs ~' Thi, , ...."'h will enmine the guardian deiti .. thn occur in t he Ak· k.,h.n epi
y
1"" '"
'"
t" you, m.y tho ~ril proo:"'" you (>o.J) bt
(KTU 1.16 .4-6).
Th. god . . .. invohd h". to protect humm. md p ..",rY< th.ir H pe.KO • The ..ddition"'! tor m I':.::k for the fun h" wi.h m.y follow the fo r mu!''': I h"'oh "'ill gi,'o "",.ph to hi. _Io,d RS 17.414 C 7-8 IJ'RU 4, 119). For i" i"" •. "'" L::.<w,n· .. ..,' m (1%9, 53 .. ,d nn . 8_11). man!
,·,ri..
LE5-IER DEITIES
Um il<J."
aJIod luck to Sh>p,h,
In
the myth ic text"
,. It ;, .I.m, ~· ,i".n by ,I>< Amo,i" M.>dt,,..,, Ulmi '0 , I>< q_n ofUg •. .-it; cr. f'RU) , 13 . AI"" d . RS 1O.l oo B S-6 (U~ 5, Ill) , • )em, ... ri".n by ,h, 1",1"" of Q>desh to Uni"u. ,h. p... f"" of Ug>rit. I" ill!""" . ,be "",oon.oJ god< nuy 'P"""" .. !1Ii""" 1« Jarr! biliro, ->ntl god< of , be ki n, Y"'-" Io.-.J", RS IS.l4 .S_7 (_ RS lS .SO.S-7; d . f'R U 3, 18); and «I"! (KTU1 .6iv21 .... )_
'*rk "'"
It h., b.en .ugge>1ed th>1 t he ,ubj of the ,'e,b il"~ ",,' .Sl),~ ·Sh. l.m [.nd Sh.harr ~, in th ;, cue, t he v.rb>.! fo rm i. co n · "rued .. . G. 3. duo How""er, t he DN, lUu>.!ly '1'1""'" '!IT '" tim, .. >t KTU 1.1353_54, U C(l .51; !.1 07,H; .nd UlJ.lt. [ns'ead, it m.y b. reM .. i'l1I( ilm], :os .u. >1ed in t he Ugaritic 0' Ak bdi.n ep i>lol. ry 10rm uLn 01 gffft ing .le. My described . oov. (d. WUS no. 1811)" . The d ivine mountain m.y b. gu,. ,ded b y I".. r deit i"" beloT< they go to figh t in t he v>.!ley between t wo t owns, An .. em ou nte" unidenti· fied )"""r deiti .. o n • mount>.in, "' Iqry' gl,'''" b Jr i_
And .I., (l' (2001; 13~); DUL 76 QI)_ CI. Hd>.;oo ' HALOT69; Arun. 'a; DNWSI7'J, A,. 'UnI,,1; A EL 11~ _ 10 . A• .., in""'"&-,,iv, (",,·here"), '" Viroll .. ud (193 1; 118); WVS no. 293; G. R_ on", (1956; 113); ·,.-h,,, (.. ,d) whi,h«" . Difl,,,otly. "from ""ngth 10 ""ng,h"; 1I-t..-g.oJi, (1980; 171 , 173), W.,,,,. ( 1~8l 158) . "CARTU "'lO'" Ihe '"'' . I,er UK_ 'i rk .. J'[1m ilml . ... hil" i, h... ",.d.d!: j(CTA),o,l>[ 1(A7V'}, odlm( 1!K7V'), ~ Wym (2002 , D9 _ ~0 n_ 101)_ y 0. Moor (197L 213); :Marg.li, (1980; 171 _2); de ),1C1O'S p,,,,,k (1987; ~ 1); and, .oJ"" lollo •.-rd by Wyat, (2002; 139_~0 • . 101), proposin! ,n .oJ"", .. Ii," ,,>C' riorx. Thm, th.ir m.nn u,k =m, to b< to gU.lrd the mounuin. Ne,'''' the I..., they m~y be "'g.uJed ~, the ~rmj. , ull;., ol'he , I",,,, r1',1 ipnf Ijlmm ... )'1' 1m,
n,
f,,',
H. w (..,~ """,«I~ (it) t'""" fo r (,h,i,) he;!t h, .nd t he .""mbly ...,," (KTU U3 .St.-S7).
Th. text h.. """n ",ad ,=iou.ly ,inc< T,umura', rugg ..tion, -"1/;{") "'I" l~m.1 Ij'h[il")i'r I'~r kia', "He ,i,,1 (and) count> to five fo r
"CI. Wy'" (1001, ~9). ~ CI. Wy'" (1001, 327) . " V g. cd, ",h,oo., ,hr""",,oo m", DUL
1~7
011). Cf. Heb. ", .","" ,
HAL0T787 _8, 790-1. W pI. fom, of U,. ';',b, 'ofiici",,", D UL 181 OQ. Ci. Akk. irib b/,i, AH", 1~O; GlD ~[EJ 1%-1. ·pri.,,·, in a "ul,", .,"'''', Wym (1001,
Th.
,h,
cr.
317). Diff (d. KTU U3,ll).
4. SERVA!'."T D ElTWS IN TIlE UGARl T IC TEXTS Fi n,lIy. the le""r deities "!'P"" to uke . "..",.nt- rol. for their m, .. ter{' '') deiti." Thm ",me Ugaritic te,m. (",m, 'bd rnd kp-m) u ..d to i""ntify their """nnt" rol. will be eumin. d in the Ug.,itic tex" .
In KTU l.1! i two DN,.re wncem od,
" T mentioned here to .ignily a divine l.boure,. '«' ith thi> po int , it may be "I"ed to dmgy am' a!rt which i. deocribed as labouring in KTU 1.2 i 22_16, .he i, charged by EI to dig in the lOil.
am'
ri"",
.. h, «ymologic.1 fOOl ;, Wl"",,';n . For lu,,"", di>cu,,"",n of •• ",ymolor;ic. 1, ugg",ion, 01 lhe te rm , "'" C>qu",-S""),q"""S"' y"'" (197~ , 338 n. 0) . .. R,nf",,, (19"12; 25). ~ R,nf",,, (19"12; 25).
""t,
OTIIER lE~SER DE.ll1ES
4.2. 'hd
"Sen· .m~
The function of Ug. ?>d. which denot .. '",rvrnt deiti",' in the Ug •. ritic text>, h... bftn discussed . Ire:ody" . It i. u.. d, po"olleled with Ug. ',m., well .., ami. in order to ;ndiut< on . "i". nt deity of Athi ... t (d. KTU 1.4 iv 59· ,. I). 4.3.
klrm "Skilful
On.. "
App">ring" KTU 1.1 , th e I." er god• .,.., supposed to ~"'e the higher deity; the god Athur expect, th.t he will he served by the :=.t"mt gods of Yam, "hI" Ilrm [ )!Jb b [bt zbl]>", b kJ.! IP! nh[rJ
Sk;]ful
O,,,,. ~
will w»h
m' ~ ,
[dweliJing in lthe hou .. of Prince J Ynu. in II>< pol"e of Judg, N.Iu/" (KTU Uiiill>-ll) .
Th. text ..,om. to de.",ibe Atht.r'. fune ..1 .lIogoric...!ly through hi. own :odd", ... The contn' inform. u. th., A[hur would be de:od if hi, throne i, tr.rn,f ilium ... the v.rious rol« of Ie"", deiti"" divine meJiato,," gu.rdi.n< , chan«", or serv""t>. Tho Ie"", deiti .. indicated
~6
" C>g"""SZ"Y"'" (197~ , 153...,d n. oj . Cf. G,o",,",hl (1%7; 1~a). n Wym (2001 , 70 n. I) . Cf. UJ i I9.1'r1 1; WU5 "0. 1178. Gihooo (1978, n. I) ",.ding .. rJ,"" to Akk. PN }ffi;j""'n" . 0 . T.lIqvi" (193S;
,ef." ,
185). " 0. Moo, (1987; 1 n. 9) . ~ C>guot.S"")·",,, (1974; J5l .. ,d n. 0); Giboo" (1978; 46 n. I) ,. "mino, .Jeil y not h.","; ..,d, >I.." Wym (1001; 70 n. I); >pp" .... to be • min'" d rel""""t to the .ubject will b< examin..! 10, .h. ",,,,,.rch. 1. M EDIATOR D EITIES IN THE H ESKEW 1II SLE
Som. bibliul Hebrew «xu p,,,,,,n' the .ole of I.,,,,,, deiti .. .. divine r=di>lo" fo, hum.n •. 1.1. Job 16.19--l1
In Job 16.19_11 ~ divine b. ing i• .rfirm
" H.b. "'-", ",hron" w;ln«tor" i• • divine figu", other t h.n Y')'weh, it i. orgued th .. t h is med,~o, i, Yiliw. h h'm .. lf" . Howe"", the co nt... off." 0 due that the .. t it l.. ",fer to • divine figure o ther thon Y.h..-. h. The following t .. t .. puim the bicolon;
lbel (19SS, 26S) , E R,;.c.;" g lh. in«'I''''>I;''''' of Mo ... iock.l being in v. 21 fu nctiom .. the divine medi~or on beh .lf of hum. ", before Y~ we h. T he ·medi~or· role i, «n.inly one of th e m.in role. of di" in e m.,<engen (d. Toh I!.I'), Tur·Si n.i imil" th.. ""I~'/""I:1:: in v. 19 i, not employed in the "<en'" of. f. ,-ou"hle witne,,' , wher, it indic~" . divine :Kcu",r who "t.stili .. AgAi n'" Joh" . Yet, hi. fu nction .. th e defe nder on beh. lf of Job .. the he.,.. nl)· court i, cl.uilied in the following vv. !O-!L 1.2. Job 33.2.1-4
In the toXi' divine ITIom me. n> would b. . noth " di",u<Sibl. i"u< ~. T hu., the role of the m.".,nger in the cele.tiAI court m.y be ext ended fu rt her to the "",. deemb .. tho.. who would pl • .,; with y.hwe h on beh..!f 01 • humm; the dLvine titl.., -;:;, -;;:;::, . nd rtm iN"~ H. u",d I"rtic uh rly to rep",..,nt the mMi1tor deity, whLch , uPI""'" the judiei. l conte .. of the divi ne court aob 16,19_21), th i> figure, diningui.hM .. one of . thousmd I..",r deiti. >, should be the .p«i..! divine me ... nger . xecuting .. the ",deemer aob J3.23 _~) . The "medi>tor" rol. 01 the I",,,,rdeity i• • 1.., fou nd in Job 5.1. 2 . G UA RDIAN D ll rrl llS ]N THE H E6REW lIt61£
The rol. oll..",r deiti", .. di,·in. gu.rdi,m, .. suggened in Deut 31.8" 9, i. fou nd f",qu. ntly in the Hebrew Bibl•. It may convey . he . ignifi. e.nt theologic.! me.ning of gUH
The nMrative pr""n" the f.let th .. the ~':Ntm c. n be recogni",d .. gu.rdi.rn deiti .... well .. w. mor deiti", since J:>oob m"", them whilst wi'hing for hi, own .. f
LE5-IER DEITIES
v. l
:M,
-:.0= :r""
'~ ~'\
'" :.",", :., ~", M"I..~ :'?~ "
::
and JolCob ...id when he »wthem ", hi, (i.) lb, Clmp of
~::r.~
God', .00 h, ullrJ lh, lh .., pi""
n",,,, of 11.1"",,,,,,,,,.
M"~
We "'~ that whe n J",ob encou nl.r of the di"ine W.,ri· 0"'''. Although th 11 roo' m",h"," io. mi!il>l"j' ..,n", i, 001 pbu,ibl,.
OTIIER lE~SER DE.ll1ES
The ,d.. of d,vine protKtion i, fo und h."', .. ,t i. fou nd in the Ug.ritie «xl< (KTU 1.6 iv 1!_4)"'. The group of m««nger d. 'ti .. :u divine su. mi.", m.y ' ignify the pow. rfu l divine guid.nco of y .hwen. In oddition, Y. h ...eh . 1.0 <end.m to the role of the di,' ,ne m.. <e nger in .. much .. v.,imll ""peet. of the m g< lic fu nction "'!'pe.r. The text run"
i'-:: ",,,,,
II .vil ble", ,h. lod,". Thu., i, un be 'uggtM ,be divi"" """""ogIter< ">ngel" to "ki o,", K ' Th. hiph il lo'm 01 ,h, , I." m.y ind.,." th< I"" ,h., y.h.,.h "II, ,h, """'" "gu to ~u",d ,h< ]".. Ii,,,,. ~'Th. ~'" .pp.",mly "fm to ,h. J.. >d of C:lnun , 0... to ill f"'qu,", m"oio g of ",,,,,rde. of Holy Und w~h it.
m""'"I;< .. gued for two re=m, Fi ... , the third .nd fjm I"'r pow" , .v.n to take ""'y t he tr.n'gr",.ion of the 1" ...1· it"': h. i, highly >ccrMitNi to do 50 for he h.. the n.me of the sender 2.3.J.
Me~""tyte'
(v, 1I)'''. Thi •• ignific.rnt f."ure of the "m..seng"- ..ct ivity ,.is.lly to Akk . kil,ibu, , de,ign~ion of", p"rmn perform ing' .pnc",,,, Sem i,,,, ... o,ld. ". Ug. doj;-, DUL U Cf. • ... h.I!"", Wy." (2roL 119); ·puppi ..· , "" Moor (1987, 111). D i(I.",,,,I )', '''mpl' ""i, o,,', Gray (1%-1" 22. M). ,,, UK. ~J I, ""'puleh .. , m,,,,,,leum" , DUL ~ 12 ; 'bu,i," ch..mbe, · , WY'" (1002, 219 .fill n. 1%) . Cf. Akk. !luI"" AH", 33~; CAD 6( J 1 ~3 . Ci. -b ..... "",n,' , de Moo, (1987, 211). ,,, G,,), (1%-100 6-1). ", Pop< (19720 "p .• 183_9); fol1o ... «1 by Wy," (.1002, 119". 195) . ,,, Set u,m.li .... Ni.h, (1004). ,,, Se. ,phin ... in Upri'''' cylirult, ,uk" ,h. cylin.!nit< mythologic>.l p,ttern , ' htU, the ~":,, : :>re the "wing"" 'ph inx or wing«l lion with hum an hge of the wi nged .phinx at the _red place m,y ,uppon the foct t h.t the Cherubim function .. guudi.n de it i.. or., ", ,,',nt de iti .. "'.
'" P<mx.Chippid, Arsl..-.·T .. h, S.n ... ,i>, M<jIiddo, >o,d other Syrico-r.l« from .ppro..ching it (d. 1 Kg. 6.29.35, Ezek . 1.1 8_15), ,nd the whirling fi. ry .word h", bfin pix..! th ere; thUl , the '"XI ,b",ihn, n:~~""" ~",~ ~~~ r~\ : .~,, ~ r~
1"-' i'~ ~";O~ ;:::', ~~"~
'" T'~ r~ -"~:'>
A"d h. ~llkd ,n fro m 01 ,h. K><den of [de" ,he Cheru bim..,d ,0< flam< 01 t o< , ",",ng '~'oro '0 g"'ro ,h< w.y (to) ,h. t"" of ,h.
lil. 'M (e",n U4b) . Hendol " Sue.. I. .. convincin gly, th., th e ,woro i• • n independent divine 's.nt ' ~. It i. ",en, "'ther, '" the · divi ne we.po n" '" of the gu.ml.. i"" deities. Miller .. h t .. the Cherubim .nd th e A.ming .word to the Ug.ritic divine =S>engc,", of fi" (KTU 1.2 i 32 -])'~. At . ny We, the
Bild\rulit ion des AI,," 0";'"" .rde n m,y br dori"ed from atmo'ph"ic phe nom. n., 'wind,' . nd "lightning £I .. h. ... ""p"ctively'u. In f.ct, the Ch. rubim.,e I""lleled with the wind in oth" do>ccipt ion" ,.. "'"",- ~' " - ' And he rod.e' 6 upon. Ch,rub >nd I>< fl.,.,;
•...... ......, m. 'Ol:
c".
M,.,
and he i, «ed by ~ hum.n for hi, divine hdp, h... pp< . .... as the wind· rider h. c. to provide . hum. n ".. ith hi, divine prottction. Her< the rol. of the :l'1: ' PP"' ''' v,rioudy. Th. m1 i. ex· plicitly p."lleled wit h th e ~'1: as t.kin g the role of the ·c.,riec" '" -.gent of Y.. hw. h '~ . On the other h""d the :l'1~ m.y be "'g."dod ..
", Wy .. , (1'1%, S3) "1;"" ,h", ,he K"oI< ""n'f< 01 ,ho "'odd ,,, CW"1O (1% 1, 176), 'If ,h. ,I>< wind, blowing in ,h. tki<s. ,I>< .. which >PP.<m). Ci. M.uin,,, (Imo, 92 1).
,h.
,h.
B",
,h.
,h,
0".',
" P"'" ,h" ,h,
h".
0"
OTIIER lE~SER DE.ll1ES
m
the -gumli,n' ag.nt who cool"'w« with th.i, m. >1" god coming for the divino protKtion. A, the ·c.,n.,- deity the Cherubim "'p,,,,,, nt the p",..,nce of y .h .... h ' ~, they .", conveying the throne of th. i, m. st" god in the ir th.rticub , ~~: mrned with p,eciou, >1one, je .... li.ry, ""d gold m.y indicat. hi, high r.mk ,"",ong other 100, 7""" ... ,"':. "in your he.uty .. . )'o u, ",lenoou,' (v. 17). " ' It i. d<scrib'"" o .. ':tt:, "buming «»is of fi,,· ). 17, D.n 7.9_10. '" Th, oou n fo,,,, ""', """ur< only on«:'1 ,hi, pi"" • . It "»y be deri"J from t h• .;.' ". , to · .noin, ' , HALOT 1>43-4 . '" Th. ,00 n"""""to P"""", tootd;"'" lu"""ion 01,1>< eh,rutHm i, m.y I>< ",,nc... re ,,]awl do ... ly 'he , hrone 01 Y.h",eh . nd to the divine :=emb l)' surrounding him (Euk 10.IS, lO). In Euk 1.5_ 27.nd 10.1_12 ,h.i r ·. ppearance i, expre,..d en igmatically, in • hu· manlike fo rm "'; .. loud""ed figure. " ' ; '" h.ving lour wing. ~'; '" hav_
'0
Ite.,,,
po,i, jol><J ..".."Iy by paln' o,-~, ,,-, r o "-":0', ">nd. palm '''''' (i.) boo. ~·..,n • Ch"u" .oJ • Cb.", b" (Eu. 4 Ui) . '" P> 80.1, '19.1;]'" 37.16; 2 K~, 19.15; ",.:I 1 Ch, 13.0.]" [he« b iblieal ,d.... ",,,,. [h. I""ieipial 10o, to ,h.m-, ,nd .too, ,h. " pre,,,.,n 0""' ..,. "h>nru 01. m.n· (t..,x 1.8'; 10], 8. 21). '" d. ,he ph ..", """""" "J< ." ,•• " ·>nd lou, I"", '0 (..ch) one' (Euk LI.>; 10.14. 21; d . LtO). Eiom 01 ,h. ~"'>l world.GOO,..,d ,h,y c'''y in ,h.m..1«. "; 0",,, =.0 0"" ..,." · ..-.d h",d, 01.01"''' (=) undo, wing' on ,hei, lou, iiJe,·. H,no< ,bei, wing>
r..)
''1;''''
,h,
" .... . • .. 0.'0 .. • '0 .. ·•. _.,. __ .• ,'" ._ . __ •__ ... __ -'-, ..,. ___ ____ .... _ .n_. , ___ nu. ,.. _ " . " , . _ ._ ". _ .. " .. "Y ' '' ___ •• "c,~ _
,~ " "
,." '" ''i'' oc''': ", '" ::::", • ..-..:1 1 hu, [h, ":,",,dol ,h,i, "'"ing>, lix, ,h, ",und 01 "'''-'Y ... " ..... Iii« ,t.< ",unci 01 Sh>dd.ti, in ,h,i, ~oing. ,h, ",uoo 01
OTIIER lE~SER DE.ll1ES
ing th eir leot lik< tho~ 01 . n ox '''; .nd .. h.vi ng
-"~.
· and ,h.i, neoh."d ,h";, and th.ir h",ok, .. ,d ,h";, winp . ..,d ",h",l, (.",) fu ll 01 round .rou,·, '" CI. 1.7\" ""...,0 ~,," . "'" 0"""', ·,,,d ,be livinl beings .'" running .oJ ,u,",ing b""k lil« ,ho 01 ,ho nosh'. ,,, cr. E:tek 1.1 4, "'7 n:OJ F' ' -""''', -..,d ,h.y >r•• p.>rklin~ lik, an .y.o! burni.bed """':te' ; ,hu, KJV ,n.I>-n, the mI. of the iNC,::l occu" v..nomly, the divine me .. "nger, gu.rdi.n, and forgi,'er. The C':l1 ~ , · Cherubim', i, "g..ded ... the di,·in. gu.rdi.n (C.n 3.2~ b; Euk 2B. H" 1&), ... hich i, reIn ed to. colom" of. prot«ti"e ' pirit pl""ed ... temple g>te 0" .phin. in the .nc ient Ne" u>!. It i, con nected, prrh.pl", corry Y~w e h', throne (Euk 1 0 .1 _ ~, 11, 14_20, 1l.12). Th. Cherubim occur .. Homplemenury r= of the mercy ,," in the MO>1 Holy pi",. in Y.h .... h', te nt (E.cd 1S.18_20. n, 37.7 _~, Num 7.89, 2 s..m 6.2, .100, I s..m 4. 4). A• • docorAtion, they or. put on the interior .nd .xterior ..·. 11, .. w.lI .. the door> of the Solomonic temple, tog",h., with p.lm tr,,., ""d open flo ... ers (I Kg> 6.2~, 32, 35, 1 Ch, 3.7, ,,·ith other thing •. _ I Kg. 7.29, 36; 1 Ch, 3. li , ",c.). In the book of Ezekiel, they ... repr of the .. nctu.ry {Euk 41.18_20, 25}. A, the ",rvillt d.iti.., the Ch.rub im • .., put n.., Y.h .... h'. throne (P, 80.2, 99.1; I.. 37.1&; 2 Kg> 19.15,.Uld I Chr 13.&). 1. C UA.'rnm DEITIES IN TIlE H EBREW B1BL..E Y.>hweh i, in hi, council (P, S9.S lET 7]; 103.19_11). One of the princip.1 funct ions of the>< I...." deiti .. in the p.ntheon i, to pr.;" ... eel."i.1 choir theif m"'er god Y.>hweh Gob 38.7, p, 2~.1 _2), thu. their role of prai>.ing Y~weh in the h",·. n, c.n be defined .. divine ch.nters (p, HS. I_2). Thi, "" .. reh ...ill ",rutini", the divine ch.n .. " in the Hebre ... Bible, .n.lping ",m. biblic"! H.b" ... tex" ..,l>.ted to the . ubj!i.1 be in g> ... summoned to be a choru, to giw prai'" to Yahw. h. The C ' ~"II: 'l~ • .., acknowledged to be pre",nt .. the tim. of C..,,,ion. After Y~ ... eh ask, ... her. Job ..... at during C..,,,ion (v. 4), h. "y"
OTIIER y~ '~1:
-:rr
r~
='~':M "~ ,,= "'..,~
lE~SER
DE.ll1ES
When the morning Su,,'" •• ng togeth", ""d >11l ch.nte" p,.i.ing, with joy, the =.1.zingly c", .. ive work of Y.hweh .nd hi. ",ve",ignty i. explicitly expr .... d. 11m., P.rk" rol ..". th.", divine being> to the god. oth" thm y . hweh, " .. ign.tod explicitly in the lim p"",m plur.>l form "m" in the ",'ent ole",.tion .. Gen U&' ~. In the p.... ge, t he "'i' ~ ':::1: mol the C'lI':l< 'l:: are us«l in par.>l. lei"'. The pa,.lIel 01"". and divine being.;' .1", found in th e Ug •. ritic ",,,. In KTU 1,]0 i 3_., the p~, Ublll, the "••",mbly of Star. i. p".lIelod with the bn ii, "Som 01 EI", .nd the d, dlsmm, the "cirde of th05< 01 t he h..vem" to d .. ign.,e the I""", deiti .. in the panthron. ea..uto conceivably th" the ~l: , • ..·hich w.", deiti.. in t he idool., rou. cult, we", tr.n.formod into .. rv.rnu of the lord in lor...!'. ",ligion (likewi .. in Ug.ritic, the p h"'''''~T t.Mbm, th" i., CGng.-.g~· tum ofth
no H"", ::\:. ' "", ' , HALOT ti.1 hymn for y.hweh i. h.,moni",d by the", "group' ch . nth~' ,h in lh, h.... n' , ,,>hli')-, ,d h;' [hro"", ."d hi, ",I", 0'-" .11.
",",,,,i~,,,y
". 10 Ad.o" (wi[h b o[her [h.n Y.h ... eh. Y>h .... h ' pp-hweh as hi, l5er dei[i. s.condly. [h. pr im,",), meaning of [h. repe .. edly employed H>b! te.m ';;:1 of the 1,::, '=:, whic h 'ndic., .. their mi"ion to ex<cute t he commornd of their m."e. god. ob.ying (:::;:") hi. word. The »me un· de .... nding i, to be discerned in the l ln;, '=: in v. 21. The .. mighty ",.. rio" are . 1", membe" of the d" 'ine ",,,,mbly of Yahwe h in th .. they execu« th.ir mme. god', commAnd. L...",r de ,t i", Me .J", c. lled l'II :~ in v, 21. The II:::> " . (oll«ti"e noun, which .1", Je.'gn'« ' the mil itary fo re. of Yah",. h. Th. fu nc· tion of the l'II::~ is expl.ined by the term I'" ,-=::, followed by l ln;, ';;:1, ...·h"h plK" th.ir po:>«,"", ~ h ... y.n· ... ,he ohi«' >l ,hi, pi""" Scharbe" (1977; 19). }~5). '" Cf. Grube, (1900, 90-8). ,.. The in"n,iv< fom, 01 ,he >o:Ij.«tive ,0>. '0 ' be """"g", is uSh(~',h), P'';'" Y.h~,.h from ,be h""n~ P'';'" him in ,he h .i~h,~ P'';'" him . • 11 hi, m««n~ ..', P'';'" him. >II hi, "'= ~', P'';'" him. ,un .. >hweh. In the p»'-'g .., H.h. :-::-.::~ and C"::I'": occur 'y n· onymou,ly. Then, the d i" in. me"" nge",. the hoot, and the ",., in the eel."i.1 council ... par.lleled with the modific>tion of the te.m ~: . The", « 1", i.1 b.;ng> he .. ' ppen..~" upon the throne 01 Yahweh, '>inging the trish. gicn· "' : ~,o :1C:' C·.':~
-:",.,
: '0]: : :
:'0': :: .;, "==~ :'.",~ c'o': .,0'" C·.'::\ ,""," ".;::. : 'n::'
Ser>phi", w.I'< .... rung above him"'. Six ... ing•• i, "'io g< '" fo< .>fid ... i,h ' ",0 h, fl.w.
r'M~ ~= "'~ mil:. ~'"..,. :'"" ""'"
:"1-:;:'
"\.~'"
;rr
'It '" "." \1'::
A"d ,hi. 0"'" called to ,h .. on.,.M .. Ml "holy, holy, holy '" (0.) y . hlV'" 01 h",.. , ,I>< lulln"" 01 all ,h, .arth (0,) hi, &lory'
0.. 6,1- 3) , The etymological root of C't""l= i. no rm.lly .. f.rred to the '~1=, t o "burn, con,um,""', In thi. >ens< of th, te rm t he Ser",!,him may be
_ c,., ... .. ·
M«, ing" (1mb: 741) , ." . -'0'; 1t.. rom "",v. !O nun , H' Th, ,h.p< of ,I>< Seraphim i. de",rib«l .. ~'.WiogM h.rdi.nt f,sure •. O n the oth" h.,.,d, it h.. ~ n ..iJ th.t the Sq;un,, of lih"" Motgnd .. "",..,nif.,,, ;"n of ,h, ligh' ning «_D.y, 1979; 143_S)_ "" I... 6_1 de.:::"
In bi. ",,,"an,,'" h, canna. tr""; ..>n dei· tit> (G, n 32.2_3; hod 1J.10, 23, 31.34, 33,1, P. 32.8, H.8 lET 3 ~. 7);
',,"v
te."
.. .
Th irdly, while the v. riou. mythological te, m. =d to denote the I.... r deiti.. in the Ug. ritic text> Me .lu.rod wit h the e.rly riti< t<x".
LE5-IER DEITIES
Fou rth ly, >.Omil.,- cone.>lrn l.viii)". JIUCA
1955 1957
1958
1959 1% 8,
1% 8b
nl! , 1_39,
"Not ... on P>.>lmn m ti'l'lun< sopherim xo num, Sumptibus M, Ni<m "Th. Ep i>Ode of ' he Son, of God .nd the D.ught." of M. n (Gen«i' vi 1 _ ~ )" . BOS 10 17_28. 1973b "Deuteronomy Ch'pter XXXlJI and the New Ye.. in An · ry Formul.." A Comp.>nti,·e Study of the Ug.>ritic Epinoh ry Formu l., in the Con«xt of the Con· t<mpou r}" Akhdion Formul", in the Utte" from Ug,rit and Am.mo". UF9 , IH_S8. Chri". n~n, 198~
1001
D. L "Two Sunz", of • Hymn in Deut09. Colung., A . 194 ! "L. voc.lCion dd prof.... Ez.e'lui"-, E"Bib 1, 111 -66. Colli n"
J. J.
1993
D..nm: A C"m",,,,"ry on ,he &ok
1999
Min npoli" Fon,,,, •. "G.briut ier". En 39, 4SS_'iOO, "Mi",.lbn'" Bi bli'l ue,_to thi!y
P"'''' Crm" Jr .. F. M. and D. N, Freedm. n 19 48 "The Blming of Mmtudi", 11. s..J .. m.nc,", U ni,-er>iludjodd s..lmo 19. IS] 6. V.lenei", Soler. 198 1. "~tudr philologique dr mal'iik, P''''I'''''!i... , ,ur 1. "",I 'udigm'tic. de Ug .. it (KTU 1.11). u c.n. de T . lmiy.rnu y Ah~t miku". EI mm;,mio tk Ia pa1~hrd . Edited by Vieent. Coli .oo .nd EJu.rdo ZUITo. M.drid Edicion", Cri, n, j. Treoolle B'IT,J..L .nd j .•P. Vi,. 1995 Conco"omc", tk Pdldhr", U8aYi,IC; In"itucio n Fern .ndo eI C>tolico. D.hood, M. j . 1958 "Ancient Semitic Driti.. in Syri•• nd P.I""tine". In uAn· ,ich< Di 0/ EN.t: A" Emp"': fm<TIool In o..y. Ed ited by G. p",tin>to. G ..den City , NY, Doubled!y.171_J1S.
BJ8UOGRAPIlY
D~v i,
1%7
30S
C. H. Exodu" u,noon, SCM Pre".
D.vid",n, A. B. 1889 1h< &ok
of Job, esse.
u,noon , Cunbridge Uni,-enity
Pre". D~vid"'n,
1%7
C. A DiCtlo"ary ofA "8.1,. N. w York, The F,..,. P"",.
D.y,J. "Echo of BuJ', s.,ven Thunde".Uld Lightn ing< in P""lm 19 and lbb.kkuk 3,9 .nd the Identity of the Seraphim in I""i.h 6". VT 19, ! 43_51. Cod', Omf/ict ",irl; Dr~8"n and tiN &~: E Sport in US.,i ,". UF 1~ , l~ _.ll, .}..J=Y! und >non. A"",,,a': ,"'thropomo~ kultbild ;n Ji.,.". potamlnl, Uga'" und j,,<M/: 0.., b:hliM"- Bddervrrbo,. UBL ~,Miim .. " Ug.ri,.v.rb g.
Dietrich, M.• nd 0., Lor", Some Rem . rb on CTA 6 1-6". JANES 6: 59_(,8. 1979 "Som. Reflection. on the Lo Wlmin"«. 1970 Ezek",/; A Cam"'Jtary. OTL Tr.md.wl by C. Quin. London, SCM.
Ei"fddt, O. 1945-9 ·Ug.uiti>ch. ,,.. ZD.ltG 9'), 29_42. ! 9S I 1952
1956 1%5
EI im UgawiMbrn Pdnlhd on tlv RjM" th< AI"h"", tlv A/u/rcnh and tlv T~lmud ~nd PiacM m an i>rad, Sr""'8' T "nsl. ,.d by Pinh .. I""i. T e1·Aviv: Sinon. Fen,h.m , F. C. 1%3. ·P>.>lm 29.rnd Ug",it". In Swdj« 0" th< Psal",,, Pap'" Rrud at 6th M","ng lMd a' 'h< /'ouh", TDOT7: 3Q7_19. A 1I.br= & Cfuid« UxuQn to t~ Old T,,'amml; 1CI,h an 1"""""lI.
Pe.iliody, MA,
G,n,berg, H. L. 1935b "Not" on ·Th. Birth of the Grociou •• nd Be.utiful God, '".
JR,.S 45-l!. mi~rim
[«lui,,!}m. J. J.,us>lem, Bi.lik.
1936.
Kitbi Ugarit
1936b 1936c 1938.
"Th. Rehook. AnOr l8. Rom", Pontifieio htituto Bib-
lico. Revi- U3. "Hi"ory of Religio n in Pllim 82". In BiN,cal and NNT £"'t· .,." S""""'. Edite.1!9_ll.
Gorg, M. 1978 "Die I'nn ktion der Se,..f.n b.i ] . ..j.". BN5 , 18 _39. Gr.bb., L 1976 "Th. Se. so n.1 p.nern.Uld th. 'B ... I Cycl . ... UF 8, 57_63. Gr.y. J. 1948_9 1951 1% 4. 1%4b 1%5 1%6
1%7
1977
"Th. Reph.im". PEQ 81. 117_39. "Din =d rp'uIII in Ancient Ug.rit" . PEQ gi, 39_41. 77H K" Tat m t"" LirrratuT< of R~, y",m'~. 1" ed L.ide n, E.]. Brill. 19S5'. I & II Kjng'. OTL Lmdono SCM Pr"". 77H Uga
E:ukid I_!O, AB 12. Garden City, NY, Doubled..y.
Gr«n"ein. E, L "One Mo" Step on the S.. ire .... ". UF9 , 77 _86, 1977 1979 "T r.m ..Semitic Idiom>tic Equiv.lency .nd the o"rintion of Hebrew ml'J:h ". UF I L 319_36. 1997 "Kin . ' . In P.rker (1997) , 9_48.
LE5-IER DEITIES Gr=m.um, H 1910 D~ uk J~""= und tin A//m,.,/'g>t< iom<miKh, T"npeh. Berlin , W. kohln. mmer, 1926_7 AItQ"'~11I~",.h< Tat< und Bildn z"m Altrn T"'t~mrnt. 2"" N . Berlin, W. de Grnyt"" "Synonyme Eng.! N.men im Alten T",tament', 12 18, 241 _6, Grond..hl, F. 1%7 D~ P=o'lnI1Utmrn dn Tate , tlien« Bib.! in"itut.
~'"
Ugaw, SP 1. Rom" Pip"
Grul>I"N by 'he Rev. A. K. 0 , 11 .... wndon , C. Allen & Unwin, 1997 Grn",;'. T"n,b ud by M. E. Biddle. !l.bcon, GA, Mucor Un i"'r>i,y Pr=. 1-1""., V, .nd H . J, Thiel 1979 "Ein Be i'r.lg zum 1·lurrit iochon Worterouch". UF 110 337_
"
1-1.1>h Acroemy by H. Milford, Oxford Uni · ,'e"ity P", ... Hmnrd, D. M" Jr. 1'J"I7 7h< StmcrUT< a/A.!mr 93_100. BjSUC 5. Ei .. nbr.lUn,_
\l:'i non~
u.k.,
[n
liuehnergml,J, 1987 U8~,irK: VocaiJuL"y m Syl/"bic Trdn=iprlOn, IISS 31. At · [=t~, GA, Schob ,,_ 2000 A G,am""" of AkLd""" HSS ~5. \l:' inon, uk" Eisen · br.lun,. Huffmon, II. B. 1%5 Amarite 1'"""",,1 N~m., in ,i>< JiaY! T",,,. Blitimo .. , MD, johm Hopkin. Pr.., . Hummel. H. D_ 1957 "Encl itic ,IJ"", in &rly North",.,t Semitic, E'p< Old T"'amml. Tr.lmhted and Edited in Eng[i>h by F. Lekkegmd. u id.n, E. J. Brill. [Iptt,j. P. 1980 Exod"" NCB. Gr. nd R' pid" Mt Eerdm.m, Irvin, D. 1978
Mytruricm, Th< ComfUm.", of Tal" from th< Old Tldmmt ~"a th< Anc,",," £,,,,. AOAT 32. Neukriehen-V[uyn, Neukirehener Verhg, K."·el"",, Verl. g Butzon & Berek...
11',,,,
318
LE5-IER DEITIES
J..rob",n, T. 1943 "Primitive Democrocy in Ami, nt 159_72.
M,sol'0umi~",
JNES 1,
J..rquet, L 1977 11> PJaum" " I. com, tk I'bomm •. VoL 1. Cembloux, Bel · gium, DOKolot. Jano .....ki, n, 1991 "K,ruben und Zion". In Ern'", """ man ""; m"chrififo' Ko.u. Koch ZI< «m.1n 6~. Grbu''''~g, Edited by D. R. DAni.I>, pid" MI, W. B. Eerdm,n>; London, M.,..,h,lI, Morgan & Scott. Jolion, P,ul 1923 G'~mmd' ''' g Katholi", h.. Bihl; Eme """" fN",u"g MY M~· ~tJr=hi1tkrungen in fr> 6, Ez I und /0 und 5Mh 4: ..1111 ein"" Bmrdg ~"n A. Gutbuh ~ IJ('T d", ~-in Wi""" in AfYP'''', Stutt · g, n, Verl ~g K.. holi",h", Biht<m lconogr~phy and 'k Book of hzi"u. T und.u< ProphI. G. 1%1 "Divine King>hip and Cen..i, 6:1_4". WT} 24: 187_104. 1000 Kmg""m ProJ"8~ C""",,-,, found",io,,, for a ~nt,,1 Woridvj"",. O"tion in the B.uI epic". fS 1/ 1, 54_69. 1995
"R. nk Symboli.m in the B:uI Epic ", UF 17, 169_75.
Kuder, L 1984
"A 'Strong' C_ lor Heb",,," MAR" , UF 16, I Il _S.
L", hem:rn , E, R. 1954 "Apropos J...iID 7,14". fBR 11, 41. 1%8 "Th. Seraphim olbi.h 6".fQR 59, 71_! .
L..,,,,,,,,J, 1959
7h< ShrmJ""a Tahlm, a Prnimmary R,/"m. Kebe nh.vn , I Kommi"ion ho. Munk>g ... d.
Lambdin, TO . 1971 Imroducrton 10 BibiicaIIM",,,,,, Upper P"'ntic~ H,II.
~I.
River, N],
Lambe n, W. G . 1%0 ful'Yion"", Wi>pium. Tex,,·, In \I:'yatt.W.. ,em.Lloyd (1996). 115_49. Lind, M. C. 1980
y~
...
~ W~"iar.
The 1beoJogy
,,,,I. Scottdoloo 1·1. ..ld P",,,.
of W~1are In Anci"", I,·
Limknbbrg.liit, B. (_ B. M,,!\uli,) 1%9 "('",n. XLIX IO/lliut. XXXIII 1_3- . i'7 19, 101_10. 1970. "Th. Canaani" Origin of p..lm 19 R<mn.id.",d". Bjh 510 332_·18 ,
1970b 1976 1980
1989, 1989b
1995
"An Ug.uit i( Ps>lm-.jBL 89, 192" 304, "Studi. Ug>ritic. II", UF 8, 13{""92 . A Mdt'" of > L.fo< and > ~",h ; Sohol....,; P",,,. n., Jie"'''grt in
An,j,,,, x",itlc World. HSM 45. At ·
S/"aking ofSf'TIDr In urly /"ad. HSM 5. c..mbridg• . MA, HoUvMd U nt,·, ,,tty P",,,. /nI"p"ting th< AMmJ. Phtb d.lpht", Fortr"•.
Mtll", J. M . .rnd G. M . T achr 197. Th< &.ok of laW"". CBC. london, New York, C.lJtlbridge Un t'"""'tty Pr=.
Moor. J. C. de 1%9 "Studi" tn th. New Alph . bet'e Te,," from R.I. Sh,mr. I". UFI,167 _88. 1970 "Th. s. m't'c P,nt heon of Ug.rit". UF 2: 187_218. 1971 Th< &a><m.d p"""", in th< U8~ri", Pa<m of IL 'Iu ...carding 10 th< Ver. Ved'g Butzon &. B.rck". 1971 N= Y.aT with Ca".,am,,, ""d "ra.I"". 1 vol,. K.mp in Pen· Mteuch ami Otm Stud,,,,, 'd. m. Tramlatod by D . R, AI'" Thorn .... Phil.delphi.>., Fon ",,, Pr=.
t'"
Nougayrol. J. 1955 T",t., MCadinl> et bourn'", ik ~>Thi"" "', ou,,", et c",traJ." PRU J . MRS &. Pari" Imprimeri. N.,;on.I •. 1956 T"'t., .widi.", ik arch,,,,,, IUd, PRU ~ . MRS 9. P.ri" 1m· primer;,N" ion.I •. 1%5 T",t., en nmiif'orm" aJp/MWtiqu" de! .""bi",,, .ud, sud·ou ..t "du petit pal.,,, PR U 5. MRS 11. P.ri" lmprimeri. Nat ion · .1 •.
BJ8UOGRAPIlY 1%8 1%9 1970
"T<xtes .umtu :. Ug.rLt", Ug &, 393_.j()8_ T",t., "" nmiij'offll" hall'jlonmu d., ~,-d,i~ du gy~"d !"t.." ckground of P",[m 82". eSQ 15, 311_0{. 195. "Echo 01 Canaanite LLt second .. ri .. 3. !.riden , E. J. Bri[[, O lmo Ute, G. del "Not.. on Ug.;tritic Sem . ntic. [V· . UF 10, 37_46. 1978 1981 M"", Y Irynuitn M C",,,,m: ,.,;-un '" ,"~d,clo" tk Ug~ri'. Fuent .. de [a Genei. Bib[ic. 1, M.Jrid, Ed>. Cri.l,nci", lnstitucion S. n Jeronimo. CanMnit< R1e of th e 'Ble .. ing of Mo~' ·.JPOS 3: 15S-M. Por:>W, Edith. (ed.) 1948 C0'1"" of 11 n...",' &..1> In Nonh 11 """,can Col· Iwiam. Vol. 1. Th. collection of the Pierpont Morg. n Li · bn!)'. New Y o,k, NY, P.rnthron Book •.
N"., U,,,,,,
Porteo"" N. W, 1%5 D.miA: 11 Qm,mrntdry. OTL Philadelphiao W.,tmin"e,
P"'''' Porter. J. R. 1978 -The D.ugh .." of w'". folk/or< &9, 12 7_41.
PopWorden, U. \999 "Horon 1';'"' DDD: 415-6.
Ry>n, D. J.
195.
Rpum dnd R1ion.1 Uni,.. "i,y o f Irel.rnd.
S.I..", R. n. 1991 ·Pulm 82, 1 .rnd t he
~ll.lg;n t· .
ZA W 103 , 22:;"]9.
S.nm . rtin, J. 1971 1973 1978 1980
"Noti.. n mr ug.;triti",hen orthographie ". UF J, \ 73_80. "s..m,nti",h.. iib", ,»" ".. hen" und 'm, -"gen" im Ug ..;. ,;",hen", UFS, 2&3_70. "Gl"""n zurn ug.;tritiKhen uxikon (11)", UF 10, 349_>6.
· Zu den 'ad{d).Denominien.mgen im Ug.ntisehen", UF 120 HS_8,
"\sogl.,.,., morfol'xic~ ebb it iw . ug. ritic." l""i",S':ir.c.", A uOr 9, \&5_217.
I.
tr.mp"
S.m ., N. M. ! 989 G~i>. JPSTc. Ph il>! Time •. VT 14, 75_91. Seg.>l. J. B. 1958 "An Aram.ic O>t"",on From Nimrud". "',,/19 , 139_45.
LE5-IER DEITIES
Segort, S.
m,
A S.m, Gra",,,,,,, of tM Ug~ri"c ung""8" Berkel,y, CA, Univ.... ily of C..J iforn i~ Pre ...
Selm" A. v.n 195. Aia",,,,8'~,,a Family Lifo in U8awicl>< Goru,.ep""'u, mit cbe VerlAg.
G'~mmarjk.
AOAT 173. Miimtero
UgHit .
T",,"at , M. 1955
A St~dy
1%9 1971
of tb.
Lmguage of the BiN,c,.} ""'1m,. JBL\IS 9. Phil.delphi>o Soci
T rumu",. D. 1978
'A Problem of Myth.rnd Ritu. 1 Rd.l1iomhip-CTA B (UT 51),56_57 recomide",d". UF 10, 387_95.
Tur·Si n.i, N , H. 1957 The Book Sephor.
of job:
A N= Q,mmpoumi"" Lite"ry T "",,". UF9, 173_84. 1978 "PAr.neb to Som. P"''''g« in Ug",iti, ". UF 10, 397_40L 1981 "R,,'erwd W ord·P.i... in Ug.ritic PIson, W. C. E" . nd N. Wy>" (ek of Ul'I'rillc Studies, HdO 39. Abt. 1. NME. Lei· den , Brill , ~Iel>er,
1%8
J ],
u ""'"tiff. Tourn.i/P.r;', De.cl".
Wei",r, A_ 1%1 The ""'1=: 14
Comm in W"'t Semitic Roy.IIJroIgy", UF 18, 411_36. "Se • • nd ~rt , Symbolic Geog"'phy in W. " Semitic Reli· giom Thought". UF 19, 375_89, ·B.... I·, Bo.,,-. UF 19, 39\ _8. "Th. Sourre of the Ug.ritic Myth of the Conflict of 8..'.1 .nd Y,m", UF 20, 375-85. ·Qu.tornit i", in the Mythology of Bu!'. UF 2 t -IS I _59. "Th. Story of Din.h .nd Sheeh. m", UF n, 433 _58. "Th. Tit!", of the Upritic Storm·God". UF 1-1 , 403_24. "Th. Pruning of the Vine in KTU I.n-. UF 14,426_30. "Th. me.ning of EI Roi .nd the m}~holgic..! dimen,ion of c"ne,i. 16-. SjOTS, HI _51. 'The Theogony Motif in Uprit .11Id the Bibl. -. In Uga,." ~nd the B1IJk. G J. Bre>ok., A. H. \1:'. Curti., .11Id J. F, H ..lry (ed>.). UBL 11. Miin". " Ug.rit.ved.g. 395_419, "The Signific.nce of ~pn in W." Semitic Thought, A Con· tribut ion to the Hi>tory of • Mytholgic.1 Motif". In Dietrich·Loretz «., 1995). 213_37, "Th. Liturgic..! Context of p..lm 19 .nd ito Myt hical :rnd Ritu.1 Origim·. UF!7: 559_%. -Le centre du Monde litter>tur", d'Ouprit .. d'I,r:>i'I",jNSL 21, 1l3_H, Myt'" of Po=r: A Study of R"),,,' Alyth ~nd /d~'''V jn Ug~. nflC ~nd B,iJ/,cal T,di,;'m. UBL 13, Miin". " Ug.rit.v. dog, "Ann> .nd the King' Th. urli. " Allu.ion, to the Ch,w,. leamp{ Motif .nd their Implic .. iom for the Interpret.tion of the Upritic .nd Biblical Tradition,-. In Dietrich.Kott>i.per (1998}.833- 81 . "Unde,.,tmding Polyth.i,m, Structure and Dyn.mic in a \I:'.,t Semitic P.rntheon·. jllC S, 1+-63. 'The Story of Aqh~ (KTU 1.17_19)". In \I:'at..,n.Wy~t (1'.199).134_58.
BJ8UOGRAPIlY 1001 1001 2006
SpdU~nd
Tim, in t~ Rdigwu> Lif. oft"" Anc;"", N'M ust. BS 85. Shdfidd, Shdfield "'c.>
lX/y,tt, N., W. G. E. Wmon, .nd J. B. Lloyd (ed_",..ry, 111 . 122,305
107, 113, 219. U8, 28 1,
1(;8, 209. 210, 211 , 211. 11~, 115. 216, 217, 118. 111, 2!3, 217, 118, 238. 259, 2bO. 26 1, 1M, 176. 295, 305. 306, 311, 313. 3 1 ~, 319, 321 . 3!2, 32~, 331 . 33~ . 336. 337, 339. 3~1, 344 b"'qu0, 255. 16 1,290 <J>i'wJ.ry, ITO, I n 249, 2'>0. 154. 161,301 28.17,135 3LlI _3,1'iC lUI . 1M 31.1_3, x, 133. 16S. 161>, 181 .
m
46.17,119 48.10,167,168
',00 3.1 . 191 3.1-6,178, 180. 191 3.1, vi;i. 191, In, 198, UN 3.1-0., 197 B .14 1 9.13. 171 1l.1). 187, 13S U.l l _11, 191, 194 14.19. ;,190 13.10-13, 15.18-10,181 30.0. 194 30]_8,194 31.1 . 173 31.34. 168 33.9. 194 33.17_13. 191
".
10, 170 Nom r.w. 194, 182 10.31 , 194 10.33_J.6,194
LE5-IER DEITIES
l H , I1>1 14.14, 191 10.14, 181 10.16,168,169 LUl_3S,1J4 lU6,11O ~.,
1.16,181 4.19, 33,133, 183 7.11, O~ lQ.n 119 11,301 17_30, 170 31.6,11 8, 110 31.8,117, 11l, 01, 133 31.8-9, 119 , 16S, 181 33, 6~ , 19g, 301 , 310, 31S 33.1, 0 1 33.1_3, ~9, 76, 0 1, 11>1 31.8, 117 33.J, 6~ 33.J_S, 311
I'"S.1l-1S, 140, 166 S.15, 141
I'~
1.1-4, 181 U ,143 S.10,1J l S.18, 173 6.11 _14,191 , 1%,198 6.10-1, 197 11.11-4, 181 0.", OS, 193, 198 0. 10,04 Judj! 6.11 _14, ix, 1% 13.6, v;;, 133 13.10, ix, 197
,"mH,181
11.4, 181 17.4S,137 17.35, 143 1'1.9, 181
'"m 6.1, 181 14.17, 41,55,1 81 14.10,4 1 19.1S,4 1 12, 176 11.11,176,281 14.16,135 14.16-7,133,1J.6
""
B , 17l 6.1'1,181 6.1'I_3S,175 n9,181 8.11, n 19.1, 181 12, ll9 11.19,46,76,01, 1S 5 11.19_12. 41, ... , 66, 76, 186, 13l, 166 11.11, 198 11.11, 186, 19 1
""
6.13_7,1J9 7.6,140 19.14, 181 19.15,181 19.JS, 1J4, 135, 1J.6 13.lJ,lJ.6
1 Chron ; 18.18_11, 66
N,"
9.11, 191 ~ . 17,
164
100 1_1, 66 1.6, 46,56, 66, 110, 111 ,188
'"
INDEX
e,
4.IS, lM, 290, 291 5.1,54,lM, lOS 9.13, 104 16.19_11, x, 26 1, 165, 290 16.!O, 163 30.13, 135 33.22. 134 33.13,lM 33.13-4,.,163, 165 38], X;, 41, 53, 74, 133, 181, 183, 181,291 H , I91 8, 335
8.3, 74 8.6, 43,55,51>, 5T, 188, 191 18.II,lT6,181 19, 341 29, 69, ro, 73, T6 , 111, 19T, 305, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314 29.1 , TO, I l l, 01, 189 29.1 _2, 51>,74,01,1&1 29.1, 01 32.8, 18 1,190 3V_8,lM 34.8, 166, 16T, 181 4U, OS 4T.g, 184 51 _100, 337 58.1, 51,55 68, 1%, 315 68.8_9,61 68.16_18,lM 68.18, 137 77.19, 191 78.25, 130 78.49, 1St., 19 1,133, 135 80.1, 181 81, 44, 51, 116, 118, 195, 313, 319, 313, 327, 318, 319, 330, 334, 338
81.1 , 44,55,58 81.1_4, 118 81.!_5, 11l 81.6, 54, 113 81.6-7,114, 116, 118, 113, 190 U .9, 71, 71 119,131 119.6-8, 65 119.6-9, 130 119], n I19.S, 181 119.9, 54 9 1, 166 9Lll _1,.,166 93_100,317 %],71 97.7, 49,55 103.19_11, .;, 184, 1119, 191 10UO, OS, 131 103.11,136 104.4, ;x, 191, 197, 199 138.1, SO 139.J3, 120 147.4, 133 148,1119 148.1 _1,181 148.1_3, x;, 1U 148.1_5__ 1U 148.3, 53,133 Prov 8.!!. I!O 9.6, 63
"" ,,,
5.5, 181 10.10, v;;, 135
6, 66, 188 6.1_4, 187, 1119 6.1_3, 187 6.4, 194, 199 6.5, 71
L E5-I ER DEITIES
6]. 171 6.8. ~, S8 7.1 • . 1.1 l Ul. 126, 290 1• . n , 51, S3, 55, 233
• . 10. 132 , 18S • . 1• . ~, 18S • .11, 185 6.!l, 187 7, 137 7.10. 7., 76, 21>1 7. 16. 76 , 18. 7.11 . 137 8.9_12. 137 8. 10. 53 ,233 8.11 .1.0 8.15, 185 8.16,18., 18S H . 135 9.11 , 187, 19 1 9.11. 188 10, 18. 10.11, 187, 188 10.13. 119 ,1. 1. 1.1.2H 10.13-1• . 188 10.1 1.1.1, 2H 11 ..l6, 51,5S 12. 1,1.3
1• . 1• . 110
18.16, . 9 30 .•. 181 37.16,181 37 ..l6,23. .0.16, 133 " .16, 181 63.9,169, 270
J"
8.1, 53, 233 16.16,11. 33.11. 133 SU, 136
M 1. 280
1.5_27,180 1.1., 133 9.3. 180 10. 180 10.1_9,177, 181. 181 10.IS,180 H, I71 2HO, 181 18, 116.
m
18.13. 177 18.1., 175, 277, 181 . 1.18_20, 179, 11ll . 1.1 8_25,175 E""",, i 1_20., 30 13, 311
D,"
3.18. 187, 19 1
H. 12. 1, 65
N. 2. 1• . 181 H. 3.8. 1.0
H.
1.13. 181
M 3. 1_2. 116 3.1_5,163 1• .S,65
'"
2], 181 3.1. 181, 269
IND EX O F U GARITIC R EFER ENCES
"U
LI . 11, 148. 149. 1M, 165, 166. In 255, 2~, 257, 2M, 289,
m
LI _U ., 337 LI _l.6. 9'9 LI-6,15 1.2. v;;, 35, J6, 37, 48, n, 102. 106. Ill, 143, 153, 154, 163. 167. li.1l, 173, 174. 175, 176. 177. 178, 180, 19 1. 192, 19S. 19'9. 20S, 206, 258, 2S9, 260. 261 . 27S. m, 337 U, 11, 89, 93, liJ.!, 143, 149, 157. IS8, 10>1, 163, 16S, 166. 170,172,203, 11 2. 217,122. 2!J. 232, 254. 159, 260. 261 1.4. IS, 95, % . 9'9, 100, 108. Ill . 14S, 148, 149, ISO, 153. ISS. 1~, 1S7, 159. 162, 16S. 167. 179, 180, 192. 195, 19'9. 201. 217,115,258. 159,160. 261 1.5, IS, 11 , 160. 161, 162, 2iJ.!. 205. 207, 209, 210, 211, 212. 121 1.6, %, 97, 101 . 207, 2,., 255. 261,267, m LlO. 14, 17,42. 55, Ill, 147. 217. 283 Ll2. vii. 110. 111 . 218. 257. lSS. 2W. 26 1
1. 0 . 19, 11 6, 117,326 1. D.l_!J.19 1. 0]. 217 1. 0 .!J.19 1. 0 .25_7. 30 Ll 4. 31, 64, 174, 239 LIS. O . !J. 15. 26. 17. 28. 19. 30. 31, 45, 54, 95. 2O'J. 121 Ll6, 19, 68. 101 . I~, 172, 17J, 282 U 7. 91, 95. 2!!' 146, 147, 248. 1M. 317 Ll7_19. 341 LIS. 1O'J, 216 U9. 17, 19. 126. 117, 118, 249. 261 . 290 U O. 18, 21 1 1.2O-l2, 110 U l . 1C7, 114. 117, 121,126 U3. 84, 'fO. 119. 116, 144. 316. 340,341 1.23.1. 128 1.23.1 _3. 116 U3.3, 118 UH. I56 U3.12. 156,lS7 U 3.!!. 126, 118 U B1. 156 U Bl-66. 118 UB3_S-I,154 UBI>_S7. 1S6 1.24. 91,196
m
LE5-IER DEITIES
1.24.1. IS