Graffiti and Dipinti (Athenian Agora vol. 21)

THE

AGORA ATHENIAN RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED

THE AMERICAN

SCHOOL

BY

OF CLASSICAL

STUDIES

AT ATHENS

VOLUME XXI GRAFFITI AND

DIPINTI

BY MABEL

LANG

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1976

PUBLISHED

WITH THE AID OF A GRANT

ALL RIGHTS

FROM MR. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,

RESERVED

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lang, Mabel L Graffiti and dipinti.

1917-

(The Athenian Agora; v. 21) Bibliography: p. 1. Athens. Agora. 2. Graffiti-Athens. 3. Inscriptions, Greek-Athens. I. Title. II. Series: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. The Athenian Agora; v. 21. 938'.5s [938'.5] 75-40229 DF287.A23A5 vol. 21 ISBN 0-87661-221-4

PRINTED

IN GERMANY

at J.J. AUGUSTIN,

GLtCKSTADT

JR.

PREFACE erhapsevenmorethanin othervolumesof theAthenianAgoraseriesthe materialpresentedherehas hadthebenefitof muchtimeandthoughtovertheyearson thepartof a goodlynumberof excavators, cataloguersand visitorsin the Agora. Everyoneenjoysverbalpuzzlesthat challengeone's powersof reading(ancient)minds,andmanyhappynotionsaboutthesetextswereevolvedaroundthe tea tableso that the 'onliebegetter'may have been lost in obscurity. Dating of the materialhas also been a cooperativeeffort,so that the presentauthoris indebtednot only to excavatorsbut also to the many scholarswhose study of particularkinds of materialfor particularperiodshas broughtorderout of complicationand confusion. Basicto this workwasfirsta completelistingof all graffitiand dipintifoundin the Agora,initiatedby LucyTalcottand effectedby SuzanneYoung and a successionof helpfulvolunteers.Then,the foundations of this study'scategoriesA throughG werelaid in a preliminary versionwrittenin the early1950's A. Stamires and far more limitedin scope and numberof by George EugeneVanderpool.Although piecesstudiedthan this, that workhas on severaloccasionsprovidednot only the best readingbut also the rightphrasesin whichto presentthe material.In the yearsfollowing,the presentauthorwas fortunatein beingableto consultwithEugeneVanderpoolandbenefitfromhis vastexperienceof all things Greekand graphic.His wisdomand temperedjudgmentin consequencepervadethe whole work; the infelicitiesand whaterrorstheremay be of commisssionor omissionare all my own. Illustrationsof the graffitihavebeenlimitedto drawings.In the case of dipintiphotographshavebeen preferredfor one category,becauseof the difficultiespresentedby a combinationof run-oncursiveforms and the fugitivemedium.The drawingswere made by Hero Athanasiadesand Helene Besi who have shownboth skill and firmnessin representing whatwas actuallyvisibleratherthan being influencedby the 'wishfulseeing'of the author. P

'It is easy to read if you know what it says.' NOVEMBER,1974

EUGENE VANDERPOOL MABEL LANG

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

PREFACE ........................................................................ ....

LIST OF PLATES ............................................................

ix

ABBREVIATIONSAND BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................

......... INTRODUCTION

................

1

.....................................

.

A. ABECEDARIA ...........................

.

.....

.................

11

................................

D. NAMESON SHERDS...................

...........

16

...................

NOTATIONS ON SHERDS .......................... E. NUMERICAL

21

...................

23 30

............................ F. OWNERS' MARKS ....................... F. PRIVATEOWNERSHIP ......................................................

51

FA. PUBLIC OWNERSHIP: DELTA-EPSILONLIGATURES ....................................

FB. PUBLICOWNERSHIP: DELTA-ETA LIGATURES ........

.........

........

INSCRIPTIONS .............................. G. DEDICATIONSAND CONVIVIAL

............

HA. CAPACITY....................... ............... HB. TARE .6............................................................. HC. DATE ................................................................ HD. CONTENTS ....................................................... HE. COMBINATIONS ....................................................... .........

.....................

72 75 82 87

K. MISCELLANEOUS NOTATIONS ......... .....

55 69

J. CHRISTIAN INSCRIPTIONS............................................

M. PICTURES ............

52

64

...................................

88

...................................

L. UNCLASSIFIEDNOTATIONS .................

52 55

NOTATIONS.......................................................... H. COMMERCIAL

I. TAX NOTATIONS .......

6 8

AND LISTS ...................................................... B. MESSAGES

C. LOVENAMESAND HATENAMES...........

viii

...................

............... ..........................

90 94

..............

DEPOSITS ................................................9...................96 CONCORDANCEOF INVENTORYAND CATALOGUENUMBERS ...................................

101

INDICES............................................

105

INDEX NOMINUM...........

..

.............................

. .....

. .......105

INDEX VERBORUM ...................................................................

110

INDEX NUMERORUM .................................................................

115

INDEX SIGILLORUM ..................................................................

116

LIST

OF

PLATES

PLATE

1 Abecedaria (A 1-11) 2-3 Lists and Messages (B 1-21) 4-6 Love Names and Hate Names (C 1-34) 7-9 Names on Sherds (D 1-44) 10 Numerical Notations on Sherds (E 1-16) 11-28 Owners' Marks (F 1-334) 29 Owners' Marks: De(mosion) Ligatures (Fa 1-26; Fb 1-3) 30-31 Dedications and Convivial Inscriptions (G 1-23) 32-36 Commercial Notations: Capacity (Ha 1-56) 37-38 CommercialNotations: Tare (Hb 1-31) 39-40 Commercial Notations: Date (Hc 1-26) 41-42 Commercial Notations: Contents (Hd 1-23) 42-47 CommercialNotations: Combinations (He 1-44) 48-53 Tax Notations (I 1-45) 53-54 Christian Inscriptions (J 1-12) 54-55 Miscellaneous (K 1-19) 56-59 Unclassified (L 1-56) 60-61 Pictures (M 1-23) 62 Actual State Plan of the Agora

ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Agora

TheAthenianAgora,Resultsof Excavationsconductedby the AmericanSchool of ClassicalStudiesat Athens III

R. E. Wycherley, Literary and Epigraphical Testimonia, Princeton, 1957

IV

R. H. Howland, GreekLamps and their Survivals,Princeton, 1958 (see

(see below,Wycherley) below, Howland) V

H. S. Robinson, Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology,Princeton,

1959(see below,Robinson,Chronology) VI C. Grandjouan, Terracottasof the Roman Period, Princeton, 1961 VII J. Perlzweig, Lamps of the Roman Period, Princeton, 1961 VIII E. T. H. Brann, Late Geometric and Protoattic Pottery, Princeton, 1962

(see below, Brann) X M. Lang and M. Crosby, Weights,Measures and Tokens, Princeton, 1964 XII B. A. Sparkes and L. Talcott, Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and

4th CenturiesB. C., Princeton,1970(see below, Sparkes-Talcott) A. J.A1. rio Annual Beazley, A. B. V. Beazley, A. R. V.

Bechtel Bickerman Brann B. S. A. B. C.H. C. I. L. C.R.

Edmonds Howland I.G. I. G. A.

AmericanJournalof Archaeology Annuariodella (R.) Scuola archeologicadi Atene J. D. Beazley, Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters,Oxford, 1956 J. D. Beazley, Attic Red-FigureVase-Painters,second edition, Oxford, 1963 Fr. Bechtel, Die historischePersonennamendes Griechischen,Halle, 1917 E. J. Bickerman, Chronologyof the Ancient World,London, 1968 Late Geometricand Protoattic Pottery. Agora, VIII Annualof the British School at Athens Bulletin de correspondancehellenique CorpusInscriptionumLatinarum,Paris, 1862-1963 Classical Review J. M. Edmonds, The Fragmentsof Attic Comedy,Leiden, 1959-61 Greek Lamps and their Survivals.Agora, IV InscriptionesGraecae,Editio minor, Berlin, 1924 Imagines InscriptionumGraecarumAntiquissimarum,third edition, H. Roehl,

Berlin,1907

LG. R.R.

Immerwahr

InscriptionesGraecaead Res Romanas Pertinentes,Paris, 1906-2/

H. R. Immerwahr,"Some Inscriptionson Attic Pottery," The James Sprunt Studies in History and Political Science, XLVI, 1964, pp. 16-27

Jeffery, L. S. A. G.

Lillian H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, Oxford, 1961

Kretschmer Kubitschek LSJ

P. Kretschmer,Die griechischenVaseninschriften,Giitersloh, 1894 W. Kubitschek, GrundriJ3fi der antiken Zeitrechnung,Munich, 1928

Meisterhans2

H. G. Liddell,R. Scott, H. S. Jones,A Greek-English Lexicon,Oxford,192540 K. Meisterhans, Grammatikder attischen Inschriften, second edition, Berlin,

1888

x

ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Metrolog. Script.

MetrologicorumScriptorumReliquiae,Leipzig, 1864-1866

P. Oxy.

Oxyrhynchus Papyri,B. P. Grenfelland A. S. Hunt, ed., London, 1898-

Pape

J. E. Pape, Worterbuchder griechischenEigennamen,third edition (G. Benseler),

Braunschweig,1884

J. E. Kirchner, ProsopographiaAttica, Berlin, 1901-03 Prosop. Att. Robinson, Chronology Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology.Agora, V Robinsonand Fluck D. M. Robinson and E. J. Fluck, A Study of Greek Love-Names,Baltimore,

1937

Roehl

See I. G. A. above

S. E. G.

Sparkes-Talcott Tolstoy

SupplementunEpigraphicumGraecum,Leyden, 1923 Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th CenturiesB.C. Agora, XII J. Tolstoy, Grecheskie Graffiti drevnikh gorodov Severnogo Prichernomoreia,

Wycherley

Literary and EpigraphicalTestimonia.Agora, III

1953 Moskva-Leningrad,

INTRODUCTION Informal inscriptions,incisedor painted,appearon over 3000 pieces (pottery,lamps,miscellaneous clay) cataloguedin the Agora excavations.At least one-thirdof these consist of one or two letters only, incisedon the bottom of smallvessels,perhapsas marksof ownership,or paintedon the necks of unglazedamphoras,perhapsas somekindof commercialnotation.Thebrevityof thesetextsallowsso that publicationwouldserveno usefulpurpose;it is sufficientto note greata varietyof interpretations the largenumberof suchcurtailedabbreviations.In additionto the completeinscriptionsof one or two letterstherearemanybrokeninscriptionsconsistingof onlya fewletterswhichadmitof so manypossible restorationsthat nothingcertaincan be learnedfrom them.This publicationthereforeis limitedto the 859 graffitiand dipintiwhichhave sufficientcontentto be meaningful,whetherthe meaningis clearor not. The selectedpiecesrangein timefromthe late 8th centuryB.C.,whenlettersfirstappearon pottery, to the 6th centuryof our era. Sincethe varietyof the materialis so great,otherspecificcriteriaemployed in the selectioncan best be listedin connectionwiththe variouscategoriesof texts. Certaintypes of inscriptionson potterydo not belongin this studyand will be more appropriately dealtwith elsewhere: 1) Ostraka; 2) Artists' signatures,love names and other paintedinscriptionson black-figuredand red-figured pottery; 3) Convivialinscriptionspaintedon Hellenisticpotteryand Late Romanmotto mugs, and all other paintedinscriptionswhichare part of the decorationof the pot; 4) Stampedor moldedinscriptionssuchas amphorahandles,lampsignatures,Arretinestamps,etc. Classification

Variousas the selectedmaterialis, themajorityof itemsfallsreadilyinto a comparatively smallnumber of categories: A. Abecedaria B. Messagesand Lists C. Love Namesand Hate Names D. Names on Sherds E. NumericalNotationson Sherds F. Owners'Marks F. PrivateOwnership Fa. Public Ownership,Delta-epsilonLigatures Fb. Public Ownership,Delta-etaLigatures G. Dedicationsand ConvivialInscriptions H. CommercialNotations Ha. Capacity Hb. Tare Hc. Date

2

INTRODUCTION

Hd. Contents He. Combinations I. Tax Notations J. ChristianInscriptions K. Miscellaneous L. Unclassified M. Pictures An introductionto eachcategorydefinesthe type,indicatesspecialcharacteristics and suggestsparallels, etc. purpose, Dating and Provenience

Theremay be as manyas threekindsof evidencebearingon the date of any particularinscription: 1) form of the letters;2) date of the object on which the inscriptionwas written;3) date of the deposit in whichit was found. Sometimesall threeof these lines may give a result;sometimes,however, the pot fragmentmaybe featureless,or the contextmaybe meaningless. thewritingmaybe characterless, the of the date inscriptionis whatwe haveto determine,it must most often be arrivedat by Although means of one of the other dates, since the chronology of letter forms is not as yet an exact science. The context date will often be the most convenient. Where the date of the pot agrees closely with the context

date,it seemsunnecessaryto give a datefor the pot as well. Dates for the pots are includedtherefore onlywherethe contextis meaninglessor wherethe pot is obviouslyearlierthanits context.For the most part,threedateswillbe givenonlywhentheyaredifferent,as for examplefor a geometricsherdinscribed in the 7th century B.C. and found in a 5th-centuryB.C. context. The arrangementof inscriptionsin each categoryis chronological,but since there is considerable differencein the degreeof accuracypossiblefor variousitems,the orderin somecasesis purelyconventional.Thusthose pieceswhichcan not be datedmorecloselythan to a centuryfollow those that have beenassignedto a particularquarteror half of thatcenturyeventhoughtheymayindeedbe earlierthan the second-halfor fourth-quarter pieces.Even more vague are dates like EarlyRoman (roughly1stearly3rd centuriesafterChrist)or LateRoman(late 3rd-6thcenturies)whichcoverstill longerperiods of time. Whenthe sherdor pot comesfroma closeddeposit,the depositnumberon the Agoragridis given.A list of the depositswithall piecesherepublishedfromeachwill be foundin the indexof Deposits.When a piece comes in a fill predominantlyof one period,thoughnot a closed deposit,the context date is given withouta depositnumber.Whenan item was found in an area whichprovidedno information concerningits date, no mentionis madeof provenience. PublicationReferences

Whena piece has alreadybeen eithernoted in a preliminaryreportor moreformallypublishedin a specialstudyin Hesperiaor in an Agoravolume,the publicationreference(oftenonly the most recent) is includedin the first paragraphof the cataloguedescription.This referencemay be in the form of volumeand pagenumbersor expressedas an equationbetweenthe cataloguenumberhereassignedand that givenin the otherpublication,e.g., "Ha 26 (P 9902).Round-mouthed jug, Robinson,Chronology, M 169" or "F 177 (L 4212).Black-glazedlamp(= Howland,no. 267)." Frequentlythe shapeand form of a vesselis definedwith referenceto examplesalreadypublishedand datedeitherin Hesperiaor one of the AthenianAgoravolumes.See list of Abbreviationsfor shortformsof reference. Letter-shapesand Spelling

The varietyof shapeswhicheachlettermay takeis dependenton severalfactorsof whichchronology is only one; othersarethe natureof the writingsurface,the natureof the writingimplement,the writing

INTRODUCTION

3

skill of the inscriber,and the amount of care which he has taken. Thus anything but the most painstaking incision on (or through) good black glaze results in angular letters and straight lines where curves might be expected. A very fine metal point is easier to control but seems not to have been used so often as some blunter instrument.The older, softer fabrics lend themselvesmore to curved lines so that even the straight

uprightsof alphaanddeltaareoftencurved.A writerwhoknowshis letterswellproducesmorerecognizable shapes than one who drawseach line without much feeling for the appearanceof the letter as a whole.

Becauseof thesefactorsit is not practicableto see all differencesin letter-shapesas relevantto thedate and development of the alphabet. For example, even though epsilons are known to develop from tailed to untailed, a good black-glazed sherd of the 5th century B.C. may show a long-tailed epsilon while those on a coarse pot of the 6th century B.C.are without a tail. One or more of a number of reasons may be

involved:the hardsurfaceof blackglazerequiresso muchpressurethatcompletecontroloverthe length of line may be lost; the 5th-centurywriter may be an old man using the letter-shapesof his early youth; the 6th-centurywriter may have been a careful person who had established a base line below which he

did not go, etc. Spelling, and the use of Attic or Ionic alphabet, are also subjectto other influencesthan that of chronol-

ogy. Although in formalpublicinscriptionsthe Ionic alphabetwas not ordinarilyused until 403 B.C., individualsin Athenswere open to influencesof many sorts: citizensmay have been quickto pick up the morepreciseIonic vowelsfor greaterclarity;meticsand slavesmay havebroughttheirown writing habitswith them. In a time beforedictionaries,therecan have been no standardof spellingor even of pronunciation,so that even with the best will in the worldspellingwill havebeenidiosyncratic.A good example of the range and variety of both letter-shapesand spelling possible to individuals all writing at

the sametime may be the ostrakacast againstThemistoklesin the 480's: Theta-square or round;crossbarredor dotted Epsilon-bars horizontalor slanted;omittedat least once Mu-last leg of equalor unequallength Iota-sometimes omitted Sigma-most often three-barred,occasionallyfour or more; sometimesdoubled, or reversed,or omitted

Tau-most often writtentheta,occasionallytau Omicron-squareor round Kappa-no variety Lambda-alwaysAttic Epsilon-see above; eithersingleor doubled;omittedat least once Sigma-see above The letters of Neokleous not already dealt with are only nu (last leg may be equal or unequal) and the diphthong (most often omicron, occasionally omega). In Phrearriosthe phi may be square or round, the

rho'smaybe tailedor not, and the rho in the middlemay be singleor double,both withand withouteta as the aspirate. A close studyof letter-shapeshas beenincludedin the introductionto Owners'Marks(F), sincethis category alone not only covers our whole time span from early 7th century B.C.to the 6th century of our era but also provides a sufficientnumber of similar texts for statistical purposes. The conclusions arrived at for that one group can here be tested on all categories; they appear generallyto hold true. "A more or less standard old Attic alphabet(A or ABAAEIIH?IKLNMNOPP$TVOX or +)lis used with only a few exceptions and variant forms through the second quarter of the 5th century B.C."(p.23 below). Obviously these standard shapes will often only be approximatedby writerswho may be unskilled or using intractable materials,but in addition there are real exceptions which may be tabulatedas follows: Digamma is not used alphabeticallybut only numerically;koppa is used more exceptionallythan regularly;xi and psi are regularlyindicatedby the combinationof chi and phi, respectively,with sigma.

4

INTRODUCTION

Norm Exceptions

A

r (B5; C24; F48)

A

A (A3,A4) g (B1; F14)

H ?

B (B1; C1,C8; D6; F53; L3) 0 (A3; C3,C17, C 21; F12,F13, F 26)

K

X+

(D4,D5,D12,D18; K2,K3) (B2; C 7, C 13, C 15, C 20, C 24; D27, D 39; F56,F59, F 74) (D35,D39; F53) (B7; D35; F64; G4) D (B1, B4; D l; F20,F23,F24,F39,F41; (A2) Hal) D D D F 39; 25, 37, (B7; D6, E3; F43, 61-63) I (F2; K1) i (B1, B2, B4, B5; C15; D25-27; E3; F1, F16, F42, F44, F56, F75, F77; L3) Z (C2,C9,C 18; D1,D3,D7,D 10, D12, D14, D18, D23, D24; F6,F12, F13,F18, F23; K4) e (D15; F50) 0 (F43) lI (F66) Y (F25, F65)

O

Q (A3; C24; F56,F75, F78)

A (E8)

D (F50)

ffi (F31)

9 A 5 O q R

!. XI O P S

(D

w (F72)

andreversedthree-barred) Perhapsmost interestingis the use of the two exceptionalsigmas(four-barred for special purposes like word-ends and to combine with chi for xi; see below in introduction to Names

on Sherds(D) (below,pp. 16-17). "Punctuation"in this periodis limited:a line dividingthe end from the beginningof a text writtenin a circle(C 16; seen somewhatlater in F 83, F 92); dot punctuation betweensome words(B 1, B 3; F 18, F 24; G 2); spacesbetweenwords(C 14). "Withthemiddleof the [5th]century[B.C.]thebalanceshiftsso that theruleis a moreor less standard Ionicalphabet(ABrAEIHOIKAMNsOPPTY(DXYQ)2 witha graduallydiminishingnumberof exceptions" (p. 24 below).The exceptionsfor all categoriesmay be seen in the followingchart,whichis primarily designedto show the transitionin the 5th and 4th centuriesB.C.from Attic to Ionic forms;the later changesand introductionof cursiveformsare not for the most partindicated;only someof the earliest examples of cursive letters are noted; it is understood that these became fairly general by the 1st century B.C. Norm

A

Exceptions

A (F94,F 169)

A (F 157, F 183)

A (G 16)

E E (F 198,F 210; G 13) I Z (F178; G19)

= +( (F85) I (Ha 17) i (K 13) P P (F81, F84, F105) C (F 165, F 182, F 196, F 202-204) , (F 84, F 118, F 119, F 125; Ha 8) C (Ha 17) c (F 151,F211) (D + (F 126, F 152) X + (F 85; Ha2, Ha10; K7) co (F 138, F 199, F 212; K 12) Q 0 (B9; D41; G7) 2 Xi

with or without the center uprightoccurs indifferently;the tailed upsilon is not immediatelygeneraland can not always be certainlydistinguishedin carelesswriting.

INTRODUCTION

5

For the use of the long vowelsalso the middleof the 5th centuryB.C.is a time of transition.In the earlierperiodeta is used for the aspirate,and epsilonis used for both short and long vowel and for epsilon-iota,with the followingexceptions:epsilon-iotafor epsilon-iota(B 2, B 6; C 7, C 10, C 19; D 8, D 25, D 36; F 3, F 12, F 13; G 1, G 4); eta for the long vowel (B 7, B 8; C 18, C 23; D 35; F 15, F 53); eta for the diphthongor shortvowel (C 8; F 55); no aspirate(B 7, B 8; C 8; D 13, D 16; F 54). After the mid-5thcenturyB.C.thereis a change,and eta is used for the long vowel, exceptperhapsin F 84, F 116,F 123 and G 6. In the earlierperiodomicronis used for both shortand long vowel and for omicron-upsilon,with only two exceptions:the diphthongis writtenout in F 23; omegais writtenin F 56, F 72, F 75, F 78. After the mid-5thcenturyB.C. omegais used for the long vowel exceptin F 85, F 132,F 145, G 6 andG 7. Omicroncontinuesin use for omicron-upsilon well into the 4th centuryB.C. with only one exception(F 144); omicron-upsilon becomesgeneralin the late 4th centuryB.C. confusion Some other about vowelspersists:pEV&ofor live'o(C 2, C 14); iota for epsilon-iota(D 1, D 25; G 8); eta for epsilon(B 14; D 35; F 127) or iota (D 42); epsilon-iotafor epsilon(C 33; F 65); omegafor omicron(F 160). And frequentin latertimesis epsilonfor alpha-iota(Ha 25, Ha 32; I 18). Other spelling "errors" less easily categorized include: delta for zeta (B 13 -rriTpacrri.lia;C 33 2amadlaI); Hb 22 interchange of aspirated and unaspirated consonants (D 16 'Iqo7Oye;F 11 .SaSi F 184 MTrSIKi; K 1 lrp&aTros);and others (D 34 AVVK[; G 15 Trril;Ha 1 1*-erpio;Hd 1 oaXoS; KOiTrov;119 Ovuicovos; He 6 Atowo6iov; I 11 OiK[; 1 23 ME.9fvri). C 9 'Eyrarcs; D 1 Single letters are omitted as follows: B 2 Kavos; C 5 'OXU< 1> TO6viKoS; F 46 MeXaK6CIa; F 84 cl03pES; Ha 15 ntlaa( pca-os; D 10 nlpacxxv6;D 32 N?OKovsU; Ha 23 L 8 The iota is in B omitted l> rr< v>T6. 17, B 18 and G21, and a Kv< (ov); TrIs; subscript

wholesyllablemayhave been omittedin B 6. The only casesin whichlettershavebeenaddedare where a sigmabeforea dentalhas been doubled (F 26, F 77; He 31) and in C 19 ('AXXKato).For the most part, however,double consonantsare writtenas singles:B 17; D 11, D 16, D 17, D 21, D 30, D 35; F3, F 58,F62,F103,F138,F 168; 120. The generalpracticefollowedin the directionof writingis also discussedin the introductionto Owners'Marks(below,p. 23). Retrogradewritingand boustrophedonappearonly in categoriesA, D and F, and the boustrophedonin D is most often a resultof followingthe edge of the sherd.As one mightexpect,ligaturesandmonogramsarelimitedto the Owners'Markscategory.Abbreviationsare of differentsorts: the variouslyshortenedforms of namesused to identifypropertyin particularcircumstances(below,pp. 26-28); standardizedformsof weights,measures,etc. which appearin commercial notations(below,pp. 56-57). Nothing more in the way of generalintroductionseemseithernecessaryor desirable.It is not even possibleto pointto any parallelworkthatincludesthe variety,numberand scopeof textsthat mightbe useful.One collection,that of J. Tolstoy, does cover much of the same groundas our earliermaterial (A-G), but in all casesspecific parallelscan be most effectivelyquotedin connectionwiththe particular categoriesor items. CONVENTIONS All dates before Christare so indicated.Dates not thus markedbelong to our era. Inscriptionsin the Attic alphabetare transcribedas they are written. For the sake of clarityor to indicateour interpretation,we sometimesgive a paralleltext in the Ionic alphabet.Otherwisea name or word will appearin Ionic letters only in the appropriateindex. Exceptwhere otherwisenoted, all drawingsare actual size. Since in the interestsof accuracythe drawingswere made as faithfulrepresentationsof the inscriptionsratherthan as illustrationsof the readings given here, they often include marks and lines which have seemed to us irrelevantand immaterial.

6

A. ABECEDARIA

The Agora inventorynumberis given in parenthesesafter the presentcataloguenumber.A concordancein the order of the Agora numbersis given below. The dimensionsof vesselsare for the most partgivenonly in those categories(Capacity,Tare,etc.) wherethe size of the pot is relevantto its inscription. 1. = liter, m. = meter, H. = height, D. = diameter, P. = preserved.

A. ABECEDARIA The elevenabecedariafoundin the Agoraare all now incomplete;only fivemay havebeen originally complete(A 2, A 3 almost certainly;A 1, A 4, A 5 probably),but all the rest were fragmentaryin intention.The differenceis clearlya chronologicalone: throughthe early5thcenturyB.C. completealphabets werewrittenout, perhapsas modelsin the spreadof literacy,perhapsfrom the sheerpleasureof exercisinga new skill; from the 4th centuryB.C. on only the beginningof the alphabetwas written, perhapsfor magicalpurposes,perhapsas a proof of literacyor as a countingdevice.The chronological range,as for all classesof informalepigraphyin the Agora,is wide,fromthe 8th centuryB.C. to the 4th centuryof ourera,withmorethanhalfthe examplesin the 5thand4th centuriesB.C. Letter-shapesare for the most part canonical.In the early examples(A 1-5) the forms of the old Attic alphabetare constantwith only slight variations:the rectangulardigammaratherthan the Fshapeappearsin A 2, A 3; deltawith a dot substitutedfor its bottomstrokeis seenin A 3, A 4; the dotted thetaof A 3 combineswithits inclusionof omegato suggestforeigninfluence.In the laterexamples (A 6-11) the only notablepointsare:an old Attic gammain A 6 whichis out of placein the 4th century to be expected,a broken-barred alphain A 10 and a lunateepsilonand ZB.C.; more chronologically shapedzeta in A 11. The numberof lettersincludedin these fragmentaryabecedariais howeververy fromothercategoriesof inscriptions. limited,so thatwe mayexpectmuchmoreevidencefor letter-shapes The scantinessand incompletenessof the abecedariaare most disappointingfor the studyof alphabeticorder,sinceno othertextsprovideevidencefor this. Of the two pointswhichshouldbe noted,one is familiarandthe otheris withoutparallel:it was to be expectedthat the sixthplacewouldbe takenby digammaonly in the earlyalphabets(A 1-3) and that the digammawoulddisappearlater,but the final letter-orderof A 3 (chi, phi, omega)must be eithera mistakeor a reflectionof the orderin whichthe non-Phoenicianletterswereaddedin some omega-usingenvironment. Again,in the directionof writingmost of the abecedariaare seen to be typicalof theirtimes:A 1 as the earliestpiece is not only retrogradein both lines with the two upsidedown to each otherbut also showsat least two lettersreversed(epsilonand digamma);with one exceptionthe laterpiecesall read from left to right(withonly one letterreversedin A 2). The peculiarityof A 5, whichreadsfirstfrom bottomto top and then reverses,is more likelyto resultfrom lack of skill than to be an indicationof date. PreviouslyknownAtticabecedariaareneithernumerousnor particularlysignificant.Theyincludeone piecepublishedin Bull.dell'Inst.di Corrisp.archeol.,1867,p. 75 whichseemsto be a numericalalphabet, includingdigamma,koppa and sampi,and at least two examplesamongthe Hymettossherds(C. W. Blegen,A.J.A., XXXVIII, 1934,pp. 10-28, no. 10: alpha, beta, gamma; R. S. Young, A.J.A., XLIV, 1940, pp. 1-9, no. 9: alpha, beta, gamma, delta), which belong to the 7th century B.C.As far as abece-

dariafromthe restof Greeceareconcernedthe latestgeneraltreatmentis thatin Jeffery,L.S.A.G.

A. ABECEDARIA

7

A 4 (P 13282). P1. 1. Fragment from the wall of a small closed vase. Graffito scratched through black one of the broad faces and with abecedariumon glaze on outside. Context: early 5th

A 1 (MC 907). P1. 1. Pyramidal loomweight, much worn at the edges, inscribed with an

a horse and rideron thebottom(M 1). Context:

century B.C. (H 12).

Hesperia,XXX, 1961,p. 146, R 22, pl. 23.

Early V cent. B.c. a [ y [ The delta appears to have been dotted, as in A3.

late 8th-early 7th centuries B.C. (N 11:6). VIII-VII cent. B.C. a py

?

r

. . KX v.

(retrograde) A 5 (P2707). P1.1. Fragment of black-glazed All trace of theta, iota and the upperhalf of cup-kotyle of early 5th-century B.C. type, like kappaare lost as a resultof wear on the lower Hesperia, XV, 1946, p. 293, no. 78, pl. 45. edges. Surfacewear has obliteratedsome other Context:early5thcenturyB.C.(G 6:3). Graffito strokes: the lower crossbars of epsilon, the on both upperand lowersurfaces. crossbars of zeta and the slanting stroke of lambda.The directionof writingis retrograde, Early V cent. B.C. (lower surface) K a [3y 5 The firstthreelettersof the alphabet,reading but some lettersface in the oppositedirection: the bottomup, arequiteclear.Abovethem from and iota and Theta must digamma. epsilon a delta and an epsilon (reversedorientation) have turnedthe corneron the now worn edge can be made out. Below the alpha is a large so that the secondline also readsfrom rightto left and is upside down to the first line. kappa. On the upper surface a few scratches may representan even less successfulattempt. A 2 (P 6074, P 3272). P1. 1. Two fragments from the shoulder of a large amphora of 6th-century A 6 (L 3773). PI. 1. A fragmentof the body of a B.C.type, like Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 378, no. 9, black-glazed lamp of the 4th century B.C. (= Howland,no. 277, Type 25A). Graffitoon fig. 14. The smallerfragmentwas found in a layerof the 6thcenturyB.C.insidethe Hellenistic the outer wall. Context: mid-4th centuryB.C. Metroon;the largerpiece was found besidethe (F 19:2). foundationsof the Metroonbut in association IV cent. B.C.(near the handle) q K 3 y P3a K with7th-to 6th-centuryB.C.pottery.Graffitoon a () inside.The two fragmentsdo not join but evidently belong to the same alphabeticalexercise. (at the nozzle) K[ VI cent. B.C. (a) a PyE This should probably be regarded as an a3py5E r .l alphabeticexercise,perhapswith magicalsignii KX[ (b) ] ficance,ratherthan as an abecedarium. po[

From its location on the sherd,the first line A 7 (P 1504).P1.1. A fragmentpreservingsomeof of (a) seemsto be an incorrectimitationrather the rim and body of a black-glazedfish-plateof than a false start.For the rectangulardigamma, the 4th century B.C. Inscribed on the under surface. see .G., I2, 760 and Tod, B.S.A., XLV, 1950, IV cent. B.C. a y p. 135; see also A3 below. Rho is the only letterwrittenin reverse. A 8 (P 22110).P1.1. A fragmentfrom the wall of 1. of A 3 (P 7247). P1. Fragment a black-glazed a black-glazedbowl. Graffitoon outside,upside down to the pot. Context: 4th century B.C. kylixbase of early5th-centuryB.C.type, related Bloesch's Forto a Py 6E [ IV cent. B.C. Acropolisgroup (H. Bloesch, men attischer Schalen, Bern, 1940, pl. 39, 1).

Graffitoon uppersurface.

Early V cent. B.C. ] .y6? E F ri[

] Xc

A 9 (L 4414). P1.1. Lampfragment(= Howland, no. 599, Type 46B). Graffitoon underside. Mid-III cent. B.C. a P3y

Somewhatless than half the foot is preserved, but it is clear from the arrangementof the A 10 (P 2145). P1.1. Part of a black-glazedbowl of 2nd-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffito on floor. lettersthat the alphabetwentall the way around its end its For so that the a y II cent. B.C. overlaps beginning. dotted delta, which is also found on ostraka of the early 5th century B.C., see Kretschmer,p. 96 and Beazley, A.J.A., LII, 1948, p. 336. Theta is also dotted. The order of the non-Phoenician letters can not be paralleled.

A 11 (P 18248). P1. 1. Flat-bottomed jug of early 4th-century type, like Robinson, Chronology, M 228. Graffito on shoulder. a 3 y 8 EL Early IV cent.

8

B. MESSAGES AND LISTS B. MESSAGES AND LISTS

Messagesand lists were for the most part writtenon potsherds,which were used as we use scrap paperfor casualnotes and notations.OnlyB 17 and B 18 werecertainlywrittenon the completevessel, whichwas, in thesecases,the subjector objectof the message. Themessages,whichrangein datefrommid-6thcenturyB.C. (B 1) to the 2nd-3rdcenturiesof our era (B 18), includeboth notes urgingsome action (B 1, B 2, B 7) and whatmay best be thoughtof as tags accompanyingand explainingvariousthingsdelivered(B 6, B 9, B 17, B 18). The lists, rangingin date fromthe 4th-3rdcenturiesB.C. to the 5th centuryof our era, aremostlykitcheninventoriesor shopping itemsandanother(B 21) to amounts lists (B 12-16,B 20) withone (B 19)morelimitedto pharmaceutical since are too items are more uncertain to providecontinuoustexts:B 5 of wine.Other they fragmentary 11 B 8 and B be a list of men in various be might relationships; literaryquotations;B 10 couldbe may 4 B 3 a an informalcopy of contractor treaty; and B are completelyuncertain. The lettersand dialectof B 1 are certainlyMegarianand so may best be comparedwith texts from Megara(see, for example,Jeffery,L.S.A.G.,pp. 132ff.).The Attic texts earlierthan 403 B.C.(B 2-9) show an irregularuse of late, unusualand Ionic formsand shapes:four-barredsigmain B 2, B 4, B 5 and B 9 comparedto the three-barred sigmaof B 7; Ionic lambdaand/orgammain B 2, B 5 and B 9 as againstAttic formsin B 4, B 6 and B 7; tailedrho in B 7; epsilonfor eta exceptin B 7 and B 8; omicron for all o-soundsin all texts. The latertexts use the Ionic alphabetconsistently;stemmedupsilons and dotted theta are also regular.One lunate sigma appearswith other four-barredforms in B 12; lunate epsilon first appearsmuch later in B 17. As far as more specificallyorthographicodditiesare concerned,we see the substitutionof deltafor zeta in B 13, a singlefor the moreproperlydoubledpi of dativesingularwithoutthe iota subscriptin both B 17 andB 18. B 17 anda second-declension Parallelsfor textsof this sortmaybe notedin Tolstoy,Jefferyand Immerwahr. B 1 (P 17824). P1.2. Base of a skyphos of CoF 13). The word ouB6s,whichis from the same root as 660s, still retainsits roughbreathingin rinthianshape, with rays above the foot, of a be which dated to the first of the half this earlyinscription. may type 6th century B.C. Graffito on the underside, B 2 (P 1265).PI.2. Fragmentfrom the rim of a obviously written on the sherd; the base has red-figuredkylix of late 6th-centuryB.C. type. beenmendedfromfourfragments,but partof it Graffito on inside, obviously written on the is missing. Context: 6th centuryB.C. (J 18:4). sherd. Context:beginningof 5th centuryB.C. See Hesperia,XVII, 1948,p. 160, pl. 41, 2 for a (G 6:3). Hesperia,XV, 1946,p. 279, no. 32. brief account of the circumstancesof finding -rTl(aAa[vSoi] Ca. 500 B.C. TrCa-, and of some of the objectsfound in the same &Aos Kav65 YA[tvTp] deposit. as 96pEt Mid-VIcent.B.C. [Oa;ve]ui:KxSE'S:hvnorTO hoBo "Boy,bringothernewcouchesfor Phalanthos." Tas $ipaS TOKTro : Trpfov(a) The namePhalanthosand the wordfor couches "Thamneus,put the saw underthe threshold are restoredexempligratia.The use of the Ionic of the gardengate." A fragmentis missingfrom lambdaand four-barredsigmaat this earlydate the beginning of the inscription;we restore is exceptional;the omega is not used. For the here the name Thamneus(of which a possible omittediota see Meisterhans2, pp. 24-25. trace of the final upsilonis preserved)because two vases belongingto Thamneus(F 12, F 13) B 3 (P 12225).P1.2. Fragmentfrom the wall of a black-glazedkrater.Graffitoon outside,written were found in the same pit. The letter forms verticallyto the pot; obviouslywrittenon the correspondwith those used in Megarain the sherd, which was subsequently broken all Archaic period: b-shaped epsilon, closed eta around. Context:early 5th centuryB.C. as aspirate, triangularrho, and four-barred ProbV Early cent. B.C. ]E . [ sigma(cf. Jeffery,L.S.A.G.,pp. 132-138). the writer was a ]!PE:A[ ably, therefore, Megarian. Thamneushimselfwritesin Attic letters(F 12, ].OM[

9

B. MESSAGES AND LISTS The punctuationsuggestsa fairlyextensivetext like a messageor list. B 4 (P 14131).PI. 2. Fragmentfromwall of lekane of early 5th centuryB. c. Graffitoon outside, obviously written on the sherd, which was subsequentlybrokenall around. Early V cent. B.C. ]N N ![

then broken at one side. Context:second half 5th century B.C. (C 19:5). Second quarter V cent. B.C. oT-l TTa-rCaEK[

A long verticalstroke seems to separatethe beginningof the text from the end. The text does not seem to have been long enough to allow for a reading which requiresan alternative, i.e., OrtL.

] I E[ ]EPn[

B9 (P 2022). P1.2. Handle and immediately adjacentpart of rim and wall of black-glazed ]onoOA[ skyphos. Graffitoon inside, obviouslywritten on the sherd. Context: fourth quarter 5th B 5 (P 10511).P1.2. Fragmentfromwall of lekane century B.C. (J 13-14:1). of early 5th century B.C. Graffito on inside, obviously written on the sherd, which was Fourth quarterV cent. B.C. Zoo(veo(S) subsequentlybrokenall around. w?wa?EXE ]AMME[

rfAaVKOI ?s &Oarv Ev8E?g9t(v)

Early V cent. B.C. ]EPFN[ ]ANT IB[ ]OONA[ ]ANAOK[ ]E! [

"Sosineossenta bundleto Glaukosin town." Tag or message?

A possiblerestorationmightbe: iTr]Ep rv[&9covos

6 8ETva] 'AvrTi3[(o ]oS 'Ova[cro 6 8eTva]'AvSoKfr6O

]El

[

B 6 (P 27850).P1.2. Fragmentfrom rim of blackglazed kylix. Graffito on inside, probably writtenon the sherd.Context:early5th century (H 13:5). O Early V cent. B.C. KA(i18

The omission of a syllable may have been accidentalor it may be a form of abbreviation; cf. Kleimenes and Kleitomenes. The dative case suggeststhat the sherdwas used as a tag. B 7 (P 15208).P1.2. Fragmentfrom wall of unglazedamphora.Graffitoon outside,obviously written on the sherd. Context: ca. 490-450 B.C. (F 19:4). Second quarterV cent. B.C. EOEh,Xls iK[e] | 6s T'r6XoS 'ApKaipos I

B 10 (P 16391).P1.2. Two non-joiningfragments from the wall of a largeunglazedpot. Graffito on outside,obviouslywrittenon the sherd.Of the originalsherd,which appearsto have been fairly large, two fragmentsare preserved;the relationbetweenthe two is not evident. Context: mid-4th century B.C. (F 19:2).

Mid-IVcent. B.C. (a) ]vSov rQ9vreos Ka[ ] rTaUT.v XacraTo[ ]tl&rcov'V E&v rrl[

] Kopiv.S.. ovyy?[ ]v-ra 5'syEvrilS va[ ]aPEv9S . OXUKEV[

]9OZO..... SO..[ ] olKos 6vapia oarr[ ]Xtpas vivvgpl[

]Y2QT....[ ]2...A[ (b) ]s:E[ (only tracesof other letters) The readingis neithercertainnor complete enough to make a restoredtext possible, but we may perhapsassumefrom the mention of

"Eumelis, come as quickly as you can. Arkesimos." The cos -raxos was crowded in later as an afterthought.Above the text is an Corinth and such words as Xtou-ro that we isolated gamma; below, an isolated epsilon. have a rough copy of some contractor treaty. Note the use of eta as aspiratedlong vowel. This feminineform of a commonname is not attested;Arkesimosis knownin Eretria(Bechtel). B 11 (P 23690).P1.2. Wallfragmentof a Corcyrean amphoraof the 4th century B.C. Graffitoon B 8 (P 18325).P1.2. Base of lekythos of second outside, obviouslywrittenon the sherd,which was subsequentlychippedon the upper right. quarter5th-centuryB.C.type. Graffitoon underContext: 4th century B.C. side, possibly writtenon the sherd, which was

B. MESSAGES AND LISTS

10 IV cent. B.C.

ort

'Acias

{TA}

XEyo[

{AMAX}

Late IV-early III cent. B.C.

XowTra8r

TAZATTETEMAI OTI

The use of

OTt

'Aaias

is like that in excerpts from

literarytexts, but both sense and syntax are obscure.

i.e., dish

IEydArl I

large 1

ffioTr(a) II 6]p3rcai : 11

half-size2 long loaves2

X]ICpTrr[s

papyrus roll?

Line 1: presumablyan alternateform for

Line 3: cf. Aesch., fr. 91 for /l[iorros: of AoTrraS. The next three items (B 12-14) are lists of vases something small; Galen 13, 558 fio0Trov=fiotCu. Line4: cf. B 12, line 2. and culinary equipmentand may be thought of as rough kitchen inventories or shopping lists. B 15 (P 23309).P1.3. Fragmentof small shallow All come from the immediate vicinity of the saucer with dull red glaze. Graffitoon floor. Tholos and are undoubtedlylists of the kitchen Context: 4th century B.C. equipmentused in that building. They are menIV cent. B.C. El.[ tioned in Hesperia, SupplementIV, p. 135. For a ,uiXa i.e., half-choes more formal inventory of Tholos equipmentsee ]i8ES the inscriptionpublishedibid., pp. 144-147. B 15, Line 2: the is the short form of filwXoais found in not a similar list, from perhaps part of XI B 199 80. Tholos area butfrom South Stoa I. 2, LG.,

B 12 (P 10810).PI.2. Fragmentof a smallshallow B 16 (P 3289). P1.3. Fragmentof roof tile with dull blackglaze on one side. Graffitoon glazed saucer with dull red glaze. Graffitoon floor. side, obviouslywrittenon the sherd. Context: Context:late4th-early3rdcenturiesB.C.(H 12). Hellenistic. Late IV-early III cent. B.C. Kap6]oTros 6]3peiai AA[

5

i.e., kneading-trough long loaves 20+

AoTraw&a

dishes

TTivaKEs pcaot i III 3aTravi(a) : [

platters middle-sized 4 little dishes 5+

7roptcxpaI1[ AXiKuvos fl,Jixouv 10 TpvJpXtov poqpEaA[ ]A1[

cups 2+ oil-flask half-chous bowl ? 10+

III-II cent. B.C

xio

6oXiXouv vlKat

Apparentlythe heading of an informallist of victoriesin two events(the long raceand the stone). It is also possiblethat the word in the secondline is a verbratherthan a noun. In the first line the last letter of the first word was originallya sigma, which was correctedto an upsilon. There was no room for a similar correctionat the end of ?dSos.For the contests involving a stone (weight-liftingand putting the shot) see E. N. Gardiner,Athleticsin the

Ancient World, Oxford, 1930, pp. 54, 60, 154. Line2: cf. 6opesiain I.G., II2, 1631, 409; 1672, 310; Hesperia,XXIV, 1955, pp. 80-81. Line 3: B 17 (P 9922). P1.3. Wheel-ridgedamphora(= cf. Allen, Classical Studies presented to Edward Robinson, Chronology,M 104). Dipinto in Capps, Princeton, 1936, pp. 1-2. Line 6: cf. on Context:second half 2nd cenblack body. Hesychios,s.v. Line 11: new word. tury(M 17:1). B 13 (P 3784). P1.3. Fragmentof small shallow Secondhalf II cent. crT[&]vov &rro6os unglazed saucer. Graffito on floor. Context: lhiTrrcAo c)tl{nr1 second half of 4th century B.C.(F 12:3). Second half IV cent. B.C. i.e., pots XVTpas

"Returnthe stamnos to Philippa'sbrother Philip." For the absenceof the iota subscripts Pill lids 9 in the dativescompareMeisterhans2, rTnSri,Ta(Ta) pp. 52-53. (traces) B 18 (P 8341). P1.3. Shoulderfragmentof amtableware TrriTpaTrrT6[a phora (= Robinson, Chronology,J 52). Dipinto Line 4: for a similarsubstitutionof delta for in black.Context:mid-2ndto early3rdcenturies

zeta in a 4th-centuryB.C.graffito see C 33.

B 14 (P 4899). PI.3. Fragmentof small shallow saucerwith dull red glaze, similarto B 12 but with grooved rim. Graffitoon floor. Context: F 12.

(C 12:1). Mid-II-early III cent. ['I]EpoV[L]i.co [Xp]norT as6ex9[~c]

[ira]pa [&]8Ap[q5v] [Orr]y.vos

11

C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES "A stamnosfor our good brotherHieronymos from his brothers." See B 17 for the omissionof the iota subscriptin the dativecase.

Late Roman KcbvCc[V

ywpcoic[v

of fish or relish peaches? of freightcharges? of fish or relish 6Oap?i(ou) for wine is olvov [ Line 1: cf. Ath., II, 57b. Line4: cf. 6ouoAacx

6cap?i(ou) 6o(pca.a) rrEpcarf vauOou

B 19 (P 8046).P1.3. Fragmentfrom side of bowl. Graffitiinside(a) and out (b), obviouslywritten on the sherd.Context:late Roman. Late Roman (a) vrrepa (b)

9oIvou

O6Trovo(U)y(Kiat)L['

i.e., of pine-cones of buns

Line 7: is for Els, see Meisterhans2, 71TpoCKa.

pp. 38-39. B 21 (P 2004). P1.3. Wall fragmentof micaceous v]opJ.r [ water jar. Graffito on outside. Context: 5th The "pestles"of (a) may have been required century(Q 13:3). to preparethe drugs of (b): 47 ounces of the V cent. ]cQiP K(ontXat)iy' CKU( ) o(O)y(Klai) U'

juice of the red poppy; 7 ounces of acorn (OKuAoS)

or of a seed which,mixedwith whitewine, was Dioscorides, goodfor scorpionbites(&cKvuXcbvlov, III, 100); some quantityof strychnine(vopurl).

B20 (P 11763). P1.3. Fragment from wall of unglazedclosed pot. Graffitoon outside, obviously written on the sherd. Context: mixed to Late Roman.

E' K(OTrCAal) PEv]a&ppi(ov) K(o-nXai) 5' ]A

Smallpoints(for omicrons)in the upperpart of the kappas combine with the numbers following to suggestan abbreviationlike that which is restored.The item in the second line has been tentativelyrestoredas a kind of wine; perhaps the inscriptionrecordedthe mixture withinthe jar.

C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES This categoryis rathera mixedbag. Besidesa few love namesand vilificationsof a standardsexual type we have includedseveralotherpieceswith inscriptionsof a highlypersonalor emotionalnature. Love namespaintedon figuredvasesare not includedheresincethey are moreproperlystudiedin connectionwith the vases on whichthey appear. The 14 kalos-name inscriptionscataloguedbelowlrangein time from the mid-6thcenturyto the end of the 5th centuryB.C.and in contentfromthe simpleand anonymouso6rrcasKcaos (C 4) to the full and o Kia6oSOKEI'Iav.98[ (C 10). The admirersare not namedin ten cases (seven masexplicitAUKo6IaXO culine objects, two feminine, one both), but it is apparently not possible to assume that the writer (or admirer) was always masculine, since the dative MECAiT(to whom Alkaios seems beautiful) in C 19 is

most probably feminine. Of the named admirers (C 3, C 7, C 10, C 19) two lack endings and so might

conceivablybe eithergender,althoughit is likelythat the admirerof Antheme(C 3) is Aischinesor Aischeas2and that Lykomachos'admirer(C 10) is lanthis ratherthan Ianthides.These probableheterosexualpairsarematchedby a clearlyhomosexualone in C 7, whereMenekratesis beautifuland dearto Lysikles. Parallelsfor these kalos-namesare most convenientlygatheredtogetherin Robinson and Fluck, Greek Love Names, and in Beazley, A.R. V. and A.B. V.

Sexualinsultplaysa partin 15 of the textsbelow.3Themost commonterm(eighttimes)is KalTctruycov (or Truyacos),ordinarilyappearingwith masculinenames but occurringonce in abbreviatedformKaTaTruy(aiva)-witha feminine name (C 27). Certainlycomparableare the epithetsXaKKo6TpcoKToS (C 23) 1 C 3, C 4, C 7, C 1O, C 11, C 13, C 1S-17, C 19, C 21, C 28, C 29, C 31. 2 Feminine names with these initial letters are very rare.

8 C 1, C 2, C 5, C 8, C 12, C 14, C 18, C 22-27, C 33, C 34.

12

C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES

and AacKaorpia of C 1. Fourtexts (C 2, C 8, C 14, C 33) use various (C 34) and perhapsalso the JliIOT-rTO verbsto describesexualproficiencyand relationships.Parallelsfor hate namesof this generalsort may be foundin Hesperia,XXII, 1953,pp. 215-224. The five remainingtexts are miscellaneous:a love-pledge(C 6), namesof men admiredor insultedin othertexts (C 9, C 20), pictureandpet nameof the maleorgan(C 30), and nameswrittenbackwardsfor somepresumablyfell purpose(C 32). Sincemost of thesefrankexpressionsof admirationand distastedate from beforethe end of the 5th centuryB.C.,the forms of writingand spellingare for the most part old Attic. That is, for the pieces through C 29, it will be easiest to state a general practice and then to note exceptions: general are Attic

lambdaandgamma,three-barredsigmas,crossbarredtheta,chi-sigmafor xi, eta openandusedonlyfor the aspirate;exceptionalare Ionic lambda and/or gammain C 7 (part),C 13, C 15, C 24, C 27-29, four-barredsigmain C 26-28, dottedthetain C 3, C 17, C 21, omegain C 24, closedeta in C 1 and C 8, eta for both aspirateand long vowel in C 18 and C 23, eta for the long vowel in C 29 and for epsiloniota in C 8. Other spelling odditiesinclude: 'OAuTri6VIKOS (C 5); pEVECo(C 2, C 14); 'AAAKcxlTo Afterthe end of the 5th centuryB.C. the generalruleis Ioniclettersincludingeta and omegafor the long a vowels,but still omicron-upsiloncontinuesto be writtenomicron.SpellingodditiesincludeOeilooo1 and XataLK5Ei(C 33). As far as "punctuation" is concerned, only two pieces provide evidence: C 14

leavesspacesbetweenwords;C 16 showsa strokebetweenend andbeginningof a circulartext. C 1 (P 26452). P1.4. Fragmentfrom rim of cup similar to Hesperia, Suppl.II, p. 157, C 55. Graffitoon outsidebelow flaringrim. Context:

Late VI cent. B.C. T{rTa 'OXAv)7r6vv[i]K.os KcrraTjyov

"Titasthe Olympicvictor is a lewd fellow." second quarter 7th century B.C. (R 17:5). The name is not otherwiseattested, and the Hesperia,XXX, 1961,p. 377, S 18. victory is presumablyfigurative, to suggest ho Tra[s Titas'championshipstatus. Second quarter VII cent. B.C. ICETro5 "Theboy is lewd." C 6 (P 7690). P1.4. Fragmentfrom floor of redfigured kylix with courting scene inside and C 2 (P 13322).P1.4. Wall fragmentfrom closed palaestraoutside,dated by Beazleyto 500 B.C. vase. Graffitoon outside. Context: early 6th or a little earlier. Graffito on inside beside B.C. century figures.B.S.A., XLVI, 1951,pl. 16, c. Early VI cent. B.C.

]oS pEV[ET

For the verbsee C 14. C 3 (P 23693).P1.4. Fragmentfromthe bottomof a black-glazedalabastronof mid-6th century

Ca. 500 B.C.

(qn?]oTrilov

i.e., loving-cup

Fortheuseof thewordcf. Aristoph.,Lys.,203. The endinghere suggestseithera neutervessel understoodor a masculineone in the accusative B.C. type. Graffito on outside. case (as the objectof an understoodverb). Mid-VI cent. B.C. 'AvS3xEKcaX[8O]KE1 AaIX[ C 7 (P 20787). P1.4. Fragmentaryblack-glazed "Antheme appears beautiful to Aisch ...." kylix of whichmost of lowerpartof cup is preCf. C 10. The femininename is known from served. Graffito around lower outside wall, Eretria(Bechtel). upside down to pot. Context: late 6th-early 5th century B.C.(R 12:1). C 4 (P 17827). P1.4. Rim and wall fragmentof Late VI-early V cent. B.C. black-glazedskyphos.Graffitoon outside,upside down to pot. Context: mid-6th century B.C. [K]aXosKO'ipiAosAviiuAEI M[eVE]KparEs (J 18:4). "Menekrates is beautifulanddearto Lysikles." Mid-VI cent. B.C. ho Tra[csKaX6s The Ionic lambdasin the last two wordscombine with smaller letters to suggest that the An upsilon at lower left may be the end of threewordswere addedby a secondhand. last this inscription. C 5 (P 24910). P1.4. Plain hydria. Graffito around top of rim. Context: ca. 520-480 B.C. (R 12:4). Hesperia, XXV, 1956, p. 63, pl. 22, c, f. Cf.

no. 1594. Sparkes-Talcott,

(In the drawing the piece with -Kprr5s is slightly

misplaced.) C 8 (P 15555).PI.4. Rim fragmentof unglazed bowl. Graffitoon inside, obviouslywrittenon

13

C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES the sherd.Hesperia,Suppl.VIII, p. 399, pl. 58, Cf. Sparkes10, a (withdifferentinterpretation). Talcott,no. 1892. Early V cent. B.C.

'Eyoprpacros

450 B.C. with much earlier material (C9:6).

Hesperia,Suppl.V, p. 143,fig. 71, 35.

Second quarter V cent. B.C. ]oS Kacih[ ]oaaKai X[ ]fov ep3s[vvTro

,oi ioynrI "Hegestratoslies with me." Eta is not used for the aspiratebut as the epsilon-iotaof the thirdsingularverb.Whetherthe activevoice of this verb can be used with a suppressedobject to convey the meaning usually expressedby the middleor passiveseems uncertain.

der Akropolis, II, Berlin, 1925-33, no. 256): PEvETat,which Peek (ibid., p. 131, "Epigraphische

5th century B.C. Hesperia, Suppl. VIII, p. 399, fig. 4. Early V cent. B.C. 'EyEo(T

aTos

Second quarter V cent. B.C. ]os NIK[ KcOA6[s

]PE6VT[o

Cf. Acropolisgraffito(Graef-Langlotz,Vasen

Nachtrage") takes as equivalent to pivErat. Cf. also Hillervon Gaertringen,Inschriftenvon Priene,Berlin,1906,no. 317. C 9 (P 15379).P1.4. Wall fragmentof large pot C 15 (P 27698). P1.4. Half of hemispherical of non-Atticfabric. Graffitoon outside. Conblack-glazedstand. Incised before glazing and text: pottery rangingfrom Geometricto early firing.Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, p. 180, note 2. For the pictureon this piece see M 9. This piece is included here because it was C16 (P5128). P1.4. Black-glazedkylix base. found about 15 metersfrom C 8 and may be a Graffitoon underside.Context:secondquarter similarreferenceto the sameman. 5th century B.C. (H6:5). Hesperia, V, 1936, no. 436. p. 347. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, C 10 (P 14710). P1.4. Base fragment of small Koi6S black-glazedkylix. Graffito on upper surface. Second quarterV cent. B.C. Tui6XCEvos Context:late 6th-early5th centuriesB.C. A long line separatesthe end of the writing from the beginning. Early V cent. B.C. AuxK6Ia)C[oS KC1a6s] From this same well (H 6:5) came the next six 'cavSf8[ [8]oKeT "Lykomachosappearsbeautiful to Ianthi..."

pieces (C 17-22). All share the second quarter 5th-century B.C. context and all were first published in Hesperia, V, 1936, pp. 347ff. See also Robinsonand Fluck.

The spacingis just about rightfor the lengthof the supplement.Lykomachosis not knownbut appears to be an acceptablecompound.The name Ianthe (not Ianthis which might be the C 17 (P 5144).P1.5. Fragmentary base of skyphos feminine patronymic from the following) is of Corinthiantype. Graffitoon underside.Cf. known in Athens (I.G., II2, 3799) and Ianthos Sparkes-Talcott,no. 314. elsewhere(Pape). Second quarter V cent. B.C. o-rTTIEUS Ka[A6S C 11 (P 14943). P1.4. Fragmentof black-glazed C 18 (P 5157). P1.5. Small lekane (= SparkesB.c. type. Graffito Talcott, no. 1794).Graffitoon underside.Heskylixfoot of early5th-century on underside. peria, XXII, 1953, p. 218; Beazley, Potter and Early V cent. B.C. 'Aypo]SiroaKca[] Cf. Beazley, A.R.V., p. 944 for two other

instancesof the love nameAphrodisia.

C 12 (P 410). P1.4. Wall fragment of blackglazedcup. Graffitoon outside. Early V cent. B.C.

]EsTuy[aIoS

C 13 (P 27848). P1.4. Rim fragmentfrom blackglazed mug. Graffito on outside below lip. Context: early 5th century B.C.(H 13:5). Early V cent. B.C. K]aX6S [

C 14 (P9482). PI. 5. Wall fragment of lekane with dull red glaze inside. Graffitoon outside, verticalto pot. Context: pottery down to ca.

Painter in Ancient Athens, London, 1946, p. 20; Richter, Attic Red Figure Vases, New

Haven, 1958,p. 57.

Second quarterV cent. B.C. locriaS KcrraTryov

h6osprlcvho ypacpras Althoughit has been suggestedthat a name was obliteratedbefore rcnoiv, it seemsunlikely, since both paint and surface are preserved. "Thus says the writer" (cs 91rnav)seems right.

Note open eta for both long voweland aspirate. C 19 (P 5160). P1.5. Lekane(= Sparkes-Talcott, no. 1792).Graffitoinside,upsidedownto pot (a), on the underside(b), and outside,upsidedown to pot (c).

14

C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES

Second quarterV cent. B.C.

Second quarterV cent. B.C.

KaX6[s (a) TTuS68opos KaCOS (b) 'AX<X>Ka1os

Note the Ionic letters.

TO SOK1EMAr1T

EAi[qi] S KTaTro "ycpv

(c) PhOpE C 25 (P 10779). P1.6. Base fragmentof lekane. Graffitoon underside.Context:secondquarter (b) 2: T6 seems to be TcO;for the form see LSJ, s.v. -rT. (c): the third letter was originally 5th century B.C. read as theta, but compare other theta-like Second quarter V cent. B.C.

phi's: D 15, F43. For the name Melis, cf.

Mv[

S.E.G., XXII, 237.

C 20 (P 5167). P1.5. Base of lekane (= SparkesTalcott,no. 1795).Graffitoon underside. Second quarter V cent. B.C.

KaTa]TrOyo[v]

C26 (P 5449). P1.6. Base fragment of blackglazedskyphos.Graffitoon underside.Context: ca. 470-425 B.C.(E 13:1). Hesperia, XXII, 1953,

p. 220, no. 6, fig. 2, left.

'AXKai(ov)

Third quarterV cent. B.C. Ka]TaTr.y[cov This may well be an owner's name but is includedhere as being undoubtedlythe same 'ApIlaolp[vES is in as C 19 and C 22. praised person C 27 (P 17123).P1.6. Baseand lowerpartof body of black-glazedskyphoswith rays above foot. C 21 (P 5164). P1.5. Large lekane. Graffito on on underside.Context: third quarter Graffito underside,which was marked off in squares. B.C. Hesperia, XXII, 1953, p. 220, 5th century Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, no. 1797. no. 7, fig. 2, right,pl. 66, b. Second quarter V cent. B.C. $Eoi GEpltKE

Third quarterV cent. B.C.

Ssoi lViroXovos QEoT 1n6).XCTOVOS TV'.ao0vos KaXos

XappliSES KcO6Ao

iKuAaKacaTnuy(alva)

The writerfirstwroteKarrv,then correctedit

to KacTaTry(

) but finally left the word un-

finished,perhapsfrom lack of space, perhaps in doubtas to the feminineform(see the discussion thereofin Hesperia,XXII, 1953, pp. 216217).

The name in line 3, whichshouldperhapsbe read as np(