CHAOS
GI
AND
THE
ETERNITY:
AND
DELEUZE
LLES
QUEST
A thesis
ION
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OP
for
PHILOSOPHY
the deg...
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CHAOS
GI
AND
THE
ETERNITY:
AND
DELEUZE
LLES
QUEST
A thesis
ION
submitted Doctor
OP
for
PHILOSOPHY
the degree of
of Philosophy
RELIGIOUS STUDIES DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF LANCASTER
APRIL 1993
PHILIP STEPHENGOODCH(LD MA (Cambridge),
MA (Lancaster)
ýýýsý
ABSTRACT
CHAOSAND ETERNITY: GILLES DELEUZE AND THE QUESTION OF PHILOSOPHY
PHILIP STEPHENGOODCHILD MA (Cambridge),
MA (Lancaster)
PHD Thesis Department
Studies
of Religious
University
of Lancaster APRIL 1993
This the
throughout is,
is
"What
it
what
DeLeuze's
apply
Life
of
region
this
region
Deleuze
changes
the
at
into
thought.
form
of
thought:
desire,
in us',
and
which
exceed
the
spirit.
Here
so
chaos.
itself
spirit'.
'think
we sketch
to
We show
uniquely
of out
Our
how
it
is
in
the
categories
form,
of
think.
movement
within
of
direction
of enter
a
vitalism
Life
explores
in
comprehension is
reasoning
possible
philosophy:
to
as
the
for three
profundity, a Spinozist
a to
unthinkable,
contention
mode of
itself.
explore
us
valuable
Deleuze
which
accessible
In the
formerly
exceed
third
another
Deleuze's the
Life? " normally
themselves
reveal
range
is
to
to
forces
itself
by
we explore
upon
able
a twofold
were
is
which
and
beyond
of
"What
question,
end,
normally
and
which
philosophy
time,
points
forces,
vital
domain
through
changes
thought
back is
philosophy
thought
and
according
reflexively
transcending
ecstatic,
determinations
'philosophy
eternity.
thought
this
methodology,
the
of
of
three
philosophy a
the
Deleuze's
upon
De Leuze's
with
concerned
reasoning
outside
nature
same time,
the
life;
of
Deteuze
Deteuze's to
Deleuze,
how
with
'philosophy',
of
he thinks;
immanent
addressed
Gilles
concerned
comprehend
what
impinges
becomes
reason
to
problem
philosopher,
practice
an
that
Lies
which
thought;
philosophy:
style is
contention
second
than of
means own
French
We aim
rather
dominant
principally
the
of
'think'.
by
thought
Deleuze's
We are
understanding to
the
contemporary
"
how he thinks,
showing
Our
the
philosophy?
means
that
contends
of
work
a new
creates
we
thesis
that
of
Deleuze's we cat t
which vital
the
forces
to
determinations spirit,
and
philosophy
of
91
I NTRODUCT
ION
"What is Philosophy? "
CHAOS
AND
ETERNITY
GILLES DELEUZEAND THE QUESTIONOF PHILOSOPHY PREFACE MUTES & ACM040GEMENTS CHAPTERGAE: 91.1 §1.2
-
INTRODUCTION -
The Explicit The Implicit
CHAPTER TWO.,
Mode of Question PLANE
"WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? "
Posing the Question of Philosophy
§2.2 §2.3 §2.4 92.5 92.6
-
-
LINE
is philosophy
CRYSTAL "How does
-
-A
to
itself? '
PHILOSOPHY OF REVELATION
philosophy
open
CHAOS & ETERNITY "How does
-
in relation
p. 128
itself
to
an outside?
p. 195 '
Percept Crystal Memory Accord
CHAPTER FIVE:
95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 55.5
PHILOSOPHY OF TRANSCENDENCE
-A
Concept Minority Becoming Outside
CHAPTER FOUR:
§4.1 94.2 94.3 §4.4
'
Transcendence Sense Event Affect Plane
"What -
to non-philosophy?
relate
p. 34
Critique
CHAPTER THREE:
§3.1 §3.2 93.3 93.4
Philosophy
of
PHILOSOPHY OF IMMANENCE
-A
'1-low does philosophy 52.1
p. 1
philosophy
-A
PHILOSOPHY OF SPIRIT
transcend
Crystat Vortex SpLrit Profundity Eternity Components of the Philosophy
itself?
p. 268
"
of Spirit
CHAPTERSIX:
CONCLUSION
p. 372
METALOGL(E
THE THEOLOGICALPROBLEM
p. 388
AFFEWIXc
CORRESPONDENCE FROM DELEUZE
p. 403
FOOTNOTES
p. 404
BIBLIOGRAPHY: 91 §2 §3 §4
p. 423
Works by Deleuze Works including studies Relevant works by prior Theological works
-i-
on Deleuze or contemporary
authors
PREFACE
This have
which
arisen
thinking
function
-
and the
the
mind
to
body,
relation life?
How may
enrich
and
life
it
"What
dominating its
able
life
itself;
thought
immanence? "
difference
its
powerful
is
lies
that
"What life
may must
the
actual
-
What
How may thought
matter?
is
which
life?
become
'inspired',
is
the serve
thought
intimately
most
Lives
best
How may
relate
revelation
which
the source
of these
may
thought
of
thought?
freedom
Thought
to
suffused
life with
of
all
How may thought
in
increases
freed
be
it
when
power
is
nature. "
transcendence?
life
between
How do we move
-
to something
to
us
and the
us
"
-
beyond us? that
better?
beyond?
move
revelation?
indicates
is
full?
entire
lies
How
-
What the
forces
which
"
life?
superabundant
Thought
and way of
understanding
a
life?
to
power
"What
-
in
express
to
only
will
power.
is
transform
to
What is most
both lead.
thought
of
thought:
Philosophy
we might
have
yet
of
for?
to
related
which
spirit
presuppositions?
exercise to
alive'
immanent
as an -
thought
intensify
'comes
lives
relation
fields
achieve?
intimately
is
theology,
and
these
of
thought
can
it
or
philosophy
problems
profound
What is thinking
-
potential
is
of
upon certain
understanding
What
"What of
the
when
effectively
which
when
for
about?
we lead
margins
is philosophy? "
"What
worth
the
on
significance
universal
is a meditetton
work
it
powers
What which
is
the
are
What do we perceive
revelations?
ii -
present
our
What do we encounter
How do we come to
is trancendent?
-
beyond
of
nature
beyond
us?
perceive of
life
What is the
the
a more in such a nature
of
"What
-
mode
power,
of
and
existence, by chaos
or
is
life? "
existence, our
to
be tackled
directly:
these
questions
Gilles
Deleuze,
such
of
it
ultimate
principle,
forms
which Do we
the
live
goal,
value,
horizon
in
of
our
governed
a world
most
hypothetical to
indirectly
philosophy,
solution,
In this the
in
a
study
too
are in
which
work
of
language,
would
approach
another
thinker,
the
essential
upon
a remarkable
to
grand
we shall
meditation
who discovers
and
questions
they
expressed
considering
consists
profound
Indeed,
describe.
by
work
and
philosophy,
purports
whose
essential
way
of
addressing
questions.
dominant
Gilles
indirect
of
Guattari,
in
of
a whole.
We shalt
Deteuze's
work,
philosophy
particular. transformation
practice
to
general,
For
one
by
effected of
the
nor the
of
essence
is
that
as such,
-
iii
will
the
without
-
be
the
problem
his
by
in
the
Deleuze's
subordinating
of
nature
work
the as in
philosophy the
of
essence
philosophy
in
of
the
consequences philosophy
Felix
with
of
is
decades
Deleuze's
a description of
French
culmination
within
profound
most
Deleuze
reason
produce
four
over
the
"What
question,
co-authored
effected of
that
contemporary
the
its
concern
development
is
work
the
pursued
philosophie?,
philosophy
the
of
reaching
main
attempting
in
and modes
Our of
examine
without
la
que
1991.
been
before
means,
November
transformation
has
of
work form
the
takes
oeuvre
Qu'est-ce
the
this
by
proposed
throughout
Deleuze,
esoteric
and
publication
thesis
Deteuze's
"
philosophy?
forms
first
addressed
problem
philosopher,
with
the
religious
any
The
of
whatever,
the
possibility?
are
in
pose
be what
questions
or
is
eternity?
I am able
to
What
greatest
These
fail
-
is
concerned
thought
to
the
function
the
enhancement
Our
aim,
of
is
by
are
concerned
final
the
image
De leuze's
worth
thinking
oeuvre
most
second as
is
to
upon
transformation
normally
which
life
is
thought
thought
towards
moves
implicit
thinking question,
of
aim
"What
is
For everyday
life
this
De leuze's
through
an
for
of
problem
comprehend he
what
philosophy,
rather
philosophy
is
life,
at
is
therefore,
here, the
" than
We
-
to
we are
actual
as a creative
iv
-
less "What
Our
and
forces
outside
valuable time
as
life
itself.
a vitalism
by
with
the
concerned life?
and potential:
a
as
life
such
is
life,
of
region
same
yet
becomes
reason
the
so
This
think.
to
contemplate
practise
question,
Is both
which we lead, as well
to
enabled
single
itself
thought
uniquely the
the
transform
This
thought.
is
context.
of
time
same
The
itself.
author,
us
think
to
philosophy
movement:
into
is
philosophy;
to
able
twofold
towards
in
historical
outside
the
is
an end
forcing
enter
thought
Deleuze,
instead
than
Deleuze's
given is
at
while
not
present
lies
a
moves
philosophy?
our
lives,
has
work,
the
normally
De leuze's
-
dominant
therefore,
evaluation:
in
unthinkable,
itself.
is
exercise
and
itself,
truth.
thought
rather
work,
philosophy
which
thought
vitalism:
practical
The
remain
this
of
indeed,
philosophy
serves
he constructs.
DeLeuze's
beyond
moving
ecstatic,
of
of
now
We can only
same way.
transforms
is
thought
our
the
Deleuze
through
region
a
explore
impinges
that
through
how
This
thinking
worth
Deleuze's
of
thinks,
aim
and
metaphysical
for
Deleuze
work
through,
desire
how
philosophy
this
thought
practice
in the
with
explicit
of
thesis
it
the
think
we must
philosophy.
function
second
the
showing
of
The through
repeat
by posing
thought we
than
to
knowledge;
criticizing
rather
it;
philosophy
Deleuze's
and
life
of
representing
DeLeuze's
than
producing
therefore,
merely
thinks;
of
"
it
power which affects
Is
the the
of
live.
we might
way
this
life
potential
of
Potential
Life in
of
the
its
in
us,
the
to in
form
a
the
between
the
is
chaos
repeating power
life,
of
that is
of
Our
l ife? " by
defined which this
time,
work
metaphysics
to of
"What is
within
the
work, context
is philosophy? "
raised,
dogmatic
towards
past
by
affected
is
but
chaos,
can
between
relation
in
the of
disjunction future.
In
is
from
desire
the
be described
question,
by
"What
necessarily
not
determinations function
The third
and eternity.
spirit,
the
different
life
that
Life
life:
self-differentiating
to
answer
which
spontaneous
the
and
a
the
determination in
the
contemplating
from
itself
a third
relation
the
and
shows
determinable
time
force of
radical
to
of
of
a metaphysics
chaos
of a
and
eternity.
This problems
the
leads
therefore,
profundity,
explore
this
The
determination
time
of
horizon
passage
future.
The
within
movements:
the
a different
produce
and
to
a second
be
will
thesis,
desire call
we shall is
third
disymmetrical
us
and
thought
We will
Deleuze.
a
The
is
Life
the
within
death.
and
present
and
exists
live.
we
way
'subjectivity'
or
Life
all
-
movements
time
thought,
our
interiority
the
brings
firstly,
determinations:
desire.
of
of
and
birth
brings
absence
movements
Deteuze's
the
desire,
of
nature
unpredictable
the
by
two
the
changes
the
pre-personal
between
disjunction
which
into
from
time
process
as
splitting
of
transforming
passage
of
and
past,
philosophy
different
bounded
by
by
time,
of
a description
to
confine
thinking,
of
by three
time,
of
not a
act
state
passage
produced
life:
pure
the
the
the
defined
existence
present
is
into
temporal
does
becomes
is
passage
creates
acts
thought
world;
found
Deteuze
therefore,
of DeLeuze's philosophy.
Here we must examine
and how philosophy, image of thought,
and
situates
freed
from
can continue
-
v-
through
thinks
The first
how the problem its
to relate
subordination to
life.
three
problem
is,
of philosophy to
a certain
In §2 PLANE we
Deleuze's
extract
philosophy
philosophy
becoming? "
philosophy,
and
philosophy itself
is,
divide
towards
from
itself,
in
is
life? "
Deteuze's
thought
ETERNITY
we
Deleuze's
be
to
extreme
creation
condemnation
piety,
strict reversal
for
theology:
"Life
thought;
thought
the
immanence will
to
this
end,
beginning
life
to
expect should
of theology.
of
immanence
the
into
encounter no
be
Where philosophy
vi
be the
before
subjected
is concerned
-
has
of
Led
adapted
of for
categories
rather
with
a
of
formula
life. " -A
to
to and
expression
easily
life
life
of
'atheism',
the
of
if
Immanence
place.
Deteuze's
categories
it,
'plane
a
this
be
with
presuppositions
'scepticism',
appear
God within
longer
-
upon
take
may
contact
knowledge
a new theology.
of
beyond
'transcendent'
or
philosophy;
accusations
CHAOS AND
§5
contemplate
theological
can
all
be made * to
be thrown
to
thought
or
thought
of
movements
in
a practical
place
must
of
no longer
will
placed
outside
It.
immanence may equally
philosophy
will
of
categories
under
Nevertheless, and the
at
of
be
problem
moving
extraneous
arrives
touchstone'
spirit,
come
metaphysical
all
philosophy
of
all
philosophical
'burning
the
from
In
of
revelation
leap
to
a
outside
third
the
application.
only
eventually
concepts, of
before
necessary
may
of
able
taking
of
moves
The
is
by
by
and
which
of
A rejection
'anarchy'.
thought
freed
thought
thought.
philosophy
suggested
it,
to
of
is
"What
we extract
a philosophy
life,
limit
93 LItE
which
to
from
own
Deleuze,
Philosophy,
the
becomes
our
first
immanence'. is
the
in a direction
determinations.
In
how philosophy
we examine
construct
is
itself
reveals
indiscernible
subordinated
thought
through
life
Here
For Life,
in
is,
problem
self-transformation
movements.
Deleuze,
become
thought
the
examine
two
from
The second
In 94 CRYSTAL we extract
which
so as to
we
into
this
life.
Deleuze, "What
Here
transcendence
of
immanence.
of
the
of
theology
than
reason;
established
immanence as a
thought
movement
of
concerned
with
thought
of
and
a
question.
our
to
make
actual
and
be able
not
the
into
Last),
is
an
idolatry
theology?
",
this
in the
those Finally,
of
some
understanding
readers
the
of
DeLeuze's thought
those the
are
who
nature
It
to be a source
of
-
ideas.
vii
-
the
say
in
become "What
problem,
a possible
to also
those be of
of the philosophy
interested theology
of
into
speaks
unspeakable
In the
should
questions
essential
or
voice, the
text
renounces
problematics
primarily
of Deleuze.
theology
the
form
of
work.
directed
is
God in
read
thought
our
reveals
insight
icu lab le
be
who
interested
also
Deleuze's
of
but
theological
intercessor
in
back speech.
Deleuze's of
Our
an
we will
necessarily
theological
and
inart
)
speak
say,
who are
account
philosophy
not
to
like
some
work
with
concerned
does
the
where
theological. gain
answer
direct
or
(Any mention
to
to
transcendence
not
silence,
order
philosophical
This Interested
would
may gain
through
theology
we
Those
indiscernible.
in
speech
and
virtual,
clarifies
should
us.
not
and
intercessor
the
when
moments
is
this
which
unspeakable
ironic,
direct
behalf;
our
for
translate
a
will
work
transcendence;
which
a theological
this
make no attempt
designation
(and
work
and speaks
even of
this
offer
intercessor
philosophical,
the on
only
can
we
becomes
in
through
of
In addition
implicit,
an
we then
Metalogue
the
and
above,
theological
if
world
everyday
action
the
stated
We will
reveal
progress
any
addressed
problematic
to
"
from
outside.
by
shaped
theology?
is
aim
Preface
this
Between
is
as movements
from
us
problems,
and
with
"What
problem,
subjective such
concerned
to
be
wLLL
revelation
and
resulting
comes
and objective
actual,
be
equally
Life,
which
grace
theology
presuppositions,
transcendence
of
within
saving
explicit,
rejects
kinds
certain encountered
revealing týour
which
may
in find
renewing the
who
are
interest
to
of religion. our
present
presentation
of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am part icu tar ly gratefu L to my thesis supervisors, for their John Milbank encouragement, and Paul Morris, intellectual and vitality enthusiasm and especially for the freedom they allowed me to develop my own thought, they laid upon me to as well as the constraints resembling a normal thesis. produce something
to the Reverend Or George Richards I am also grateful Educational for Trust Charity and the Sarum St Michael the initial help during financial stages of my research, to Inward House Trust who gave me part-time employment Academy for a at the same time, and to the British Major State Studentship which allowed me to complete this research.
Deleuze who inspired My thanks are also due to Gilles his publications, the whole work through and especially draft to read an earlier the trouble for taking of Chapter Five and the Conclusion, with and to respond criticism. warmth, appreciation, and frank genuine
Raw LLngs and Rache L Alison also like to mention obsessions my philosophical who had to suffer cost to themselves. personal a considerable
I would Hunter, at
-
viii
-
NOTES
Full bibliographical but may be found footnotes, end of the text.
details of references in the Bibliography of
not given consulted
are works
in at
the the
English followed the Deleuze's have standard works of from the the translations translations cited of passages where possible; are the current author's own. or ig ina L French editions Citations
EDITIONS OF DELEUZE'S BOOKSCITED: [English refers
translations to the original
where are shown French edition. ]
(1953)
Empiricism and Subjectivity, U.P., 1991. New York: Columbia
(1962)
Nietzsche and Philosophy, London: Ath Lone, 1983.
(1963)
Kant's Critical Habberjam. Barbara Proust
(1964)
et
Paris:
An Interpretation Masochism: of New York: George Jean McNeil. trans.
Coldness Braziller,
Spinoza: (1970) San Francisco:
Mark Lester
(1972) with Felix Guattart. London: Athlone, 1984.
and Cruelty, 1971.
Martin
trans.
Robert
trans.
Anti-Oedipus,
Habberjam.
Stivale.
& Charles
trans.
Practical Philosophy, City Lights, 1988.
Hurley.
Robert
Hurley.
(1975) with trans.
Kafka: Towards a Minor Literature, Felix Guattart. Minnesota U.P., 1986 Dana Po Lan. Minneapolis:
(1976) with 1976.
Felix
Guattar 1.
Rhizome: Introduction.
PoLitique (1977) with Felix Guattari. Des mots perdus, 1977.
-
Paris:
et psychanaLyse.
ix
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[Extended]
PUF, 1968.
in Philosophy: Spinoza, Expressionism (1968) New York: Zone Books, 1990. Joughin. Logic of Sense, trans. (1969) London: Athlone, 1990.
1986.
& Barbara
Paris:
repetition.
&
Edition,
PUF, 7-
(1967)
et
brackets
V. Boundas.
Philosophy, Hugh Tomlinson trans. 1984. London: Athlone,
des signs.
in
Hugh Tomlinson.
trans.
trans. Hugh Tomlinson Bergsonism, New York: Zone Books, 1988.
Difference
date
Constantin
trans.
(1966)
(1968)
the
available;
Minu it,
Alencon:
&
Dialogues, trans. Hugh Tomlinson (1977) with Claire Parnet. Barbara Habberjam. London: Athlone, 1987. (1979) (1980)
with
Carmello
Superpositions,
Bene.
A Thousand Guattarl. with Fetix 1988. Massum i. London: Athlone,
Paris: Plateaus,
Cinema 1: The Movement-Image, London: Athlone, Barbara Habberjam.
trans. 1986.
Brian
trans.
Francis Bacon: Logique de la sensation. (1981) 1981. Editions de la Difference, (1983)
1979.
M[nuit,
Paris:
Hugh Tomlinson
Cinema 2: The Time-Image, trans. Hugh Tomlinson (1985) London: Athlone, 1989. Robert Gateta. (1986)
Foucault,
(1988)
Le PL i: Leibniz
(1988)
Pericles M inu it, 1988.
(1991)
et
with 1991.
Felix
et
Verdi:
Pourparters.
(1991)
Sean Hand.
trans.
Guattari.
Paris:
Minneapolis:
le Baroque.
Paris:
La philosophie
M lnu it, Quest-ce
de Francois
U.P., 1988.
1988. Chätelet.
Paris:
1991. que
-
&
Minnesota M inu it,
&
la philosoph
ie?
Paris:
M inu it,
51.1
"What
-
Es Ph t losophy? "
The Exp l tc tt
-
Pos Eng the
Mode of
Question
Our age is one of are
aware,
periods, is
as
cultures,
perhaps
live
in
of
our
metaphysics progress
of
materialism;
triumph
the
optimism
Century;
Nineteenth
Bergson,
Darwin,
in
nihilism
loss,
and
the
which
epistemes
universal
history
even
a New Age;
it
only
over
'freedoms'.
slavery, what
Twentieth
pessimistic
about
the
two
wars,
revolutions,
world
we
benefits
are
of losing
we
have
Century of
our
holocausts,
-2-
the
gained, thought historic
the
the
European
as
periods
or
Guattarl's
and has
or
the
technological
These
something
The
naivety.
value
become
'advances':
our hopes
history'. lost
and
of
movements'
have
of
decoding
of
of
of
nihilism,
dominance
'end
of
motor
and
form
Innocence
oppression,
forms
Into
Deleuze
the
of
of
as
new religious
narrative
that
In
the
dialectical
of
metaphysics
Increasing
life;
way of
postmodern
our
Capital
of dialectical
history acts
power;
the
of
our
belief
the
disagree
narratives found
is
over
the
and
share
If
of
advance
of
differing
history
of
of
Hegel's
as widely
Western
of
tower
characteristic
Nietzsche's
division
histories products
narratives
history
We
narratives
history
Christianity
of
strategies
the
of
deterritor[alization;
for
Chardin;
Foucault's and
in
evolutionism de
rising
cite
rationality
This
afflictions.
the
Marx's
spirit;
scientific
Heidegger's
separate
One can
we
historical
religions.
greatest
historical
age.
ressentiment
forgetting;
technological
of
and
by
different
many
Absolute
of
Teilhard
and
moralities, and
consciousness: different
many
over-shadowed
our
biological
history;
universal
are
characterize
the
are
achievements
Babylon,
There
which
there
rationalities,
supreme
metaphysical
Capitalism.
global
that
societies,
one a
before,
never
historical
a confused'
the
of
our
new
increasingly effects
achievements
of and
91.1 Posing obsessions,
global
communications,
have reduced
devastation
continuing
faith
our
gain access to the good, true,
in the
beautiful
The common feature predicament toss
of
kind
any
brings
a
better
world,
about.
The
loss
it
now
The
One
of
Live
still
a
because
either
we might
what our
narratives
this
briefest
of
suspicion.
that read
its
with
concerned
own
life,
find. of
The our
Deleuze
own
of
history'
period
of
is a man who is able
Gtl les
And it Deteuze.
to breathe
-3-
or
anything, that and
life
which life.
is
largely We
style.. thought
own
-
we dread
because
even
trust
hence
must
bring
is
is in this .
of
we cannot
It
Here
soul
of
we
a retrospective
with
ourselves?
our
loss power,
value
and
signs,
beyond
-
the
a pessimism and
our
special
or
thought
texts,
history
deceiving
is philosophy? "
philosopher
things:
to a close
sketches
Are we still
of
means
in
Whereas
is
meaning
looking
from
heart
the
find
to
expect
'end
of
and
religious
an oppressing
thought
language,
we despair
of historical
French
illusory
any bring
to
solely
all.
possibly
surface
appearance,.
at from
contemporary
the
longer
we no
not
to
withdrawn
liberation
of
the
encountered
or
discovery
but
yes,
one asks, "What the
for
a
the
of
beyond
looks
longer
no
toss
metaphysical
any
as
is
transcendence
power
to
the
or
ourselves
the
common
sacred
be
sacraments,
appeared
consequence
is
to
have
God',
of of
beyond
could
the
of
either or
the
as
appears
we
transcendence
lives,
first
which
presence
experiences,
transcendence
existence.
in
the
'worldly'
of
despairs
faith
of
alike:
books,
life,
took
loss
historical
our
'death
The
longer
no
of
the
of
to
life.
narratives
symbol
ecological
modern thought
of
in this
transcendence.
can
we
of
way
loss
or
everyday
hope:
or
in
the
the
under
belief
of
of
non-religious
places,
be described
can
and just
of
and
poverty,
capacity
the Question
in such a period
period
that
we regain
back into
glance
thought
one may hope:
for
by opening
the Question
91.1 Posing up
the
reflexive
circle
from
liberated
the
flux
plunged
of
life.
It
He studied
teaching
minor Lyons
in
Paris
V111
of
in
Qu'est-ce
la
que
Felix
1972
the
with
the
student
from
the
focus
and and
recent
and
Guattari's
book
which
impatient
readers,
philosophy
May
invent
occurs
have and in,
The
several
special
the
ideas,
and
effect
of
hence and
plethora
widely even
neglected
helps
-4-
to
these
include
of
writers, Some
Plateaus,
the
embodied
of
i
have
their
in
spirit
journals work.
on
De leuze,
'
Deleuze
Idiosyncratic
a
France
many
contain
concepts,
work
of fallen
both
way
inaccessible
period
of to
Deleuze's
and misunderstood. establish,
and
since
in
in his
an
and
psychoanalyst
publication,
unique
rendering
articles,
some notoriety
Guattar
Interest
practise
the
attained
Issues
of
and
write
own philosophies.
which
of
a revival
de
A Thousand
they
recent
Universit6
studies
with
and
de
many
thinkers;
his
of
Universito
to
as
aesthetic
De leuze
1968,
the
well
other
Anti-Oedipus,
a
as
co-authored Although
the
at
several
after
continues
Kafka,
debate.
show
and
statements
thinking,
Anti-Oedipus, were
of
works
of
works
several
of
studies,
books,
and
academic
States,
United
the
obscure
of
25
but
and at
chair
1987,
texts
Guattari.
of
lecturer
a
1925.
1811 January,
on
not
and
study.
1944-1948,
in
critical
publication
uprising
from
philosophy,
works,
Paris
our
the
element: thought,
of
element
professorial
some
philosophie?,
activist
political
a
different
conduct
in
became
edited
of
important
most
Sorbonne
retired
and
painting,
and
was born
published
history
the
cinema, his
has
an
be
will
historical
dogmatic
and
entirety
such
Thought
life.
of
nihilistic
we must
posts,
He
1969.
powers
an
that
taking
prefaces, in
studies the
before
He
interviews,
research
a
within
the
at
and
1964,
publish.
is
Deteuze
philosophy
the
into
consciousness,
Gilles
to
of
being
historical
within
dominance
by
consciousness creative
thought
of
of
intense
91.1 philosophical presuppositions,
norms The
question, different
him
difficult
or
an
writing
to
which
an
internal
not
only
making
part is
to
of
many
a discussion
describe
but
This
the
of
also
consider
alt
in
Into
put
creating
a
followed his
work
which
bear
renders
Deleuze
in
the
the and La
Quest-ce
que
considered
by Deleuze
event
but
a
prob tems
by
work
wilL
which
they in
explore
and
of
Gilles
Guattari
philosophie? and
upon
an
event and
has
components,
many
use
Bergson to
and avoid
concepts
in
Language,
but
of
this we
through
these
concepts
meaning
are
addressed.
Even
so,
introduction,
in
order
this
and
including
managed
obscure
of
we find
which
Nietzsche, not
image
thought
of in
Felix
of an
co-
are
many to
doing.
publications Felix
produce
unusual
giving
explanation we are
to
we have
somewhat
to
nor
Guattari's
and
contribution
Spinoza,
also
them
of
'De teuze',
Unfortunately,
accessible
what
name
works
some
the
project,
concentrate
Deteuze
of
though
minimize
textual
others.
without
assumed
",
to
Guattart,
text
This
Gilles
are
conventionally
but
even
to
combined
borrowing
as
precisely
philosophy?
the
and
many
well
oeuvre,
we can attribute
make our
be
thought
is
Question
structures,
succeeded
which
shall
intended
not to
among
as
has
that
we
his
of
coherence.
use
must
as
Deteuze
Foucault
patterns,
rational
contemporaries,
text,
individual,
as
hope
this
others
Deleuze
study,
In
This
Guattari
from
his
of
Deleuze
which
thought
among
paradigms,
the
inaccessible.
name
authored.
old
prescriptions
to
of
out
and
Deleuze's
and
extent
practice
singles
the
crisis;
Posing
Guattari
Deleuze.
published The
question
in an explicit
-5-
the
develop
a
In
remarkable of form
"What
question,
November book
for
the
first
1991,
entitled is
philosophy
is
here time.
They
create
a concept
philosophers,
"the
philosophy
art
rigorously,
"the
as
decisively,
and,
substance four
which
the
regarded has
question personages,
concerned
as
convincing, description.
Such
fatality,
quite
respect,
however,
no
all
philosophers,
concept
Guattart. i
'true'
of
The to
comprehension
is
the of
and
the
past
is
Ideas, which
but leads
-6-
not whether to
the
or
it
its
own
creation
their
in
with local
useful of
a
or another
book
this
for
historical the
from
results
all
their
significance DeLeuze
for
according is
been
Legislate
to
now,
judged
have upon
in
create
having
necessary
not
In
desire
worked
are
inevitability
produced
singular, is
which
the
depend
an
from
have
and
philosophy of
no
escape
Guattari
determines
well,
they
which
philosophy
necessary
of
history
to
and
explication.
universality,
of
philosophy
concept
philosophy
The
landscapes
Guattari
not
existence,
conceptual
claims
concept
both
brute
posed
philosophy
now,
may
produced.
and
does
of
plane
la philosophie',
que
Deleuze
by
geophilosophy.
or
is
the
In
the
concepts,
it
(p. 10);
defined
is
definition
way
is
its
to
no
it
a
of
pretensions
Deteuze it
the
more
(p. 12).
circumstances,
described
as
from
concept
The
publications. the
the
and
which
have
has
philosophy
the
then,
concepts"
territory
(p. 8)
philosophy,
immediate
conditioning.
as
they
(p. 8);
created
detail:
occasion,
produced.
as
concepts"
OuIest-ce
unknowns";
separable
has
in
than
"hour,
progressively
creating
philosophy
title,
and
defined
in
most
AngLo-american
concepts"
and
the
of
whether
because
problems
discussed
and
philosophy to
are
of
significant
conditions of
concept
own
here
pure
personages,
more
its
through
the
question
as
is
consists
which
both
of
fabricating
"knowledge
conceptual
Nevertheless,
concept
inventing,
book,
components
mainstreams
to
be unrecognizable
would
Philosophy
alike.
as
of
which
the
discipline
the
immanence,
be
to
forming,
of
philosophy
foreign
and
Continental
of
Question
the
S1.1 Posing
to
whether
In producing new concepts.
and it a It
91.1 is
a politically-motivated
addresses
a number
metaphysics the
and
conditions it
which the
is
it
how the
is
posed,
to
may
One may
philosophy.
1968,
May
anarchy,
feminism,
modernity
science,
information
major
philosophers.
theses
here. to
determine
concepts
encounter means of
or
fabricated, with
chaos
comprehending
is one
this
'new
examine
sufficient
may query
whether
be created,
the
rather
creation
-7-
historical and this
seeing
towards
pure issues
'revolution'
of
postmodernism, sexuality,
Twentieth
such
Century
certain
being
other
for
historical In
late
and
to
several analysts if
particular,
formed,
merely
possible
analysts chaos.
the
than
material
is only
to
phenomenology,
relation
than
we
philosophy
culture,
question.
such a creation then
of
technology, his
in
instance.
singular
student
cinema,
of
through
philosophers',
and
with way
contemporaneous
art,
to
Indeed,
DeLeuze
drug
of
without
the
existentialism, Parisian
crisis
problem
rather
to
clearly
(pp. 190-1),
this
psycho-active
'unknowns'
and if
addressed.
of
relation
which
concerned
is
conditioning,
the
could
less
concept
communications
one
specific
question,
in
the
as
the
philosophy
posed
Question
philosophy
the
student
the
science,
must
is
from
such
literature,
the
of
Deleuze's
There
be
meaning
and
deconstruction,
in
shall
it
the
Marxism,
Nevertheless,
phtlosophical invented
direct
examine
Alternatively,
Capitalism.
able
to
anti-psychiatry,
psychoanalysis,
is
emphasis
context
the
with
the
be meaningless
and
which
",
of
historicism,
structuralism,
present
thought,
of
movements
and
appear
historical
of
to
is philosophy?
shift
we
than
problem
the
"What
question,
problems
the
and
reason,
of
including
would
question,
produced,
understand
question
this
philosophy
The the
For
concept
the
of
history
probtematics,
This
unknowns
the
upon
contemporary
addressed. of
come
only
of
representation. and
concept
which
perspective
Posing
will
through
an
have
no
For Deleuze,
every
S1.1 Posing has
concept
a history, (p. 23)
history. introduced
of
question the
we
work,
its
in
the
to
in order
the
and
methods the
level
who seeks
of
philosophy
comprehension of
necessary
and
question
philosophy
of
trust. friend, even
even the
friend,
(p. 8)
We can
using
Deleuze's
this
though
vehicle
and only
treat
gain
access
philosophy once
we
upon
have
as
the
itself
is
chaos,
and
Philosophy from in
to
relation rather
than
Deteuze's
philosophy
from
chaos.
It
to
Life
or
the
philosophy,
thought,
There but
work; meaning
to
friends,
when
question the
where
-8-
level even
as
a
is
DeLeuze
may
carries
Deleuze, must
by
means
This
is
why
by
the
becoming to
from
of
or
confidence
comprehension we
pre-
work
necessary
a challenge
to
access
philosophy,
it
if
his
of
DeLeuze
of
accepting
student
of
as
pre-
possible
Deteuze's
of
students
a vehicle,
arrived
the
the
many
comprehension.
come
the
are
be
not
reach
no other
Deleuze's
of
will
without
We have
trust.
between
will
to
question',
we seek.
become
to
In
between
question
assess
Deleuze's
posed
time
the
history.
relation
progressively
turn
of
singular
the
the
of
and
Deleuze's
only
the chaos
and
philosophical Is
We can
(p. 8)
and
in
of
processes
is
new
determination
to
comprehension
DeLeuze's
to
causal
with
which
evaluations
faithfulness
the
unknowns
in
a pre-philosophical
at
arrive
its
work
'unknowns
concept
the
finds
enquiry
encounter
work
philosophical
something
question.
at
of
philosophy,
therefore
plane
philosophical
of
comprehend
the
discover
to
possible
to
an
work
reciprocally
the
study
of
perspective
the
We must
We aim
determined
Deleuze's
problem
(p. 22)
solutions.
completely
than our
extracts
which
determines
history,
delimit
philosophy
not
which rather
by this
is
nature
creative
chaos,
shall
discipline
which
the
thought of
unpredictability this
In
into
its
but
Question
the
a his
distrust an enemy.
we seek
come
to
us,
and
by
distrust proceed
§l. 1 Posing through of
our
own
research
De leuze's are
problems be
must
philosophy longer
no
unfamiliar
any
from
criticized
by the
within
the
De leuze's
his
philosophy,
brand
or
as
of
As
translation
of logical It
comprehend
back
philosophy to
begin
to text
lead
'Deteuze'
well
the will
unfold
a
Since
where
there
also
take
will
conventional
for
study
claim
of
thought
of
De leuze
situating
honestly
an
accurate
must
upon
of at
it.
noted
to
we
the
level
it
will
which of
of
philosophy
preface
both
-9-
his
remove
from
his
the to in
all work,
that
expression
to
to
Deleuze's
and
English
the
traces
of in
and
power, to
order
Deleuze's to order
this
study
to
and again
method
make possible us
thought
of
intensity,
hope
Instead causes
or
We fold
'
same.
a higher the
described
explicating
to
a is
time
return
other
literature
image
to
to
produces
secondary
in
do
do so but
question
the
any
merely
for
tries
and raise Yet
so
to
exterior from
or
methods
persuasion,
reflexivity, our
the
Deleuze
itself,
do
of
necessary
find
endeavour
perspective
sciences, to
concept
It
Foucault
any
human
impossible
quite
pre-philosophical
we find to
it
from
in much
the
rhetorical
a narrow
unknowns
research
found
attempt
the
Antl-Oedipus,
we
the
any
in
order
Michel
or
from
both
as
in
have
discussed
in
comprehend to
itself.
element,
useful
cannot
thought
philosophy;
Instead,
thought.
and methods
presuppositions
be
may
we
taken
thought
whether
work,
whether
presupposed. Deleuze's
certain
but
DeLeuze's
The
assumed,
not
this
unrecognizable
quite
write
philosophy,
evaluate
school
caricature.
to
Question
Deleuze.
of
and
our
philosophy,
of
strange
landmarks,
of
thought
of
philosophy
and
choice:
perspective
In comprehend
no
mode
Deleuze's
a fluid
recognizable
history
comprehension
from into
We have
Our
concepts.
derived
plunges
paths.
Deteuze,
and
the
will
an opening
Deleuze.
content,
to
Our
revealing
the Question
S1.1 Posing De leuze's
both
in
discover
Deteuze,
them
adding
to
A
advance. so
writing,
may
to
how
portrayed
in
Athenian,
and
friends,
always
face nature; thought
question
of
function
of
donc
from
its
from
re-discover
in
this
its
the
own
essence,
concepts:
-10-
Deleuze
which
Here
mise
is
rivals
concept,
of
or
claim
may be exterior,
confusion
The such also
its
about
images
the
opinion, fulfil
necessity '
own of The
philosophy. of
to
wisdom.
must
three
of
mere and
it
its and
(p. 106)
but
context
Greek,
with
with
we
scene
en
past.
essence
from
immanent
alliance
are
to
prior
Greek
a
Platonic or
rivals,
the
communication
be
to
in
marketing,
even
through
and
pretended
it
or
within
reflection,
Its
exert
the
...,
conflict
its
upon
Indeed,
philosophy.
The
itself
of
by
philosophie?.
question
agonistic
Linguistics,
emerge
la
'friends'
must
in
philosophy.
finds
in true
philosophy
have
creating
Ainsi
inwardly
This
way la
we
followed
been
the
which
construction
in Deleuze's
que
of
but
posed
to
Qu'est-ce
problem
be the
or
to
philosophy
philosophy,
distinguishing philosophy
the
art,
contemplation, which
in
its
to
understanding.
grounded
all,
reterritorialtzes
history which
rivals
of
question
which
sociology,
first
has
our
itself
is
appropriated
be applied
research
Intensify
thought,
of
enunciation'.
of
first
of
research
to
and
Our
simultaneously.
methods
practised
must
process
and
Philosophy
as
be
and
assemblage
Platonic:
even
pretenders
against
ideas
introduction,
who claim
own presuppositions
text
this
address
the
science
rivals
then
turn,
the
poses
learn
must
reflexively
We explicitly
the
lengthy
mode of
reflexive
that
in
to
as
our
and
'collective
our
described
philosophy
and
is
principle
guiding
in
philosophy
of
drives Its
proper
the Question
91.1 Posing Hence
the
is the question of philosophy singular point where the concept and its creation are related to each other. (G1u'est-cue que la ph i losoph fe? p. 16 )
Philosophy
becomes
functions
when concepts
create
inseparable
in
a
to
distinguish
becomes
philosophy itself.
The question,
pursued
in
old
its
philosophy
the
perpetual itself
it
is
"What
is
of
crisis.
(p. 79)
its
",
very
not but
singular
only
Philosophy
merely
must it
what force
a critical idle
an
a problem point
it
nature;
and show
as
is
Guattari,
and
rivals,
operates
philosophy?
the
work,
it
its
question
from
when
Deleuze
by
Deleuze's
throughout
of
state
what
age
from
upon
question
which
which
is;
emerges his
gives
sense.
it formerly, One posed it, one never ceased posing indirect it but too artificial, was too or oblique, too abstract, it, one mastered it and one expounded being One was not in passing, by it. without gripped One desired to do philosophy too much, sober enough. it through the not ask one did what was, except this point of style; one had not attained exercise of' where one can at last non-style say: but what was it that I was doing all my life?
que la philosophie?
(Qu'est-ce
The question entirety
Deteuze's
of
posed through
his
until
contemplated, subjective
most
a
leads
consensus
of
appearing
relates can
which is
which
the
conditions it
directly,
is only
5
to
multitude
a
the
explicit
dangers
of
discussion
to
' an essence
reflect
communicated.
upon
itself, For
and of
the
assume that
One may easily
publication.
recent
which
unknowns
has postponed
philosophy subject
the
instead
of 'style'.
question
of
question
one of
yet,
and hence Deleuze
confusions,
the
work;
the exercise
The
question
is
philosophy
of
p. 7)
can
which or De leuze,
an
be
interhowever,
91.1 is
philosophy
neither
commun 1cat ion. know
what the
posed
question.
To
in
of
question DeLeuze is
It
must
which
It
from
the
and
to
Late
friends
of
mass
is
fully
determine
question
of
practice;
the
agent
of
media
philosophy,
the
The
and
Greek,
but
nature
of
should
and
the
but
do not
merely determine
-12-
their their
the
p. 82)
sophists,
communication
of
simulacra
personage,
the
past
style
the
nor
is
Philosophy
in
still
of the
of
does which
"
not the
a creative
the
condition
created
product.
provide the
way
but
(p. 69)
and present
of
Athenian
philosophie?
of
a
(p. 10)
the
upon
be posed.
of
upon
now a schizophrenic.
philosophy,
present
la
que
saw,
movements
replace
opinions
conceptual
reterritorializatlon
philosophy past
marketing
the
the
procedure
following
and,
which
we
philosophy.
examine
resist
This
philosophy
(Qu'est-ce
to
As
capabilities
of
Capitalism,
or
a territory,
away.
the
form
or
is
which
existence,
has
past.
reterritorialize
pretenders.
concepts
the
Greek
its
by which
It
beyond
essence
Century
a Socratic
This
is
Anti-Oedipus,
(p. 16)
longer
no
its
to
practice
always
be
cannot
relation
a mode of
carries
reterritoriaLization
and
products.
conceptual thinker,
in
and
it
must
Twentieth
creates
the
resist
Guattari
and
Longer
One no
a Platonic
its
we
we have
until
deterritorialization
upon for
in
or
a milieu,
of
it
is
nor unt ii
philosophy
Philosophy
movement
humorous,
or
deterritorialization community
functions.
circle, subject,
Question
quest ion it
what
through
to
philosophy
Capital
of
analysis
be related
transforms
discover
of
or
apprehended
Deleuze
milieu
own
vicious
be
ironic, to
this
the
reflection,
the
pose
we discover
must
in
to
will
but
reterritorializes
philosopher
how
essence
philosophy
perhaps
Instead,
escape
know
an
inseparable
is
and
neither
contemplation,
as
way.
l ife
of
way
of
isolation, end,
under
matter
We do not is;
or
already a
(p. 1 1)
philosophy
considered beginning
a
Posing
and the 7
The
ei. l Posing question
of
thought,
and
philosophy to
One
thought.
forces
in
passes
a
upon
the
reterritorializes
itself
opens
The creation future form, which do not
to
thought
a future,
which
threshold
of
Guattari
and
In
concepts.
in concepts, it summons a new yet exist.
relations
understand
it,
appears
midday.
and
personages,
posed
question Landscapes forces
and
from
indeed,
white of
itor
personages
concepts',
philosophy;
Instead,
philosophie? which
this
transform
the
concepts.
We do not
philosophy,
or
by
not
this
been
seek
image of
at
its
Deleuze
does
not
response,
cease
to
ask
Is not
at
midnight,
-13-
the
took
creating concepts as
they
clarity
of
conceptual
the
of
of
remove the
the
apart and well towards
The
question;
form
'the
of
(p. 8)
in Qu'est-ce
work;
the
concepts.
to expound Deleuze's
of
the
with
question,
question.
the
the
observe
presented
in
sufficiently
'unknowns
but
not
creation
a
thought
however,
unknowns the
an established
thought,
immanence,
We are
the
performed
of
the
We do not,
(p. 7)
these
in
had
we seek the image
of
by
Philosophy,
daytlght,
plane
thesis
find
them.
of
determine
always
he does
comprehension,
philosophical
its
which
has
has
and
p. 104)
philosophy we
full
future,
presented
De leuze
in
is l izat ion.
the
thought
each
now,
hour.
of
of
philosophie?
concepts,
The aim of of
is
midnight
philosophy
of
deterritorialization,
question
between
it
as its
its
being
of
capable
yet
que la philosophie?
the La
drawn
deterr
outside
concept
creation
its in
to
que
We observe
e
not
of
itself, to a appeals land and a new people
of
Quest-ce
and
outside
something
future:
respond
expounded,
are
absolute
(Qu'est-ce
Deleuze
to
Question
the
concept que
the
question',
la
forces
we
look
for
a
pre-
from
the
creation
of
fabricated a philosophy
concept in
of flux,
91.1 questioning deterr of
and
itor is l izat ton
possibilities We
of
hope
Deleuze's To
and
that
so
be
will through
to
wish
to
possible
in
works
be
directly
measured
the
attaining
a
level
of
crystalline
contents
of
the
text
itself
have
which
belong not
to
not
been
neither
pass over
explicitly
author
in silence,
purity,
nor but
as
to
stated,
pass
the lt
which
the
through which
by indirect
-14-
te
it
which
we
not
be
Like
concepts.
becomes
never
passes
will
of
this
all text
transparent, can
a vision can
of here
present
success
to
force
humour
already
reader
will
transforms
philosophy
or
post-
the
the
itself of
which
it
of
which
What we cannot
reader. reveal
in
and
take
pre-conceptual;
to
which
thought
that
means
which
Plato,
vehicle
to
so
propositions of
degree
so
do,
comprehension
tradition
expression.
Deteuze's
thought
and
of
the
we wish
by
from
concepts
be unashamedly
of
can
'original',
In either
the by
it
Deteuze's
The
to
will
subversive
pre-philosophical it
state
philosophical should
is
enable
means
a
future
this
create
or
Deleuze.
through
as
new
the
of
of
student
of
becoming
of one
create
style
because
line
thought,
adoption
what
the
the
ourselves
merely
of
transformations.
many
merely
Question line
discover
actively
conclusions
of
from
and
the
a the
Deleuze's
entrust
be more
repetition
different
quite
is
limit
we may
The
non-critique.
the
for'
trusting
this
to
work
become
a new
our
our
be uncritical,
Deteuze's
but
times,
at
create
follow to
not
must
provides;
If,
to
itself,
we
to
nature,
must
also
following
and
of
hidden We
must
may
'future'
its
planes
thought
Deteuzean.
of
the
reveal
these
Deteuze's
appear
into
but
thought,
philosophy
thought.
work,
reach
We wish
what
to
Deleuze's
becoming.
Deleuze's
look
ball,
crystal for
to
itself,
or
in
philosophy
transforming
Posing
be,
speak
and surreptitious
Ignore
the
of
ideas
ideas
which
about,
we do
means.
S1.1 Posing
Here we shall means of a global
multitude
"What
of
concepts, The
of the
implicit
will
consider in
change
of
single
concept
to
enquiry.
fully,
"
presupposed?
thought
or
concept
and
modes
of
10
in Deleuze's
specific
roles
concepts
are
texts
Here
in which
way
in
they
isotatton,
address
with
thought,
work? "
personages strange
-15-
are
immanence
of
images
look
concepts
at
are The
serve.
connected
of
affect,
of
a different how
is
Deleuze's
of
different
and
any
relevance
of
trinity'
we
but
certain
describing
concepts
to
relates of
which
conceptual
peopled
these
it
which
'philosopher's
and
problems
in
three
and
themselves
concepts
plane
to
relate
images
the
work,
which
"What are
important
the
of
does
considered
assemblages
Deleuze's
Each
functions
and not
three
to
hence
be exhaustive,
exhaustive aspects
'components and
different
or
which
these
"How
ask,
employed
functional
crystal,
these
thought
comprehension,
percept.
we must
of
be
to
aim
with
the
present
describe
To understand
existence. style,
and
to
aim
only
We shall line,
pl4 ne,
not
image
"What
associated
style,
a field
the
to the
are
Deteuze's
We do not
creates
relation
here
Furthermore,
being
but
in
us
to
related
concepts.
do
we
Deleuze
book
each
by
work,
questions:
create»'
concern
philosophy.
a few
research;
-
style,
of
through
nature
fields
our
specifically
question only
in
sha tt
which
concepts
he
differ
which
those
expression',
does
concepts
four
Question
Deteuze's
through
a path
of the following
consideration
-
considered.
map out
the
of
aspect
they
produce
the
strategies
used,
and the
statements together
a
and Into
problems.
think
characters,
in
Deleuze's
such as actors,
work? " little
91.1 Posing girls,
animals,
who
constitute
but
must
styles
confine
question its
schizophrenics,
of
of
stances
forces
and
and
at
characters
of
the
of
"What
the
form
be
is
a
themselves
main
concern,
upon
the
as
however, in
'future',
reaches
an
absorbed
by
absolute the
plane
the
also
the
be form
threshold of
We
have
territory
our
of
chaos, of
immanence.
-16-
work
world
Deleuze's
that but
here
As such,
we our
for
or
of
a
the
our
of
Deleuze's
research. itor
and
focus
upon
reterr
in
past,
Spinoza
Our
is l izat ton
When thought
eternity.
Thought
We
a useful
enquiry
deterrttortalization, (p. 85)
or
come.
as
milieu
life,
selection
own nature.
predecessors,
reterritorislize
creative
we must
Deleuze's
which
upon
Heidegger
the
the
out
deterrttorlalization.
main
or
Deleuze's
story,
territory
to
explicit
drawing
present,
to
context
the
of
seen
Capitalist
or
reference
present
will
the
earth,
"
two
faces
it
in
its
reterritortatization
Deleuze's
some
We shall
differentiation.
constructs
the
a new
partial
to
also
of
the
as
to
it
and
and
we consider
problems
de-contextualization
a
reference
there
Nietzsche;
creation
perform
some
past
this
of
which
belongs?
Greek
To produce
the
time,
discovery work
Here
to
The
creative
"
landscape,
the
its
the
largely
however,
texts
to
with
concerned will
and through
late
a
the
fields
to
make,
exhaustive,
a thinker,
philosophy.
is
considered? the
is
of
in
to
perverts,
of
story
relation
Question
relate
which
the
able
implicit.
philosophy
relates
philosophy
shall,
formerly
"What
is
question
engage
problems
Deleuze's
which
work
will
is addressed,
and
personage
territories',
-
are
we
the
'existential
philosophy
to
conceptual
were
are
include
it
be
we cannot
personages
will
which
the
of
times
which
account
movements
unknowns
importance
ask,
and
those
and
masochists
again,
transformations,
existence,
various
to
Our
sorcerers,
Here,
attentions
philosophy.
modes
work,
thought.
of
our
nomads,
the
the becomes
earth inseparable
is
91.1 Posing from
being,
works
will
of
plane
images
of
cutting
edge
thought, the
so
discussed
not
Transcendence, in
discussed Transcendence explicitly,
and
spirit.
Qu'est-ce
que
la
the
and
describe
philosophy
it
of
as The
beyond
spirit
that
four
The
immanence, is
immanence
of
of
philosophies Deleuze
which
discusses Deleuze's
beyond
move entirely
will
itself
onto
of
the
philosophle?;
of
Deteuze's
itself.
philosophy
of
fold
the
which
philosophies
the
images
new
back
transform
be
will
within
reflexively
to
Transcendent
or
we address
reference',
move
will
future,
Here
characterize
we
revelation
us to
allow
revelation,
and
philosophy
problematic
to
and
emerge
which
philosophies
of
incorporeal
De leuze's
it,
intensify
question lead
process
The deterrltorlalization
new,
by Deleuze.
of
We apply
11
to
and
explicitly
'universe
the
to
the
Again,
deterritorialization,
of
resides. as
12
lead
will
How this
from events.
discussion.
later
immanence
of
thought.
outside,
work
for
be a matter a
such
become inseparable
and concepts
the Question
thought.
Our readers, illusions DeLeuze as
the
[Huston
for
since,
has
'condition
only
be
to
or
Transcendence,
connotation,
except
when
arise
it
transcendence
which
through
while
merely
we
the shall
recognizing
the
We retain
from
an
produces must
be
that
-17-
our
and of
to
attempt
an
re-create
creation
will
its
true
active the still
the
of
nature to
grasp,
It
Is the
Indeed,
Illusion,
opposed,
experimentation endeavour
any
sense
since
the
by
word
however,
of
great
Kantian
the
a misapprehension Transcendent;
is
in
word,
the
of
many
four
the
of
mention used
to
problematic
first
the
every
Transcendence
Here
is
Almost
to
utilize
seem
will
(p. 50)
experience'.
us
revealed
Transcending.
transcendence
of
seems
of
DeLeuze,
a negative
Transcendence.
illusion
'transcendence'
philosophy.
of
comprehend
of
use
nature
can
movement
of
concept
of
be
illusory,
51.1 Posing for
Transcendence
shall
always
differentiate
use it
can never
become a concept.
a capital
to
designate
illusion
of
from
illusion
of
relation
to our active
the
transcendence
our
use of
transcendence
which Deteuze criticizes
movement of Transcending.
-18-
To minimize the
the Question confusion,
word,
in Deleuze's is static,
we
so as to use.
The
and has little
91.2
THE IMPLICIT QUESTIONOF PHILOSOPHY
-
In fact, developed itself, it
theory is an elaborately a philosophical and nothing question, else; by itself and in is not the resolution to a problem, but the the to the very elaboration, end, of necessary implications of a formulated question. (Empiricism and Subjectivity p. 106)
There in
address
the
entirety
Deleuze's
of
variety different
authors
present.
It
in
the
beginning
the
in Quest-ce
ceased
to
should
fulfil
own
question,
Deleuze's
throughout
insights
along
the
work, the
choice
comparison
Deteuze
follows
longer
a forest
we
Leave
of
our
made
explicit
study,
which
explicit
that
until
he has
that
this
with
drawing
la
que question
consideration
while
never
philosophy
(Qu'est-ce
concerned
a at
question
necessitates
an
as
formulated
was
states
concepts.
are
shall
end
Deteuze
creating we
or
it
developing
of
precise
formulated
perpetually
connects
theory
question
is
necessity
the
and the
invents,
this
of
for
it
upon
way.
The informative
of
Since
until
work
recent
this
and task
proper
the
Life, been
not
but
work,
the
Amid
"
problem
a philosophical
La philosophie?,
pp. 7,8,16)
phiLosgphie?
the
while
writing
has
que
its
to
he
which
to
ceases
never
philosophy?
this
writes,
Yet
of
is
concepts
unity
13
project
this
ask
he
a
Deteuze's
of
his
most
give
construction
animates end:
not
different
De teuze
which
"What
oeuvre:
whom
multiplicity.
question the
the
about
question
his
of
work,
does
inter-related
is a single
with
a widely trail,
of
such
a recent
divergent
but
a question
predecessor,
path
a nomadic,
-19-
invites Martin
from Heidegger,
rhtzomatic,
an
Immediate
and
Heidegger,
a path
which
and experimental
14. Is no
root;
It
S1.2 The Implicit produces philosophy, of
different
a very which
Being? " should
and
essential
question place
be posed,
of
of
how the
asks
aLL
time
is
the
is
through
grounding For
merely an
For
Heidegger,
ica L question,
metaphys
questions.
philosophy
and
'5
philosophy.
De leuze,
assemblage
the
is
and
of
from
of
meaning
necessary hand,
other
invented
elements
the
most
the
on
question
is
"What
question,
contingent,
the
Quest ion
the
a certain
at
different
many
sources:
Questions
invented, like anything to invent aren't your the place, elements all over if people 'pose' them to you, where, The art to say. of constructing a important: invent you a problem, a finding before a solution. are allowed from
If you else. questions, with from never mind you haven't much is very problem problem-position, (Dialogues,
For
the
Deteuze,
Oedipus
p. 108)
question,
for
necessary
to
field
all
now among
in every
Being
produced
becomes own
grounds;
leads of
concerns others.
no
an
us
For
thought. the
for
Heidegger,
to
the
Deleuze practical
and
question, found
to the
there empirical
politicizes immanent
17
-20-
on
which
question are
leads
to
surface,
to
ontology problems
so of
it
life,
Living
the hand,
other
problematic the
grounds,
that
was
philosophy a
more
The
upon
the
with
no
(Anti-
which
carries
interact
has
p. 74)
metaphysics
Deleuze,
question,
discourse
Deleuze,
(Dialogues
to for
response;
being
of
theology;
negative
grounding
to order
unfounding and
and
problem
philosophy".
the
epoch
domain
back
been
in
God
for
the
of
of
need
had
experience.
question outside
is
its
of of
beneath
"there
question
question
repeat
question
outside
the
Heidegger,
of
revelation the
with
along
vanished,
Heideggerean
p. 1)
and all, in
abyss
and
the
to
the
philosophy the
world,
Question
S1.2 The Implicit and Deleuze
Heidegger For
both
which
of
acts
questions
upon
thought. For
is
centred
and
thought
to
around
its
the own
is
thought
in which
the
through
thought
forces
in
reversal there
the
are
an
merely
to
us
unlimited
variety causes
beneath
all
of
coextensive
philosophical
thought
is
forces
act
thought.
and
which
upon
The abyss
within
"What
is
and
reason
The philosophy question,
by
determined
philosophy? "
of
passes
Gllles This
-21-
is
rises
thought.
its
impotence remain
upon longer
no
concerns
thought
to
the
the a
difference,
the
ALL to
an
and
does
unthinkable to
real
radical
thought,
the
of
the
act
It
upon
all
which
Deleuze,
effects
act
it
in Deleuze, with
thought,
which
concepts
ontological
The abyss
thought.
grounds;
of
one
only
these
which
transformation
is
grounding
thought
within
relation
forces
of
forces
instead,
the
This there
becomes
thought
absence
or
think.
while
of
life,
because
the
of of
this
however,
For
the
of
difference;
and
philosophy:
hide
thought.
The
of
anthropomorphism,
act
form
relation
metaphysics,
of
determination
upon
to
is centred
De leuze,
production
the
think.
history
historical
ontological
cause
variety
unlimited
in
thought
between which
transcendent
which
to
us
another
internal
Philosophy
For
expressed.
merely
the
itself,
life
around
difference
the
forces
cause
and
centred
to
are
is
thought
real is
unthinkable
these
the
the
it
when
is
of
Being.
Being,
of
think
to
interval
or
of
'unthinkable'
something
problem
meaning
meaning
by
absence
a common project.
share
begins
specific
the
addressing
without
question,
the
subordinated
think only
this the
is
which
of
to
Philosophy
around
origin,
veneration
forced
is
Heidegger,
truth,
language
the
pious
not
philosophy
itself.
reason,
and
them,
do, however,
of
surface
of
exercise
think
the
real
problems
requiring
a development
of
as
everywhere.
Deleuze question
is is
neither
arbitrary,
the nor
91.2 The Implicit but
universal, For
when
contingent
all
guiding
subjected
to
becomes
urgent,
questions
The of
transcendent
principles.
did
not
the
the
fixed
all
Nothing
problem
remain For
immanence.
is
it
philosophy';
(Qu'es t-ce
goss ib Le.
his
to
relation
immune
the
see
how
published upon the other
books field
La ph i Losoph ie?
Deteuze's is,
own of
"What
they
those
and
those
but
and to
able think
when
thought.
a principle
touchstone
of
is
of
of
all
thought
becoming
neither
specific,
experimental,
Deleuze's
approximate focus
which
and
including
-22-
is
is posed by Deleuze,
painting;
much transgressing
philosophy
from
empirical,
predominantly
explicitly,
of
acquires
'burning
milieu
three
focus
nature
to
removed
philosophy? ",
the
into
for
p. 64)
question
to
question,
only
it
philosophical
Deteuze,
relate:
which
cinema,
philosophy course,
for
raised
to which
is
how the
may be divided
literature,
philosophy the
is
cause
questioning:
universal,
implicitly
philosophers;
including
There
is
it
which are
Is
and
presuppositions,
Thought
forces
for
of
a
grounds,
the
questioning
transcendent
Immanence
the
about
or is
';
philosophy?
posed
possible.
philosophy unknown
questions,
determinations from
To discover
and pragmatic.
is
Longer
no
of
becomes
"What
The
context.
is
question
partially
such
precondition
que
thought
presuppositions
unthinkable
Deleuze,
nor
essential,
only
all
the
and
guiding
thought
of
philosophical
philosophy
ontology.
criticizes
and
the
question,
ultimate
The question, general,
then
of
Heidegger
transcendent
and
can
the
of
philosophical
makes
address
of
which
activity
again
its
images,
presuppositions,
question and
philosophy
all
removed,
essence
posing
questioning
he
the
and
historical
are
transcendent
any
unthinkable.
its
upon
Question
the
texts.
classes,
we may His
depending
predominantly
upon
upon
aesthetic
those
which
develop
co-authored
works,
some
boundaries
between
works,
these
91.2 The Implicit classes, of
and much cross-fertilization
Sense,
for
example,
these
accurately,
A first is
in
of
the
to
relation domain
experimentation into
philosophy De leuze
to
seems
three
the question,
of posing
and mutual
classes
participate
of
writings
The Logic
presupposition; in
equally
express
Question
More
each.
three
different
"What
is
modes
"What is philosophy? "
mode of
field
an aesthetic
of
of
philosophy.
A
for
philosophy
may
aesthetic
the
posing
experimentation to
the
found
by
clue be
question,
importance
lies of
observing
in Kierkegaard
productions
which
",
philosophy? outside aesthetic
from
a passage
and Nietzsche,
of
whom
writes:
belong to those who bring and Nietzsche a to philosophy. One gladly new means of expression to speaks of a surpassing of philosophy with regard Now what is in question, them. in all their work, is They wish to put into movement. metaphysics ... into activity. They wish to make it pass into motion, immediate the into It is act, and acts. not for them to propose sufficient a new representation is already On of movement; representation mediation. the contrary, it is a question of producing movement in the is the mind work capable of moving which it is a question of all representation; outside of itself interposition; a work, without making movement direct for substituting signs of mediating inventing vibrations, representations; of' rotations, twirlings, gravitations or leaps which directly attain They invent, in the mind. philosophy, an ... the theatre, of unbelievable equivalent and through for the theatre this provide a basis of the future, at the same time as a new philosophy. Kierkegaard
et Rtltton,
(Difference
Kierkegaard their
works
making thought the
and Nietzsche reveal
movements
movements within
to engage with
reverse
force
movement,
of
thought. life. from
us
to
think
thought.
pp. 16-17)18
by dramatizing Life
enters
The dramatization
One of Deleuze's aesthetic
-23-
of
Into
to
thought
allows
Ideas
is that
philosophy,
1
by
metaphysics
most profound
production
metaphysics:
is
also
S1.2 The Implicit For
possible. independently Life,
with
the
their
of
is also
engagement aesthetic
movements
with
material
in all
Life,
will
and
of
those "
research.
and
Philosophy,
being
Learri
Sacher-Masoch, their
who make of
use it
concerned
work an experimental them.
Deleuze's
Francis
Bacon, and
from Kafka,
or a
work an experimentation,
The medium in which
as the way in which they
significant
to
seek
considered
abstracted
who make of their
on Proust,
commentaries,
be
can
of expression.
interested
Cinema, select
force
thought
of
Question
they
is no longer
operate
to produce
as
thought:
It is all there is no substantial a question of line, difference between painting, music and writing. These activities from one another are differentiated their by respective substances, codes and but territorialities, by the abstract line they not trace, between them and carries them which shoots towards When we come to trace a common fate. the line, we can say, '1t is philosophy'.
(Dialogues,
The
'theatre
considered and
as part
movements
or
production
of
such
ideas,
it
is:
and
the movement,
and territorlalities'
thought.
It
event
already
own method seems line
or
affects The belong
for
which
thought
itself,
to thought,
thought.
obscure
lines
it
without which
which
until
produce
may has
its
own
between how
we understand
Is always
exterior
in 'substances, forms,
to
its
codes, When
and places.
Is already
a constituent
of
any need
for
mediation
or
of
the
trace
the
cartography
and can be used to create
-24-
writing,
The relation
is actualized
however,
who may be
music,
discipline
in materials,
directly,
abstract
expression Each
of
those
Painting,
becoming,
of
or, more simply,
is considered
of
to
confined
philosophy.
lines'.
is an event
the event
representation.
of
means
philosophy
The movement
terms.
are
abstract and its
longer
no
history
cinema,
'trace
movements
simple
the
of
the
especially
is
philosophy'
of
pp. 73-74)
concepts.
Question
91.2 The Implicit
to the
When Deleuze asks, "What is philosophy? " in relation field
of
aesthetic
philosophy
produced
thought this
does
it
evaluating
joy,
the
beyond
the
system
of
proper
to
of again
hand,
arise "What provide Francis
work,
to
the
movements
to
not
which
it
the
text.
the
hand,
concepts
in
their to
aesthetic
",
philosophy? of
examples Bacon,
own
develop
how
and Cinema
this 2,
in
works
in subsequent
A second mode of posing problematic philosophy.
field (See
generated Dialogues
by
a
also
the
pp. 2;
the question
-25-
14-15. )
the
within
exchange
be on
taken the
other its
with
up
own
commentaries; which
problems
enable
the
solutions. cases
problem, We sha li of
Kafka,
ai
sections.
specific
of
matter
a two-way
proceed
particular
a
concepts
can
They
seeing
creates
-address
further
find
and
a
critical
project.
philosophical
to
is
how to
of
place It
art;
how to
they
a Little
constructing
merely
explicitly
are
movement
of
experimentation; to
as
of
take
the
at
he knew
philosophy
of
study,
our
is
There
and
ideas works
for
DeLeuze's
thought
own
philosophy
significantly
It
to
a question nor
which
on
the
Longer
no
peculiar
an author
that
politics
conceals,
considered.
to
of
interpreting,
element
back
practice
Look only
question
contemplate
merely
"I
positive
is
expression
one
a
"give
mode of
within is
the
the
Deleuze's
more
Longer
It
What
Kierkegaard,
is
"How
becomes,
philosophy-becoming
transformations
and
does
can offer
art
within'
movement?
Love and
of
secrets
this
no
p. 119)
(Dialogues
artists
problems.. but,
in an author's
philosophy
ideas: by
finding
signification the
Yet
of
"
text
observing text.
but
Life
question
from
is
the
the
the
Philosophy
energy,
invent.
and
give
the
is
a motto
adopts
judging,
transformation
and
of
What
generate?
20 and
effect
an
as
Deleuze
"
author?
movements. "
of
experimentation,
is
philosopher The
in reLat16n or
quest ton,
to the
practice "What
of is
5(. 2 The Implicit
work
of
upon
other
the of
a
to
these
presupposed.
to
think.
is
becoming it
the
in
it
what
is
giving
the
question "
writes
Deleuze's their
who make
the
becomes,
who
It
"What
is
in
element
the
specific
become
philosophy
a
practice the
change
image
what
change
significant
thinkers
works
concepts,
and
they
philosophy
and
the
philosopher,
relations,
passage,
about and
a
of
in how
The
or
philosophy,
mutual
of
thinker?
of
philosophy.
interested
disjunction,
do
life
expositions
their
is
Deleuze
to
of
Deleuze
this
crisis,
produces.
concept
respond,
Here,
becoming
philosophy
the
by
proceed
which
towards
their
nor
philosophers
thought
which
directed
neither
philosopher,
problems
means
of
is
",
philosophy?
Question
meaning something
else. To get out of philosophy, to do never mind what so to be able to produce It from as The outside. have always been something philosophers they else, were born from something else.
(Dialogues
Deleuze,
for
Philosophy,
One can
transformation. it
from
something
which
Deteuze
"What
is
with
are any
else,
denounce ",
is
real
as no
movement, only
result
and
Deleuze
the
the
but
'dogmatic
Then
the
relation
the
question,
crisis move
life,
of the
of
for
towards thought'
philosophy
they
any
and
question,
this
which
non-phtlosophy, in
only
dialogue
if scat ton
movement
any
a
image
22
Internal
subject
as
of
philosophy,
'non-philosophy'.
concerns
dialogue
fall
to
experience
or
what
is
philosophy? "
In
of philosophy
with
it.
When Deleuze relation
the
is
this
longer
interiority
by
in
begin if
even
be
only
never
denounced
Philosophy
becoming. outside
The
itself.
produce
will
philosophy?
produces
can
p. 74)
to another
thinker,
poses this
quest ion
-26-
"What
is posed
is
in an entirely
dynamic
The Implicit
91.2 He seeks
sense. the
at
new
concepts
Philosophy: new
Spinoza
p. 321)
is
philosophy
In
field.
The question to
of
concerns
philosophy
is of
philosophy
may be.
a
project: could
These
the works
of
functions,
what
machine.
of
the
which if
as
effect,
an abstract
in
These
they never
show
of
are
again
relation nature",
(A Thousand
outside
thought.
reversed.
each
ALL these
are
inspires
sense:
us
how
others;
filled
with
In the
works
thought.
of
In Deleuze's
-27-
itself,
The the
to
question
philosophy-
discover for
what
Deleuze's in
is
a
not
way
merely
Deteuze
works
in
on his
own account.
2'
but
the
to
whether
for
or
De leuze
p. 5) and is produced
stated, The
transformed
be
which
others, "thought
commentary,
movement,
never
intercessors
are
references
itself,
order
more directly,
philosophy
exterior
there
is
studies
Nevertheless,
directly.
upon
can
philosophy
that
within
outside.
one
become
differentiates
interiority.
and
is
in
artists,
it
in
which
it
becomings
indirectly;
philosophy
thinkers
other
and
Deleuze's
question,
which
reflexivity
that
and
Plateaus
The
of
to
from
posed
an empirical
be stated
question
is
relation
posing
movements
concerns
thinkers
other
is
philosophy,
tat ions,
philosophy
the
commentator
creative
tackles
in
inventions
and
philosophy
and with
field
another
never
posed
becomings
which
but
immobilization
philosophy
of
always
own
parts,
the
new
(Expressionism
actions; discoveries
how
modes
upon
of
the
avoid
question
these
different
it
but
both
describes
itself;
as
other
a system,
dependent
is
philosophy
so
the
out
he examines
which
longer
no
seeks
and
the
and
altered,
are
looks
a philosophy-becoming.
of
aspects
to
connected
are
things
which
he
posed;
and problems
meanings
on he
life;
of
questions
the
imposed
possibilities
parts
underlying
created,
divisions
of
set
the
out
Question
as an effect of
own works,
an
art
thought
now
Lags behind of
changes
form selects
or
a Its
The Implicit
91.2
in the manner of
own references This of
process idea:
the
of
of
thought
chaos
but
it
account,
is
to
raised
for
The
reflexive
power.
24.
et
repdtition
removed,
the
reflexive
question
or
statements life,
operates
encounters,
De leuze's
or a
along adding
new
his
own
its
effects.
which
can
objective
presuppositions the
The
unthinkable
not
merely field. to
which
becomes
transcendental.
thought,
revelation
be
cannot nor
are and
the
'being
of
reduced
to
the
of
lies
a
forces
presuppositions
within
it
empiricism,
thought
questioned,
questioning;
a philosophy
of
carries
be philosophized, the
or
own problematic
transcendent acts
on
subjective thought.
outside
pp. 252-3)
r6otition
of
Deleuze than
"
empiricism
life
about
about
Instead
only
matter
"
One does
its
in
the
When all
reveals
a
life.
and
considers
of
philosophy',
is
this
philosophy?
force
that
Being,
it
philosophy?
on philosophy,
question
is
p. 187)
or
presuppositions
the
where
unthinkable
is
politics
"What
25
(Difference
Again,
develops
exercise'
is further
Logic outside
a nature,
which and
philosophy
experience,
but
think.
which
"What
doing
to
of
in
thought,
consciousness,
asks,
of
philosophy
concept
Now the
'outside'.
to
prior
internal
the
available
becomings
a matter
question,
et
the
of
of
Deleuze
solutions,
(Difference
and path
Lived
'transcendental
element
to
according
immediately
When
experimentation, look
not
p. 4)
et repetition
goes.
higher
a
is
an unthought,
philosophy
as it
relations
is
'rhizomatic'
and
the
longer
no
there
to
prior
nomadic
is still
is
philosophy
visibilities,
however,
selection,
(Difference
a cottage.
Question
the
opening places outside
thought philosophy world,
-28-
the
to in
single
contact
an outside
which
transcendental with
an outside
consists
of
the
91.2 The Implicit flowing
real level, of
life,
of
has
philosophy
other
however,
specific
been
thinkers
and
the
from
the
within
nature,
life
within
the
philosophy
to
life
On the the
outside in
to
stream
connected
artists.
philosopher
problem
the
or
the
is
context
of
events.
On the
by
engaging
with
transcendental is
philosopher
form
It
us.
of
of
inner
an
only
and
the
thought level,
discovered
also
to
empirical
reflexive
imperative
possible
Question
enfolded poses
which the
ask
a of
question
a problem:
Questions
belong to imperatives, or rather, questions the relation express of problem with the imperatives from they which Problems proceed Ideas or ... from the imperatives emanate of chance or events themselves which present This is why as questions. inseparable from problems are a power of decision, from a fiat which beings makes semi-divine of us when it crosses us. (Difference et Repetition, p. 255)
Only
false
a
is
'all
wait
to
philosophy does the
not
this
is
a power the
(Difference
et
'transcendental'
problem, also
a
operates
of
of
decision
when
We have
here
new
or 'affirm means
higher all to
out
its
of
to
of
and
of
problems:
new
in
To
renounce
use
reason
have field out
a of
of
There
making,
a is
which
transcendent
all in
new
relations.
a
setting
decision
by
out
problems
the
place.
questions
components.
and this
the
solved in
conditions
chance'.
-29-
and
freedom
power
refuse
time
the
One
through
by trying
Although
developed
p. 19)
solution
relations,
solutions
a certain of
and
De leuze,
thinking
One develops
pp. 218-247) are
by
a specific
development
possible
they
begins
at
empiricism.
determination
we
one
by adding
condense
origin,
the
of
the
adjunction',
'transcendental'
presuppositions
in
(Anti-Oedipus
one
to
given
repetition
experience. and
already
thinking;
for
abstraction;
experience'.
into
called
in
artificially
lived
and
are
which
possibilities,
empirical
be
posed
experimentation
'bodies
selecting
life
which
problems
One has
is
problem
the
service
of
§1.2 The Implicit Interests.
particular 'affirms
one
exercise
all
When reason
within
through
and
interests.
Here,
(Qu'est-ce
que
thought la
from
chaos
relations
which
produce
at
in
thought
relating
it
forced
which
to
because
ontology,
Ontology
life.
to
is
following
a personal so
exercise,
it
that
Thought is
the unconscious
life
now when
the
Deteuze
in
or nature
is
to
He opens
thought
to
relation
the
process.
the
unthinkable
in by
succeed
will
a
to
return
transcendental
it.
responds
interest.
emphasizes
this
being,
determined
"What
and
immanence
to
one renounces
question,
assemblages
approach
relate
properly
and
about
to
proceed.
questions
Deleuze
of
exterior
ideas
receive
arbitrary
will
independent to
which
solutions.
thought
allow
exercise,
own
construct
The philosophy
and
succeeds
is
of
its
from We
and
anarchic
subordinated
chaos
nothing
p. 256)
and
operate
pp. 195-6)
there
thought
free
being
the
multiplicity
life,
mode,
reflexive
to
without
a
In asking and
allowed
imperatives,
think.
only
its
encounters
Rdpdt it ion,
(Difference
us,
as
point:
essential
is
philosophie?
problems
the
thought
chance';
reaches
Question
",
philosophy?
an
in this
imperative, up
to the
unthought,
third than
rather
its
transcendental
being
thought,
of
to thought:
prior
imperatives which cross us do not or questions for them from the self, it is not even there emanate being, belong to The imperatives to understand. 'that is ontological, and distributes question every is the dice-throw Ontology is' in problems. which chaosmos from which the cosmos is formed. The
(Difference
In this
posing
the
outside,
to
mode of
simply
to
the
outside
of
thought,
123)
Nevertheless,
which the
question,
Deleuze
question
relates
and
science
source
of
thought.
cannot
be posed
experience Is the
et R6p6tition,
-30-
p. 257)
philosophy and
art,
no longer but
(See Foucault in abstraction,
to
the
pp. 94but
only
51.2
In relation
to the other
proceed by indirect
approach
this
the
other
of
posing
the
however,
the
question
prior
to
functions
as
by
the
we
shalt
highest
is
the
a collage;
imperative
be the
will
modes
third
it
in
the
De leuze's
philosophy,
discovered
three
selection
indirectly. to
modes
of
question
the
of
In
question
work
to
his
its
to
raised
trying
of
this
Nevertheless, is
to
oeuvre
determined
of
philosophy.
own questions
the
posing
is
interest
philosophy
sense,
entire
research,
of
outside.
his
apply
of
focus
De leu ze's
relation we wilt
topics
question
certain
a
Deteuze's
two.
other
The
the
posing
In
question.
which
means.
and absolute
reflexive
of
question.
mode of
approach power
this
of
the
Question
Thought
26
can only
We can only through
the question.
modes of posing
the unthinkable
engages with
The Implicit
understand We have
work.
philosophy
by
used
Deleuze:
"How
be
thought upon
the
does
connected
philosophy to
be allowed
thought
Link between
life? to
thought
to
relate How can
and Life
the
unthinkable
thought?
affect
as the
"
How
forces
which
non-philosophy?
Philosophy
condition
of
is
its
concerned
possibility
can act with
and
meaning. "What
-
is philosophy
philosophy
is connected
philosophy
affect
will
it -
the
It?
tots
enter
essence,
When philosophy
be drawn by the fortes ophy "How can phit
unthinkable
in itself,
into
or
In relation
how will questions
to
the forces itself,
itself?
"
which act
When upon
in which direction
which act upon thought? open
Itself
thought,
thought?
-31-
or,
to at
the
unthinkable?
least,
reveal
"
How can
insights
In
91.2 The Implicit In questions
question does
problem we
a
ask,
"How
how
it
is
is
possible
the
power
throughout
explore
the to
breadth
To
of our
construct
gain
concentrate
many
own
line
own problem
is also a fourth,
-
"How
question
force,
a will,
upon
of of
a first
motion,
These
three
single
include to
allow
texts
any
clarity. flight
We will
consider
are
normally
considerations sake, using
fail
would
all
the
CRYSTAL we
94
Deleuze's
text
or
"
which
order,
where
we ask,
We will
convenience
chronological
a
"
outside? ideas
for
experimentation
would
we
shall
the
later
thought to
has the
cover
necessitate
Instead, through
are
a
we
the
shall
texts,
In
philosophy.
section,
of
§5 CHAOS AND ETERNITY, we shall
the nature
question,
philosophy force
In
the
In 93 LINE
itself?
to
of
ones
to
concepts
Nietzschean
become an unthinkable
but,
earlier
to become clear:
can
thought.
oeuvre,
questions;
philosophy.
comprehension
of
the
In the final our
a
of
of
consider
life.
with
relation
the
progress
We will
contact
three
In 92 PLN'E
"
in
to
an approximately
too
the
to
itself
open
Deleuze's
these
of
discussion
relation
comprehension
to
in
in
the
work.
non-philosophy?
these
apply
to
and
De leuze's
becoming
philosophy
sha, L
we
work,
be placed
can
re-interpret
developed.
to
conscious
texts
own
within
relate
philosophy
present
texts
philosophy
philosophical does
study,
Deteuze's
how philosophy
"What
consider
beyond
of
philosophy
of
ask,
following to
reflexively
original "How
the
Question
itself?
"
itself.
There
by Deteuze:
How can
How can philosophy
or a self-propelling
-32-
outside
not posed at all
transcend Life?
of this
allow
wheel?
philosophy
become a body, a
The Implicit
5t. 2
This Deleuze's
oeuvre,
the
nature
the
reach
research this and of
of of
become or
question is
only
in Quest-ce
chaos
beyond
a it
yet
the
philosophy
briefly
la philosophie?
arises
from
Lt.
life
itself,
then
we will
the
outside
which
it
Deleuze,
which a
forces
in
addressed
extent, of
by
necessitated
clue
To this
philosophy.
problem
life,
and
is
Yet
us
-33-
if
will if
to
think.
the
entirety
of
the
discussion
of
to
be necessary only
to
to
show can
learn
is
Lt
Perhaps
philosophy
be able
Question
the
take
our
nature
of
transcend about
beyond
the
itself, nature
C32
PLANE
A philosophy
-34-
of
immanence
132.1 -
CRITIQUE
How does Deteuze tells
Deleuze
set
the
out
problem
of
philosophy?
us:
One of Nietzsche's
the
most original characteristics of is the transformation the philosophy of "what is...? " into question, "which is...? " For one for example, he asks, "which any given proposition one is capable it? " Here we must of uttering rid 'personalist' ourselves of all The one references. that... does not refer to an individual, to a person, but to an event, that rather is, to the forces in their various in relationships a proposition or to the phenomenon, and genetic relationship which determines these forces (power). (Nietzsche English Preface and Philosophy, p. xi)
The
What
Deleuze? as
question
an
of
careful
and
Deleuze
Nietzsche's
turn
came
(See
is to
raised his
and
read
Pourparters
reading
Deteuze, of
the
in
from
one
the
becomes
quite to
p. 15) and
Nietzsche.
-35-
To from
and
such the
from
in
the
a an
form
evident
his
thought
contemporary we believe
Deleuze's
thought
understand
how
lt
derives
whence
finds
another
dominates late,
in
observed
method;
problematic
still
Nietzsche shock
is
brings
which
geometric
as
this
pose
philosophy
to
is
"Who
who underlie
be
may
Spinoza,
thought,
to
precursors
singularity
problem
the
him crisis
traces
For
becomes,
specific
principal
certainty
this
provided
for
determined
whose
Philosophy
to
have seek
Deteuze's
and
philosophy
course.
philosophy must
however,
Nietzsche,
its
and
to
philosophy
Nietzsche.
and
commentaries.
philosophical
on
thought,
of
two
are
movements
natural
most
thinking.
There
rigour
systematic
which
We must
"
Spinoza
places:
question
forces
Deleuze's
unparalleled
of
the
question.
almost
element
the
of
imperative?
of
majority
variety
are
into
philosophy the
form
genealogical
which the its
that set
problem force,
it of we
§2.1 Critique Nietzsche's is the introduction most general project the concepts of sense and value into philosophy. of (Nietzsche and Philosophy p. 1) The it
sense at
a particular
a complete looks it,
a thing
of
and
the
as
diagnoses
it
have
appropriates
it.
or
has
for
multiplicity De leuze
to
ALL things
and of
p. 3)
considers; but
Philosophy
This
who makes
a
is
longer of
use
statements
are
'physician'
who
p. 3)
A
depending
senses
adopt
one no
and
becomes
philosopher
(Nietzsche
a
philosophy
them.
which
and Philosophy
a proposition,
the
and
symptoms.
may
phenomenon
a thing
symptoms,
such
which
forces
by the
given
(Nietzsche
element
of
function
what
regarded
which
essence
time.
and
the
of
is
a proposition
place
change
to
or
thing
force
the
upon
a
or
writes:
The pluralist idea that has many senses, the a thing idea that there are many things and that one thing that' is philosophy's can be seen as 'this and then the greatest the achievement, true conquest of its its concept, maturity and not renunciation or infancy. and Philosophy,
(Nietzsche
is
This we
an
essential
the
examine
merely
then
s tgn if icat ions,
forces
the
may take
on a multiplicity
there
is
fixed
author,
differing differing of
using
Deleuze's
them. no
fixed but
interpretation
but
and
forces
(A Thousand is
the
to which
His
depending to
whole
of
of
of
enunciation',
which
operate
in
Plateaus, Nietzschean
-36-
Plateau
5)
practice
forces
which
interpretation: there
senses;
assemblage
which
propositions
current
critique
a multiplicity
and
if
their
and
he thinks,
concepts
on the
his
Deteuze:
of
propositions,
element '
leads
pluralism
his
of
the
senses
'collective
a
content
propositions. of
the
understanding
entirety
signification,
intentions times.
expressed
we miss
concerns
seize
for
principle
p. 4)
a
is
variety
differing
ways
The
only
of
weighing
valid
no of at
method forces,
52.1 Critique 'genealogy', aim of
such
forces
operating in
bear
the
and not
genealogical upon to
order
that
of
into
the
simply
concerned
Kant's
and Philosophy,
(Nietzsche
values.
this
this had
which
forces
as not
with
an
extension
properly
pp. 89-97
force
to
repress 2
the
the
is
and the
of
a
of
sense and
value
posed
is
philosophy
philosophy
but
of
which
presupposes,
respect,
balance
motivation.
determine it
The
liberating
Nietzsche's
of
values
falsehood,
understands
project,
critical
and
a
of
merely
what In
bring
'true'
has a political
not
values.
truth
with
Deleuze
evaluation.
asks
to
element
does
but
these
of
value
general
the
describe
balance
interpretation
second
thought,
or
phenomenon
dominant
a
Nietzsche
value.
but
interpretations.
competing
to
not
a phenomenon,
resist
The
is
study
ALL genealogical
vitality.
of
proliferation
enquires longer
no
or
values,
completion
of
question
of
)
is the that problem of critique of value of the from their of evaluation which values, values thus the problem their of creation. arises, ... in essence, but Evaluations, are not values ways of those being, modes of existence of who judge and for the values on the serving as principles evaluate, This is why we always they judge. basis of which thoughts that feelings the beliefs, have and we deserve of life. given our way of being or style (Nietzsche p. 1) and Philosophy, The
When Nietzsche
his
applies
'philosophy
of
presuppose,
and the value
whether truth critique
or as an is
not
philosophy',
philosophers
ideal. to
Deteuze emphasizes,
he
the
the
questions
of such values. desire
(Nietzsche
bring
to
critique
the
philosophy,
in
the
which
' truth,
and Philosophy,
entire
history
interpretation
of
values
He does not but
to
Into
a
the
question value
The result
philosophy
do
philosophies
merely
questions
p. 95)
and evaluation
-37-
order
this
of
question;
which Nietzsche
of
as
makes
92.1 Critique of the history
is not positive:
of philosophy
Ressentiment
is
but the whole of psychology not part knowing it, is part of our psychology, without of In the same way, when Nietzsche ressentiment. shows is full that Christianity of ressentiment and bad he does not conscience make nihilism a historical is rather it the element event, of history as such, the motor of universal history, the famous 'historical 'meaning meaning' or of history' which at one time found its most adequate in Christianity. manifestation Nietzsche And the when undertakes critique of he makes nihilism the presupposition nihilism of all than the expression rather metaphysics of particular there is no metaphysics does not metaphysics: which judge life in the name of a supraand depreciate The world. is the sensible spirit of revenge ... thought, the genealogical element of our transcendental principle of our way of thinking.
(Nietzsche
This
including
thought, of
thinking'
in
the
from
to
is
Nietzsche,
welt an
' important life,
diminish there
is
ideas
those
from
also
new
reveal
(Nietzsche
constituted
question,
the
'will
by to
history
Nietzsche,
and
capacities
truth'
of
philosophers,
-38-
Liberated is
ceases
Nietzsche,
as
discusses
forces,
which
new
powers:
with exists
which
"
alongside
pp. 65-67)
arisen? of
one
way
philosophy?
Deteuze
reactive
endow
'becoming-active'
diagnosis
nihilism
as
new
never
to
prior 4
of
condemnation
latter
thinking'.
insofar
is
the
the
thought
of
'a
thinking,
of
that
Deteuze;
and Philosophy,
this
"What
arises,
note
'new way of
interesting
and
How has being
his
outside
should
history
entire
problematic:
a new way
especially
the
in
forces.
reactive
nor
question
pp. 34-5)
the
of
becomes
become we
ambivalence'
a strange
the
philosophy
Nevertheless,
"
positive
as from
can
condemnation Philosophy
Hence
required.
in neither draw
a
philosophy.
"How
sense, nihilism?
total
to
amounts
apparently
and Philosophy,
the
history
Nietzsche as awilL
phttosophy
of
exposes to
the
power.
as
guiding 15 The
92.1 Critique form
particular thought The
by
of
metaphysics
to
the
of
the
'will
value
the
metaphysics the
problem
aim
of
through
expressed
the
different "This
mode is
of
with
concerned becomes
thought,
in
Here,
the
values
new modes
thought
questions,
but The
problems. 'ungrounding'
or be
themselves is
thinking
in
nihilism
and
scales
of
a the
values,
of
must
question
of
are
'death or
begin
by is
values
a
we begin
to
about.
The
quests
This
way. of points
God': of
the
to
subordinate
brings there
reference
-39-
any
guiding
its
own
grounding
no
are of
of
a
evaluation, is
Nietzsche, values.
It
reversal
in
or
grounding
ontic
but
kind.
what
knowledge
and
to
direct
consequence any
fixed The
an must
evaluate
decision
longer
and
evaluation
ultimate
any
uses
question,
political the
true. "
questions
we must
for
no
philosophy
new
radical
think,
have
life.
scales
Before
be
is
for
a
creating not
of
of
of
to
because
question,
both
certain
a creation
be subjected
then
is
Philosophy,
brings
values
can
Nietzsche
essence
and new possibilities
instead
abyssal
and
Being
of
"This
instance
the
of
metaphysics.
longer
no
thinking
truth
ontological
can
highest
question
kind,
thought,
of
the
which
values',
question
evaluated.
worth
most
all
thought
of
Image
than
rather of
The philosophy:
this
and of
which
would
the
of
sense
question
thought
value
overturning
knowledge
of
propositions
of
the
ontological
production
the
of
our
think
should
we
questions
is
of
thought.
and
problems
This
predication;
produce
value
'revaluation
a
creates
to
of
how
the
places
the
the
grammar
"
valuable.
metaphysics.
he
range
truth,
Nietzsche
reason.
of
to
possible
judging
doing,
thought
the
knowledge,
of
so
Nietzsche:
than
questioning
pure
by
the
function
higher
of in
effected
delimits
In
truth';
we have legislator,
a
principles
to
above
image
becomes
philosopher
according
the
grounding
dominates
created
of
values, earth
has
92.1 become
from
unchained is
philosopher meaning
completely
and
through
merely critique
the
This
radical
f lux.
of
one's
all
grounds.
The
primary
mind and the
between
the
between
thought
and
Being
preference
for
Heraclitean
evaluation,
for
Deleuze's
as woutd
interpreted
becoming:
with flux,
a not
because
but
is
Nietzsche,
from
appear
in
now
are
questioning
our
both
of
be
can
the
and
'perspectivism'
a
rep laces
critique
body,
life.
and
is
perspective
questioned
a perspectival
removes
disappeared
has
shore
There
sea.
even
Both
the
sun;
at
value;
perspectivally. state
the
Critique
not but
texts,
certain
6
Not that the body thinks, but, obstinate and stubborn, it forces from thought, us to think what is concealed Life life. be made to appear no longer will before thought; the thought be thrown categories of will into the categories of life.
('Cinema 2 p. 189) This
evaluation
ways
of
thinking, a
itself
with
forces
us
but
to
forces bring
freedom
of
think.
which
of
Life
is to
reasons
of
which
act,
which
this
in
challenges
nature
to
being
is
unconscious evaluation, Life,
express
Active
exercising
-40-
their
a
and
those
own
life;
true
a
it
metaphysical
distinguish
have
a
ultimately
reality
which
is
thought;
some of
concern
this
vitalism,
may
forces
longer
no
as
It
philosophy.
or
workings we
established
produces
here
projected
of
can
life
philosophy
consciousness.
consists
the
Instead,
not
the
which
Philosophy
priorities.
basis
to
or
De leuze's
refers
of
consciousness.
the
life
reversal problem
meaning
order
merely
the
raises
life.
On
thought.
and
the
with
concerned
those
and
fundamental
attributing
of
reversal
the
devaluation
brings
energy,
is
prior
to
between
resist
others,
spontaneity,
nature
or
a will;
reactive
forces
forces.
(Nietzsche
on the basis
their
gain
power
by
nature
and
pp. 39-44)
and Philosophy,
essential by
consciousness
Nietzsche,
(or
force)
who
the
action:
it
Life
itself
can
actions, already
is
made
static,
becomes
never its
effects.
so as
to
7
be able
and
(Nietzsche
already
always
in
forces,
a third
party,
or
to
thought
the
to
The third
party
harness
their
to
Philosophy problem is
of
life.
functions
The
The
Is
action
person in
represented. the
party,
generalizations
makes
for
a participant
a third
only
is,
pp. 75-78)
never
whom the
The
being.
is...? '
'What
into
come
only
subjected
life
or
instead,
conscious;
p. 3? )
can
science, and
to
opposed
action,
to
flux,
resisted,
metaphysics
considers is
active
subjected
and Philosophy
consists
posed.
being
of
view
being
wrongly
question
nature
founds
which
question
certain
but the is never self-consciousness, to a self which of an ego in relation conscious. (Nietzsche
whose
is
Life
Critique
force.
of reactive
Consciousness consciousness is not itself
Life,
resisting
92.1
against
about the
life
ego, such which
exists:
between forces The taste for replacing real relations by an abstract which is supposed to express relation them all, as a measure, seems to be an integral part Now, in this of science and also of philosophy. ... it is, we always end up relation, whatever abstract loving, (creating, speaking, real activities replacing these the by third on perspective party's etc) is the the confused activity of activities: essence that he third the claims which party, gains of with a he claims the from, whose benefits he ought to profit to reap. right
74) Philosophy, p. (Nietzsche and
Deteuze master passive
separates and the recipient
the
slave
Nietzschean by showing
of an action,
evaluation how the
but
a third
-41
-
from
reactive party
the force
of
the
simply
the
dialectic is not
who hopes to gain
by Lt. "
92.1 Passivity
and
criticizes
the
For
Deleuze,
between
obedience third the
praxis
highly
are
party
who attempts
distinction
to
seems
gain
be
comparable
bad conscience traits, but the
psychological in man.
as
because
is
consciousness
to
action
Nietzsche
forces,
a
would
function
it
require out
Philosophy
existence,
been
way
of
a becoming-active
beyond
asks, the
effects,
but
thinking,
would
require
is
human, which
-42-
its
for
p. 64) it
the
also
something
its
of real
becoming-active and
to
power
accuses
of
a
new
beyond
10
philosophy? ", he seeks expresses
never
Philosophy
a new mode of existence.
"What
and
from
and
the
and
coming
thought
movement,
and
(Nietzsche
separated
abstract
which
forces
reactive
power,
seeking
reverse
must discover
effect,
Everything
(Nietzsche
different
a
an
mechanical
causes.
substitutes
When Deleuze mode of
know
has
which
and consciousness
merely
between
This
forces.
of
consciousness.
as
for
To know the
To live
the human.
to
able
metaphysics
is
relation
becoming-reactive.
life.
of
sensibility.
one
p. 64)
forces,
reactive
escape
a force
already
because
ressentiment
only
which
praises
relations
Marxist
are not humanity
'becoming-reactive'
between
always
We are
forces
the
the
represents which
p. 41)
spontaneous
of
it
forces
Philosophy
only
passion.
or
the
to
and Philosophy,
Consciousness
knowledge.
and
active
link
essential
nothing;
produces the
the
of
know nihilism,
to
able
memory
an action
and nihilism foundation of
(Nietzsche
is
from
to
he
emphasizes:
Ressentiment,
only
°
Nietzsche;
and speculation.
De leuze
We are
by
valued
Critique
activity
a new In a
p2.1 Critique thought
which
(Nietzsche for
our the
existence, the
Philosophy
and
values,
way
interpretations
and
development towards
oriented the
genealogist
is
power'
the
(Nietzsche
such
observer
as
endow
the to
interpretation
own
12
element
and
Deleuze
It
is
senses
and
of
values
acts
an for
and
or
the
philology',
Nietzsche's
in
operates of
and
detached
a
phenomenon,
and will
uses
this
the
entirety
of
to
ask
whether
the
Nietzsche to
Philosophy, generating
work.
forces.
of
in order
and
to
'will
interprets
Deleuze
value.
false:
the
how very
philosopher-artist
meaningful
falsity'
(Nietzsche 'active
and
the
evaluates
role
on
the
of
longer
true
truth
the
misunderstanding no
is
evaluation.
pursues
taking
sense
'legitimate
interpretation the
which
genealogist
new
a
in
to
of
of
ask
genealogist
power
study
One may
When the
will
of
becomes
that
and
mode
question
nihilism
We learn
about
exploration
"
The spontaneity
his
explain
question.
'
generate
political The
to
the
which
generates
Instead
with
our
which
affirmative
the
the
forces.
pp. 49-52)
party,
becomes
subject
write
becomes
existence.
become
by
existence
life.
of
to
need
of
a creative
element
the
thought'.
from
is
also
a new force.
genealogist's
p. xi i i. )
is
third
a
of
and evaluating
phenomenon
Nietzsche's
thought
not
it
evaluations.
with
principle
does
it
through
it
future:
Philosophy
and
seizes
the
not
produced
modes
modes
possibilities
Philosophy
ontology
different
differential
evaluates,
and
different
interpreting
of
practice
lead.
we
evaluations;
of
does
necessarily
which
between
new
Deleuze
are
life
of
inventing,
p. 101)
evaluations
relations
and
'discovering,
means
has turn
it
English and
(Nietzsche
'snatched
and
into
an
Preface,
creating
his
Philosophy,
p. 74)
In 'true'
or
'universal'
this concept
respect, of
Deteuze
philosophy;
-43-
does Instead,
not
aim
to
he creates
construct
a
a new sense
92.1 and
for
value
We do not
methodology. faithfulness
the would
be
merely
thought,
we
cannot
does
Deleuze,
the
unmask
This
an
Such a force
is
work
genealogist
has
Deteuze describes
can
to
no
philosophy
to the
to
overcome Deleuze
not
to power as follows:
-44-
or
of
others;
appeal
to
If
to
comes
our
be possible,
reject us;
or
reading it
since
(Difference
et
'believe'
the
diagnoses
n ih il lsm
of
the they
and create
an initial
a new sense and value principle
to
human merely
context.
itself,
finds
relation
may
universality;
present
own
we
itself.
need
our
When it
limit.
transform
in the
widespread
does
undoubtedly
claim
in
either
extreme
'principle'
a
have
transcendent
the will
wilt
as
In creating no
this
its
philosophy,
exclusive
unity.
We
'pluralism',
work
not
the
all.
We pursue
action: tone
we do not
mode of existence?
of Nietzsche.
to
force
accept
diagnoses
which
then
of his
work
respect,
nor
How will in a liberated
his
is to
courses
at
Deteuze's
Deteuze's
of
multiplicity
since
thought
as
do
interpretation;
of
subject.
interpretation
else,
active
In this
genealogists,
sense
possible
force,
these
This
to
'empiricism',
as
authorial
the
reduce
through
of
p. 60)
condition.
an
his
or
De leuze's
of order
methods
with
represent
the
something
think
nature
repetition
to
as
two
an active
expresses
of
read
and
we must
the
to
have
we
evaluation,
him
philosophy.
attempt
not
engage
writings,
representation In
of
thinkers.
other
practice.
such
and
interpreting
of
problem
to
a
of
pragmatic
principles,
'difference', to
as
point
Deleuze's
of
or
important
an
readings
image
own
failed
certain
them
it
his
adopt
his
the
with
to
us
'truth-value' of
with
have
will
philology,
active
is
first
or
attributing
else
grapple
extract
'rh izomat ics'
it
to
engaging
we must
otherwise
the
interpretation
leads
the
assess
of
without
tatter,
This
philosophy.
Critique
site
for of
Itself
solution
anew in the
philosophy, interpretation.
the
62.1 Critique
The
its reveals nature as the this forces. In of of synthesis time forces to pass which relates is the same differences or diversity again The synthesis is one of forces, reproduced. of their difference the eternal return and their reproduction; is the synthesis the will which has as its principle to if it power a superior constitutes ... this is because it is empiricism, an essentially it that is than plastic principle no wider what that itself the conditioned conditions, changes with itself in each case along and determines with what it determines. The will to power is, indeed, never from from determined forces, separable particular their quantities, qualities and directions. (Nietzsche and Philosophy, p. 50) to
will principle synthesis through
The
to
wilt
immanent
or
in
the
present
only
philosophy
"
examination. values. produces
must from
salvation
the
replaces a
new
kind
of
whatever
p. 1)
among or
the
productive
He finds
of
forces,
and Philosophy
p. 172)
initially
or
which
itself,
If
of the will it
returns
in
a the
return.
eternal of
an
seeks
nihilism,
us knowledge
brings
existence
he
from
the
simply
forces
opposition;
of
for
took
He seeks
relations.
escape
it
which
which
relate
a
creates
not
philosophy
wilt
thought
it
does
are
further
upon
existence
Deleuze
differential
Nihilism
-45-
is
evaluating;
the
to
which
power
to
will
forces
by
to
the
The
creates
a clue
is applied
is
become
direct
to power
but
may
of
true
wilt
to
instead
is the
represented,
it
with
in
an
available
forces.
power
way,
is
evaluation.
sensibility
he begins to
real
principle,
Any new mode of
existing
a new
will
never
wilt
else
to power; but affirmation negative
the
of
and Philosophy
politics.
becoming-reactive (Nietzsche
the
power
instead,
old;
and of
of
to
place
is
syntheses
wilt
elsewhere,
quality
affirmative new
take
It a
philosophy
The
(Nietzsche
time.
of
of
immanence,
of
transcendent
a
experience
new
The
present.
already
lived
being
of
synthesis
find
only
may
power
instead
power,
process
here
power the
the
to power. upon Itself,
will If a then
92.1 Critique it
will
itself
negate
pp. 70,174-180)
Without
De leuze
finding
negation
of
a first
the
When
forces
begin
will
to
live
and act.
details
of
Deleuze's
this
stage,
is
life
of
see The a
produces
necessarily
forces
the
we
a new philosophy.
nihilism,
to
resistance
'of
problem of
Philosophy
at
return
the
completion
the
obscure
eternal to
solution
negation,
becoming-active.
the
of
the
into
and
(Nietzsche
affirmation.
only
going
interpretations
esoteric
such
leaving
removed,
14
The that
is to sadden. A philosophy use of philosophy is not a saddens no one, that annoys no one, Philosophy is its philosophy at most positive .... as an enterprise as critique, of demystification. (Nietzsche and Philosophy, p. 106) is
Critique
but the not a reaction of re-sentiment of expression an active active mode of existence; the natural and not revenge, attack aggression of a the divine wickedness way of being, without which could not be imagined. perfection (Nietzsche and Philosophy, p. 3)
The
the
solution
to
critique
of all
is
not
knock from of
it
And
Nietzsche.
merely down
liberation.
is
"What
the critique
arguments,
15
but
a necessary Later,
a
highly critique
Deleuze
will
the
form
specific which Link
of
Philosophy from
us the
a in
occurs to
a
to
a first
becomes
lived
creation:
a
This
desire
differentiation
that to ascertain a concept is only To criticize new a losing its acquiring or components vanishes, into is it a it, transforms plunged when which one creating, But those who criticize without new milieu. the defend to vanished those content who are and the it of to knowing power how give without the of' life, these to affliction are returning all They are animated by ressentiment, philosophy.
-46-
by
raised
thinking.
sophistic
critique,
critique
is
expression
"
prevent
which in
general,
he gives
that
philosophy'?
forces
complacent in
is
Deleuze,
for
philosophy,
Nietzsche
through
problem,
an opponent,
of
problem
experience
to
92.1 Critique these discussors,
these communicators. (Cku'est-ce que la phitosophie?
Deleuze writes
If we do Nietzsche's
p. 33)
of Nietzsche:
discover not philosophy
its
target,
remains
the
of whole barely and
abstract
comprehensible.
The
same
judgement is
is
undoubtedly
in
the
to
have
far
look
Deleuze.
of
Pure
of
judgement,
a political
not
Court
true
Reason,
a struggle
to
find
his
His Pure
or
against
true
p. 8)
and Philosophy,
(Nietzsche
is
critique Faith.
longer
no
It
p. 9)
(Dialogues
an oppressive
a
We do
power.
opponent:
image An thought of called has been philosophy formed historically and it effectively stops people from thinking. Philosophy is through shot with ... the project the official language of becoming of a Pure State.
(Dialogues,
is
There the
a rationality
discipline
should the
it
think;
It
self-questioning. it
imposes
questioning
the
upon which
Deleuze's
philosophy
'dogmatic
image
decisive
life
of
critique
of
of
This
dogmatically
opens finds thought'. levelled
of
certainties
true
its The against
in
to
all
-47-
which
shelter
kind
the the
of
judge
"What
transcendent
in is
a
the
us
which
evaluative
selfLife.
of
critique
presuppositions;
from and
order
philosophy?
et
how we
thinking
powers
creative
beginning
question,
to
honest
or
as
Difference
right
all
such
p. 12)
a transcendent
preventing
thinker
the
State,
of
p. 103;
the
claims
presupposes
life,
image
(Dialogues
be engaged
must
which
the
Philosophy
and
rationality
metaphysical
flux
in
philosophy',
(Nietzsche
legislates
flux
chaotic
III. )
fashioned
'history
thought'.
of
Chapter
repetition,
the
called
image
'dogmatic
is
which
p. 13)
of "
is
the the when
92.1 sincerely the
flux
again of
and
entirety life.
of
throughout
thought'
'Oedipus'
Nevertheless, the
Plateaus);
and
(Qu'est-ce
que
of
critique
forces
universally, of
but thought.
a
of
a
encountered
specific
'molar
of
of
'StateThousand
communication'
and
reflection
Sense);
(A
thought'
and image
tree',
the
of
again
'dogmatic
(Logic
'model
within
).
stage
is
Critique
thinking.
powers
the
first
or
'contemplation,
or
la philosophte?
The
of
thought',
'opinion',
of
the
the
of
'Platonism'
of
once
at
all
be repeated
must
as a critique
works,
(Anti-Oedipus);
'majoritarian
one
places
beginning
Repetition);
et
'neurosis'
philosophy',
this
published
(Difference or
immediately
it
posed,
Critique
not
a
of
immanence
effectively
prevent
philosophy which
transcendent
practice
16
-48-
operating
principle, to
to
liberate
be
wilt one be the
a
from
applied active
S2.2 -
TRANSCENDENCE
If something
A
thinking of
life
his
critique
the
raises
which
is
of
thought,
'will
shows
how presuppositions
which
take
hold
to
all
to
truth', fail "
this
and
value all
of fixed
and
Deleuze level:
function
he
as the critique, image
presuppositions.
It
depends
Philosophy
of
question
presupposed
how "thinking
consider
think.
thought.
of
Nietzschean the
idea
between
level.
which
The
to
relation
possibility
thought
of
The
some
able
the
to
life.
transcendental
philosophy.
(Nietzsche
we are
asking
this
threatens
to
have
must
transcendental
a
at
sense
we
of by
images
the
of
thought.
of
raised
to
examines
itself
be related
must
related
before
condition
philosophy
of
problem
the
or
the
dogmatic
or
be
life,
Kant,
is
presuppositions
subjective
to
it
value,
must
relates
philosophy
any
pre-philosophical:
examines
presupposed
questions
it
which
here,
have
following
reflexively
philosophy; applies
how
and reason,
and
Philosophy
is
relation
is,
critique
thought
of
this
of
to
thought
non-philosophical:
character what
is
philosophy
on forces
p. 108)
The most curious thing about : his image of thought is the way in which it conceives of truth as an We are never referred to the abstract universal. forces that thought, thought itself is real or to the real forces that it presupposes never related as thought. (Nietzsche and Philosophy, pp. 103-4)
Any
transcendental
Kant's which
table
of
replaces to
objection change distortion
in
is
categories, a real . relation
transcendental
such
sense of
presupposition
effected
value:
by
philosophy
the
about an abstract between
of
thought,
representation
within
nature
thought
and
presuppositions, translating extracts
-49-
life particularly
life.
is
thought, Insignificant
as
thought
De leuze's
however, Into
such
main
not
the
but
the facts
92.2 Transcendence from
the
which
it
banality
of
then claims
such
a
in
work
presupposition Descartes,
beliefs
in
which
appeals
a
Kant
a mode
speaks
philosopher know
The
sense.
it
what
to
conceiving
the
imagining
which
the
elements
identity
in et
Judging,
conceiving, common
sense;
society
to
which
imagining,
the
she
merely
belongs,
thinking
or
represents.
-50-
explores the
to
mode of
the
common does
Thought
these
concepts,
thought. acts
of
agreement
of
prejudices
existence
as
perceiving of
the
Is
analyzes
and kinds
appeals
from
majority,
between
of
a mere
of
Deteuze
Each
already
represents
it.
produce
other
the
is i derive
the
of
to
appeal
who
behalf
on
so
and
remains
predicates,
perceiving,
an
merely
analogies
preventing
and
philosopher
he or
judging
deny, "
representative:
which
pp. 49-52,179-180)
repetition
is
representat
which
possible
thus
It
presuppositions
concept,
between
objects,
of
its
can
one
everyone,
such
entire
pre-conceptual
of
representation,
the
no
always
'thinks'
forces
real of
of
oppositions
(Difference
the
the
at
expresses
philosophy
metaphysics philosopher
to
as
shares,
the
thought
is
sentiments
everyone The
is
finds
he
extension,
p. 170)
repetition
an example
which
knows,
which
Insofar
question
resemblances
she
think.
to
the
subjected
"Everyone
the
criticizes
presupposition
discourse
of
failing
in
but, connect
not
to
thought.
of
this
of
representation;
political
form,
et
by
and,
thought
p. 176)
et repetition
thought
of
understanding
behalf
on
thinking
representation
sense,
form
means
the
thinking,
Plato,
the
of
nature
image of
an
De lenze
subjective
(Difference
pre-philosophical, common
the
and
of
(Difference
repetition,
The
postulate to
et
about
tradition.
metaphysical
and constructs
to be universal.
In Difference of
life
everyday
which
of
the he or
92.2 Transcendence While difficult
in
fact
right.
(Difference
common
sense
the
(Difference is
moves
this
(Difference
that
repet
sense
they
founded
exercise et
upon
faculties, be
properly
distribution
is
must
it ion
unity Deteuze
the
One
'good
same
it
recognizes
object. in
the
and
form In areas
into
their
own
sense'
by
Deteuze.
fact
exists,
thought
all
truth. more
the
is
the
true.
faculties,
of
agree
the
agreement
operation,
(Difference
object
Is
of
the
faculties
the
practice,
its
recognitiorr
understanding, of
a
and
something
unity of
sense'.
the
usually
when
The
from
of
is
naturally the
in
is
factors.
towards right,
a
it
and
thought
whether
imagination,
'common
calls
by
the be
extraneous
exercise
judges
y.
between
truth,
which
model
which
the
which
empirical
subject
distributed called
the
transcendental
the
of
in
easy
affinity
attraction
thought,
error
memory, on
and
of
p. 174)
perception,
the
which
or
thought
of
operating
are
state
The
model.
the
including
natural
In
is
to
claimed
by
It
thought,
of
a natural wants
element
for
affinity
fact
here
exercise
The
be made between
must
is
p. 172)
is
naturally
proper
inactivity
of
transcendental
thought
be the
this
state
distinction
to
there
be
should
An empirical is
that
philosophers
thinking
exercised, that
its
repetition
assumed
p. 173)
assumed that
that
claim
rarely
from
differentiate
common
is
by
acknowledged
repetition
truth,
et
often they
is
It
and
is
think,
et
distracted
only
To
to
which
transcendental. thought
it
and
et
this
r6pdtttlon
p. 175)
The significance
Such an orientation
The question
of
whether
or not
of this
model of thought
is annoying for philosophy. (Difference et R6p6titlon,
such a model truly
-51-
is as follows:
p. 175)
represents
our
thinking
92.2 Transcendence is
irrelevant
of
thought;
for it
is
not
be attributed
as
such,
not
of
presupposition, specific
has
two
thought,
of
model
that
only
model
can
will
p. 176)
philosophy
from
philosophy;
for
The
produces
acts
of
recognition
of
their
considered, in
this
State,
or
values. philosophy sense
that
the
Church.
if
then
is
from
image
is To
banal
not
merely
the
extent
this It
this
of of
necessarily
Incapable
-52-
and
only
producing
learn
sense for
need
et
prevents of
the
their
even empirical
p. 177)
rdpetitlon
thought
is
even
more
but
also
senses,
established the
a change
it
which
recognition; from
In
the
simulacrum
recognized
operates of
of
of
reproduce
(non)-philosophy Is
image
no
thought
structures
objects,
that
a
et
and
(Difference
The
(Difference
the
already
effectively
experience
as
common
have
produces
transcendental
This
only
teacher
upon
will
non-philosophy.
aspect
will
relies
thought
merely
the
the
which
a or
taken
can
philosophy.
of
with
recognizable we
sense
by
consciousness.
second
that
subjective
conform. is
conformity;
philosophy
changed
to
the
the
doctrine,
recognition
about
common
and
it
supposedly
The
think
or
that
be
De leuze,
subjective
when
produce
presupposed
a psychological
sinister:
only
functioning,
his
to
able
is
not
extrapolated
Kant
philosophy:
recollected,
danger
a
expected
a doctrine
objective
is
philosophy
presupposition,
repetition
is
be
can
and
philosophy,
produces
we are
second
implicit
its
for
which
The
knows.
which
should
embodies
Such
any
introduces
dangers
The
recognized. about
to
it
soul.
and
When represented
model.
recognition,
doubting
or
content,
model
of
philosophical
rejecting
empirical
doctrine
acts
is a fact
however,
one,
a transcendental
of
base
a
Recognition
political.
significant
specific
while
transcendental
is
objection
status
from
apart
his
a particularly
the
ressentiment
as
Deleuze;
values
can It
values. service in
of
values,
be is the but
S2.2 Transcendence is
only
to
able
Deteuze
often
truths,
new
(Nietzsche
and
Philosophy
loses
Deteuze
is
for
itself
taking
anarchy is
and
place,
to
and
It
think.
pretension ,
of
the of
use of
the
'transcendence'.
or
the
Colombat
has
identified
confuses
The
spec ificat[on.
as
forms
principal
meaning
a subjective
sanctifies to
the
world
presupposition,
-
it
it
precise
as
transcendence
-53-
which
cause
Life
maintain
in
la
an
has
the
of
This
elevation Deleuze's
of
whether is
p. 50) but,
Andre literally,
thought
of
which
individuation transcendental
or
and in
arises
presupposition,
objective
experience
a theological the
a
presupposition,
mode
quality, with
as
example
'stupidity',
and
it
use
philosophie?
the
philosophy;
transcendence,
empirical,
filled
from
meaning
of
is
person,
is
thought
not
a subjective
empirical
object,
an
The
be universal.
que
philosophy:
thought.
useful
a
(meaning
of
of
of
does
the
or
and
political to
universal
assertion
enemy;
confusion in
to
Qu'est-ce
true
not
gives
objective
transcendental
the
transcendence
The
essence.
tends
prevents
forces
example,
is
its
17
is
it
'bdtise'
Deteuze's
life.
thought
of
an
(See
enemy.
as
for
transcendental
of
a value,
true
'beastliness')
from
the
recognition
kinds
to
creation,
from
Nevertheless,
Deleuze's
gives
of
empirical
a sense
two
thought
particular
word
prevents
Deteuze. )
a simple
freedom
philosophers
by
loses
it
because
that
feelings'.
elsewhere it
may be.
recommends
established
through
not
bad this
or
which
with
but
allow
tradition,
model. of
such,
philosophy
model
phenomenological
and
as
thought
of
separates
transcendental
critique,
to
refuses
Leibniz,
repeated
libertarianism,
or
good
overthrowing
also
State
separates
The the
of
the
normalization
enforced
it
it
as
p. 104;
rote to
opposed
preference
'without
Philosophy its
from
phrase
only
however
quo,
status
a telling
quotes
produce
we
the
reinforce
Kantlan
which
significance; meaning
of
at
92.2 Transcendence condition
or kind
either not
ground of
contain
of
et
effectively
p. 196)
Deleuze
replaces
philosophy
Deleuze
opposes
forces
act
which also
metaphysics
in thought
determinations of
immanence can only
determinations
are not
comprehend
Chaos, here,
us as chaos. randomness,
strictly
nor
the which
is
absence act
illusions
of
upon
speaking, even governed the
defined
-54-
the
are
'wlll
to
forgets
the
transcendental
The
philosophy form
the
life
of of
a
between
The philosophy which
indifference,
escape
which a
relations
Instead,
thought
the
by forces.
by neither
but
upon life,
in
transcendental
determinations. thought,
it.
be
can
based and
immanence
of
thought
upon
determine
and
a
between
which
and
with
difference
that
thought
transcendental
forces;
of
of
in us.
thinks
grounded
philosophy
thought
The
life',
which
The
A philosophy
facts
life
the
acting
between
relation
produces
by
between forces
which
an encounter to
difference
replaced
thought.
philosophers,
that
so
with
thought.
of
presupposition
forces.
the
modes
'will
a
facts
animated
through
with
thought,
been of
thought
upon
truth
thought,
difference
empirical
the
of
does
everyday is
or
truth'
ontological
now
and
field
transcendental
body
a natural
between
immanence
has
to
field
and
characters
'will
into
The
from
nature
assuming
difference
of
unthinkable
a different
truth',
kind
circumstances,
normal
certain
upon life
banal
in
authority
transcendental
from
reaching
bring
irreducible
an
maintains
of
any
Heidegger
an
and
to
the
transcendental
the
act
mmanence.
for
philosophy
the
from
which
is
of'
philosophy
under
thought
forces
real
of
thought
Instead,
repetition
Deleuze,
invest
to
refuses
extracted
who express
prevents
the
aim
categories,
personages,
(Difference
For
presupposition.
experience.
conceptual
Deleuze
experience.
universal
empirical
with
of
it
thought,
acts
upon
confusion, is defined because
by the
S2.2
determinations
are
Deleuze defines
chaos as follows:
In
flux
and
exceed
fixed
all
Transcendence
thinkable
or
relat lon.
What
in the is less characterizes chaos, effect, than the infinite absence of determinations speed at themselves this is which they sketch out and vanish: from one to the other, not but, a movement on the the impossibility contrary, between two of a relation determinations, the since one does not appear without having disappeared, other already and the one appears the other as vanishing disappears while as sketching itself.
(Qu'est-ce
Chaos the
impossibility
Yet
chaos
concerns nor
mind
neither
a
cannot
be
problem
body,
and
insoluble replaces
by
the it
the
cause
critique.
21
its
essential
gains
Language
metaphysical
convenience;
when
multiplicity
of
senses
-
When the form,
lt
and
it
the
'essence'
Lt neither
then
chaos,
all
escapes
of
thought
-55-
of
sense,
into
chaos.
and
the
presents
an
ical
noolog
the in
that
which
of
a
of
the
escapes
Lt.
is
a unique
is raised
of
object terms
philosophy has
difference
determination
and becomes
philosophy
it the
It
defined
from
determination
alL
Deleuze,
thought
thought,
now
escapes
For
essential
of
source
Philosophy,
question
plunges
the
as
value,
non-metaphysical: Z°
This
nor
it
philosophy.
thought.
'
unthinkable.
for
between
produces
and
of is
essence
or
as
negatively
meaning
Life,
nor
substance.
difference
the
neither
difference
requires
which
is
underlying
the
and
pre-metaphysical,
think
ontological
transcendental
Nietzschean
an
to
thought
neither
chaos,. us
problem
philosophy:
unthinkable,
as
thought
becoming,
nor
is
defined
metaphysics,
between
Chaos
causes
unthinkable,
apophatic
being
neither
understood caused
an relation
determinations.
such
The
of
is
que la pahi losoph ie? pp. 44-5)
merely sense
a nor
nonsense.
in
Philosophy
its
critical,
Is concerned
S2.2 Transcendence life,
with but
the
beg ins
thinking
with life
it
first
with
a
movement
transcendent
It
so,
unthinkable.
Chaos
the
can
thought.
into
itself
that
transforms
The problematic
of
chaos
The
purposes
meanings
the
as
of a
forces
else
In
a
we may call
the
The
of
metaphysics'
and produce
may
thought;
essential, order
neither
specific
body
of
transcendent 'end
is
this
the
movements
entirely.
without
to
the
of
unthinkable
therefore,
response work
the
which
of from
being
of
matter
chaos,
at
new
and
to
according
as
and
'revaluation
alL
point
being or
chaos is
imposed. the
'death
God'.
When
work
elaboration 'will
possibilities
style
a
philosophy
lt
in any thinker,
dominate
the
occurs
something Itself,
mode
metaphysics
determinations,
relations,
transforms
of
22
chaos
of
reversal
a Nietzschean
of
relations,
selects
first
it
problematic.
chaos
it
The
universal:
nor
contingent new
is
all
Immanence
of
philosophy
cr it ica i
a
in philosophy,
thinking
The
chaos.
form
the
life
with
Inversion,
in
In doing
approach
is
of
removes
and
such,
discovers
metaphysics.
necessary
as
determinations,
values'.
all
Life
looks
truth'
for
thought.
of
of conceptual to
considers
is
the
Betise Deleuze's
another.
noological
transcendental
Genealogy
personages.
of the transcendental
the
is
difference
presuppositions
now
is merely
concerned
which with
the
one such personage;
genealogy
opens
field:
Cowardice, baseness, and stupidity are not cruelty, and of character simply corporeal powers, or facts The thought but such. as of' structures society, is animated; one must introduce transcendental field the the the tyrant, here the place and slave, of the one who imbecile - without the place resembling transcendental the it, ever occupies and without figures being traced back onto the empirical which it makes possible. p. 196) (Difference et R6p<ion,
-56-
at
out
the
§2.2 Transcendence
Thought
is
forces
not
take
which
There
is
hold
by
transcendental
the
it,
in
and
thought,
all
mode
field
false,
or
of
to
an ethos
determined
true
merely
of
but
arises
the
site
and
as in
the
of
expression is
it
which to
a politics
existence
an
all
(Nietzsche
Philosophy
a
of
soul
transcendental to
and
new
but
there
it.
than justify
p. 199) in relation
mode The
not
set
the
other is
the
Deteuze thought
life.
It
but
the
or
the
much
unthought
it
founds
manners created
DeLeuze
-57-
writes:
or
in
abstraction
a
existence, from
of
new
here:
its
values. for
while
thought thought
such
out
experiment
of
else
the
dogmatic
thought
to
less
of
opens
of
thinking.
of
the
field
transcendental
the
state
modes
creation
too
saying
a The
much
to
which
liberates
allows
of
not
image,
new
of
the of
in
to
expressive.
reversal
discovers
It
which
are
and
thought
them.
ground
traditional
to
opposing
are and the
be
wtll
and
of
to
danger
Concepts
expression,
and
faculties.
for
of
an
invents
a
falsehood,
the
relating
becomes
or
field
correspond
but
critique
up
imperceptible
transcendental
country,
larger
Deleuze,
p. 110)
propositional,
content,
truth
its
and Philosophy,
longer
no
its
Philosophy
the
the
only
only
does
which
to
undiscovered
repetition
to
ethics
Nietzsche,
will
rise
and
Nevertheless,
not
style,
explore.
conformity
be
its
thought
of
and
and
gives
which
image
thought, than
significance
is
transcendental
or
empirical
content
is
which
has a topology:
Thinking depends on certain We have coordinates. truths that we deserve. depending on the place we carrying to, the hour we watch over our existence the element that we frequent. Every truth is ... truth of an element, a time and a place.
confused
determined.
thought, For
thinker.
the
of
is
an
must
a 'critique'
(Difference and
Isolation,
et
92.2 Transcendence
In fact, the condition must be a condition of real It forms experience, and not of possible experience. intrinsic an genesis, and not an extrinsic Truth is in all respects conditioning. of an affair production, and not of adequation. (Difference tit ion, p. 200) et R Thought
is
never
own mode of
from
separable
existence
lived
and
the
real
in
site
it
which
Philosophy
experience.
takes
its
place,
is a transcendental
empiric ism.
The but
a multiplicity
different
of
difference
relates
beings
difference
relates
thoughts
by
elaborated
into
enters
which
upon
a thinker
always
of
travel
and
a specific
is
in packs
of
the
heterogeneous
it
which or
presuppositions
immanence in order in this
nomadic
The aim is to
produces personages, to
critique:
construct
bring
the
Life.
The categories
its
mode
or
problem
band
terms.
does
aim
Illusion
of
the
The by with The
for
they
war-machine.
The
destruction
of
them upon There
a plane
is nothing
transcendence
a smooth space of thought
of
negative
is destroyed.
where thinking C
-58-
nomads,
the
at
distributing life.
peopled
Life
24
is a nomadic
at
imposed
thought. of
philosophy
but
is are
of a'
style.
which texts
Each
region
within
the
rather,
not
noo log ica l
or
them back to
only
Being,
territory',
characters or
ontological
personages.
Deleuze's
moment.
nomad,
of
of
the
conceptual
specific
transcendental
The question critique
determines
determination,
single Where
regions are
the
a
universal
'existential
certain
are
critique
and
different
not
thought.
of
philosophy
expresses at
who
personages,
a single to
thought
personage
conceptual
personage
a
is
styles
to
critical
expresses
personage
life
a
difference
noologLcal
is again
62.2 Transcendence possible,
forces
where
themselves,
the
lines
thought
within
movement to
critique
life
The
method
into
like
space,
creates
a space thought.
down
back
have any fixed
does not
to
a desert
with
of
experimentation
It
is
which had previously
brought
now
dwell
a smooth
enter
determinations
are
It
philosophy.
frees
possibility
of
subordinate
thought
to
operate
its
its
own
new
field
the
reverse
into
been elevated to
flee
domain
for
forced
and
earth,
concepts
as
and
The
ideas,
and
form
the
object
in
ceases
to
passes
through
with of
not
is
indicate
why
of
the
the is
is being
a
which the
a
prcblem
this
" is
-59-
The
multiplicity
a 'throw-away'
self-
transforming
It
form
of
each the
case,
In is
Deleuze's the
case, subject
Deleuze
of philosophy,
a
context.
new
each
both
of
a whole.
behind. in
In each
or
philosophy,
of
as
In
determines
attain
transformation
left
the
to
of
inaccessible
repeated
thought
becoming,
constant
never
which
allows
possibility
however,
problem.
forces
thought a
transformation.
philosophy? that
to
seems
changes,
critique
form
the
"What
ask,
a
it
into
the
shows
and
and
allows
enter
there
be finished,
problem
of
terms
does
never
It
to
critique
the
begins
philosophy
produced
can
also
opponent
is
however,
which
reactive
solution
work
this
the
recognition,
to
new
image,
of
philosophy
a
dogmatic
exercise. and
Deleuze's
out
negates
model
first
opens
transformation,
beginning
a simple
sets
the
It
experimentation,
Throughout
itself.
from
transcendent
as critique,
philosophy
critique
practices. to
of
of
thought
free,
transformation.
this
may
Nomads are
by experience.
the desert.
across
As
The nomadic
betise:
transcendentals
is
but
where
they
in which
space
may transform
personages
may be modified
boundaries,
or
dunes.
shifting
upon each other,
and presuppositions
deterritorialized: points,
may act
and never
philosophies but
that
92.2 Transcendence it
is
entirely 26
empiricism. cultural nature the
of
his
Deleuze's creation
achieve
would
philosophy;
progress
of
the
produced thought of
its
to
To show the
context
philosophies
the
immanent
to
it
links
in understanding
little
as a result.
in
Deleuze's The
transcendental
concepts.
-60-
a
as
therefore,
progress
of
determination
the
and
his
the
transcendental
for
us to examine
than
thought
transcendental
thought
Deleuze's
between
is more helpful,
question
the
context,
cultural
the
question of
thought
different wilt
Link
through
62.3
SENSE
-
The immediate a
operate
the
on
the
by
(Dialogues
objects.
truth
model
of
these
two
that
no
conforms
formal the
model
It
life.
with
contact of
truth,
model of
work,
repetition
is
at
is
this
leaving
can
as
directly
critique
thought as
such
an appearance
the
problem
or
Plateaus
'hallucinates'
well
of
concept
Thousand
a
must
relation
Only
guaranteed.
does
that
which
crisis:
a peculiar of
God, the
have
(A
between form
a
as
structural
it
imposed
be
mediated
operates
in
be
point
in danger
to
be
of
thought
and
and
its
own
of
the
and object: attribute,
thought
where of
so
adequation
p. 176)
reaches
crisis,
seems
contemporaries, later
et
Neither
This
truth.
different
are
may
such
no
itself:
distinction
recognition
context
post-Nietzschean its
of
is
correspondence
correspondence
(Difference
occur.
being
of
or
model
concept.
in
and
This
as adequation
classes
to
itself
p. 55)
the
and
construction
cannot
and
There
In the
life
presupposition,
object
for
exists
or
between
forces
of
subject.
the
term
relation
transcendent
the
between
Thought
p. 87)
level
any
or
world
homogeneity
The
life?
a new
raises
philosophy
to
relate
transcendent
no
advance. genetic
thought
within God,
in
in
revolution
thought
immanence,
of
thought
upon
How will
problem:
philosophy
Nietzschean
a kind
entering nor
self,
has
so
figure
him as a marginal
Deleuze writes:
I
-61-
of
into
in
philosophy
thought,
the world
pre-occupied
diminished
of
deprived
solipsism act many
irrelevance in contemporary
a
of
without
as guarantors of
Deteuze's
in
Deleuze's philosophy.
§2.3 Sense In any case, we have never had any problem concerning the death the of' or overcoming of metaphysics this is useless, laborious philosophy: prattle, (Cu'est-ce p. 14) que la philosophie?
None
of
'vitalism'
this
has
differs
had
this
to
a Spinozist
crisis
has in
and a Nietzschean
effect
upon
Deleüze's
from contemporary
considerably
Deleuze solution
much
the
nature
of
his
philosophy
itself,
and
solution:
then': this is me a body the formula of The body is no longer philosophical reversal. the thought from obstacle which itself, separates that to reach thinking. It is on which it has to overcome the that it into, contrary which plunges or must ihto, in order to reach the unthought, plunge that is Not that life. the body thinks, but, obstinate and it forces stubborn, us to think, and forces us to is concealed from think thought. Life what will no be made to appear longer before the categories of thought thought; be thrown into the categories will The categories life. life the of of are precisely of the body, its postures. attitudes
(Cinema 2 p. 189)
deconstruction
and postmodernism,
Deleuze
writes:
The modern fact is that believe in this we no longer We do not believe in the events world. which happen to us, love, death, as if they only half concerned us. it is the world It is not we who make cinema; which The link between looks to us like a bad film. ... this link Henceforth, is broken. man and the world it is the impossible of belief., must become an object What which can only be restored within a faith. ... is certain believing in is that believing is no longer It is transformed in only, world. another world, or a It is giving is simply in the body. it believing to the body, and, for this purpose, discourse reaching before before the body before discourses, words, things are named.
(Cinema 2 pp. 171-3)
-62-
work,
entire
'Give
In an age of
Deleuze's
and
'nihilism'.
throughout
retained,
work,
it
is
a both
§2.3 Sense Deleuze
removes
in
not
to
order an
is
reversal to
solution
the
development,
of
same
thought,
transcendence
to
raised
model
thought from
philosophy
Enlightenment is
subject
are
how
composite
singular
Philosophy
time. it
interprets
thought. 'body', in
signs The
in
her
they
forces
of is
now of
philosopher experience,
an
acts
which
with
unthinkable will
and
find
now in
the
upon
her
specific
Life.
-63-
us us
'physics' body
and
values,
of
at
imperatives
problems
than which
by which
our
select
own
by
the
place
and
metaphysics: act in
question' which
these
forces
a particular
forces
'guiding
historical,
interpreted of
or
rather
the
while
Nietzsche,
are
as
thinker,
autonomous,
social,
create
to
given
are
liberates
no
For
of
problem.
The
assemblage
freely
not
of
transcendental
is
and
'body',
unthinkable
concerned
the
There
linguistic,
the
calls
the
not
critique
forces.
This
is
the
of
thought.
meanings
cultural,
We do
think.
problems;
and
questions
what
own
the
critique
a
the
of
free.
is
The conception
replacing
unconscious
he
becomes
body
we
of
range and
in
combined
'physiology'. determines
a
physiological
The
its
creating
under
still
become
act
produces
modes
It
27
body,
Nietzschean
metaphysical
this
subject,
psychological, forces
by
not
The
the
development
by
values
body.
A new
life.
operation.
in the
body.
presupposed,
does
however,
its
of
power
the
it
yet
to
philosophy
of of
only
critique.
surfaces:
exploration and
inverts
with
',
the
and as
object,
but
play,
philosophy
its
and
thought
categories
condition
a higher
Deteuze of
the
critique,
as a necessary is
philosophy
the
as
one,
within
philosophy?
of
philosophy,
former
the
as
is
free
between
relation
'What
problem,
thought
independent
an
immanent
was
within
understanding
to
and genetic
which
between
relation
thought
open
immanent
restore this
transcendent
any
she
upon
our
her
own
must
face
52.3 Sense Deleuze determinations
in
practises
the
Being.
of
between
thought
body.
Yet
it
is
the
philosophy
is
body,
and does
no
it
in
acts
at
the must actions.
here
is
the
sufficient
are
acts
reason,
and
so
of
Deleuze and
are
from
escapes thought
believe
in
(See Cinema
the
performs
who
often
as
2 p. 202)
come from
which
the the
seeks
of
us
the link
of
world
mime-artist,
Gestures
had
the
empirical
make
its
confusing
problem
breakdown
by miming work
by
ontology
thought
with
body.
the
of
he
plunging
difference,
body.
upon
Philosophy
by
the
to
the
the
of
concerned
thought.
within
having
as
so
personage
gestures
which
just
possibilities.
conceptual
thought,
body
its
with
bodily
phenomenology
it
noo log ica l
by encountering
no
body,
unthinkable The
is
this
unthinkable thought:
Life,
Now,
fundamental
by delimiting the
model.
difference
and
explores
empirical
realm
ontological
difference
De leu ze
and
the
raising
betise
of
empirical
transcendental,
noological
meaning
form
the
forgotten
of
transcendental
a
into
the
and
stupidity
inverted
and
had
empirical
forgotten
contruct
conditions
Transcendentalism
the
criticized
to
order
humorous
a
transcendental
the
had
outside
regarded
as
pathological.
The
in practice. of
study through
of
its
into power
'body',
the
parts,
sadness.
its
with
Ideas
of
other
of
these
life and
its
bodies
increases relations
and
of
(Nietzsche
is composed of
which or
internal lt
produce
now a bodies,
Philosophy relations may enter
or
decrease
affects
of
increase
may be formed
-64-
and
Nevertheless,
either
decreases
the
is
other
with
relations
in Ignorance.
present
Philosophy
thought.
its
Ls already
thought
symptoms.
a body
we remain
Such
acting.
the
body
capacities
Spinozism,
of which
relations of
in
interpretation In this
the
between
appear
events
an
pp. 39,75)
Unk
upon the
basis
of
its
Joy or these
§2.3 Sense affects, link
though
even between
thought
conceptually, which
is
affected
or
'what
one
world,
or
immanent
plane
we have form
by
of
The
of
thought
'plunges
remain
causes
nevertheless discovered
us
to
is
(Cinema
2 p. 141)
an
and the form
recognizable this
drawing
this
is
replaces thought
p. 41)
a
become
Spinoza's
monistic
and a 'matter
As the
question
through
thought
and life, is able
which
thinkable. and
-65-
affected
will
always
thought,
which
'outside'
the
is
force
The values.
'what
with
which to
us
not
affect.
concerned
to be connected about
develops,
the
plane
substance,
or body.
philosophy
be
When
are
not
think.
In
Deleuze makes a presupposition
Deleuze's
infinite
purely
p. 19)
Those events and
ever
transcendent
all
as such.
we can
There
This
an that
are
will
2 p. 175)
of
say
receive
it
of
thought,
that
or
we
is an empiricism,
of being' of
to
within
replaces
a God,
of
not
void
which
in
is
consciousness.
but
a change
place
Philosophy
of
in
This link,
thought,
for
the
way
form
to
kind
the
the
'unthought',
(Cinema
events
through
the
a
presupposed
in
which
makes a presupposition
to
able
this
of
be
body
philosophy
thought
of
as
think.
problem
between
way, and also
which
of
link
the nature
about
nature
the
The
relations.
not
In
Practical
or
evaluation
Deteuze's happens',
nature
within
immanent
affect
to
the
an encounter,
immanence.
'unthought'
thought,
speculatively
of
consciousness
of
could
thought.
of
body',
the
'outside'
an
event
(Spinoza:
the
to
experience
relation
the
affects. into
lived
affect
a
in
changes
bringing
ever
without
can
of
which
The
a plane
idea
these
effects
in
finds
inadequate
body,
events.
events,
an adequate
one.
the
happens',
be
will
discovered
Deleuze
self,
ideas
and
be
may
relations,
these
to
nature of
and the
of
the
in
body
immanence. which
selects
(Qu'est-ce
the body
both
an
image
que la philosophie? plane
of
immanence
92.3 Sense transforms
itself,
and the
body which the
philosophy, 'chaos'.
image of
to
bodies? ", problem,
extrinsic
relation
events,
Lays aside
bodies
or
is
tree
be
This be',
Is
event but
by
example:
in
the
derivative, different In passing
of
of
the
Ox, order,
does so
between
not
the states
the
If
rate
the
The
event
chänge,
'the
To
the
correspond
value
of
is
a different
order
to
of
of
one
affairs,
-66-
passes
,
through
'the
or
Is
greens'. verb
'to
a state
of
a different to
corresponds differential
derivative,
Just
to
event
use
partial
p. 221)
any
the
the
repetition
et
of
In the
Itself
not
function, and
A state
tree
function
primitive
of
Instance
Involving Is
'surface'
brown', this
as
x, states
a
theory
recognition.
affairs.
of
derivative
of
Is
of
if
upon
Stoic
the
on
however,
other,
events
pp. 4-11)
model
and
meaning
the
In
and
dimension,
and
proposition
more
arbitrary of
uses
predication,
the
The
tree
'the
the
of
terms
Sense
of
to
state
a
the
(Difference
change.
effectuated
green'.
then
express
are
by
calculus,
affairs,
will of
'to
language
affective
Deleuze
the
of
expressed
verb,
"How does
meaning
proposition:
to
or
Sense,
Logic
conforms
a metamorphosis
of
a
affairs
longer
differential
state
event
no
causal
of
action
thought
another
affairs,
equation,
basic
state
one
but
the
The
the
in
between
(The by
body was
Life? "
bodies,
events
affairs.
in which
from
how
to
and
being
The Logic
express
of
question
and the
instance
positive
relate
relations
designated
green'.
predication, change
In
of
states
may
affairs
time
structural
to
incorporeals
thought
Sense,
of
and
language
the
asked the
'unthinkable'
Logic
specific
does
for
immanence.
of
a
thought
image of
the
event.
The
of
between
the
trace
to
is
"How
profound
of
was the
Now, the body becomes the
relate
plane
When we first
thought
problem
in both
a change
thought.
enters
The
only
discover
we will
the
but
ox, partial
is of
an event
of
a
affairs, as
if
it
52.3 Sense thickness
were a membrane without discontinuity.
In
it
nothing;
terms
is a pure
is actualized
event
of
surface
as a real
The significance
thought
between
called it
as
the
Nietzsche.
it
has
affairs; his
or
subject logical
fourth itself.
26
other
De leuze serve
words, shows as
a
the and
that
problem enables
"How
is
how neither ground
for
Sense
things,
of
the
of
the
proposition
or
is
as
follows:
"What
to
designate
related
designation, language,
and
to
bodies,
manifestation, for
-67-
is
which
these
a and nor
relations
immanent
is
arguments,
the
a
language
to
immanent is
and
determinations.
facto
de
sense
language
self,
requires
which
exterior
meaning,
a proposition
jure
and
relations
the
of
of
logical
the
transcendence
critique
to
subject,
These
beliefs
outside
states
is
which
de
of
speaking
pp. 12-22)
subordinated
or
the
of
lies
which
will
function
model
objects
the
to
both
means of
to
signification,
of
of
that
with
This
same
traditional
relation
The
not
the
relation
dimension
and
The which
possibility
the
Logic
nature
another
by
dimension,
is
signification.
itself,
isolates,
Deteuze
the
to
Deleuze
it.
the
quite
hence
and
bodies,
encounters
have
not
bodies,
from
isolates
it
that
and
event
which
relations
desires; (The
to
for
language
is
which and
of
orders we search
to
different which
concepts.
language
will
is
Sense
of
the
language
of
According
three
beliefs
to
is an ideal
it
and yet
language
extracted
concept
designation,
her
relation
that
this
manifestation,
between
Having
dimension
in
did
The Logic
of
contact
life.
and
but
language:
of
of
'sense',
proposition,
In
point
now extract
must be
the
as
event
The
to bodies.
component attributed
the
in extension,
change
effectuates
event
become a cause.
can never
which
effect
the
causality,
physical
them without
Interrupting
or substance,
condition
state
of
thought
"
affairs? to
signification are
of
life?
"
can
themselves
S2.3 Sense The argument
conditioned.
is as follows:
observation language
of from
is
fact
a
vicious conditioned
from
immanent
dimension
Kantian
to
move of
condition
of
designate
states
designation,
nor
affairs,
or
it
this
ground
to
rise
44)
Sense
which
grounds
or
dimension it in
manifested the
Logical the
as
in the
practice
Sense
functions
ground the
as
to the
surface
appears
as
its
condition
the
of
of
to
hallucinate
a
would
be
Unlike
an
idea,
to
be
because
of
does
not
is
beliefs
which
an
possibility;
-68-
of
and It
interiority yet
because
Yet
repetition of
of
neither can
to
only 'think'
empiricism.
Deleuze et
other
states
Is forced
Interiority,
deduced
the
desires,
language.
(Difference the
from
concepts.
circle
be
designated
thought
either
vicious
as transcendental
ground
language.
the
a
as a
in
must
or
of
philosophy
or
in
exist
be
effectively
grounded
separate
the
would
does
dimension
fourth,
Inferred
only
language
fourth
of
which
f Ind
language.
of
'sense'.
the
to
necessary
is
move
not
sense
the
is
a
to
genesis
of
depths
depth,
back
real
signlfications
of
and
a
is
'unthinkable'
the
condition,
practice,
subjective
from
or
constructs
De Leu zean
a
moves
It
signification then
language,
one
One
as
it
it;
of
ground
ground.
a
which
if
the
p. 19)
ground
and
a more general for
outside
begins
one
but
relations
of
assure
in
affairs,
as a phantom,
maintaining
Sense
the
proposition;
in
'hallucinate'
the
proposition,
involve,
the
inhere
to
circle,
This
it
to
transcendent
of
is
rises
experience,
would
of
One
experience:
29
dimensions
appear
the
real
indirectly.
fact
will
manifestation
this
the
which
the
of
possible
condition
to
of
vicious
these
something
Logic
term,
each
in
conditioned
(The
this
at
which
the
for
one of
Language
unconditioned,
Looking
take
condition.
again.
something
dense
language
the
circle
to
ground
about to
conditioned
does
to
is
the
Deleuze's
instead makes
of this
pp. 43proposition, philosophy
52.3 is
an empiricism,
the
proposition.
something Sense
the
p. 72)
It
only
between
changes
which upon
a
for
create
a sense
it
Independent
designation,
for
from
the
with that
or
while
manifesting
writes,
he
even
contradiction:
the
of
way,
statements,
of
sense
is
Logic
of
structural
states
if
relations It
affairs.
and
is
to
according
the may
statements
of
not
meaning, concepts
expect
intention
a manifested
one
of
Finally, no
white
necessary
of
exist.
Secondly,
a
of
Deleuze
to
Deleuze's
the
that
they
should
be submitted
sense
rather
than
nor
concern
-69-
necessary
propositions,
enunciation'
through
with
his
to to
signification;
is
writes
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what
work
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coherence
concepts
expect
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that
De leuze's
'agree'
unity,
not
necessary
manifest
concepts
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however,
the
throughout
logical
means
Deleuze
do not
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recurs
by
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which or
are
affairs,
desires,
to
manifestation,
understand,
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and
positions
these
since
to
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believe
not
affairs
should
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propositions
to
attempt
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designation,
states
an
in various
One must
beliefs
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work
over-emphasize of
appear.
one should
they
'sense'
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truth:
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of
Deleuze's
sense
merely
Deleuze's
practices
and
states
of
cannot
designating
but
s ign if icat ions,
Deleuze's
the
elsewhere.
contradiction
coherent
one
Intentions,
passes:
element
while
such
opinions,
which
by
arbitrary
upon
whole
course,
making
propositions,
true,
own
this
manifestation,
procedures
relation
the
as
concepts,
Of
signification.
the
effect
outside
(The
effect.
and
and
rests
determination,
surface
propositions
and
events.
and make visible
is
of
may
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produced
conventional
events
surface, ideal
an
as
effectively
Insofar extract
produced
series
in
produced
effect
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the
being
of
be
must
to
returns
Instead
which
established
ground
Sense
have
or a
conventional philosophy
non-
single, logic. must
92.3 Sense extract
from
concept,
such as 'to green':
language
the part
this
to the event;
which corresponds
is the
The concept is evidently knowledge, but knowledge of itself, is the pure it knows and that event, which the state which is not to be confused of things with in it incarnates The itself. task which of is philosophy, when it creates concepts or entities, to disengage from things always an event and beings.
(QUIest-ce
For
Deleuze, the
attain this
element
the
understand
on
the
no
in
Philosophy
from
these
propositions
from
Deteuze's
philosophical
import
of
the
concepts,
Sense within
language,
designation, greens', event, already
as
manifestation
we attribute the the
differential sense
an intervention
of
work.
which the
of meaning
which
'to
green',
in states
of
-70-
who
to
They
extract
que
or
opinions
or the
p. 29)
propositions,
of
between
passage
state
from
sense,
comprehend
'surface'
the
exist
pp. 24-5)
La phitosophle?
the
be
synthetic
the
to
work.
must
only
extracts
work,
his
them.
When we
we had extracted
proposition.
it
allows
signification.
to
ph i losoph ie?
fail
the
on
failed
within
having
readers
(See Qu'est-ce
membrane
sense,
but
In
they
produce
la
pp. 1-3)
Deteuze's
of
produced
que
to
have
critics
level,
entirely
then,
and
the
in
phrases,
texts
appears, a
which
those
Dialogues
consistency;
(ou'est-ce
phrases;
his
only
fail
objections
interest
shadows
difference
through
and and
problems
other.
proceeds
still
the
without
each
with
relations
the
and
pp. 143,191;
value
but
reference,
plane,
same
sense,
affirmed
to
lers
commentators
force,
relation
questions
(Pourpar
Deleuze's
of
fought-or
have
comprehended
discussions,
sense.
problem,
have
instead
Concepts
of
many
respect,
and
theories,
all
p. 36)
que la philosophie?
say
tree The
affairs.
of
states
'the
of
An event
has a sense;
affairs.
Both are
affairs,
is
an event
is
virtual
terms,
§2.3 Sense sense being of
immanent to Both
affairs.
and
logical
are
Language, and the
neutral
implications.
membrane through
which
and empirical
of
fo l low
isomorphism
or between
changes.
White
between
real the
on