African Development
Indicators
2000
The World Bank Washington, D.C.
Copyright 0 2000 by the International Bank ...
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African Development
Indicators
2000
The World Bank Washington, D.C.
Copyright 0 2000 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing December 1999
Cover design by Patrick Faganpatricia Hord Graphik Design This volume was prepared by the Operational Quality and Knowledge Services of the Africa Regional Ofice at the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use. Some sources cited in this document may be informal documents that are not readily available. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 0 1923, U.S.A.
ISSN 1020-2927
ISBN 0-82 13-4386-6
Contents
Acknowledgments Preface
xxi
xxii
Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction
nciii
1
1. Selected Background Data
5
1-1. Basic indicators 6
1-2. Population 7
Technical notes 11
2. NationdAccounts 2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 2-4. 2-5. 2-6. 2-7. 2-8. 2-9.
15
Gross domestic product, real 17
Value added in agriculture 18
Value added in industry 19
Value added in services 20
Gross domestic product, nominal 21
Total consumption 22
General government consumption 23
Gross domestic investment 24
Gross public investment 25
...
111
iv
Contents
2- 10. 2-1 1 . 2-12. 2- 13. 2- 14. 2-1 5 . 2- 16. 2-17. 2-18. 2-19. 2-20.
Gross private investment 26
Gross domestic savings 27
Gross national savings 28
Resource balance 29
Exports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal 30
Imports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal 31
Exports of goods and nonfactor services, real 32
Imports of goods and nonfactor services, real 33
GDP growth 34
GNP per capita 35
Total consumption per capita 36
Technical notes 40
3. Prices and Exchange Rates
43
3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series) 44 3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series) 45 3-3. Consumer price index 46 3-4. Official exchange rate 47 48 3-5. SDR exchange rate index 3-6. Currency conversion factor 49 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate 50 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index 52 Technical notes 54
4. MoneyandBanking 4-1. 4-2. 4-3. 4-4. 4-5 4-6. 4-7. 4-8. 4-9. 0
57
Domestic credit 58
Credit to the private sector 59
Credit to the government 60
Net foreign assets 61
Growth of money supply 62 Discount rate 63
Real discount rate 64
Commercial bank lending rate 65
Commercial bank deposit rate 66
Technical notes 69
5. External Sector
71
Balance of Payments 5- 1 . Merchandise exports, f.o.b. 73 74 5-2. Merchandise imports, f.o.b. 5-3. Exports of total services 75 5-4. Imports of total services 76
51
Contents
5-5. 5-6. 5-7. 5-8. 5-9. 5-10. 5-1 1. 5- 12. 5- 13. 5- 14.
Net private transfers 77
Net official current transfers 78
Current account balance, excluding net capital grants 79
Current account balance, excluding net capital grants, as a percentage of GDP Net capital grants 81
Net foreign direct investment 82
Net long-term borrowing 83
Other capital flows 84
Use of reserves 85
86
Import coverage ratio of reserves
Prices
5-15. Export unit values 87
5- 16. Import unit values 88
5- 17. Terms of trade 89
Commodity Trade
5-18. Forest products exports 90 5- 19. Petroleum exports 9 1 5-20. Copper exports 92 5-2 1. Iron exports 93 5-22. Phosphates exports 94 5-23. Cocoa exports 95 5-24. Coffee exports 96 5-25. Cotton exports 97 5-26. Groundnut exports 98 5-27. Oil palm exports 99 5-28. Sisal exports 100 5-29. Tea exports 101 5-30. Sugar exports 102 5-3 1. Tobacco exports 103 5-32. Meat exports 104 5-33. Manufactured goods exports 105 106 5-34. Manufactured goods exports, growth 107 5-35. Food imports 108 5-36. Food imports, growth 109 5-37. Nonfood consumer goods imports Nonfood consumer goods imports, growth 110 5-38.
11 1 5-39. Fuel imports 5-40. Fuel imports, growth 112 5-4 1. Primary intermediate goods imports 113 114 5-42. Primary intermediate goods imports, growth 1 15 5-43. Manufactured goods imports 116 5-44. Manufactured goods imports, growth 5-45. Capital goods imports 117
V
80
vi
Contents
5-46. Capital goods imports, growth 118 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1986 119 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1990 122 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1995 125 Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1986 128 5-50. 5-5 1. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1990 131 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1995 134 5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1986 5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1990 5-55. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1995 Technical notes 147
6. External Debt and Related Flows
137 140 143
153
6- 1. Gross disbursements: official concessional long-term loans
155
6-2. Gross disbursements: official nonconcessional long-term loans 156 6-3. Gross disbursements: private long-term loans 157 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and IMF purchases 158 6-5. Amortization: official concessional long-term loans 159 6-6. Amortization: official nonconcessional long-term loans 160 6-7. Amortization: private long-term loans 161 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases 162 6-9. Interest payments: official concessional long-term loans 163 6- 10. Interest payments: official nonconcessional long-term loans 164 6-1 1. Interest payments: private long-term loans 165 166 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges 6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credit 168 6- 14. Interest payments: short-term loans 169 6-1 5. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF 170 6- 16. Net flows: long-term loans, including IMF 171 6- 17. Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF 172 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF 173 6- 19. Long-term debt: official concessional 174 6-20. Long-term debt: official nonconcessional 175 6-21. Long-term debt: private 176 6-22. Total external debt 6-23. Structure of external debt 177 6-24. Structure of external debt service payments 178 6-25. Terms of long-term external financing, 1997 179 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, 1997 180 Technical notes 183
7. Government Finance
187
7- 1. Government deficit/surplus (including grants)
189
167
Contents
vii
7-2. Government deficidsurplus (excluding grants) 190
7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus (-/+) 191
7-4. Government expenditure and lending minus repayments 192
7-5. Government interest payments 193
7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants) 194
7-7. Grants to government 195
7-8. Foreign financing 196
7-9. Taxes on income and profits 197
7- 10. Taxes on international trade and transactions 198
7-1 1. Indirect taxes 199
7-1 2. Nontax revenue, excluding grants 200
7- 13. Government expenditure: wages and salaries 20 1
7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries 202
7-1 5. Government expenditure: other goods and services 203
7- 16. Government expenditure: interest payments 204
7- 17. Government expenditure: subsidies and other current transfers 205
7-1 8. Government expenditure: capital and net lending 206
7-1 9. Government expenditure: trends in real defense spending 207
7-20. Government expenditure: real per capita education spending 208
Technical notes 210
8. Agriculture
215
2 16 8-1. Nominal producer prices 8-2. Food price index 222 8-3. Food production index 223 8-4. Nonfood production index 224 8-5. Food production per capita index 225 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop 8-7. Value of agricultural exports 230 8-8. Cereal production 2 31 8-9. Crop production index 232 8- 10. Fertilizer use 233 8-1 1. Fertilizer imports 234 8- 12. Area under major crops 235 8- 13. Agricultural yields, by major crop 236 24 1 8-14. Incidence of drought Technical notes 247
9. Power, Communications, and Transportation
226
25 1
9-1. Electric power consumption per capita 252
9-2. Energy production and use 253
9-3. Telephone, radio, and television availability, 1994-97 9-4. Vehicle ownership 255
254
...
COntents
Vlll
9-5. Road-to-population ratio 256 9-6. Paved primary roads 257 9-7. Rail goods traffic-to-$PPP GDP ratio 9-8. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio 259 Technical notes 260
10. Privatization of Public Enterprises
258
263
10- 1. Summary of privatization activity 265 10-2. Privatization methods employed (to end 1998) 266 10-3. Enterprise ownership and control changes through privatization (to end 1998) Technical notes 269 11. Labor Force and Employment
11-1. 11-2. 11-3. 11-4. 11-5. 11-6. 11-7. 11-8. 11-9. 11-10. 1 1-1 1.
Number and gender structure of the labor force 275 Children under 14 working in the labor force 276 Unpaid family workers as share of active workers 277 Industrial structure of the labor force 278 Industrial structure of economically active population 279 Wages in agriculture 280 Wages in manufacturing 281 282 Wages in mining and quarrying Wages in construction 283 Wages in transport, storage, and communication 284 Wages in community, social, and personal services 285 Technical notes 286
12. Aid Flows
12-1. 12-2. 12-3. 12-4. 12-5. 12-6. 12-7. 12-8. 12-9. 12-10. 12-1 1. 12- 12. 12-13. 12- 14. 12-15. 12- 16.
273
291
Net ODA from all donors, nominal 293 Net ODA from DAC donors, nominal 294 Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, nominal 295 Net ODA from multilateral donors, nominal 296 Net ODA from all donors, real 297 Net ODA from DAC donors, real 298 Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, real 299 Net ODA from multilateral donors, real 300 Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDP 30 1 302 Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDP 303 Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDI 304 Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI 305 306 Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI Net ODA per capita from all donors 307 Net ODA per capita from DAC donors 308
267
Contents
12-17. Net ODA per capita from multilateral donors Technical notes 3 12
13. Social Indicators 13-1. 13-2. 13-3. 13-4. 13-5. 13-6. 13-7. 13-8. 13-9. 13-10. 13-11. 13-12. 13-13. 13-14. 13-15. 13-16. 13-17. 13-18. 13-19. 13-20. 13-21. 13-22. 13-23. 13-24.
309
31 5
Age and gender structure of the population 3 17
Poverty 318
Income distribution 319
Urbanization 320
Components of population change 321
Survival prospects 322
Immunization and ORT use 323
Child malnutrition 324
Access to sanitation facilities 325
Access to safe water 326
Health expenditure 327
Health care 328
Illiteracy rate 329
Primary school gross enrollment ratio 330
33 1
Pupil progression Net primary enrollment ratio 332
Number of school teachers 333
Pupil/teacher ratio 334
Secondary school gross enrollment ratio 335
Public expenditure on education 336
Economic opportunities of women 337
Household and economic participation of women 338
Relative prices of consumption and investment in PPP terms, 1993 Structure of household consumption in PPP terms, 1997 340
Technical notes 346
14. Environmental Indicators 14-1. 14-2. 14-3. 14-4. 14-5. 14-6. 14-7. 14-8. 14-9. 14-10. 14-11. 14-12.
ix
339
353
Land area and use, 1982-94
355
Forest resources, 1980-95 356
Forest ecosystems, 1996 357
Wood production and trade, 1983-95 358
Freshwater resources and withdrawals, 1970-98 359
Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade, and fish consumption Commercial energy production, 1985-95 36 1
Energy balances, 1985-95 362
Production of selected minerals and materials, 1995 363
CO2 emissions from industrial processes, 1995 364
Globally threatened species: mammals, birds, and higher plants, 1990s 365
Globally threatened species: reptiles, amphibians, and fish, 1990s 366
360
Contents
X
14-13. National protection of natural areas, 1997 367 14-14. International protected areas, 1997 368 14-15. Endangered species management programs, 1996 Technical notes 370 15. Household Welfare Indicators for Selected Countries
15-1. Burkina Faso 383 15-2. Central African Republic 15-3. CBte d’Ivoire 385 15-4. Djibouti 386 15-5. Ethiopia 387 15-6. Gambia, The 388 389 15-7. Ghana 15-8. Guinea 390 39 1 15-9. Guinea-Bissau 15-10. Kenya 392 15-1 1. Madagascar 393 394 15-12. Mali 15-13. Mauritania 395 15- 14. Niger 396 15-15. Nigeria 397 398 15-16. Senegal 15-17. Sierra Leone 399 15- 18. South Africa 400 40 1 15-19. Swaziland 15-20. Tanzania 402 15-21. Uganda 403 15-22. Zambia 404 Technical notes 405 Bibliography
369
379
384
4 17
Figures
1-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, 1997 1-2. Selected basic indicators, 1998 10
2-1. Gross domestic product, 1998 37 2-2. GDP and export growth rates, average 1992-98 2-3. Composition of GDP, 1998 39
3-1. Real effective exchange rate 1998
8
38
53
4-1. Credit to private and public sectors as a share of GDP, 1998 68 4-2. Real discount rate, average 1992-98
67
xi
Contents
5-1. Terms of trade gains and losses, average 1992-98 6-1. Debt service ratio (ex post), 1997 182
6-2. Debt to GDP ratio, 1997
146
181
7-1. Government deficit/surplus as percentage of GDP, 1992-98 8-1. 8-2. 8-3. 8-4. 8-5.
Food price index, 1997 242
Food production per capita index, 1997 243
Food and nonfood production index, 1997 244
Agricultural exports, 1997 245
Drought, 1980-98 246
12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient GDP, 1997 12-2. Total net ODA per capita, 1997 311
13-1. 13-2. 13-3. 13-4. 13-5.
209
310
Life expectancy, 1997 341
GDP per capita based on PPP, 1997 342
Urban population as a percentage of total population, 1997 Primary school gross enrollment ratio, 1996 344
Maternal mortality, 1995 345
343
Table des matikres
Remerciements Prkface
mci
xxii
xxiii
Acronymes et abrbviations Introduction
1
1. Statisques de base
5
1- 1. Indicateurs gdndraux 1-2. Population 7
11
Notes techniques
2. Comptes nationaux
2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 2-4. 2-5. 2-6. 2-7. 2-8. 2-9.
6
15
Produit intdrieur brut, B prix constants 17
Valuer ajoutde dans l’agriculture 18
Valuer ajoutde dans l’industrie 19
Valuer ajoutde dans les services 20
21
Produit intdrieur brut B prix courants Consommation totale 22
Consommation d u gouvernement central 23
Investissement brut 24
Investissement brut de 1’Etat 25
xii
...
Table des matiPres
2- 10. 2-1 1. 2- 12. 2- 13. 2- 14. 2-1 5. 2- 16. 2- 17. 2-18. 2-19. 2-20.
Investissement brut du secteur prive 26
Epargne inttrieure brute 27
Epargne nationale brute 28
Solde des ressources 29
Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), B prix courants Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), B prix courants Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), B prix constants Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), prix constants Croissance du PIB 34
Revenu national brut par habitant 35
Consommation totale par habitant 36
Notes techniques 40
3. Prix et tau de change 3-1. 3-2. 3-3. 3-4. 3-5. 3-6. 3-7. 3-8. 3-9.
4-1. 4-2. 4-3. 4-4. 4-5. 4-6. 4-7. 4-8. 4-9.
51
57
Credit intdrieur 58
Credit au secteur prive
59
Credit au gouvernement 60
Avoirs exterieurs nets 61
Croissance de la masse monetaire 62
Taux d’escompte 63
Taux d’escompte reel 64
Taux dtbiteur des banques commerciales 65
Taux de remuneration des dep6ts dans les banques commerciales Notes techniques 69
5. Secteur extdrieur
30
31
32
33
43
Deflateur du PIB (serie en monnaie locale) 44
DCflateur du PIB (sdrie en dollar des Etats-Unis) 45
Indice des prix B la consommation 46
Taux de change officiel 47
48
Indice de t a w de change du DTS Facteur de conversion des monnaies 49
Taux de change sur les marches parallkles 50
Rapport du t a u de change parallkle et du taux de change officiel Taux de change effectif reel 52
Notes techniques 54
4 . Monnaie et banque
Xlll
71
Balance des paiements 5- 1. Exportations de marchandises, f.o.b. 73
74
5-2. Importations de marchandises, f.o.b. 5-3. Exportations totales de services 75
5-4. Importations totales de services 76
66
Table dtz matikres
xiv
5-5. 5-6. 5-7. 5-8. 5-9. 5- 10. 5-1 1. 5- 12. 5-13. 5-14.
Transferts privks nets 77 Transferts courants officiels nets 78 Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital 79 Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital, en pourcentage du PIB Transferts nets en capital 81 Investissements directs nets 82 Emprunts 2 long terme nets 83 Autres flux de capitaux 84 Utilisation des reserves 85 T a u de couverture des importations 86
80
Prix
5-15. Valeurs unitaires des exportations 5- 16. Valeurs unitaires des importations 5-17. Termes de I’dchange 89
87 88
Commerce de marcbandises 5-18. Exportations de produits forestiers 90 5- 19. Exportations de petrole 9 1 5-20. Exportations de cuivre 92 5-2 1. Exportations de fer 93 5-22. Exportations de phosphates 94 5-23. Exportations de cacao 95 5-24. Exportations de cafk 96 97 5-25. Exportations de coton 5-26. Exportations d’arachides 98 5-27. Exportations d’huile de palme et produits dirives 99 100 5-28. Exportations de sisal 101 5-29. Exportations de the 102 5-30. Exportations de sucre 103 5-3 1 . Exportation de tabac 104 5-32. Exportations de viande 105 5-33. Exportations de produits manufactures 5-34. Exportations de produits manufacturks, t a u de croissance 106 5-35. Importations de produits alimentaires 107 5-36. Importations de produits dimentaires, taux de croissance 108 109 5-37. Importations d’autres biens de consommation 1 10 5-38. Importations d’autres biens de consommation, t a u de croissance 111 5-39. Importations de carburants 112 5-40. lmportations de carburants, t a u de croissance 113 5-4 1. Importations de biens de consommation intermkdiaires primaires 5-42. Importations de biens de consommation intermkdiaires primaires, taux de croissance 5-43. Importations de produits manufacturds 115 5-44. Importations de produits manufacturks, t a w de croissance 116 1 17 5-45. Importations de biens d’kquipement
1 14
Table des matiPres
118 Importations de biens d’dquipement, t a u de croissance Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1986 119 122 Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1990 Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1995 125 128 Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1986 Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1990 131 Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1995 134 Matrice de directions du commerce, h prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1986 Matrice de directions du commerce, h prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1990 5-55. Matrice de directions du commerce, h prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1995 Notes techniques 147
5-46. 5-47. 5-48. 5-49. 5-50. 5-5 1. 5-52. 5-53. 5-54.
6. Dette extdrieure et flux correspondant 6-1. 6-2. 6-3. 6-4. 6-5. 6-6. 6-7. 6-8. 6-9. 6- 10. 6-1 1. 6-12. 6-13. 6- 14. 6-15. 6- 16. 6- 17. 6-18. 6- 19. 6-20. 6-2 1. 6-22. 6-23. 6-24. 6-25. 6-26.
153
Ddcaissements bruts: prets officiels concessionnels h long terme 155 Ddcaissements bruts: prets oficiels non concessionnels h long terme 156 Ddcaissements bruts: prkts privds h long terme 157 158 Ddcaissements 21 long terme: prets oficiels et achats au FMI Amortissement: prCts officiels concessionnels h long terme 159 Amortissement: prets officiels non concessionnels h long terme 160 161 Amortissement: pr&s privts h long terme 162 Amortization: prets h long terme et rachats au FMI Interest payments: oficial concessional long-term loans 163 164 Paiements d’intdrets: prets officiels concessionnels h long terme Paiements d’inttrets: prets privds h long terme 165 166 Paiements d’inttrkts: prets h long terme et rdmundrations du FMI 167 Service de la dette extdrieure: prets h long terme et crddits du FMI 168 Paiements d’intdrsts: prtts h court terme Flux nets: prets h court terme et h long terme, y compris FMI 169 Flux nets: p&ts h long terme, y compris FMI 170 171 Transferts nets: prets h court terme et h long terme, y compris FMI 172 Transferts nets: prtts h long terme, y compris FMI Dette h long terme: oficielle concessionnelle 173 174 Dette h long terme: officielle non concessionnelle Dette h long terme: privde 175 176 Dette extdrieure totale Structure de la dette extdrieure 177 Structure du service de la dette extdrieure 178 Conditions des financements extdrieurs h long terme, 1997 179 180 Ratios de le dette extdrieure et du service de la dette extdrieure, 1997 Notes techniques 183
7. Finances publiques
187
7- 1. Solde budgttaire (dons compris)
189
xv
137 140 143
Table &s matikres
xvi
7-2. 7-3. 7-4. 7-5. 7-6. 7-7. 7-8. 7-9. 7- 10. 7-1 1. 7- 12. 7-13. 7- 14. 7-15. 7- 16. 7- 17. 7-18. 7-19. 7-20.
Solde budgdtaire (hors dons) 190
Solde budgdtaire primaire 191
Dkpenses publiques et prtts moins recouvrements 192
Intdrets, sur la dette publique 193
Recettes publiques (hors dons) 194
Dons reCus 195
Financements extdrieurs 196
Impbts sur le revenu 197
Impbts sur le commerce extdrieur et les transactions internationales 198
Impbts indirects 199
Recettes non fiscales, hors dons 200
Dkpenses publiques: salaires 201
Ddpenses publiques: tendances des salaires reels 202
Dkpenses publiques: autres biens et services 203
Ddpenses publiques: i n t k r h 204
Ddpenses publiques: subventions et autres transferts courants 205
Ddpenses publiques: dkpenses en capital et pr&s nets 206
Ddpenses publiques: tendances des dCpenses rdelles de ddfense nationale 207
Dkpenses publiques: ddpenses rkelles d’dducatin par habitant 208
Notes techniques 2 10
8. Agriculture
8-1. 8-2. 8-3. 8-4. 8-5. 8-6. 8-7. 8-8. 8-9. 8- 10. 8-1 1.
8- 12. 8-13. 8- 14.
215
Prix aux producteurs
216
Indice des prix des produits alimentaires 222
Indice de la production alimentaire 223
Indice de la production non alimentaire 224
Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant 225
Volume de la production alimentaire, par principales cultures Valeur des exportations agricoles 230
Production des cdrdales 23 1
Aide alimentaire 232
Utilisation d’engrais 233
Importations d’engrais 234
Ares cultivtes, par principales cultures 235
Rendements agricoles, par principales cultures 236
Incidence de sdcheresse 24 1
Notes techniques 247
9. Energie, communications et transports
9- 1. 9-2. 9-3. 9-4.
25 1
Consommation dlectrique par habitant 252
Production et consommation d’dnergie 253
Disponibilitk de tkldphone, radio et tdldvision, 1994/97 Appartenance des vdhicules 255
254
226
Table des matikres
9-5. 9-6. 9-7. 9-8.
Ratio routes/population 256
Routes primaires recouvertes 257
Ratio circulation ferroviaire/PIB ($ PPP) 258
Ratio chargements ferroviaires/locomotives 257
Notes techniques 260
10. Privatisation des entreprises publiques
263
10- 1. Tableau synoptique d’activitd de privatisation 265
10-2. Les techniques de privatisation utilisdes (jusque a la fin 1998) 266
10-3. La proprittt et le contrble de I’entreprise changent avec la privatisation (jusque a la fin 1998) Notes techniques 269
11. Population active et emploi 11-1. 11-2. 11-3. 11-4. 11-5. 11-6. 11-7. 11-8. 11-9. 11-10. 11-1 1.
12-8. 12-9. 12-10. 12-1 1.
267
273
Main d’oeuvre et structure par sexe 275
Enfants en dessous de 14 ans inclus dans la main d’oeuvre 276
Travailleurs familiaux non rdmundrt faisant partie des travailleurs actifs 277
Structure de la main d’oeuvre par industries 278
Structure industrielle de la population dconomiquement active 279
Salaires dans l’agriculture 280
Salaires dans l’industrie manufacturikre 28 1
Salaires dans l’industrie miniere et les carrikres 282
Salaires dans le secteur du bitiment 283
Salaires dans les transports, I’entreposage et les communications 284
Salaires dans le secteur social et des services personnels 285
Notes techniques 286
12. Flux d’aide 12- 1. 12-2. 12-3. 12-4. 12-5. 12-6. 12-7.
xvii
291
Aide officielle au dheloppement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds 293
Aide officielle au ddveloppement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD 294
Aide officielle au dtveloppement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds n’appartenant pas au CAD 295
Aide oficielle au ddveloppement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatdraux 296
Aide officielle au ddveloppement, nette rtelle, de tous les bailleurs de fonds 297
Aide officielle au ddveloppement, nette rdelle, des bailleurs de fonds d u CAD 298
Aide officielle au ddveloppement, nette rielle, des bailleurs de fonds n’appartenant 279
pasauCAD Aide officielle au diveloppement, nette rdelle, des bailleurs de fonds multilattraux 300
Aide oficielle au dtveloppement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, en pourcentage du PIB du pays btndficiaire 301
Aide oficielle au ddveloppement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds d u CAD en pourcentage du PIB d u pays btntficiaire 302
Aide oficielle au ddveloppement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatiraux en pourcentage du PIB du pays bdndficiaire 303
xvi i i
Tabb &s matihs
12-12. Aide officielle au ddveloppement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds en pourcentage de l’investissement brut du pays Mndficiaire 304
12- 13. Aide officielle au ddveloppement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage de l’investissement brut du pays bdndficiaire 305
12-14. Aide officielle au ddveloppement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatdraux en pourcentage de l’investissement brut du pays bdndficiaire 306
12-15 . A d e officielle au ddveloppement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, par habitant 307
12-16. Aide officielle au ddveloppement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD, par habitant 308
12- 17. Aide officielle au ddveloppement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatdraux, par habitant 309
Notes techniques 3 12
13. Indicateurs sociaux 13-1. 13-2. 13-3. 13-4. 13-5. 13-6. 13-7. 13-8. 13-9. 13-10. 13-11. 13-12. 13-13. 13-14. 13-15. 13-16. 13-17. 13-18. 13-19. 13-20. 13-21. 13-22. 13-23. 13-24.
3 15
Structure de la population par %e et par sexe 317
318
Pauvretd Distribution des revenus 3 19
Urbanisation 320
Composantes des changements de la population 321
322
Espdrance de survie Vaccinations et utilisation de la TRO 323
Malnutrition enfantine 324
Accts aux installations sanitaires 325
Accts I’eau potable 326
Ddpenses dans le secteur de la santd 327 328
Soins de santd Taux d’analphabdtisme 329
Taux brut de scolarisation primaire 330 ProgrWddveloppement des dcoliers 33 1 Taux net de scolarisation primaire 332 Nombre d’enseignants 333
Taux dlhves/enseignants 334
Taux brut de scolarisation secondaire 335 Ddpenses publiques pour l’dducation 336 Possibilitds dconomiques ouvertes aux femmes 337
Menage et participation des femmes aux activitds dconomiques 338
Prix relatifs de la consommation et de l’investissement selon les termes de PPP, 1997 Structure de la consommation des menages selon les termes de PPP, 1997 340
Notes techniques 346
14. Indicateurs concernant l’envitonnement
353
14-1, Superficie et utilisation des terres, 1982-94 14-2. Ressources forestihres, 1980-95 356
14-3. Ecosysttme forestier, 1996 357
355
339
Table des matihes
xix
14-4. Production et commerce des bois, 1983-95 358
14-5. Ressources d’eau douce et retraits, 1970-98 359
14-6. Consommation des ressources maritimes et d’eau douce, aquaculture, balance commerciale, et des poissons 360
14-7. Production commerciale d’dnergie, 1985-95 36 1
14-8. Balances d’dnergie, 1985-95 362
14-9. Production des mindraux et matdriaux sdlectionnds, 1995 363
14-10. Emissions de CO;! rdsultant de I’activitd industrielle, 1995 364
14-11. Espkces menacdes: mammifkres, oiseawc, et plantes supdrieures, 1990s 365
14-12. Espkces menacdes: reptiles, amphibiens, et poissons, 1990s 366
14-13. Protection nationale des zones naturelles, 1997 367
14-14. Zones protdgdes internationales, 1997 368
14-15. Programmes de gestion des espkces menacdes, 1996 369
Notes techniques 370
15. Indicateurs du bien-&re des menages: revue de pays choisis 15-1. 15-2. 15-3. 15-4. 15-5. 15-6. 15-7. 15-8. 15-9. 15-10, 15-1 1. 15-12. 15-13. 15-14. 15-15. 15-16, 15-17. 15- 18. 15-19. 15-20. 15-21. 15-22.
RCfdrences
Burkina Faso 383
Rdpublique Centrafricaine CGte d’Ivoire 385
Djibouti 386
Ethiopie 387
Gambie 388
Ghana 389
Guide 390
Guinde-Bissau 39 1
Kenya 392
Madagascar 393
Mali 394
Mauritanie 395
Niger 396
Nigdria 397
Sdndgal 398
Sierra Leone 399
Afrique du Sud 400
Swaziland 40 1
Tanzanie 402
Ouganda 403
Zambie 404
Notes techniques 405
4 17
384
379
Table des matihes
xx
Graphiques 1-1. Losange du dPveloppement, 1997 1-2. Indicateurs de base, 1998 1O
8
2-1. Produit intdrieur brut, 1998 37 2-2. Croissance du PIB et des exportations, 1392-38 2-3. Composition du PIB, 1998 39 3-1. Taux de change effectif rkel, 1998
38
53
4-1. CrCdit au secteur privC et au secteur public, en pourcentage du PIB, 1998 4-2. Taux d’escompte del, 1992-98 68 5-1. AmPliorationldPtCrioration des termes de I’Cchange, 1992-98 6-1. Ratio du service de la dette (ex post), 1997 6-2. Ratio dette totale/PIB, 1997 182
181
7-1. Solde budgktaire en pourcentage du PIB, 1932-98 8-1. 8-2. 8-3. 8-4. 8-5.
146
209
Indice de la production agricole, 1997 242 Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant, 1997 243 Indice de la production alimentaire et non alimentaire, 1997 244 Exportations agricoles, 1997 245 SPcheresse, 1980-98 246
12-1. Pude officielle au dkvcloppement nette totale en pourcentage du PIB des pays bkndficiaires, 1997 310 12-2. Aide officielle au dkveloppement nette totale par habitant, 1997 31 1 13-1. EspPrance de vie, 1997 341 13-2. PIB par habitant sur base de la paritk des pouvoirs d’achat, 1996 13-3. Population urbaine en pourcentage de la population totale, 1997 13-4. Taux de scolarisation primaire, 1996 344 345 13-5. Mortalirk maternelle, 1995
342
343
67
Acknowledgments
This volume was produced by the Operational Quality and Knowledge Services of the Africa Region, in collaboration with the Development Data Group ofthe Development Economics Vice Presidency. T h e volume was prepared by a team led by Vildan Ver beek- Dem i raydi n and comprising Ro nnie Hammad, and Joan Pandit. Maria Cristina Germany provided valuable guidance. Tariqul Khan updated and managed the systems programs. T h e chapters on national accounts, balance of payments, trade, and government finance draw heavily on the work of World Bank country desks. T h e chapters on power, communication and transportation, labor force and social indicators tap the World Bank’s World Development
Indicators database. T h e chapter o n environment was prepared with data from the World Resources Institute. T h e chapter on privatization of public enterprises was provided by Oliver C. Campbell-White. T h e chapter on household welfare indicators was provided by the Institutional and Social Policy Group of the Africa Region, with the financial support of the Norwegian and Belgian Trust Funds. Nicki Marrian provided assistance in editing and production of the volume. Gaudencio Dizon desktopped the text. In addition, many World Bank staff provided information on their countries or related to their economic or sectoral specialties. Other staffaided and advised o n the design and content of this volume.
xxi
Preface
Afi-ican Development Indicators 2000 contin ues the data publication series started by the World Bank in 1989 with Afiican Economic andFinancial Data (pub-
estimates to help address problems of missing or inconsistent data from standard sources. Some of the estimation methods used here differ from methods used in other sources. Throughout the volume, in introductions to chapters or in technical notes, such differences in methodologies are discussed. In the tradition of the first six volumes, this data collection is intended to serve as a prime source of information on Africa. Its wide dissemination to African and non-African analysts and policymakers will contribute to a better understanding of Africa and to development on that continent.
lished jointly with the United Nations Development Programme), followed by Afiican Development Indicators 1992, 1994-95, 1996, 1997, and 1998199. These data volumes are intended to provide Africans and those interested in Africa with a consistent and convenient set of data to monitor development programs and aid flows in the region. Each successive volume provides access to more focused information and represents an improvement in the quality and availability of the data. The data in this volume derive from a variety of sources. In most cases, the original source is national statistical services in Africa. In addition, many international agencies collect or compile data on Africa and organize national data in a standardized framework. This volume draws heavily from such sources. The data have been supplemented by World Bank staff
/ o h Roome
Director, Operational Quality
and Knowledge Services Afiica Repon
xxii
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ADB AD1 AEFD AFESD BADEA BIS CDIAC CFA CIDA
CPI DAC
African Development Bank Afiican Develop ment Indicators Afiican Economic and Financial Data (UNDP/World Bank 1989) Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa Bank for International Settlements Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Communautk Financikre Africane (franc zone) Canadian International Development
DDG DRS ECA FAO f.o.b. GDI GDP GDS GFS GNFS GNP GNS IBRD
Agency Cost, insurance, freight Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna Council for Mutual Economic AssisCMEA tance COMTRADE Commodity Trade database (United Nations) c.i.f. CITES
ICP IDA IEA IFAD
xxiii
Consumer price index Development Assistance Committee of the OECD Development Data Group, World Bank Debtor Rep0 rting Sys tem (World Bank) Economic Commission for Africa UN Food and Agriculture Organization Free on board Gross domestic investment Gross domestic product Gross domestic savings GovernmentFinance Stutistics (IMF) Goods and nonfactor services Gross national product Gross national savings International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Comparison Project International Development Association International Energy Agency International Fund for Agricultural Developmen t
xxiv
IFS I LO IMF ISIC
Acronyms and Abbreviations
International Financial Statistics (IMF)
International Labour Organization International Monetary Fund UN International Standard Industrial Classification ITU International Telecommunications Union IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources London interbank offered rate LIBOR Low-income and middle-income counLIMIC tries M an agemen t emp loyee b uyout MBO METMIN Metals and minerals database (World Bank) Official development assistance ODA Organization for Economic Cooperation OECD and Development Organization of Petroleum Exporting OPEC Countries Oral rehydration therapy ORT Public enterprise PE Structural adjustment facility SAF Social dimensions of adjustment SDA Special drawing right SDR Statistical Information Management and SIMA Analysis Database (World Bank) UN Standard International Trade ClassiSITC fi cati on
SNA System of national accounts UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNFPA
UNHCR UNICEF UNIDO UNSO UNSTAT UNTA WFP WHO WRI ZIMCO
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Children’s Fund United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Statistical Office United Nations Statistical Department United Nations Technical Assistance World Food Programme World Health Organization World Resources Institute Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation
Introduction
T h e task of monitoring Africa’s development progress and aid flows requires basic empirical data that can be readily used by analysts. This publication-which is the sixth in a series that began with the African Economic and Financial Data (AEFD) and was followed by Afiican DevelopmentIndicators (ADI) 1772, 1 9 7 4 9 5 , 1976, 1777, and si-17-8-/ meant to provide a starting point to fulfil1 that task. This volume has been able to extend the work of the previous volumes in this series. In particular:
T h e coverage of many of the data series has been improved, reflecting improvements in the underlying data series, as well as estimates made by Bank staff. New purchasing power parity (PPP) indicators have been added. However, substantial data gaps remain, notably in areas such as public enterprises, gender, and labor. Strengthening the statistical capacity in African countries is an ongoing process, and greater efforts and institutional support will be required if substantial improvements are to be made. This volume presents the available relevant data for 1770-98, grouped into 15 chapters: background data; national accounts; prices and exchange rates; money and banking; external sector; external debt and related flows; government finance; agriculture; power, communications, and transportation; public enterprises; labor force and employment; aid flows; social indicators; environmental indicators; and household welfare indicators. Chapter 14 (environmental indicators) was once again taken from the World Resources Institute’s World Resources 177877. Chapter 15 (household welfare indicators) is presented on a country basis.
Most macroeconomic data (in particular, na-
0
tional accounts, balance of payments, government finance statistics, and trade) reflect data maintained by World Bank country desks, often referred to as operational data. These data are often more up to date and offer better country coverage than the data stored in the Bank’s central files, SIMA, which were used in publications before 1778. SIMA is a large database that contains some, but not all, data prod u c e d b y B a n k staff-operational and other-and some, but not all, data produced by UN agencies. The chapter on household welfare indicators has been improved, with new countries added. 1
2
Introduction
Each chapter begins with a brief introduction on the nature of the data, followed by a set of charts, statistical tables, and technical notes. These define the indicators and i d e n t i ~ specific sources. A companion CD-rom (expected to be available by the end of 1999 through the World Bank) will provide year-by-year time series of most chapters back to 1970. These series will provide analysts with data needed to help place the most recent years in an his tor ical context . The data in this volume incorporate numerous revisions to those published previously in the series. There are several reasons for this. Many of the data that were based on estimates in the earlier volumes have been replaced with updated actual data or improved estimates. In most cases, these reflect revisions made by the original reporting authorities or sources, but it also includes corrections of errors in previous volumes. Data series expressed in constant U.S. dollars and exchange rates use a base year of 1995; previous ADIs were based on 1987 exchange rates and prices; and AEFD used 1980 exchange rate and prices. Some series expressed in constant prices have been revised as a result of updated or revised deflators. As in the 1998/99 volume, macroeconomic data reflect country desk information. T h e difference is most noticeable in the chapter on government finance, as figures reflect consolidated government data instead of only central government data. Considerable effort has been made to standardize and to harmonize related data sets drawn from diverse sources. Because statistical methods, coverage, practices, and definitions differ widely among sources, full comparability cannot be assured, and the indicators must be interpreted with care. In addition, the statistical systems in many developing economies are still weak, and this affects the availability and reliability of the data they report. Moreover, intercountry and
intertemporal comparisons always involve complex technical problems, which have no full and unequivocal solution. T h e data are drawn from sources thought to be the most authoritative, but many data sources are subject to considerable margins of error. To provide reasonably timely data required for meaningful monitoring, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other agencies sometimes make estimates on the basis of available secondary information to fill critical gaps in national reporting, especially for the most recent years, when data cannot be readily produced by national statistical sources. Nonetheless, data gaps exist for many indicators, and some countries are covered only sporadically. Readers are urged to take these limitations into account in using the data and interpreting the indicators, particularly when making comparisons across economies. Weaknesses in the data point to the need for strengthened statistical systems throughout the region. As a visual aid to data interpretation and cross-country comparisons, figures for selected indicators are included. As with time series, the figures should also be interpreted with caution, in particular in crosscountry analysis, because countries with missing data are excluded from the charts. As in the three previous publications, this volume contains a special chapter on household welfare indicators. T h e data in this chapter all come directly from national household surveys. A number of improvements have been made to the layout of the country tables, including the complete standardization of the table formats and the inclusion of selective welfare indicators. In the tables, all indicators are presented by urban and rural expenditure quintiles, which makes it possible to make comparisons within a country between poor and non-poor household groups. Throughout this volume (except when otherwise stated), the symbol “..” indicates that data are not available or not applicable. A zero (0) indicates either zero value or an insignificant value, that is, less than one-half of the smallest unit shown. The symbol “MR” indicates “most recent year available.”
Introduction
In chapter 13, columns headed by a period (for example, 1992-95) show data for the latest available year in the period. To facilitate cross-country comparisons, values of many national series have been converted from the national currencies to U.S. dollars, using the World Bank Atlas methodology. Indicators in this volume generally follow standard definitions as far as possible and cover years through 1998, depending on the chapter. Data for 1998 are preliminary and therefore may not be internally consistent within and across accounts, and may not be available for all countries. Because data are continually updated, the statistics here may be different from those in other publications. Shares and ratios are always calculated using current price series; when gross domestic product (GDP) is used as the denominator for these calculations, it is always expressed at market prices (except in Figure 2-3). In all but the last chapter, the data are arranged by indicator to facilitate cross-country comparisons. For country-specific work, data can be arranged to show all indicators together for each country. In this volume, the statistical tables are usually arranged as time series, by country and by country groups. T h e largest country group is All Africa, consisting of two subgroups: North Africa and SubSaharan Africa (including South Africa). In turn, the Sub-Saharan Africa group is shown excluding South Africa and Nigeria. These two subgroups correspond to the Sub-Saharan Africa and SubSaharan Africa excluding Nigeria groups shown in the AEFD and A D I 1772, where South Africa was listed separately. Annual data shown for country groups are totals, averages, or medians for the countries included in the group, as indicated on the table. These group aggregates can be either simple (arithmetic)-where missing data are not imputed-or gap-filled-where weights are used to adjust group totals for missing countries. In the latter case, when values are missing for a country or a year, estimates are made to maintain t h e same country composition o f the groups through time. However, the implicit estimated val-
3
ues for the countries with missing data are not shown separately in the tables. These gap-fill estimates are made, and the aggregate statistics shown, only if the countries for which data are available for a given year account for at least two-thirds of the full group, as defined by benchmarks in 1995. This procedure is standard for many World Bank statistical publications. Most group averages are weighted according to the relative importance of the countries in the group total for that indicator, based on simple addition across countries when the indicator is expressed in reasonably comparable units. Group averages for analytical ratios (for example, imports to GDP) can be either weighted or simple (arithmetic). Usually they are calculated from the group totals for both the numerator and the denominator, which is analytically equivalent to calculating weighted averages, where the weight for each country is its share in the group total for the denominator. Sometimes, however, when it is appropriate to treat the experiences of different countries equally in determining a representative value for the group, these group averages are arithmetic, that is, each country is assigned equal weight. Period averages-shown for 1975-84, 1985-89, and 1990 to most recent year-are calculated from time series (levels, ratios, growth rates, or medians) for both countries and country groups. They are either simple averages or average annual percentage growth rates. These growth rates always use the least-squares method and are usually computed from real-term series. In this publication, the least-squares 'growth rates are computed using the level for the year before the first year shown in the label. T h e least-squares growth rate, r, is estimated by fitting a least-squares linear regression trend line to the logarithmic annual values of the variable in the relevant period. More specifically, the regression equation takes the form: log Xt = a + 6t + et, where this is equivalent to the logarithmic transformation o f t h e c o m p o u n d growth rate equation, Xt = Xo (1 + r)'. In these equations X i s the variable, t is time, and a = log Xo and 6 = log (1 + r) are the parameters to be estimated; e is the error term. If b* is the least-squares estimate
4
Introduction
of 6, then the annual average growth rate, t, is obtained as [anti log (671 - I and multiplied by 100 to express it in percentage terms. T h e least-squares growth rate dampens the influence of exceptional values, particularly at the end points. Least-square growth rates are calculated only if more than two-
thirds of consecutive data--carrying the same signare present in the time series. Throughout this volume, data for Ethiopia include Eritrea up to 1992, except when otherwise indicated. Zaire’s name has been changed to Democratic Republic of the Congo.
I
Selected Background Data
some of the more important indicators for all countries in the most recent year for which relatively complete information is available.
T h e first two tables of the volume provide selected indicators, including a series on population, as background to the data in the rest of the volume. Table 1- 1 provides a comparative view, across indicators, of
5
Selected Background Data
1-1. Basic indicators GNP per capita
Life
annual- expectancy percentage at birth
Total
AV.
Population
Land area
Atlas
(millions)
square km.)
1998
1988-98
513 316 320 340 380 3600 240 140 610 1060 300 230 370 110 690 700
-0.6 -0.2 -0.5 -8.5 0.9 3.4 0.8 -3.7 -4.4 1.1 -1.5 1.5 -2.5 -9.3 -2.2 -0.2
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 628.3 excluding South Africa 587.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 465.7 ~ _ _ _ _ Angola 12.0 Benin 6.0 Botswana 1.6 Burkina Faso 10.7 6.6 Burundi ~ ~ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ Cameroon 14.3 Cape Verde 0.4 Central African Republic 3.5 Chad 7.4 0.5 Comoros .__ Congo, Democratic Rep. of 48.2 Congo, Republic of 2.8 C6te d’Ivoire 14.5 Djibouti 0.7 0.4 Equatorial Guinea ~ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Eritrea 3.9 Ethiopia 61.3 Gabon 1.2 Gambia, The 1.2 18.5 Ghana ___ Guinea 7.1 Guinea-Bissau 1.2 Kenya 29.3 Lesotho 2.1 3.0 Liberia Madagascar 14.6 10.5 Malawi 10.6 Mali 2.5 Mauritania 1.2 Mauritius Mozambique 16.9 Namibia 1.7 Niger 10.1 Nigeria 121.3 8.1 Rwanda 0.1 SBo Tome and Principe -~ Senegal 9.0 Seychelles 0.1 4.9 Sierra Leone Somalia 9.1 South Africa 41.3 Sudan 28.3 Swaziland 1 .o Tanzania 32.1 Togo 4.5 Uganda 20.9 Zambia 9.7 11.7 Zimbabwe . 133.9 NORTH AFRICA ~. . . Algeria 30.0 Egypt, Arab Republic 61.4 Libya 5.3 Morocco 27.8 Tunisia 9.4 ALL AFRICA 762.2 ~
~
Note 1998 data are preliminary (see page 3)
23628 22407 21497 1247 111
School enrolment 19x0
199-
1995-96
~~
~
1980
51 78 50 77 49 68 63 ~ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 53 67 78 108 47 91 44 18 40 51 42 26 57 98 68 114 45 71 48 58 60 86 75 51 92 48 141 114 47 75 71 50 37 39 50 135 51 53 43 37 38 52 53 53 77 60 79 46 36 48 44 68 52 115 85 56 104 108 47 48 57 130 92 43 60 89 45 50 26 79 53 37 71 93 107 . 45 60 56 131 47 25 29 54 109 40 63 64 52 46 68 71 52 37 47 22 65 90 131
567 274 26 ~ 465 4 623 1259 2 2267 342 318 23 28 1060 9.8 ~ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ 101 200 2.2 1000 100 0.7 258 4170 0.5 10 340 -0.9 228 390 1.5 246 540 2.4 28 160 0.2 569 350 -0.3 30 570 1.3 96 .~ 582 260 -1.2 200 0.8 94 250 0.5 1220 1025 410 0.8 2 3700 4.1 784 210 2.7 823 1940 1.5 1267 190 -2 .o 91 1 300 1.3 25 230 -4.6 I 270 -1.6 193 530 -0. I 0 6450 3.1 72 140 -5.7 627 1221 2880 -0.5 2376 290 2.3 55 50 51 - _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ _ _- _ _ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ 17 1400 1.4 60 103 1 I8 884 210 1.2 48 93 66 54 330 -1.5 49 118 120 200 310 3.7 42 50 74 743 330 -0.9 43 90 89 387 610 -0.2 55 85 119 ~ . _ _ _ _ ~ 100 5738 1536 0.9 68 84 _ _ ~ _ 70 95 108 2382 1570 -1.6 995 1250 2.5 66 73 101 1760 70 125 446 0.7 67 83 86 155 2150 2.4 70 102 117 -. _____ ______~__ 29367 688 -0.2 54 79 78
net ODA 1995-96
15 15 14 21 16 19 3 3 18 8 14
17 17 65
10 21
22 24 74 19 12
53 24 14
~
~
~~~
~
20 12
9 11 41 17 6 20 18 22
25 ~~
12
5
.
_
5 18 3
11
16
16 ~~
~
16 17 10 16 65 _ 7 61 7
14 9
38 3 33 5 16 _
23 24 30 37 39 81 35 I9 _~___ 36 273 27 31 54 4 99 31 136 58 33 11 35 35 28 55
.-
110
24 31
5 8 11 50
~~~
199-
94 21 54 5
27 12
8 49 41 64 33 63 51 75 76 26 39 27 65 __-_____ 20
16 46 33 ______ 59 34 44 102 36 _ _ _ ~ 58 102 35 2 75 242 49 194 27 12 12 7 ~. 30 31 29 41 65 29 .. - . .. 22 8 32 2 17 21 23
_
~
Selected Background Data
7
1-2. Population -
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S.Africa & Nigeria Angola Ben i n Botswana Burkina Faso Bui undi Caineroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros Congo, Dein&i&c Rep of Congo, Repiiblic of C6te d'Ivoire Dji bouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gainbia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius ___ Mozainbiqiie Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Silo Tome and Priiicipe Seiiegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Soinalia South Afi ica Sudan Swazilaiid Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Alceiya Egypt, Aiab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA -
38074 353 16 2x2 01 7 02 3 46 0 91 6 96 4 13 __ 866 0 29 2 31 4 48 0 34 27 01 1 67 8 19 0 28 0 22 2 38 37 72 0 69 0 64 10 74 4 46 0 80 I6 63 ~
-
-
-
-
135
188 8 87 6 18 6 59 155 p
0 97 12 i o 103 5 59 71 15 5 16 0 09 5 54 0 06 3 24 5 85 27 58 18 68 0 57 18 58 2 62 12 81 5 74 7 01 88 75 18 67 40 88 1 04 19 38 6 38
469 09
I990 50834 473 14 37693
49371 459 22 36571 894 923 4 59 4 74 124 128 867 8 88 531 546 ___ __ 1 1 16 1 1 47 0 34 0 33 2 94 2 87 5 75 5 62 0 43 0 42 37 36 36 16 2 22 2 16 11 28 1 1 64 0 49 0 52 0 35 0 35 3 05 3 14 51 18 49 14 0 93 0 96 0 88 0 92 I4 43 14 87 5 59 5 76 0 97 0 96 23 5 5 22 19 1 68 172 2 39 2 44 I63 il?T 8 51 8 22 8 46 8 22 2 03 1 97 105 1 06 -_____ 4 15 14 04 135 131 7 49 7 73 93 50 96 20 6 79 6 95 0 11 0 12 717 7 13 0 07 0 07 4 00 3 91 7 77 7 28 34 49 35 20 23 56 24 06 0 75 0 77 25 47 24 69 3 41 3 51 16 3 3 15 77 7 55 7 78 9 47 9 75 11407 1 1 1 46 25 01 24 39 51 26 52 44 4 30 4 42 21 56 24 04 8 16 7 96 622 40 60517 p~
-
~
.
_ _ _ _ p p _
--
~-
__
1989
I980
~
p
-
~-
~
~
-p
-
I991 523 16 487.23 388.24 ~9.59 4 88 131 9 09
5 60
-
p - _ _ _
1992 538.22 501.53 399.64 9.94 503 I35 931 5 75 12 I 3 035 308 606 046 3987 235 1237 055 037
1993 550 12 512.65 407.75 10.29 5 18 139 953 5 89 1247 036 3 15 625 047 41 16 242 1275 057 038 -- - 331 7-39 5479 5 1 30 102 105 100 104 I 5 76 1620 60F 626 101 103 25 78 25 05 180 184 260 2 54 2-55 12 20 924 8 99 920 8 95 220 2 14 _
I I 80
-
0 35 3 01 5 89 0 44 18 60 2 28 12 00 0 53 0 36 3 22 52 95 0 99 0 96
--
-
15 31
-~
p~
Millions ofpeople-
5 93 0 99 24 10 1 76
2 48 1 1 89 8 74 8 70 2 08 1 07 I4 42 1 39 7 99 98 98 7 15 0 12 7 51 0 07 4 09 8 15 15 91 24 57 0 79 26 28 3 64 16 89 8 02 10 02 116 6 4 25 63 53 62 4 53 24 52 8 34 639 80
_
_
_
_
_
~
_
---
1
ox
~p
p p -
-
-
~
56383 525.54 417.53 .. 10.63 533 143 976 602 1282 037 322 646 048 4249 249 13 13 058 039 - - -348 54 89 107 1 08 1664 641 I06 26 51 189 266 12 92 949 945 227
579 18 540.06 428.78 10.97 548 146 999 616 I 3 18 038 329 671 049 43 85 256 1353 060 040 57
59540 555.48 440.92 -. 11.32 563 150 1023 629
p
~~
p
111
-
p
1542 150 8 84 10801 623 0 13 811
007 440 841 3828 26 10 087 2879 399
1860 874 1078 12412 2745 5706 4 86 2593 -
~ -
p
881
--
68795 ~
Note 1998 data are preliminary (see page 3)
~
p -
-
~p
p~
5653 110 I11 1708 659 109 2722 193
273 1130 976 971 233 112 T582 I54 915 1 1 1 27 640 0 13 833 008 451 820 3912 26 62 090 2965 4 11 I9 I7 898 1 1 01 126 53 28 06 58 18 497 2639 894 705 71 p~
-
--
_
199-
1996
~~
~~
-
-
1995
~~
501 146 8 55 10489 754 0 13 790 007 429 847 3747 25 59 0-85 27 94 387 1803 850 1053 121 68 2685 5597 475 2547 867 671 79
p
1994
110 _____
14 69 142 8 26 101 88 735 0 12 770 007 4 19 838 3669 2508 0 82 27 10 375 1746 826 1028 I19 19 2625 5478 464 2500 8 51 65741
-
Average annual percentage growth _
p
1998
-
_
_
_
_
-5-84
61230 628.29 571.70 586.97 453.80 465.72 11.66 12.00 580 597 153 156 1047 1073 643 658 _ _ 1355 1394 1433 039 040 041 335 342 348 694 715 735 050 052 053 4822 45 25 4677 261 271 278 1389 1421 1449 062 064 065 041 042 043 16-1 388 377 5823 5975 61 27 1 I? 1 15 118 115 118 122 1752 1798 1846 676 692p--108---p 111 114 116 2192 2861 2929 197 201 206 281 289 297 1172 I4 15 1459 1002 1028 1053 999 1029 1060 239 246 253 113 115 116 1663 1695 1623 158 162 166 947 980 1014 11790 121 26 11457 790 811 671 0 14 0 14 0 14 - 856 879 903 008 008 008 475 485 463 848 877 908 3991 4060 41 32 27 16 77 74 28 35 097 096 099 1049 31 32 32 13 427 414 446 1974 2032 2090 921 944 967 11 24 1 1 47 1 1 69 01 39-- 1 3 3 - - 2 7 128-96 28 68 2932-798pp3 5927 6035 61 40 520 533 508 2685 2731 27 81 908 922 936 724 35 743 69- 76217---29-
3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 29 36 24 25 2 810 24 24
p p
p
-
~
~
~~~
31 ~
29 39 67 24 ~26 28 32 31
23 17 37
p
38
~
25 32 26 32 22 25 14 27 27 3 3
31
33 15
~~
___
-
_
_
29 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.5 2.4 2.9 2.9 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.6 ___ 3.4 2.9 3.4 6.1 3.4 ~. 3.0 3.2 3.4 4.1 3.5 2.8 2.3 3.5 2.5 2.3 2.8 3.4 2.7 2.8 0.8 ___ I .0 2.8 3.2 3 .0 3 .0 2.8 2.8 0.7 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.4 3.2 3.2 3 .0 2.6 3.0 3.3 ~
~~~~~
~~
29 14 20 55 23 31
~p
~~
_
XSX9
12 32 28 24 34 3 1
1 25 45 23 26 -
_
_
_
~
p
911-MR
--
L. I
2.7 2.6 __ .~ 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.2 3.1 2.6 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.5 _2.7 2.2 2.6 3.6 2.8 2.7 2.2 2.8 2.3 2.5 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 1.2 - ~ 2.2 2.7 3.4 2.9 p
~
p
-p-_
1 .o
2.7 2.7 1.5 2.5 1 .8 2. I 2.1 3.2 3 .0 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.4
p - - -
-
8
Figure 1-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, 1997 (or most recent available year)
(Graph to be continued on the following page.)
9
Figure 1-1.
(continued)
10
Figure 1-2. Selected basic indicators, 1998* 0
Literacy rate**
GNP per capita
Population growth
(percent)
(US$ thousands)
(annual percent change)
20
* Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by total literacy rate.
40
60
80
100
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Oa0
2.0
4*0
6.0
Sekcted Background Data
11
Technical Notes
Tables
Atlas conversion factor for any year is the average of the official exchange rate (Table 3-4) or alternative
Table 1-1. Basic indicators. The data for this table
conversion factor (Table 3-6) for that year and for the two preceding years, after adjusting them for differences in relative inflation between that country and the United States. This three-year average smoothes fluctuations in prices and exchange rates for each country. The resulting GNP in U.S. dollars is divided by the midyear population for the latest of the three years to derive GNP per capita. The following formulas describe the procedures for computing the conversion factor for year t
are from the World Bank’s Economic and Social Database (BESD), except for official development assistance (ODA), which are from the OECD, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries database (see technical notes to Chapter 12). Regional aggregates for GNP per capita, life expectancy, and education are weighted by population. Population estimates for mid- 1998 are World Bank estimates. These are usually projections from the most recent population censuses or surveys (mostly from 1980-98). Refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum are generally considered to be part of the population of their country of origin (see technical notes to Tables 13-1, 13-4, and 13-5). Land area refers to the land surface area of a country, excluding inland waters. GNP per capita figures in U.S. dollars are calculated according to the World Bank Atlas method described below. GNP measures the total domestic and foreign value added claimed by residents. It comprises GDP (defined in the note for Table 2-5) plus net factor income from abroad, which is the income residents receive from abroad for factor services (labor and capital) less similar payments made to nonresidents who contributed to the domestic economy. The data are from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The World Bank Atlas method uses a three-year average of conversion factors to convert GNP data, expressed in different national currencies, to a common denomination, conventionally U.S. dollars. The
and for calculating per capita GNP in U.S. dollars for year t:
where Yt = current GNP (local currency) for year t, Pt = GNP deflator for year t, e = average annual exchange rate or alternative conversion factor (local currency to the US dollar) for year t, Nt = midyear population for = US GNP deflator for year t. year t, and Growth rates of GNP per capita for this table are shown in real terms. They have been calculated by the least-squares method using constant GNP per capita series in 1995 prices in national currency (World Bank, BESD). See also technical notes for Table 2-19. Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to remain the same throughout its life. Figures are World
12
Sekcted Background Data
Bank estimates based on data from the UN Population Division, the UN Statistical Office, and national statistical offices. Primary school enrollment is the ratio of children of all ages enrolled in primary school to the population of children of primary school age. While many countries consider the primary school age to be 6 to 11 years, others use different age groups. These different country practices are also reflected in the ratios. Gross enrollment may be reported in excess of 100 percent if some pupils are younger or older than the country’s standard range of primary school age. In practice, enrollment does not necessarily equal attendance, nor does it remain constant throughout the year. Data are from the United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Secondary school enrollment is the ratio of children of all ages enrolled in secondary schools to the population of children of secondary school age. T h e definition of secondary school age differs a m o n g countries. It is most commonly considered to be 12 to 17 years. Data are from UNESCO. Total net ODA per capita consists of net disbursements of loans and grants from all official sources on
concessional financial terms, divided by the midyear population for the corresponding year (see the technical notes to Chapter 12). Table 1-2. Population. Average annual percentage growth shown in this table was calculated using the least-squares method. Statistical background for the population estimates is available in the UN Population and Vital Statistics Report and the World Bank’s World Population Projections w o r l d Bank 1994-95) (see also the technical notes to Chapter 13).
Figures T h e following indicators have been used to derive the figures in this chapter. Figure 1- 1. Life expectancy (Table 1- 1);access to safe water (Table 13-10); GNP per capita (Table 2-19); primary school enrollment (Table 1- 1). Figure 1-2. Literacy rate (Table 13-13); GNP per capita (Table 2- 19); population growth (Table 1-2).
Selpcted Background Data
13
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter I
Table 1-1 Column Column Column Column Column Column Column Column Column Column
1
X
2 3 4
X
X
X
X
5
6
7
8
3
10
Table 1-2
X
X
X
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are 4 for Table 1-1 and in the last three columns for Table 1-2. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. shown in column
a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; ( 5 ) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean.
b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table, i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest of the table is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).
This page intentionally left blank
2
National Accounts
National accounts data provide the broadest picture of a nation’s economic performance. National accounts provide information on the structure of production in the form of gross domestic product (GDP) and its components by industrial origin, GDP and its components by expenditure, and information on a nation’s economic relations with the outside world. These are the key statistics for assessing a nation’s economic condition at a given point in time or the trends in a nation’s economic performance over time. Moreover, national accounts data provide a quantitative basis for forecasting and policymaking and as such are used widely both by analysts and policymakers. GDP and its components by industrial origin are compiled following the widely used System of National Accounts (SNA). The SNA methodology accounts for virtually all activities pertinent to the production of goods and the provision of services in an economy by residents and nonresidents, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. GDP does not account for the depreciation of fixed capital. There are three methods ofcompiling GDP figures: income, expenditure, and production methods. Because of technical and resource constraints, the income method is not used in most developing
countries. In this volume, GDP and its components by industrial origin are compiled using the production method. The three components of GDP by industrial origin are value added in agriculture, value added in industry, and value added in services. (See the technical notes at the end of this chapter.) The national accounts are constructed in national currencies and in current prices. Figures reported in this chapter are, however, in U.S. dollars, usually converted from national currency series at the official exchange rate. If the official exchange rate is significantly different from the prevailing market rate or shows extreme volatility, the local currency is converted into U.S. dollars by using an alternative conversion factor. The conversion factors used for this purpose are presented in Table 3-6. Reporting currencies in a common denominator facilitates cross-country comparisons and aggregations in country groups. In addition, estimates of GDP and its components by industrial origin are converted into constant prices. Reporting figures in constant prices is essential for monitoring real changes in the structure of production and for analyzing relations among prices, production, employment, and so forth. Constant price series in U.S. dollars use a 1995 base 15
16
National Accounts
year and are converted from national currency series using 1995 exchange rates. To establish a common base year for all countries, national accounts in national currencies at constant prices based on years other than 1995 have been partially rebased to 1995 by rescaling constant price series of components of GDP. Using a single base year raises problems when there are profound structural changes or significant changes in relative prices. For example, values expressed in constant U S . dollars necessarily reflect the exchange rates prevailing during the base year. Where subsequent exchange rate changes have been substantial, as they have for many African countries since 1780, comparisons among countries and aggregate trends will be affected. For this reason alone, the data should be used with considerable caution. Monitoring resource allocations across sectors in any given point in time requires the use of current prices. Accordingly, in addition to GDP in constant prices, GDP in current prices is provided. Following GDP in current prices are components of GDP by expenditure. Data o n consumption, investment, and savings are constructed using the SNA’s convention. Conceptually, all income is either consumed or saved, and as such the sum of total consumption and gross domestic saving equals GDP. When viewed from a production point of view, by definition savings equals investment. Investment measures additions to fixed assets of an economy, whether it represents additions to the stock of capital or merely replenishes depreciated capital stock, plus net changes in the level of inventories. I t is financed either through domestic savings or by drawing on the savings of foreigners. Data on gross domestic investment and gross domestic savings thus shed light not only o n the nature of the domestic inter-temporal resource allocation but also on the size of the resource gap. Gross national savings, however, indicates the amount of savings generated by the residents of a nation. Although this volume includes a chapter on international trade, the fact that balance of payments is an integral part of the national accounts warrants the
inclusion of the resource balance and its components in this chapter. Moreover, a closer examination of the fifth edition of the IMF’s Balance ofPayments Manual (1 993) reflects differences in concepts, definitions, and classifications from the UN’s SNA guidelines. For instance, in the SNA, factor services rendered by residents of another country are excluded from goods and services, but this practice is not universally followed. T h e tables on resource balance, and on values of exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.) of goods and nonfactor services in current U.S. dollars provide a comprehensive and systematic framework for macroeconomic analysis in general. Those interested in a more specialized and rigorous study of international trade transactions should use the data provided in Chapter 5. T h e rate of growth of real domestic product is an important indicator of economic progress and as such is widely monitored. Because these growth rates are calculated from national series, they are suitable for both cross-country comparisons and trend analysis for individual countries. Aggregate values and trends, however, reflect the choice of the base year, as explained above. Gross national income per capita, which is GDP per capita adjusted for changes in international terms of trade and which include net factor income from abroad, and total consumption per capita are also widely monitored indicators of economic progress. When expressed in current U.S. dollars to facilitate comparison and aggregation, however, the values for these indicators necessarily reflect exchange rate fluctuations as well as underlying economic and demographic changes. These indicators may be used with caution for cross-country comparison during any single year. They require special attention when used for trend analysis. Data for Chapter 2 are from the World Bank‘s country desks. Estimates are based o n data obtained from national sources, usually collected by World Bank staff who review the quality of national accounts data and, in some instances, help adjust national series.
National Accounts
17
2-1. Gross domestic product, real Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 1995 prices -
-
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Caineroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep of Congo, Republic of CBte dIvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea _ _ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana _________ __ Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia _Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauri t an I a Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda S5o Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan --_ _ Swazilaiid Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA-p-Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia AmRICA-- _
_
_
_
251,635 124,070 100,786 -
-~
p
~ -
~
~
~~~
-
p
-
-
~
-
~
-
-
-
_
-
~
~
5,134 4,264 344 5,238 2,908 217 8,360 638
~
4,893 4,525 355 5,515 2,986 228 8,481 642
4,636 4,378 367 5,729 ~3,113 231 8,413 665
-
5,256 4,482 378 6,014 ~ _ 3,249 236 8,443 691
_
3,115 3 , 2 n - -3TOm 1,218 1,287 1,400 2,148 2,108 2,142 904 888 911 2,910 3,119 3,251 20162,036 2 3 3 6 2,663 2,630 2,903 1,837 1,813 1,859 22,980 24,864 26,046 2,073 2,024 1,977 43 42 43 ~ - - _ _ _ _ ~ 3,084 4,031 4,188 4,171 314 404 441 453 1,035 1,100 1,118 1,028
5,446 4,636 379 6,211 _ _ 3,517 243 8,665 781
_
3,045 3 , 1 ~ , 1 0 8 1,297 1,423 1,277 2,321 2,271 2,319 926 977 1,022 3,453 3,641 7,789 1,963 2,134 2,294 7,085 3,024 3,227 1,738 1,762 1.833 26,806 27,396 27,423 2,089 1,919 969 43 44 45 4,263 ---947
15.227 245 6,568 1,142 2,777 7,116 1,417 90,862 28,204 12 547
15,450 222 6,690 1 .139 2,928 6.972 4,071 88.746 27,078 1 1.067
15.837 208 6.807 1.278 1,029 6,791 4,299 86,680 26,020 10,509
1,525 33,092 052 228 7.658 171 1,491 2,616 21.671 16,918 220 7,270 1.444 1.372 6,581 4,537 94.054 29.971 12,3 I4
0.258 3.527 I 1 1.922
20.785 6,799 250,229
2 1.874 6,974 258.881
21 3 6 6 8,250 274.457
22,061 8,54 1 271,301
21,459 8,692 275,387
22,158 9.000 313.724
24,458 7.691 270,373
1995
188,707 219.670 233,687 229,462 219,322 188,707 197.999 208,329 203,412 194,100 158,008 164.907 174,236 72,005 165,645 11.515 10,541 10,160 1 1.296 10,575 1,614 1,447 1.589 1,594 1,624 703 660 689 614 562 1,267 1,117 1.129 1,294 1,297 1,158 1,061 1.123 1,127 1,066 9,542 9,293 9,746 7,456 8.726 211 220 149 180 220 933 885 875 888 946 997 1,027 768 828 902 206 197 185 I92 204 12,826 12,330 1 1,270 12.322 13,24 6.004 5,241 5,071 5,081 5,414 18.898 19,524 15,609 I9,07 1 17.395 296 284 282 264 263 292 282 283 264 288 37 44 76 29 10,309 10,078 10,079 9,141 9,703 10,067 4.360 4,310 4,285 3,861 4,171 3,850 456 430 401 425 426 425 5,857 6,136 5,982 4.499 4,878 5.459 3.242 3,240 3,520 2,648 2,848 1,110 937 921 761 897 787 852 7,376 6,904 6,486 6.907 7,118 7,168 670 660 677 495 541 620 2,107 2,012 2,154 1,957 2,056 1,921 4,322 4,145 4,105 3.91 1 3,805 4,097 2,312 2,206 2,242 1,826 2,025 1,709 2,957 3,006 2,945 2,902 2,694 2.898 2,350 2,412 2,453 2,141 2223 2.088 1,818 2,472 1,756 1,008 1.382 1.05 1 5,782 5,991 5,726 5,195 5.622 5,130
7.704 2,845 325 1.1 28 2.266 564 5.781 287 1.656 3,684 1,359 2.020 2,044 874 4,163
824 1,514 137 1,398 1,134 140 3,383 72 686 1,250 830 727 840 467
Annual average ____
~~~~~
~
1993
1,586 34,091 1.029 252 3,841 159 1,178 2,678 25,358 17.603 235 7,447 1.464 7.571 6,859 5,053 99.659 12.81 0 31,266
1,536 3 1,407 1,043 261 3,664 148 1,181 2,643 26,050 16,972 222 7,412 1.479 3,674 7,182 5,005 97,859 33,428 3 1,299
1,579 28,455 1,111 261 3,671 149 1,149 2,561 25,222 16,326 368 7,177 1,339 3,708 6,758 4,961 91,413 30,921 29,849
2 1,667 19J2 1 22,669 11,465 11,323 10,914 333,346 327,321 310,735
-8-8-1
54,451 54,451 45,935 .. 408 182 269 153 1,976 33 181 227 48 4,319 1,227 5,644 33 71 ~
1,656 1,231 116 1,31 I 1,119 110
2,643 69 620 1,210 659 699 805 359 ,.
88-89
640 1,481 8,515 25,924 158 540 22 97 1.269 3,396 127 140 442 942 785 1,939 4,807 149 4,881 714 611 2,971 982 43,825 14,323 18,165
90-Mll
136,848 204,300 136,848 192,012 110,924 160,296 10,218 5,137 1,482 1,078 628 481 1,118 708 1,054 697 8,119 4,445 174 120 854 557 800 323 192 175 1 1,756 7,984 5,171 3,849 12,570 18,059 257 163 270 185 46 9,666 6,850 2,393 4,131 415 301 5,132 2,972 2,963 1,948 824 465 7,059 5,233 563 249 2,001 1,545 3,999 3,267 1,943 1,263 2,808 1,879 2,244 1,844 1,439 768 5,352 3,803
10,945 272 6,277 1,127 1,733 6,112 2,671 91,654 23,682 42,350
1,563 31,716 928 217 3.701 160 1,250 2,533 24,575 16,1?7 247 6,977 1,370 3,205 6,968 4,326 92,781 29,539 3 1,724
8,335 19,338 21,957 9,561 3,002 6,284 98,276 228,501 297,080
External Debt and Related Flows
177
6-23. Structure of external debt Bilateral Concessional Nonconzsslonal -~ -~______~-
-
Millions o f U.S. dollars (current orices) Multilateral Private Concessional --NonconcessEnal -~ -__---__
I980 199" SUB-SAHARANAFRTCA 42,088 5,711 34,820 3,950 41,332 42,088 5,711 34,820 excluding South Africa 3,950 41,332 excluding South Africa & Nigeria 41,262 5,689 22,648 3,912 40,836 ____ __ - ~ _ __._._______ _ -_ __ 1 596 Angola 2,062 . 168 Benin 413 31 106 82 84 852 28 Botswana 98 23 14 32 192 Burkina Faso 89 124 30 8 133 953 49 Burundi 149 55 840 1 0 ~_ -__ __ ~ _ _ - _ __ Cameroon 735 663 3,220 142 2,424 210 Cape Verde 143 3 29 1 10 17 17 134 28 50 Central Afncan Republic 593 42 710 97 94 34 79 Chad 75 21 30 0 0 143 Comoros 21 ____ _ . ._ . . _ Congo, Democratic Rep of 667 1,620 4,039 194 1,537 1,566 49 132 1,217 Congo, Republic o f 355 239 1,615 CBte d'Ivoire 369 355 1,529 69 3,076 1,43 I 5 Djibouti 14 117 0 1 135 30 13 46 84 55 Equatonal Guinea 2 -- _ _ __ 0 0 34 39 Eritrea 6,400 18 214 28 1 Eth i opt a 2,233 282 173 2,072 30 941 Gabon 103 10 0 0 313 81 Gambia, The 33 36 633 119 60 2,960 1,015 Ghana 139 _ - - ~- .-_ _ -_ ~-~ 1,183 116 Guinea 197 615 1,90 1 63 5 157 Guinea-Bissau 58 294 29 372 159 515 Kenya 414 1,345 267 2,382 2 31 374 Lesotho 4 40 82 50 77 197 179 388 33 Libena _____-- 71 1,047 1,119 148 1,560 Madagascar 32 1 112 16 Malawi 111 147 245 1,702 6 76 1,197 1,424 Mali 45 I 163 774 Mauntania 420 18 151 924 I06 37 25 39 60 284 25 Mauritius -0 1,934 1,852 1,533 Mozambique Namibia Niger 42 70 236 214 112 843 21 12,172 Nigeria 40 1 496 826 38 Rwanda 51 1 7 136 850 91 4 3 Sio Tome and Priiicipe 9 68 155 11 ~_ -Senegal 22 1 1,604 I69 506 79 1 179 Seychelles 16 4 6 21 47 3 47 135 258 475 Sierra Leone 136 39 Somalia 400 9 298 797 706 I47 0 0 South Africa 0 0 1,298 2,683 Sudan 1,361 2,838 368 1,798 _--1 74 69 65 76 Swaziland 17 Tanzania 2,388 88 588 2,813 2,278 305 703 Togo 155 210 239 252 90 619 Uganda 191 23 108 63 2,331 Zambia 778 327 1,056 19 1,808 1,989 15 83 134 478 920 Zim babwe 0 - .3,459 6,098 16,916 NORTHAFRICA 1 l , a 5 T0,7 i o 2,053 -__ -~ 356 Algeria 1,255 1,956 11,642 2,74214 1,970 3,767 1,221 Egypt, Arab Republic 6,23 1 20,603 1,885 Libya 158 2.650 783 79 2,638 5,092 Morocco 218 1,403 350 Tunisia 1,311 75 2,273 11,809 5 1,735 ALLAFRICA-2731 0 72,798 6,002 44,791 I980 12.375 12,375 1 1,974
~
199"
199-
1980
~
~
~
~
--
~-
~-
~
I980 3,618 3,618 3,084 13 20 53 9 5 222 0 12 0 0 127 69 454
12,346 12,346 8,829 -65 19 190 50 33 _ 730. 16 14 39 8 _643 380 1,870
1 1
1 10
~-
-
~
-~
--
-
--
~
-~
~
-
3 227 498 13 219 256 15 403 94 208 101 90 29 164 184 92
30 533 0 0 84 2 23 13
38 3.517 0
0
0
266 45 261 26 16 378 3 2,012 270 741
203 69 126 14 69 238 1,138 13y752 3,523 1,922
644 357
5,258 3,049
-~
-~
~-
-
--
-
-~
-
~
--
-
-
-~
~
-
0 58 30 5 140 67 5 364 0 98 34 72 9 18 53 0
~
-
-
-
-
!980 20,778 20,778 16,402
199-
1
199 33 19 17
--___
-
I18 8 20 8 -_i,01_4 0 48 54 0 --_ 1,462 653 5,091 5 7 _ _-
-
---
49 955 24 131 15936 1,286 1I 156 346192 76 131 165
__--
199"
40,425 26,546 20,631 5,994 3 28 4
I980 11,212 1 1,212 7,659
.. 73 4 35 12 278 0 25 12 1 -- 326 247 1,059 6 7
1
- -~
777 13 14 17 0 834 832 4,592 0 14 -~ 0 354 131 0 704 ---72-
-
57 228 23 131
--so-5 640 8 81 244 116 24 65 47
1
788 44 192
~-
432 4,376 8 0 461 0 111
28
- 4 5
21 0 24 1,421 64
-
5,306 2,537
199"
1980
199'
40,981 30,053 24,524
3,033 7,393 3,033 6,979 3,033 6,979 0 0 1,275 16 95 136 0 0 40 15 92 66 36 28 16 93 59 1,314 0 9 0 19 63 24 26 61 14 3 0 13 - _ -~ 3,306 373 407 34 22 754 450 65 2,661 5 0 25 61 I3 16 __ 0 0 565 87 79 482 131 15 13 16 10 677 347 105 -_ 413 9F, 35 12 71 1 250 254 803 28 8 6 305 89 646 69 164 87 106 80 27 176 83 39 113 62 304 0 496 102 -~0 189 327 ~
_--
-
159 3,553 26 0 219 59 53 47
96 5,915 1 0 66 25 6 34 13,879 1,973
854 240 739 289 415 0 244 76 726 155 595 930 21,549 19363 1.7,545 i 0 3 7 7 2,070 1,143 4,505 1,429
IMF
Short-term -
-~
92 5,529 77 34 213 18 89 558 10,928 599 6,035 15 158 1,770 837 120 44 63 112 586 374 90 977 8,063 5,647 _-_ 2,325 162 4,027 2,991
778 136 19,275
~-
231 1,539 46,627
6 171 33 89 447 0 868 0 41 1
61 0 40 0 292 0 167 151 415 797 0 246 88 394 1,138 385 2,191 2,018 0
457 0 3,901
173 9,584
16 0 14 0 140 0 59 18 0 43 1
-
-
0
178
External Debt and Related Flows
6-24. Structure of external debt service payments -
Millions of U.S. dollars _ (current prices) ~
~
~
_
Bilateral Multilateral ConTXsionaI NonconcZsiGnal pConcZFonalNonco%GZGGial ____ _
_
Private
Short-term
IMF
_
19x0
199-
19x0
199-
19x0
199-
19x0
199-
19x0
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 426 1,096 453 825 59 772 425 2,418 3,809 excluding South Afiica 426 1,096 453 825 59 772 425 2,418 3,809 excluding South Africa & Nigeria 404 96 1 438 760 58 768 354 1,675 3,145 ~- - - _____ _ ~_ . _ _ Angola 20 0 61 1 0 1 ,. Benin 1 7 1 11 1 23 1 6 4 Botswana 1 22 2 6 0 15 10 53 1 Burkina Faso 3 8 4 I 3 30 2 8 5 Buruiidi 1 0 0 0 0 15 I 6 4 ~ _ _ _~ _ - -- ___ ____ _.Cainerooii 25 70 18 76 4 40 24 214 163 Cape Verde 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 0 3 Central African Reptiblic 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 Chad 1 0 0 6 2 II 0 5 0 0 0 0 Coinoros 0 0 0 0 2 0 _ _ _____ ~_~ __ Congo, Deinocratic Rep of 48 0 136 0 2 0 22 0 189 Congo, Republic of 22 0 13 19 1 1 11 74 25 C6te d'lvoire 29 89 55 80 7 53 46 376 1,180 Djibouti 2 4 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 ~_ ~ _ _ _ __ ___ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea 11 7 1 5 2 41 10 Ethiopia 34 9 6 86 28 0 4 4 82 359 199 Gabon 0 9 0 0 0 7 0 3 0 Gambia, The 24 49 22 12 50 48 1 42 13 Gliana _ _ _~ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ~_ 7 0 27 21 55 26 7 32 14 Guinea 0 2 0 0 1 4 Guiiiea-Bissaii 0 6 0 13 68 22 81 139 274 Kenya 2 37 47 0 0 7 0 5 II 0 II 4 Lesotho 0 27 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 Liberia ___ _ . . _~ ~ ~ _ _ __ _ --. . 24 56 2 28 1 41 3 66 42 Madagascar 4 13 7 I 24 3 18 53 Malawi 2 4 24 0 Mali 4 3 3 37 1 0 8 29 0 7 Mauritania 17 3 29 2 29 2 57 4 39 29 6 Mauritius 4 6 0 _ _ _ _ __ 35 0 20 0 13 12 Mozain bique 0 0 Nainibia 0 0 3 2 5 3 Niger 2 98 16 20 2 22 135 15 65 Nigeria 4 70 743 663 1 0 1 0 1 1 15 0 0 3 Rwanda 2 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 Sfio Toine and Priiicipe 0 _ _ - __ - _. __ __ __ __________ 13 38 19 50 Senegal 41 1 8 33 183 0 2 0 0 Seychelles 2 1 0 6 0 0 2 11 2 1 1 35 Sierra Leone 5 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 Soinalia 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 ,. 0 South Afiica 0 37 0 0 12 Sudan 30 5 0 18 _~ _ _ _ __ ~_ Swaziland 0 0 2 8 6 5 2 4 13 23 Tanzan ia 1 2 56 44 36 32 6 2 5 17 6 2 16 Togo 1 15 2 8 Ugaiida 7 58 8 18 1 14 22 36 2 0 16 71 22 20 88 238 Zainbia 32 51 33 200 43 7 70 0 0 10 3 Zimbabwe _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ __ 571 - 1.592 -328 2.106 179 261 2.955 5.216 NORTH AFRICA 11 Algeria 107 224 226 1,004 936 3,564 25 69 265 628 50 320 51 134 65 457 Egypt, Arab Republic 0 0 0 0 Libya 879 130 489 24 Morocco 58 94 1,013 992 70 251 28 89 Triii i sia 340 31 47 550 5,373 9,025 ALL AFRICA 997 2,688 782 2,931 70 95 1 685 ~~~~
~
~
~
~
Note In 1995. Zambia was able to clear its arrears to the IMF after completing a 3 year Rights Arrangement Program
~~
199-
6,635 2,872 2,436 ~ 713 0 7 0 0 58 2 0 0 0 0 0 632 0 0 0 12 35 0 153 48 0 225 7 0 2
11
1997 1,039 485 452 46 4
2 5 2 28 0 2 0 0 45 31 95 1
3 0 40 0 1 1 0 12 16 105 1
1980
1,029 1,029 650 0
1
1
1
0 I 18 1 29 10
0 3 152 6
0 9 33 3 18 9 1 58 1 11 29 16 3 7 8 0
17 436 0 0 8 4 0 0 3,762 0 0 17 6 2 41 285 3.157 1,776 366
19 379 3 0 24 37 6 0 0 70 2 26 14 5 0 15 669 116 422
44 330 13 262
633 382 9.792
105 26 1,699
6 49 1,370
1
1 30 0 0 1 3 3 8 23 3
2 33 2 1 11 1 1 0 555 0 8 6 2 4 10
I980
487 487 487 0 0 0 0 1 19 0 7 3 0 101 8 0 0 0 2 1 1
33 2 0 17 0 5 3 3 4 11
3 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 19 4 0 92 0 39 0 16 84 0 253 0 121 100
33 739
199-
1,166 710 710 ___ -. 0 5 0 2 8 15 0 8 12 0 0 3 25 0 3 0 0 9 6 171 11 1
69 4 0 18 I8 8 8 0 16
16 0 3 0 66 0
I 0 456 57 0 32 12 60 6 36 522 443 15
3 60 1,688
External Debt and Related Flows
179
6-25. Terms of long-term external financing, 1997 Concessionul terms
.o I .o
Gruce period (yeur,s) 9.6 9.6 9.6
Muturity (yeur-s) 39.4 39.4 .39.4
Grunt element (percent) 76.2 76.2 76.2
I .4
7.9
33.3
66.6
0.6
10.3
43.0
83.0
0.5 0.8
9.3 10.6
38.7 50.0
81.6 83.5
0.7 0.5
10.2 10.3
46.7 39.8
Interest (percent) 1 .o
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S . Africa & Nigeria __ -. Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of CBte d'Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea - -. Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius ~. . Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Siio Tom6 and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe ____ NORTH AFRICA -_ _ -~ Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco
.-
1
Nonconcessionul terms Interest (percent) 7.2 7.2 7.2
Gruce period (years) 6.2 6.2 6.3
Muturity (years) 23.2 23.2 23.2 ~-
~
-
~-
-
~
Grunt element (percent) 17.4 17.4 17.4-
83.1 82.8 ~~~
1.6 0.8
8.6 4.1
30.9 30.3
67.3 66.9
1.1 1.O 5.o
10.7 9.0 5.2 9.8 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.3 5.0
36.2 44.0 10.7 46.7 38.9 41.2 46.3 39.8 22.3
74.6 77.3 25.6 79.5 74.5 75.7 83.1 82.6 48.9
1 .o
1.3 1.3 0.7
0.5 2.7
- _ _ _ ~ _ ~ _ _ _ _ ~
5.3
0.3
15 3
22 2
6.4 7.2
0.9 7.8
_ _
74 70 7
11 0 20 5
10.0
I .9
I9 4
-1 4
-~ - -
~
0.8 0.7 0.9 1.8 4.0 0.7
10.3 10.1 9.9 7.8 3.4 9.9
42.0 47.8 43.8 33.6 13.9 43. I
81.2 83.0 79.7 66.8 31.8 80.6
1.I
8.1
35.3
72.9
7.0
5.7 8.8
23 8
73
3.2 7.7
~~~~~~
11.7 32.3
21 1
20.3 9.2
Structure qf:finuncing (percentuge of' totul)
Grunts 66.2 65.6 65.6 100.0 67.0 100.0 61.1 100.0 84.4 85.5 100.0 57.2 35.8 100.0 100.0 56.0 75.9 100.0
26.1 81 0 37 6 42 9 40 1 40 6 55 9 68 3 83 2 1000 63 3 59.9 63.6 71 .0 48.2 62.6 74.3
0.5 0.8 0.8 5.0 0.8
0.8 1 .o
0.6 0.5 0.8
10.3 10.4 10.2 4.0 10.6
10.0 9.6 10.2 8.9 7.8
_3_ 4 _ - ~
39.8 49.9 40.8 17.0 50.1
43.4 38.8 43.1 37.9 34.4 -
27 07
64 56 99
211 19 7 73 0
29
70
21 0
82.9 83.4 80.2 29.6 83.5
80.3 76.8 82.8 76.8 69.9_ _ _ __
7.5 7.3
10.1 6.4
14.0
3.4
9.8 7.1
0.8 I .6
-
46 1 48 6 77 6
-E 75
75 78
49 8
61
29
-~
56
-77
____
louns
1oun.s
31.7 32.3 32.4 0.0 33.0 0.0 38.9 0.0 15.6 14.5 0.0 42.8 64.2 0.0 0.0 44.0 24.1 0.0 73.9 I9 0 56 0 57 1 57 8 54 0 441 31 7 166 00 25 2 40.1 36.4 29.0 40.4 33.8
0.0 9.9
8 I1 5 13 8
I7 2 I6 5 128
29 0 25 87 7
27607 79
15 8
20 1
I9 3
43 7
-~
39.6 20.4
10.9
5.3 8.1 - -
_ _ ~ _ _
20.2 17.6
-21.0
17- - ~ ---
2.0 2.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 __ _ _. . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 65 00 _ _2 2 55 00 00 ~~~
01
00
~~~
89.9 73.7 54.6 22.0 82.6 I00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.4 35.9 64.8 54.2 59.4
~
~
Nonconcessionul
25.7 0.0 10.1 26.3 41.9 26.3 17.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.6 64.1 35.2 45.3 29.4
100.0
.~
Concessionul
11 5
00 00 00 II 4 35
~
00 00 00 00 - 75 51 7 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 II 7 47 4 96 9 44 ~
~~
~
37 I 30 8
External Debt and Related Flows
180
6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, 1997 Debt-GDP ratio
_~
Total external Percentage debt per capita of debt (US dollars) disbursed
_.
Noti-
(’otice.s.siotiaI
concessronal
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 24 39 359 88 excluding South Afiica 43 57 340 88 53 54 366 87 excl S Africa & Nigeria ___ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ __ ~ ~ _~ 91 Angola 30 9 87 1 Benin 59 6 280 80 Botswana 5 4 367 91 Burkina Faso 45 2 124 74 Burundi 103 3 166 88 - -_ -Cameroon 43 35 667 90 Cape Verde 40 6 548 65 Central Afncan Republic 72 6 259 92 Chad 50 7 144 77 86 89 4 38 1 Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep of 51 77 264 95 Congo, Republic of 80 69 1,873 95 44 33 1,098 92 CBte dIvoire 50 0 446 84 Dji bout1 28 11 674 88 Equatorial Guinea __ - _ __ - ___ - __ _ _ - - ____ _ _ __ 11 0 20 21 Eritrea 91 Ethiopia 135 7 169 Gabon 19 50 3,717 90 Gambia, The 97 3 364 86 Ghana 58 4 333 78 -_ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ Giiinea 63 12 509 85 Guinea-Bissau 248 64 810 91 Kenya 35 9 227 84 Lesotho 48 13 328 76 Liberia 697 99 ~___________ -_ __ - Madagascar 76 32 2qo-89 Malawi 77 4 215 80 Mali 104 1 286 82 155 29 997 88 Mauritania Maiiritiiis 8 5 2,153 80 _ ~ _-__ _ _ _ _ __ -_ - - ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Mozambique 98 59 360 86 Nain i bi a 0 NIger 57 15 161 82 Nigeria 3 39 24 1 94 Rwanda 53 0 141 80 1,882 84 507 9 S2o Tome and Principe ~ _ _ _ _ _ ____ Senegal 53 16 418 81 Seychelles 12 7 1,920 73 19 242 84 Sierra Leone 89 Somalia 292 89 South Africa 0 0 62 1 87 46 29 589 94 Sudan ---- _ -- _ _ ~ _ II 5 384 67 Swa<Xnb _ Tanzania 72 10 229 83 Togo 64 17 308 85 47 3 183 82 Uganda Zambia 97 33 716 92 15 433 75 17 Zimbabwe __________ 84 20 33 724 NORTH AFRICA ________ _ _ . _ ~_ Aigeria 7 32 1,055 82 Egypt, Aiab Republic 30 4 495 94 Libya Morocco 18 24 707 81 14 24 1,229 73 Tun I sia __ __- ___ - _ A LLAFRICA 22 37 422 87
Noti(‘otices.sto~al
_
~
~
~
--
_
~
80 I26 163 41208 10 290 990 157 85 367 286 395 211 104
p
~
-
_
_
-
-
--
_
-
-
~~
~p
310 162
41 45
179
151
12 59 1
--
77 455
_-
~~
-
169 174 82 287 79p----p 22 360
0 723
67 1,822 18 159 71 88 227 1 I4 _ 98 -__ 171 34
-
11
~
~~~~
19
105
-
-
_
51 79 77
_
1 I6
97 _ 1 I9
13 14
15 16
9 3 14 29 20 6 7 13 5 _
I 6 28 1 - .
~-
34 1 8 643 1,688 148 18 635
388 177 342 29 1 45 59
176 24 1 262 163 159 15 190 548 315 68 266 195 289 783 253 276 76 46 9 795 128 109 23 1 314 1,150 162 62
_
-
325 182 247 353 86 _ ._ 770
159
~~
~~
_
100 18 118 _-__131 462 92 29
~99-
131 168 166 148 59 9 59 77 ~ _ _ 212 24 80 79 56 633 181 230 14 30 1 139
29 189 235 315 1,203 124 65
p
_
coticc.wiotid
91 I09 29 18 829
~
_
Present value Debt serviceof debtexport ratio export ratio (Ex posl)
Debt-export ratio --
-
~
p
.
24 12 11
21 10 18
~~
20 9 14 50 15 4 17
329 173 402 1,125
152 35 628 63 2,366 25 405 162 239 3 86 134 135 _ _ ~ 181 99
13 9
. _~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
_-
_
_
149 1 I7 -___ 161
_ -
3
_ p _ -
-
-
I 0 10 13 13 30 20 18 22 6
~
___ _
12 10 22 20 22 19
27 9
_
_
27 16 15
181
Figure 6-1. Debt service ratio (ex post), 1997
182
Figure 6-2.
* Debt to GDP d
Debt to GDP ratio, 1997
o is greaterthan 400.
** Sorted by conccssional debt.
External Debt and Related Flows
183
Technical Notes
Tables Tables 6-1,6-2, and 6-3. Gross disbursements:official concessional, official nonconcessional, and private long-term loans. Gross disbursements are from commitments of long-term external loans by official concessional, official nonconcessional, and private sources, respectively (World Bank, DRS). Table 6-4. Disbursements:long-term loans and IMF purchases. This is the sum of tables 6-1 through 6-3, plus IMF purchases. Tables 6-5,6-6, and 6-7. Amortization: official concessional, official nonconcessional, and private longterm loans. Amortization is the actual repayment of principal made in foreign currencies, goods, or services on outstanding long-term official concessional, official nonconcessional, and private long-term loans as described above (World Bank, DRS). Table 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases. This is the sum ofTables 6-5 to 6-7, plus repurchases of drawings from the IMF. Tables 6-9,6-10, and 6-1 1. Interest payments: oficial concessional, official nonconcessional, and private long-term loans. These are actual payments made in foreign currencies, goods, and services to various lenders described above on interest obligations, including IMF charges on drawings due on disbursed debt and on commitment charges due on undisbursed debt (where information is available), that is, on long-term official concessional, official
nonconcessional, and private loans (World Bank, DRS). Table 6- 12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges. This is the sum of Tables 6-9 through 6- 11, plus IMF charges on drawings. Table 6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credit. Total external debt service payments include the sum of amortization on long-term loans and IMF credit and interest payments on long-term loans and IMF credit (World Bank, DRS). Table 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans. These are estimated for the respective year based on the estimated year-end stock ofshort-term debt (which may include interest arrears on long-term debt) and the annual average six-month London interbank offered rate (LIBOR) on notes denominated in U.S. dollars as reported in the IFS (with no adjustment for spreads).Actual payments may be different because the LIBOR only approximates actual interest rates on short-term loans, and because not all interesedue on short-term loans is actually paid (World Bank, DRS). Table 6- 15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF. These flows represent all disbursements of long- and short-term loans net of all repayments of principal on long- and short-term loans and IMF credit (World Bank, DRS). ,
Table 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including IMF. Net flows of long-term loans are as defined
184
Extmal Debt and Related Flows
above for Table 6- 15, but excluding short-term loans (World Bank, DRS). Table 6- 17. Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF. Net transfers are net flows (Table 6- 15) less interest payments (Tables 6-12 and 6-14). Table 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF. Net transfers include long-term loans and IMF credit only (Table 6-16 less Table 6-12). Tables 6-19, 6-20, and 6-21. Long-term debt: 0%cid concessiond, official nonconcessional, and private. This series reflects the total debt outstanding and disbursed of official concessional, official nonconcessional, and private loans (World Bank, DRS). The time series reflects changes in the valuation of yearend debt stocks (because of US dollar exchange rate fluctuation) and debt cancellation, as well as net disbursements. Therefore changes in debt stocks from year to year cannot be used as a measure of net borrowing or vice versa. Table 6-22. Total external debt. When Tables 6-19 to 6-21 are supplemented with IMF credit and estimates of total short-term debt (which includes interest in arrears on public and publicly guaranteed longterm loans), they sum up to total external debt (World Bank, DRS). Table 6-23. Structure of external debt. This table summarizes debt structure for 1980 and 1997 (World Bank, DRS). The columns cover the type of creditor and concessionality. The private debt shown includes both the private guaranteed (by an entity of the debtor government) and the private nonguaranteed debt. For each year, all components shown add to the total in Table 6-22. Table 6-24. Structure of external debt service payments. This summary table compares debt service payments for all types of creditors in 1980 and 1997 (World Bank, DRS). Debt service payments on short-
term loans are excluded, to be consistent with Table 6- 13. Debt service payments are actual repayments of principal (amortization) and actual payments of interest. The column headings have the same definitions as given above for Table 6-23. Table 6-25. Terms of long-term external financing, 1997. This table presents the average interest rates, grace periods, maturities, and grant elements shown separately for concessional and nonconcessional longterm loans (official and private); short-term loans are excluded (World Bank, DRS). Grant elements are calculated using a standard 10 percent discount rate. The indicators are weighted averages (based on amount of commitments) across all loans in each category. For the column on structure of financing (that is, total flows), grants are based on sources for Chapter 12 (Aid Flows) and are not comparable with net oficial transfers shown in Chapter 5. Table 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, 1997. This table includes the ratio of debt outstanding and disbursed to GDP; per capita debt; the ratio ofdebt outstanding and disbursed to debt outstanding, including undisbursed; the ratio of debt outstanding and disbursed and the ratio of the present value of debt to exports of goods and all services, including receipts of workers’ remittances; and the ratio of total debt service paid to exports of goods and all services, more commonly called the debt service ratio (World Bank, DRS). Ratios are shown separately for concessional debt and for all nonconcessional (including private) debt. Both the stock of external debt and debt service payments include short- and long-term loans and IMF credit, except for the ratio of debt outstanding to debt outstanding including undisbursed, which is calculated for public and publicly guaranteed debt only. The data for exports of goods and all services, plus receipts of workers’ remittances, are taken from balance of payments data in Chapter 5. The present value of debt is the sum of all future payments discounted to the present (usually with a commercial discount rate similar to LIBOR. The debt service ratio is shown for the
&ternal Debt and Related Flows
185
Figure 6-1. Debt service ratio (Table 6-26).
ex post category, depicting the amount actually paid after debt relief and/or arrears.
Figure 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio (Table 6-26).
Figures T h e following indicators have been used to derive the figures in this chapter.
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 6
6- 1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-1 1 6-12 6-13 6-14 6-15 6-16 6-17 6-18 6-19 6-20 6-21 6-22 6-23 6-24 6-25 6-26
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total ofthe gap-filled indicator; (4)simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; ( 5 ) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total; (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table, i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown
as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest of the table is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).
This page intentionally left blank
7
Government Finance
T h e data in this chapter pertain to consolidated government (except when not available) instead of to central government operations, which were reported in previous volumes. Definitions have been taken from the IMF’s Guvernment Finance Statistics (GFS). For this volume, data are taken from country desks. When not available from country desks, data are taken from the GFS and supplemented with data from IMF, World Bank, or staff reports, or from other national government sources. Data from various sources have been harmonized to produce a consistent and comparable time series. T h e focus of this chapter is on the principal financial transactions of government-taxing, borrowing, spending, and lending-rather than on the production and consumption of goods and services, the use of labor, or other government activities. Spending covers both current and capital transactions. T h e data cover major government finance indicators-fiscal deficit or surplus, expenditure and lending minus repayments, revenue, grants, and domestic and foreign financing-expressed as a percentage of GDP. T h e chapter also includes information on the major components of revenue and expenditure by
economic category, shown as percentages of total revenue and as a percentage of expenditure and lending minus repayments, respectively. Measures of fiscal deficit or surplus are among the single most important indicators of government fiscal performance. T h e measure is usually calculated as the difference between total revenue (including grants) and total expenditure (including lending minus repayments). As such, it measures government net financing requirements. GFS methodology recommends grouping grants receipts with revenue because they can be spent without incurring an obligation for future payments but lists them separately- because grants can sometimes be treated as financing items. Financing includes all government borrowing from others (at home and abroad) minus amortization (government repayment of its borrowing from others and changes in cash balances). Other measures of fiscal balance include the fiscal deficit or surplus without capital grants, which measures the government’s ability to operate without foreign capital transfers, and the fiscal deficit or surplus, excluding interest payments from expenditure, referred to as the primary deficit or surplus.
187
188
Government Finance
Revenue is divided between taxes-unrequi ted compulsory payments to government-and nontax revenue. It includes only non- repayable receipts other than grants. Tax revenue is also classified according to the base upon which the tax is levied (for example, income and profits). Expenditure is classified by economic category (such as wages, purchases, and interest payments). Lending minus repayments-government lending less repayment of past government lending-is grouped with expenditure, except in certain cases (see Technical Notes). The economic classification of expenditures (for example, on wages) is presented as a percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments, because lending minus repayments is itself a separate economic classification. N o attempt was made to reconcile GFS data in this chapter with the System of National Accounts (SNA). T h e fundamental difference between the two systems is that GFS focuses on government financial transactions, whereas the SNA considers
government transactions as part of total demand and value added. (For hrther discussion, see World Bank 1988b, box 2.1, p. 45.) Indicators calculated as ratios to GDP use GDP at purchaser values or market prices (see Technical Notes to Chapter 1). Because GDP at purchaser values includes import duties (and GDP at market prices includes indirect t&es), ratios for revenues tend to understate tax burdens, especiallywhere such taxes are an important source of government revenue. Fiscal year data are compared with the calendar year GDP data that correspond either to the second half of the fiscal year or to the calendar year in which most of the fiscal year falls. Fiscal years do not correspond to calendar years in Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Ghana (before 1982), Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe (after 1985). Tables in this volume contain corrections to mislabeled subtitles in AD1 1772. Thus subtitles in tables 7-1 through 7-8 are now correctly labeled percentage of total GDP (instead of revenues).
Government Finance
189
7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including grants) -
~_
19x0
19x9
I990
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -121 -38 -42 -6.1 -5.2 excluding South Africa -5.5 -5.8 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria -25.2 -26.7 Angola -4.9 -2.3 Benin 10.5 9.6 Botswana -4.6 -9.4 -16.8 Burkina Faso -2.7 -4.3 9.8 Burundi ~_ --7.6 -4.5 Cameroon 0.4 Cape Verde -12.2 -15.1 -7.4 -4.9 Central African Republic -8.3 -7.6 Chad -0.5 -3.4 Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep of -1.6 -6.6 Congo, Republic of -16.6 -12.0 CBte dIvoire -85 -20.6 Dj ibout i -16.5 -5.3 Equatorial Guinea Entrea -9.8 Ethiopia -6.2 -6.1 -4.1 Gabon Gambia, The 3.2 -0.1 -3 9 -2.1 -3.1 Ghana - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~-5.2 -5.0 Guinea -6.5 -12.5 Guinea-Bissau 00 -4.7 -6.2 Keiiya -7 I -2.4 -9.2 Lesotho Liberia -________--__-.- . .._ - __ - -0.7 Madagascar -128 -4.1 Malawi -11 6 -5.0 -2.2 Mali -2.7 -2.7 -1.5 -3.7 Mauritania Mauritius -2.6 ~_ -1.9 __ -6.2 Mozambique -20 -4.3 Namibia 00 -1.5 -2.5 Niger -135 -5.9 -7.o NIgeri a -03 -3.4 -7.2 -4.4 -5.0 Rwanda -20 -32.3 -28.7 SZo Toine and Principe ______________ Senegal -46 -2.1 -3.O 0.2 -8.0 Seychelles Sierra Leone -226 -9.9 -10.1 Soin all a South Africa -180 -3.1 -1.2 Sudan -1 1.7 -9.2 Swaziland 32 Tanzania -0.2 -29 -3.5 Togo -44 Uganda 00 -3.2 Zambia -83 -4.3 76 Zimbabwe -65 -7.6 -. -43 -7.7 NORTH AFRICA ___ _ ~_ Algeria 36 -1.8 Egypt, Arab Republic -13.2 -125 Libya -6.O -06 Morocco -9 5 Tunisia ~~
1993
1994
1995
-49 -5.7 -5.4 -22.0 -5.2 9.1 -3.6 -0.2 -8.2 -6.3 -9.2 -4.3 -2.2
-63 -5.3 -7.0 -56.9 -4.8 95 -29 -2.7 -6.3 -8.7 -9.0 -8.6 -2.5
-69 -5.1 -5.6 -21.7 -0.8 8.7 -4.6 -3.6 -6.3 -10.2 -8.2 -9.1 2.6
-5 9 -5.6 -5.7 -20.0 -2.4 3.1 -3.2 -4.3 -9.2 -16.6 -10.0 -4.7 -7.7
-39 -2.8 -4.2 . __ -27.3 -3.2 1.8 -3.6 -4.9 -3.2 -15.1 -5.1 -4.4 -7.9
-13.1 -12.9 -3.O -5.9
-14.1 -11.3
-12.6 -1 1.9 -13.0 -15.1 ..-6.4 -5.9 -5.7 1.3 -9.9 -3.7 -12.9 -8.7 5.7
~~
~
~~
~
~~
*-~LAFRIcA~
_
~
---
_
-8.9 . -3.2 -7.0 -5.2 1.3 -9.4 -3.1 -21.4 ~_
-85 -22 1 1 -1 4
~
-45 -17 7 -5 2 -07 -
-55 -3 0 -41 -76 -22
_
~
~
3.1 -
~ _
-71 -5 4 -241 20 -49 -96
_
-6.6 -13.6 -3.9 -0.5 -2.3 -2.7 -3.1 -4.7 3.3
-39 -15 3 55 28 -6 1 -3 7 -70 -5 2 -5 1
-7.4 -20.1 ~-0.1 3.6 -4.2 -7.3 -2.5 -6.8 -2.3 -~
~_
~
_
-125
-3.1
-8.9 -1.7 -3.4 -1.6 -15.6 -3.2 -5.6 -6.1 -4.6 -8.7 -2.3
-1 0
-2.2
-3.0
-__
_ _
~
17
-1.1
~~~
.
~
-5.0 --4 2
-7.2 -6.0 -4.1 -7.5 -2.2 -3.6 -3.8 -3.8 -2.7 -8.2 -24.2 -3.1 -9.3 -7.4
-8.1
-32.7 -1.8 -5.8 -8.4
-49
-5.0 ~
~
-13.2 -6.5 -8.4 -5.7 -12.7 -7.7 -1.6 -1.1
-8.9 -3.6 -8.5 -5.2 5.9 .~
~-~
~
_ _ _ _ ~ - ~ _ _ ~ _ ~ ~
-3 1 -1 5 -3 6
~
~~
-5.1
.
~~
-
~
- ~~~
.
~
- I 1.7
Annual average
___
--
1992
~
~
Percentage of GDP
1991
-8.4 -27.9 -4.3 -0.5 -3.1 _ -5.3 -1.2 -6.7 -5.1
-8.2 -3.7 -8.1 -5.6
-22.4 -3.9 3.2 -6.7 -6.4 -2.7 -
-1.5
-2.5 4.4
1996
1998
-43 -3.8 -2.9 -14.6 2.0 -3.3 -2.9 -4.3 -1.6 -12.1 -0.9 -4.9 -3.0
75-84
-33 -154 -04 64 -06 -101 -~ -1 7 -168 -35 -50 -58
-66 -5 0 -4.3 -5.5 -4.3 -5.2 .. -11.1 0.0 11.5 9.7 14.5 -22.6 -17.4 9.5 -4.4 0.5 -5.2 .. -7.4 0.9 -4.5 -1.1 -4.2 19 1 11.2
-48 -4.1 -4.7 -24.3 -2.1 5.6 -3.3 -4.2 -5.0 -12.3 -6.2 -5.9 -3.3
-5 0 -21 -40 -63 -198 -5 6 27 -98 -95 -3 0 -12 I -23 46
-8.6 -12.1 -2.7 -9.0 -2.1 -8.6 -1.8 -1 1 .o -5.6 -2.3 .. -0.4 8.9 -1 1.2 -7.0 -32.4 .. -6.6 -5.7 -1.5 -3.9 6.0 -4.1 -7.1 0.3 3.8 -6.5 -2.5 -9.2 -6.3 -2.3 -2.7 ~. _ -.._ _ . --_ _ -2.9 -3.2 -5.4 -18.2 -16.2 -10.7 -6.1 -1.9 -1.2 -4.8 -5.2 -5.4 -6.4 -0.1 -6.7
-10.4 -7.1 -8.5 -4.9 -14.9 -6.0 -1.2 -2.6 -7.1 -3.5 -12.8 -4.3
- _
~
~~~~~
-.
~~_
~~
-6.2 -6.5 -3.1 3.3 -5.3 -3.2 -2.4 -3.9 4.4 -2.3 -37.6 -0.2 -1 1.4 -9.8
-49 -3 1 -09 81 -67 -29 -5 5 -02 52 -5 7 -323 -02 -11 4 -65 -54 -3 8 -1 0 -22 -5 8 -1 9 -26 -78 06 30 -07
-46 -07
-3.0 1.9 -1 1.7 -3.8 -6.5 -6.7 -2.2
-2.9 -0.9
-5.2 -3.2 -2.0 -3.9 -6.4 -2.9 -4.3 -10.1 -- 1 5: -0.3 -0.3
23 -03
-3.2 -0.4
-3.7
-5.5
-05
22
-2.7
--
-1 1.5
-43.0 -1.9 -9.0 -7.1 ~~~
-6.2 _
~~
~~
-~
-2.4 -6.9 -2.1 5.2 -5.1 __ -2.6 -3.6 -2.7
-24 48 -25 -24 -4.8 -1.9
-8.6 -2.8 -2.5 -26.7 -24.9 -_-____ 0.0 00 -3.8 -127 -10.0 -72
--
-1 1
_
-5.0 -0.6 - 1 .0
20 -21 -1 8
-0.6
-1 1
-3.1
-7I
-2.9
-6.5 -4.3 -12.2 -12.1 ~
~
G” -5.1
,.
-2.1 -0.4 .. 8.0 .. . -8.i ..
_
11 ~
.
- I .8 .--
-3.1
-22
-1 8
1.5
_ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _
-7.4 -3.6 -5.1 -83 -60 -87 -31 27 -54 00 06 04 -66 -25_ _ _ -3- 5 -3 6 -85 -81 -32 -10.0 -7.6 -38 -14.2 -4.8 -I 4 -5.8 -7.0 -5 7 -4.9 -6.2 .. -15.4 -305 -09 -5.7 -2.0 4.7 -7.7 -76 -9.3 -13.0 -84
-4.1 -6 3
1.1
~
_
..
..
-10.5
-
-4.7
90-MR
85-89
-32 -1.9 -2.5 -18.8 0.3 4.8 -3.2 -5.4 -0.7 -13.1 -2.3 -3.8 -2.8
-3 5 -1 9
.
-6.2
199-
~~
-2.1 -3.7 -3.6 -10.8 -7.9 -9.7 -8.0 -14.0 -
-6.3
-55 -6 9 -08 07 -67 -33
-45 -66 -22 -06 -37 -1 9
- _ _
-3.6-
~
-5.5
-6.2
-40
~
Note 1998 data are preliminary Nigeria from 1992 accounts arc for consolidated budget. since 1994, ratios are distorted as off exch rate used by the Gov for oil exports oil value added is significantly overvalued
Government Finance
190
7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding grants) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl S Afiica & Nigeria Angola Beniii Bot swaiia Burkiiia Faso Btiruiidi Cain erOoii Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros CoiigoFDFkcratic Rep of Congo, Republic of C6te d’lvoire Dlibotiti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gaboii Gain bia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissaii Kenya Lesotho Libeiia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozam biqiie Nainibia Nigei Nigeria Rwanda Siio Tome and Piiiicipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Soinalia South Afiica Siidan Swazilaiid Tanzaii ia Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeiia Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco
~
~~
~~~~
1989
1990
1991
-49 -8.1 -8.3 -25.2 -12.0 8.7 -27.7 -1.5 -4.5 -15.1 -9.7 -17.8 -19.8
-5 2 -7.0 -7.7 _ _ -26.7 -1 0.8 9.1 -7.3 -10.8
-6 1 -7 7 -7 8 -22 0 -8 6 81 -8 2 -8 8 -8 2-19 8 -13 8 -9 6 -18 5
~~
6.1
~~~~~
b.4-
~
~
~.
.
- ..
-1.6 -16.6 -38.2
0.0 -7.9
-12.8 -1 5.9
-3.9
-0.3
-5.3 -23.6
6.9
-10.6
__ __ _ _
-
~~~~
I980 -12 2
-10.9 -6.5 -5.7 -5.3 -8.7 -39.8
~~
-7.6 - 1 2.7 -1 1.6 -16.9 -1 5.5 -7.0 -12.0 -20.6 -35.6
-13.3 -13.4 -15.2 -33.6
Percentage of GDP 1993 -82 -7.5 -8.4 ~ _ _ -21 7 -4.1 7.1 -10.1 -12.3 ~--~~ -6.3 -27.0 -13.5 -13.9 -1 1.9 ..
..
1994 -7 3 -8.3 -9.0 -20.0 -7.0 2.2 -10.6 -6.8 -9.4 -34.6 -14.9 -14.2 -24.0
~~
~~~~
~
-12.6 -12.4 -21.8 -34.4 -26.5 -7.6 -6.0 -2.4 -14.1 -7.3 -29.8 - 1 1.8 -0.3
-14.3 -1.2 -13.4
-10.7 -9.1 -9.6 -1 1.3 -2.4 -15.5 -4.5 -9.4 -2.7 -14.6 -40.9 -4.2 -10.8 -7.4
-1 1.4 -42.1 -13.8 -4.5 -3.4 -19.2 -1.6 -12.5 -5.1 -1 2.4 -60.5 -6.1 -9.8 -7.1
-9.9
-3 I .2 -1 1 . I -2.0 -4.2 -12.4 -7.1 -23.2 -7.9 0.6
-10.9
-19.4
-12.0 -4.4 -6.0 -5.7 -8.8 -24.5 -8.4 -13.5
-8.2 -7.2 -7.9 -6.3 -2.9 -13.6 -1.5 -10.6 -7.2 -8.7 -50.8 -4 .0 -9.5 -10.2
-5.1 -7.3 -8.7 -3.9 -2.1 -15.9 -3.7 -12.4 -3.4 -9.6 -43.9 -4.3 -1.7 -10.1
-1.7 -6.4 -12.3 -2.3 -14.2 -2.6 -8.4 -7. I -12.8 -36.0 0.3 -6.4 -9.6
-10.1 -16.2 - 1 1 .0 -3.4 -2.4 -16.5 -3.9 -8.6 3.3 -14.2 -4 1.7 -3.1 -7.1 -8.4
-1.4
-3.3
-4.3
-7.8
-9.0
-6.2
-3.9 -6.1 -4.8 -6.6 -8.3 -8.9
-0.5 -6.2 -5.9 - I 2.7 -7.3 -6.3
4.7 0.4 -8.0 -1.6 -1 6.0 -6.3 -6.9
-1.5 0.9 -5.8 -14.4 -12.6 -8.4 -3.4
-4.6 -5.3 -1 5.9 - 1 1.3 -13.6 -8.1 -5.4
-3.9 -2.0 -13.1 -10.3 -1 1.8 -8.6 -2.9
-15.4
-15.1
-15.2
-5.5
-3.5
-6.8
-4.4
-3.7
-2.6
-6.2
-5.6
-6.3
-6.3
-7.1
-2.4 -4.3 -4.5 -8.2 -33.2 -7.2
-10.4
-9.9
1995
1996
199-
-5 1 -4.9 -6.8 -27.3 -7.3 1.5 -1 0.3 -8.5 -3.3 -32.5 -1 1.4 -1 1.9 -19.7
-4 5 -3.7 -5.5 -10.4 -4.3 6.0 -9.0 -1 2.4 -1.7 -31.5 -5.0 -1 1 .0 -14.7
-4 1 -3.8 -4.7 __ -19.7 -4.2 4.7 -10.2 -8.4 -0.7 -27.7 -6.3 -9.9 -12.5
~~~
~~
~
~
-14.1 -1 1.8 -24.1 -26.0 -1 2.3 -9.6 -5.3 -3.3 -12.7 -7.1 -37.2 -7.7 -4.5
Annual average __
-
~
1992 -7 7 -7 6 -9 8 . _ _ _ _ _ -56 9 -8.9 8.5 -9.1 -1 1.3 __ - -6.3 -28.0 -14.7 -13.8 -17.6
-9.2 -4.4 -10.1 -8.2 -35.1 -7.3 3.2 -9. I -10.0
-6.7 -17.8 -4.5 -0.8 -9.1 -1 5.3 -1 0.6
-0.8 -5.7 -13.0 -2.8 -8.0 4.4 -13.3 -60.9 -3.5
. .
“5-84
~
~
-5.3 -2.8 -5.8 -7.2 -31.7 -8.5 2.1 -12.0 -12.1 -6.1 -21 .I -3.6 -0.6
-8.7 -2.8 -8.1 -1.1 -13.2 -5.2 6.0 -7.8 - 1 1.0 -6.0 -30.9 -4.6
-12.4 -2.5 -4.4 8.3 -38.4 -6.8 -4.1 -4.5 -9.0 -5.9 -19.5 -2.0 -9.3
-9.1 -8.0 -8.0 5.3 -6.9 -10.1
-1.7 -1 0.6 -7.8 4.2 -5.2 -11.9
-7.5 -14.8 -8.0 2.1 -2.8 -10.7
-5.1
-7.2 1 .0 -9.2 -54.5 -1.7 -13.1 -7.8
-6.6 -8.6 -7.9 -34.6 -1.7 -5.1 -12.3
-2.9
-9.8
5.1 -13.1 -55.8 -2.2 -12.0 -8.5
-5.2 -3.2 -2.8 -5.9 -7.8 -1.5 -0.5
-5.4 -3.8 -1.7 -4.3 -6.3 -5.9 -8.7
-1 1.9
-9,l
-2.0
0.3
-2.1
- 1 .3
-1.3
-4.6 -0.7 -1.8 - I .6 -3.5 -6.2 -6.2 -8.8 0.9 2.3 -0.9
-4. I
-4.3
-5.9
-0.7
2.2
-7.3
-5.8
-4.1
-3 .0
-2.5
- 1 1.9
85-89 90-MR -5.3 -6.9 -5.8 -5 9 -5.5 -5.4 -1.2 -6.2 -4.9 -5.1 -7.2 -7.2 _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ ... .. .. -11.1 -24.5 -15.7 -1.3 ._ -12.0 -6.3 -3.4 7.3 12.6 4.9 -9.7 -17.1 -22.8 -9.4 -7.0 5.4 -6.0 -9.6 __-. -5.0 -1.6 0.9 -5.2 -26.3 -23.1 .. -19.0 -11.1 -8.6 -4.3 -9.6 -8.7 .. -17.1 -12.2 -16.2 -11.9 -19.1 -24.0
1998
-1.6
-1.6 -8.6
,_
-19.2
.. -3.1 .. -12.6 -5.7 -8.9
-9.4 -7.6 -10.5 -5.1 -8.5 -36.6 -6.9 -12.5
-10.8 -1.7 -13.7 -16.4 -26.9 -8.8 -1.4 -6.0 -10.2 -7 .0 -26.4 -6.2 -4.8
-7.7 -12.6 .. .. -7.0 -10.4 -16.7 -8.3 -5.8 -9.5 .. -6.6 11.0 -9.7
-4.9 -10.0 -10.5 -3.9 -3.3 -13.4 -7.6 -9.4 -7.0 -9.7 -22.2 -3.4 -9.9 -13.6
-8.7 -14.5 -10.0 -2.5 -3.7 -14.1 -3.2 -8.7 -1.5 -11.9 -47.1 -2,9 -8.7 -9.0
-5.0 -0.6 -1.8 -2.2 -6.8 -5.1 -9.5 -4.3 -2.1 -3.2 -1 .0
-4.9
-4.4
,.
-8.7 ,.
,.
-9.0 -10.8
,.
-16.0
-5.6 -2.1 -1 .I -2.3 -8.1 -8.3 -1 1.2 -8.1 -3.1 -0.4 -5.1
-2.7
-12.5
-7.6
-2.9
-4.3
-6.0
-7.1
-5.0
,,
-7.1 -3.6 .. 7.0
-6.8 -6.9 -4.7 -12.0
Tuiiisia
ALL AFRICA
Note 1998 data are preliininary Nigeria from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budset, since 1994. ratios are distorted as off exch rate used by the Gov for oil exports oil value added i s significantly overvalued
Government Finance
191
7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus (-/+) ~-
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria -_____ Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Bunmdi Cainerooii Cape Verde Ceiitral African Republic Chad Coinoros ________ Congo, Deinocratic Rep- of Congo, Republic of CBte dlvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gaboii Gambia, The Ghana -. ._____. Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia _~ Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozain bique Naini bia Niger Nigeria Rwaiida SBo Tome and Priiicipe ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ -_Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan ____ _ Swazilaiid Tanzania Togo Uganda Zain bi a Ziin babwe _ __ NORTH AFRICA AlieKi Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco
.. .. ..
-11.5 -9.9 .__ -19.8 .. 0.9
I
1990
-11.3 -10.5 -21.5 -1.8
1991
-I 1.6 -10.2 . -15.9 -2.6
1992
1993
-10 8 -119 -486 -1 . I
-
_
-
-
I995
1994
~
-11 4 -7 5 -116 -94 - . _ _ -8 1 -16.5 0.8 -0.4
-I1 7 -118 -12 2 1.9
_
.. 10.1 .. .. .. ..
-15.7 -2.1 -2.8 -13.7 -3.5 -7.4
-3.5 -0.9 -5.5 -10.6 -6.1 -7.8
-2.2 1.4 -4.1 -5.0 -7.8
.. -7.2 .. ..
.. .. ..
-4.7 -0.3 7.4 -0.8
.,
3.6 -2.2 -19.9 1.3
-4.4 -2.0 1. I
-8.5 1.5 3.9 -1.6
-7.2 3.9 4.7 0.4
..
2.7
..
-2.4 3.5 -0.7
0.8 -1.4 -0.3
.. ..
1.6 -2.5
2.5 -4.3
1.9 -1.8
1 1 -1 8
-3.1 2.8 -3.4
-4.7 7.9 -4.0
-1.7 3.0 -3.6
1.1 -0.1 -3.9
-0.3 8.2 -4.4
4.5 3.0 -3.3
..
-8.4
-6.2 -0.9 -1 1.1 -0.9
-3.9 1.3 5.1 -6.4 -2.4
-4.3 5.1 2.6 -4.4 -2.0
5.1
8.8 ..
8.3 8.1
-3.2 -2.4 -2.5 .. 1.1 0.6 - __________ -1.1 -0.4
-3.0 -16.2 -2.0 2.4 -0.2 -4.2
5.9 3.2 -7.5 0.3
-
-
~
. ...
-3.5 -0.3 -2.3
0.3 -8.3 5.0 -12.6 -1.5 -4.0
-___
-3.1 13.1 -6.2
-2.1 5.5 -6.1 -
02 21 -2 6
-~
-
.
7.3 6.3
6.2 6.5
-4.4 0.5 -7.0
- I .5 8.1 0.0
16 -06 -4 5
2.7-1.8 -7.8
_
~
~
-_
~
-_
-0.2 2.3 0.2 11.4 -3.3 . -1.5
.
~~
4.4 3.0 -5.1 2.6 .. 0.7 11.9 -1.4 -2.7 -1.3
11.2 -27.3 -2.1 3.2 2.9 0.1 -1.8
6.2 2.1
5.8 -4.4
2.2 2.6
-1.1 8.1 -1.4 -1.3
1.4
-1 . I
3.3 -1.3 11.3 2.2 -3.3 -5.0
~
-2 2
___
- -
-7 0
Note 1998 data are preliminary Corrected for error valued
in
0.2
5.6
- ~ - -
2.5 -2.9 -2.4 1.5 -0.7 .. ..._ . -9.6 3.5-6.1 ~
4.5
2.9 -1.4 -4.0 6.1 -1.1 _---
-7.1 . .. 1 .0 3.7
.
3.4 0.1
.
-2.8 -11.4 -1.4 6.7 0.1 ._ -10.0 -6.3 6.1 ~
~~~
2.9 0.3
~~
06 -6 2 -2 3 52 00 __ -8.7 -1 6 86
-0.5 -3.0 -1.9 3.8 -0.7 -7.7 ~. 1.7 7.0
1.2 -3.0 -0.9 2.1 0.7 -6 0 65 62
2.0 1 .0
0.4 - I .3
17 -16
-
~-
.. 4.6 0.2 -0.9 3.5 -0.4 -5
-
.
64 57 22 02 .
-5.3 0.0
-5.7 -34.5 .. -1.1
-4.2 -2.4 8.0 -1.2
0.7 0.6 -9.1 0.8 -27.3 -3.9 5 .3 I .o -3.2 _ -1.7
-~
6.1 3.7 -
__.
-
~~
1.7 0.3 -3.8 -0.5 -1.7 -8.1 5.3 -8.7
.. 7.2
-2.8 -4.1 -2.6
- 1 .o -2.6 -1.5 7.4 0.0 -~ -1.9
-1.9 0.2 -2.4 2.3 -4.6 -2.0 1 .0 -5.3
-2.0 4.7 -3.8 2.7 1.5
-
-4.3 16.5 -16.7
1.2 -1.1 -8.3
1 .o
-4.5
1.9
_
2.4 0.7 -2.5 1.3 -2.7 ___ -11.1 0.0 -9.3
~
-.
-0.4 -6.9 -1.9 -2.8 1.7 5.2 -5.1
.. _
~
-5.0 6.9 -5.1 -1.6 .. 8.4 0.8 -0.6 __________~__ -1.4
-5.1
7.5 -4.1 -0.3 2.1 -2.8 -4.4
-
~
~u-,7_ _ _ _
~~-
~~
-08 -13 -3 4
~
90-A41(
85-89
.. ..
-
~
7.0 3.8 -3.4 -2.4
....
~
~-
- _
~
-5-84
-9 5 -12.3 -9.1 -9.9 -9.5 _________-__ -~ ,. -14.7 -17.4 ,. 13.5 3.3 0.4 -3.9 0.4 -2.0 -2.1 -9.0 -16.2 -2.5 -2.7 10.1 -1.7 _ _ _ _ _ ~ - - .0.4 4.1 .. -4.7 -9.8 -7.5 .. -5.9 -4.4 0.5 .. -3.5 -5.2 .. -7.4 -4.1
2.0 4.7 -2.3 -3.4 . -~ 5.4 -9.0 -0.9 -2.9
.
-3.2 8.5 -5.3 -4.4 -1.7
-1.1 1 .0 -1.7 6.5 -2.2 .- -1.6
-5.0 -6.0
-9 5 -7.1 -6.4
1.I
2.1
-1.4 11.3 -2.9 -2.1 .- I .3
_
-3.2 -8.6 -2.2
~-
-20.8
-1.1 1.4 -8.1 1.4
-5.5 1.I 4.7 -7.3 __ ..
4.2
____
-2 5
-5.2 -3.2 -12.5 -7.4
1998
-__
-
..
199-
-5.8 -7.9
-1.5 -3.1 -1.8 -2.2 -0.9 -2,2 -2.8 -3.1 ._____-___._ -1.2 , -1.5 -2.2 3.2 -7.5 -8.9 -15.4 -1 1.4 -7.0 -6.1 -7.6 -2.8 -7.8 -7.8 -3.5 -3.4
Annual _average _
-~
1996
..
-
_
Percentage of GDP
-____--
I989
1980
_
I .9
~~~~
~
-0.7 2.2 -3.0 0.4 0.1 8.0 -6 5 03 54 26 25 -8 4 _
~~~-
4.0
-3.2 -70
-76 -4 5 ---
0.8 I .0 -2.5 -1.3 -3.2 -13 9 -64 -124
-0.7 I .4 -3.4 -1.9
. .
-02 -1 9 -
3.2 0.5 -7 7 19 3 1
28 -0 5 -8 4
last vol Nigeria from 1992 data are for consolidated budget, since 1994 ratios are dlstorted as off ex rt used by Gov for oil sector is slgnlficantly over
192
Government Finance
7-4. Government expenditure and lending minus repayments -
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria ________ Angola Beniii Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of CBte dIvoire Djiboilt i Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana ~____ . .. Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia ___ _____ Madagascar Malawi Mali Maun tan i a Mauritius ~ _ _ - ~_. ~. Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda SZo Tome and Principe - . .__ Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan - --_ Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe N~RTHAFRICA -~ AI geri a Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA-
-
19.7 30.9 25.0 36.0 26.3 26.7 33.2 20.9 21 .o 18.6 50.8 20.7 57.7 18.6
17.0 28.5 26.3 35.3 24.9 28.7 34.2 22.7 24.9 19.7 43.9 - -.. 21 .o 49.4 19.8
16.4 25.5 28.4 41.8 25.0 26.7 36.0 16.9 24.7 23.2 36.0 ___ 19.1 50.7 20.9
20.0 38.0 24.4 24.8 24.5 30.3 36.9 16.8 31.8 24.4 62.0 21.5 51.6 21.4
20.6 27.0 23.4 36.8 23.8 29.5 38.1 16.7 28.2 23.7 58.9 20.8 62.8 21.3
28.5 19.0
29.3 15.5
31.1 29.0 31.6 15.9 22.0 21.2 31 .o 36.1 32.8 -__ 307 366
35.5
27.8 26.3 26.6 52.4 19.9 39.4 19.6 25.9 21.8 31.4 22.2 24.1 32.5 .. 34.3 33.4 48.1 56.8
.. .. ..
-
37.4
23.5 38.5
..
54.5
..
..
1991 27.3 25.7 25.8 40.2 19.0 41.2 21.5 25.8 23.4 37.5 23.0 16.0 32.4 6.1 38.6 32.9 41.0 54.5 ~
~~
.. .. ,.
68.7 18.7
_____
._.
~~
,.
0.0 32.5
..
~
--
24.6 26.7 25.7 19.1 22.7 45.6 31.6 57.6
27.2 26.0 27.0 51.8 20.0 34.1 36.9 27.5 20.6 32.7 19.7 24.5 33.9
..
~
-~
29.7 24.1 26.9 18.2 24.6 42.7 32.0 50.9
23.6
.. .. 40.9 11.9 16.0
-
34.2 25.4 27.9 18.9 24.1 50.5 30.2 55.7
1990
..
-~
~~
1989
.. ..
Percentage of GDP 1992 29.7 28.4 27.7 92.5 20.8 42.0 20.9 28.4 22.1 48.6 23.6 20.4 33.4 3.6 36.6 31.9 51.0 47.6 36.7 20.2 28.3 26.4 24.6 19.3 48.0 32.6 55.3
1980
1993 30.8 26.8 26.5 60.7 17.8 42.5 22.6 29.0 20.0 52.7 21.2 21.4 26.4 4.5 36.7 30.0 50.1 55.9 61.8 19.6 28.6 25.4 29.0 18.5 40.3 41.7 53 .O
1994 30.1 26.6 27.2 62.1 19.8 36.6 21.6 24.8 19.3 62.2 22.4 19.1 38.3 5.4 36.7 27.1 43.0 27.1 59.3 25.0 25.5 25.1 31.2 17.3 35.5 36.4 51.2
19.8 64.4 25.8 27.7 23.8 30.9 33.4 18.5 23.6 16.1 73.8 21.0 62.5 19.0
~
27.9 35.7 .. ,.
.. 17.3 00 36 7 24 3 14 3
~.
-
27 4 23 6 24 1
-
29.2 22.5 27.6 15.8 25.4 15.0 34.7 33.0 __ 339 302 409
-
~-
40.5 0.0 38.1 4.2
._ -
307 393
17.2 28.8 12.7 32.9 34.3 -~ 31 2 252 379
286
275
16.5 28.8 10.2 25.2 33.9 __. 340--
-
- -
~-
305 -
-~ ~
260
-
294 -
--
28.9 - _
294 ~
-~
~.
~
284 __
306
10.0
46.4 19.7 26.6 18.6 29.4 34.8 33.5 ..-_ . . 36.2 33.2 29.9 ~~-
31.7
__
1995 28.4 24.4 25.6 57.3 22.1 36.6 21.1 26.2 16.2 60.4 20.6 18.1 34.0 11.7 32.8 26.5 39.2 24.6 69.2 24.7 26.3 27.6 30.4 17.8 30.4 33.6 53.3
~
_
_
1996
1997
1998
27.8 22.9 24.4 54.8 19.5 36.0 21.3 27.9 16.0 56.5 11.1 18.1 28.5 9.5 33.0 25.3 35.3 24.9 64.0 26.9 22.9 30.7 29.7 16.1 33.6 31.4 53.2
27.7 23.2 24.2 56.4 18.8 40.3 23.3 22.2 15.8 53.4 14.0 17.2 27.6 10.2 38.4 25.0 35.6 17.8 54.9 24.2 25.1 27.1 28.4 17.1 46.3 29.4 52.3
28.4 23.2 23.1 41.6 16.8 41.1 22.8 19.4 17.8 49.8 17.6 17.7 27.8 -12.2 35.7 23.8 31.1 13.8 72.2 25.4 31.9 23.2 27.7 16.4 25.0 28.8 57.1
~___~___-______
Annual average
~
_
..
12.1 10.1 36.8 38.3 37.0
.. 26.1 36.9 71.2 13.1 .. 14.6 25.2 37.6
17.6 35.2 23.5 24.8 24.1 24.4 35.2 15.2 18.2 20.0 77.5 19.8 59.1 19.3
17.8 25.1 23.1 24.5 25.1 20.9 38.4 12.9 15.1 22.3 69.3 18.2 56.6 16.9
17.4 26.7 23.6 22.7 25.5 23.6 39.3 15.6 17.8 19.5 70.1 18.0 59.2 13.4
18.1 37.3 24.1 25.1 23.6 22.2 39.7 15.6 24.0 18.1 59.6 17.8 45.4 17.4
20.6 29.2 12.4 0.0 29.4 26.5 23.5 38.1 23.6 17.4
34.0 ._ 44.0 17.8 25.1 18.6 31.9 33.1 ~ 31.8 33.9 32.2
33.0 12.0 39.7 18.3 22.5 17.3 29.4 38.5 ~ 30.1 .. . 32.0 29.1
33.5 10.8 37.5 17.6 20.9 16.2 29.3 34.8 _ 28.3 29.7 27.8
32.9 7.6 35.3 15.1 18.2 17.2 26.0 38.2 28.6 31.8 26.1
34.5 7.9 33.8 14.5 21.1 15.9 27.6 34.8 _ 29.4 33.6 26.0
26.4 23.1
28.1
29.1
27.0
28.7
29.7
34.3
30.7
28.9
27.9
28.0
28.7
28.8
___
~
-
~
-
85-89 90-Mt 27.7 28.7 26.2 25.3 27.4 25.7 43.3 57.6 5.4 19.4 33.4 39.5 33.4 21.6 23.9 25.5 23.9 19.7 36.2 50.3 19.1 19.5 20.3 19.1 36.9 31.2 _ _ _ .. 4.8 34.9 35.9 35.8 28.4 .. 41.6 35.2 35.9 .. 59.7 29.5 24.5 37.6 26.6 31.8 26.5 18.3 26.5 23.0 18.9 49.5 38.6 29.6 33.1 50.4 53.8
75-84 24.6 23.5 25.2 .. 17.7 33.6 74.7 12.6 10.6
17.818.3 32.9 34.2 25.6 24.7 35.2 29.3 26.1 24.6 24.5 26.4 36.4 36.8 20.1 16.8 20.6 23.2 20.1 20.8 22.2 61.2 20.6 19.7 57.0 55.2 20.5 18.8
25.6 28.0 9.7
29.3 20.8
20.6 32.4 11.0 32.1 35.6 36.4 39.3 41.3
32.6 14.4 37.0 16.9 23.4 17.0 30.2 35.3 31.1 31.5 32.2
28.1
28.3
30.3
29.4
_~ ..
34.9 1.4 35.1 11.4 .. 46.3 .. ~
-
Note 1998 data are preliminary Nigeria from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget, since 1994, ratios are distorted as off exch rate used by the Gov for oil exports oil value added is significantly overvalued
~
193
Government Finance
7-5. Government interest payments Percentage of GDP ~-
19x9
1980
1990
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa .. 5.0 5.6 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria ,. 3.6 4.1 5.2 Angola .. 5.4 3.0 Ben i 11 .. 3.1 Botswana 1.1 .. 1.0 Burkiiia Faso 1.8 Burundi 0.2 2.3 _. ___ 2.1 .. 1.7 Caineroon .. 1.4 1.5 Cape Verde .. 1.4 1.2 Central African Republic Chad .. 0.2 0.4 Coinoros Congo, Deinocratic Rep. of 10.2 Congo, Republic of 9.8 .. 9.4 Cdte dlvoire Djibouti 0.7 6.6 Equatorial Guinea Eritrea .. 1.5 1.3 Ethiopia Gabon ,. 5.7 5.6 4.0 Gambia, The .. 4.2 1.4 Ghana .. I .3 ~____ -~__ _ _ _ . - ~ Guinea Guinea-Bissau 8.9 Kenya Lesotho Liberia ~_ .. . ~__._____ . ~ 16 I .5 Madagascar 57 3.6 Malawi 32 20 Mali 2.4 Mauritan i a 41 4.4 Mauritius -_ - _ _ 18 1.9 Mozarnbrque Namibia 27 Niger 2.3 Nigeria 14 10 0 11.3 1 1 Rwanda 02 1 .0 S2o Tome and Principe __ 32 Senegal 20 27 79 Seychelles 18 80 60 57 Sserra Leone I8 Soinalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland 26 23 Tanzania 42 32 Togo 06 06 Uganda 56 41 Zainbia 78 49 Zimbabwe 12 48 - _ 36 73 NORTH AFRICA AI ~kyi a-17 16 Egypt, Arab Republic 39 38 Libya 25 62 Morocco 62 Tunisia 16 31 30 ALL AFRICA ~~~
~
~
~
~~~~
-~
-
I991
1992
1993
1994
5.7 4.5 6.1 2.6
58 47 82 37
57 51 94 27
55 54 __ 12 1 32
4.8 5.1 10.8 2.8
1.4 1.6
14 I8 52 12 19 08
16 14 48
15 15 70 12 24 12
1.4 1.8 64 17 21
4.1
1.3 1.4
~~~
-
13
21 12
~
1995
10
8.7 10.9 6.9
79 104
06 80
-~
1.3 6.0 3.5 1.8
15 64 34 22
~-
84
91
~ -
20
0.9 1.9
67 42 19
10
~
-5-84
3.6 3.9
51 34 38
,.
17 -0 1 08 20 6 142 14 09
13 -0 6 08 16 57 45 14 08
12 1 79 03 71
14 1 69 06 59
12 1 59 06
13 1 51 05
I4 3 44
79
30
25 81 78 42 14
24 59 44 51
I3
34 67 77 44 16
22 59 52 65 16
22 51 19 72 54 64 14
I43
11 2
81
70
22
19
19
59 21
57 23
47 54
34
30 34 10 70 37
23 47 07 35 33
1 1
51 74 14 32 32 I6
15
13
10
23 56 45
24 37 22
17 27 16 10 0 21 86 21
15 22 12
16 17 09 12 4 17 90 48
74 87 04 76 ~
20 70 78 35
-
~
27 18
40 73 16
41 13
34 24
28 25
I9 10 1
16 98
18
19
17 82 21
20 79 58
Annual average ~
1998
,.
0.7 0.7
9O-Ml< .. 5.1 5.2 4.9 3.6 4.6 5 .O 91 2 .0 26 -0 3 12 1.2 17 2.0 ~~. 53 1.4 26 1.5 I .5 18 09 0.2
85-89
~
~
74 35 18
25 79 63
199’
4. I 4.6 ~11.5 2.4
~
-
54 70 23 29 29
23 80 40
75 84 26
11
81
09 24 13
7.7 8.1
1.5 4.8 4.2 1.5
11.1 7.8 0.5 5.7 5.1 2.0 6.5 4.1 3.9 I .4
8.7 2.1 _~
~
-
1996
29 97 20
1 1 11
11 7
22 94 22
10 42
18
61 19
60
48 15
3.5 4.6 1.6 3.2 3.5 1.6
21 17 04
28 80 10
1 .(I 6. 1 1.9
25
32 66 47
11.2 2.4 8.5 3.9
19
20
6,9
69 03
21 32
28
11
33
85 46 44
34 15
67
85 57 48 22 68
25 42 18 I21 62 5 6 23 85
26 55 14 11 6 67 60 28 94
55 29
56 32
59 35
57
60
76
41
~~
18
19
I0 81 91
55 12 74
20 21
10
26 23 09 47 73 51 40 60
51 43
59 78
53 34 50
13
27 10 41 85 53 75
72
10
72 96 47
42 26
35
I .2
58 2.9 I .8
29 48 06 95 48 35 16 78 61 28
Note 1998 data are preliminary Nigeria from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget. since 1994. ratios are distorted as off exch rate used by the Gov for oil exports oil value added is vgnificantly overvalued
0.3 2.5 3.3 1.4 7.1 7.0 5 .0 2.8 0.8 5.7 3.5 5 .0
194
Government Finance
7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants) Percentage of GDP
~~~~
~~~~
~~
1994
,23.2 20.3 19.2 39.1 13.1 49.6 12.6 16.7 13.7 25.7 7.7 7.4 14.5
13.7 24.3 21.5 14.6 14.5 12.4 24.4 47.2
22.5 20.1 26.9 21.6 24.4 10.6 22.9 23.2 11.9 12.2 10.9 24.9 50.8
24.1 17.6 28.4 21.4 35.3 12.0 22.6 23.0 14.9
8.7 19.1 16.0 31.9 22.7 12.5 33.4 8.5 17.7 10.4 0.0 19.4 44.2 11.3
10.0 21.8 13.3 21.4 22.1 13.9 33.0 8.2 35.1 10.1 20.2 18.4 44.5 13.0
9.9 17.9 13.8 25.4 21.4 14.0 33.6 7.3 25.5 9.1 18.0 16.6 51.9 13.9
8.3 21.8 12.0 23.2 20.4 11.8 31.8 6.0 18.5 3.7 13.3 14.9 52.7
24.9 7.2 32.3 16.3 17.5 7.5 18.7 26.6 27.0 31.8 25.7
23.4 8.8 30.1 16.8 16.2 6.8 18.4 27.7 29.2 29.5 31.2
26.5 8.3 41.8 14.4 10.7 7.3 15.9 26.8 28.1 27.6 29.7
27.8 8.8 40.0 15.9 12.1 8.3 20.1 24.5 28.9 31 .0 30.0
22.3 26.7 23.5
25.8 27.2 24.8
25.8 27.8 24.9
23.8 28.0 25.0
1991
11.3 .. ..
22.3 17.8 18.7 26.6 8.0 42.7 9.2 20.0 16.0 17.6 10.1 6.7 14.1
22.5 19.4 18.9 25.7 9.2 48.5 12.3 15.1 14.3 18.7 10.7 7.2 17.0
21.7 18.7 19.0 18.3 10.4 49.3 13.3 16.9 15.2 17.7 9.2 6.4 13.9
21.9 21.8 .. 16.4
27.4 21.5 27.5 21.1
25.3 19.5 25.8 20.9
23.2 18.9 22.2 13.6 15.5 10.8 23.1 36.2
17.7 19.6 20.9 12.5 15.8 18.2 23.6 37.4
11.5 23.7 17.1 29.6 23.4 13.1 31.7 10.3 13.8 9.9 0 .0 16.6 48.1 8.4
12.0 21.2 17.6 31.4 22.8 12.8 30.5 10.2 21.5 10.1 0.0 16.8 47.7 9.7
27.1 7.3
26.1 6,3
.. ..
31.5 18.1 16.3 .. .. ..
..
Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of Cdte d’Ivoire D.j ibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia. The Ghana
..
28.9
..
,.
.. ..
64.7 ..
Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotlio Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius
0.0 24.6
11.2 10.5 29.9 52.6
1996
1997
1998
23.0 18.6 18.7 42.1 12.8 38.8 11.0 18.0 9.9 27.7 7.5 4.9 14.3
1995 23.7 20.0 19.5 30.0 14.9 38.1 10.8 17.7 12.9 28.0 9.2 6.2 14.3
23.7 19.7 19.6 44.5 15.2 41.9 12.3 15.5 14.3 25.0 6.1 7.1 13.8
23.9 20.0 20.2 36.7 14.6 15.0 13.0 13.7 15.1 25.7 7.7 7.3 15.1
23.2 17.7 18.1 25.9 15.5 37.7 13.1 12.5 16.2 26.7 9.0 9.0 15.9
22.4 19.9 29.5 17.3 28.1 13.9 23.5 20.9 18.7 10.2 12.3 28.5 51.8
23.6 22.1 29.1 16.4 34.1 17.4 29.5 18.5 20.4 11.0 12.7 29.1 52.6
27.7 22.5 29.5 17.7 32.2 18.4 25.5 18.8 17.6 10.0 12.5 27.8 52.6
29.6 22.2 27.5 16.7 41.7 19.0 31.1 19.3 17.3 11.1 15.3 26.5 47.7
8.5 19.8 12.8 24.0 18.5 11.3 32.4 7.2 22.6 6.7 16.5 16.3 47.1 9.5
8.7 17.1 15.2 29.8 18.8 10.8 32.6 7.8 20.2 9.2 13.4 16.0 44.6 8.4
27.8 8.7 36.9 12.5 14.7 9.8 19.9 26.7 27.8 31.7 27.8
28.1 7.0 35.8 13.2 14.6 10.2 20.6 25.7 28.1 32.7 26.5
~
15.1 19.8
~
13.5 0.0 23.2 24.0 12.3 ~
~
22. I 0.0 6.0
11.1 ~
~
20.0 ..
..
Annual average
75-84 18.1 17.7 19.2 ,. 14.2 40.8 51.2 18.0 11.1 .. 7.8 3.8 17.6
85-89 21.9 19.0 20.2 32.3 11.9 46.0 10.6 17.9 18.6 17.2 9.5 5.7 12.9
90-Mlt 23.0 19.6 19.1 33.1 13.1 44.4 12.3 15.9 14.1 24.0 8.4 6.9 15.0
23.3 21.3 26.7 22.1 33.8 18.7 27.8 18.8 18.7 10.6 5.5 26.8 47.7
34.6 26.0
25.9 27.2
,.
19.4 .. 20.0 30.0 21.3 13.2 14.4 12.9 22.7 38.0
25.1 20.7 27.9 19.5 32.8 15.7 25.2 20.5 16.3
9.7 16.1 15.8 26.9 20.3 11.6 35.4 8.4 18.8 10.3 15.6 16.3 46.1 5.6
10.6 22.5 16.1 27.2 20.8 11.5 34.9 9.0 15.4 10.2 25.0 16.1 39.7 5.1
12.9 18.1 10.8 0.0 22.4 16.1 13.5 23.5 17.8 9.4 18.7 22.4 0.0
12.8 22.9 15.1 31.2 22.8 11.1 28.8 10.7 13.6 10.5 0.0 17.2 47.0 7.0
28.3 6.8 33.5 13.5 14.7 11.0 19.8 29.4 28.9 34.1 25.2
29.6 7.3 31.9 12.3 14.3 10.2 18.1 30.5 27.2 30.4 25 .0
19.9 10.9
24.9 8.7
30.8 24.2 25.6
27.0 26.2 24.5
..
17.4 .. 65.7 8.0 ., 1.9 19.5 34.4
~
~
~
~
~
~
0.0
_ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _...
~~~~
1993
1990
..
__.
1992 22.5 21.8 19.1 35.6 11.9 50.4 11.7 17.1 15.7 20.6 8.9 6.7 15.8
1989
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Buruiidi Caineroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros
Mozain b i q w Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwaiida SGo Tome and Principe Senegal Seychel I es Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Stidan Swazi 1 and Tanzania Togo Uganda Zani bia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA
_...
~~~
1980
12.6 22.6 5.5 18.6 25.7 25.5 28.9 23.8 21.8 28.6 23.4
16.7 22.6 6.8 20.3 27.0 25.2 28.9 22.8
~
23.1 27.1 23.5
~
~
~
11.9
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
23.2 25.5 25.1
~
~
26.3 24.7 25.2
~
~
~
11.9
12.2 26.8 48.9 ~
9.6 19.7 14.7 26.8 20.9 12.2 33.1 8.1 21.7 8.9 13.6 16.8 46.5 9.8
~
~
~
38.2 ..
13.8 25.5 6.3 20.1 26.6 26.0 31.3 25.3
21.8 32.8 23.3
20.4 29.5 23.5
28.1 1. I 18.5 ~
Note 1998 data are preliminary Nigeria froin 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget, since 1994 ratios are distorted as off exch rate used by the Gov for oil exports oil value added valued
IS
~
~
26.9 7.7 35.3 14.6 15.3 8.7 19.1 27.2 27.8 30.9 27.1 25.3 26.4 24.7
significantly over-
Government Finance
195
7-7. Grants to government -
Percentage of GDP
__
____
1980
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0.1 excluding South Africa 0.3 0.3 excl. S. Africa €2 Nigeria Angola .. 0.0 Benin 0.0 Botswana 0.0 Burkina Faso 3.7 Bunindi 0.0 Cameroon ,. Cape Verde 4.4 Central African Republic 0.0 Chad 0.0 Comoros __ 0.0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.0 Congo, Republic of 0.0 CBte dlvoire .. Djiboiiti .. Equatorial Guinea _ _ ~ Eritrea .. Ethiopia 0.0 Gabon 0.0 Gambia, The 0.1 Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau 0.0 0.8 Kenya Lesotho 0.0 Liberia 0.0 -~ 0.0 Madagascar Malawi 4.3 Mali 0.0 Mauritania 0.0 0.0 Mauritius 1.8 Mozambique Namibia 0.0 0.0 Niger Nigeria 0.0 Rwanda 0.0 0.0 SSo Tome and Principe - - _-_ 0.7 Senegal 0.0 Seychelles 1 .0 Sierra Leone 0.0 Somalia 0.0 South Africa 0.0 Sudan . --____ 0.0 Swaziland Tanzania 1.5 Togo 0.0 Uganda 0 .0 Zambia 0.7 Zimbabwe _ _ _ ~ 02 NORTH AFRICA _Algeria 00 Ebvpt, Arab Republic 00 Libya 00 Morocco 1 1 00 Tunisia 0.2 ALL AFRICA ~
1989
1 .I 1.9 2.3 0.0 9.1 0.9 10.9 3.2 0.0 0.0 4.8 10.2 16.4 ~ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.7
_
_-
~
1.0 1.7 2.0 ~0.0 5.9 1.4 2.7 8.1 0.0 0.5 4.2 8.7 15.1 _ 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 30.4
1991
1992
1993
1.2 1.9 2.3 0.0 3.4 1.0 4.6 8.7 0.0 13.5 4.6 5.2 16.3 _ 0.0 0.2 0.5 12.2 27.7
1.4 2.3 2.7 0.0 4.1 1.1 6.2 8.6 0.0 19.3 5.7 5.2 15 0 ~ 19 0.0 05 12.4 17.1 9.1 2.6 0.1 4.5 3.3 - -. . 4.0 15.8 2.6 7.6
13 2.3 2.8 0.0 3.9 1.6 5.4 8.7 0.0 16.8 5.3 4.9 14.4 _ 1.2 0.0 0.5 8.8 19.3 20.1 1.7 0.3 3.7 4.3 -. 3.6 16.9
~~
4.8 0.4 8.8 3.2
2.3 0.4 5.9 2.1
3.6
~~
27.3 18.0 2.4 2.2 10.3 11.1 0.0 4.4 4.1 5 .0 2.3 5.2 6.0 2.3 2.6 0.2 0.3 ~. 9.7 9.3 1.2 0.0 5.4 4.1 0 .0 0.0 4.6 4.3 15.2 18.6 1.9 I .3 1.9 1.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 3.1 3.2 2.6 1.6 1.5 2.3 4.3 0.7 0.9 0.9 ____ 00 00 22 26 00 08 38 00 00 10 13
~
2.4 0.3 5.4 3.1 ____ 3.6 15.5 2.0 9.7
~
~
~~~
1990
~~
____
~_
3.1
6.1 ~
2.1 3.4 8.2 2.3 0.1 11.1 1.I 4.8 0.0 74 11.9 1.7 1.5 0.0
3.5 2.6 7.1 2.9 0.1 13.7 0.9 3.9 0.0 6.2 9.0 1.3 1.3 0.0
0.4 0.0 0.7 2.4 1.9 3.8 9.0 1.1
0.3 0.0 1.4 2.1 1.6 7.1 10.2 1.7 .~.. .I .o 00 23
---
_
00 28
__
27 00 13
-~
04 00 12
__
_
1.3 2.5 2.9 0.0 4.6 0.9 7.3 2.4 0.1 18.0 4.9 9.5 16.3 _ 0.6 1.1 0.7 5.0 4.2 __ 18.5 3.5 04 3.1 3.5 __ 3.5 14.7 ,2.? 5.3 ___
3.5 3.1 5.5 3.8 0.2 11.9 0.7 5.6 0.0 6.4 16.6
~-
1.1
1.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.2 3.8 0.3 8.1 80 2.0 0.7 00 12 1 1
00 I1
3 .0 14.8 9.5 4.0 0.3 _~ 13.8 0.4 5.8 0.0 0.9 17.5 42 08 00
1 1 2.1 2.5 0.0 4.0 0.3 6.7 3.6 _~ 0.0 17.3 6.3 7.5 11.8 ~0.3 1 .0 0.7 2.0 2.6 2.7 3.3 0.0 2.4 3.6 4 .o6.3 2 .0 5.1 . ~
~~~
_
-
33
00 00 07 22 05 41 61
00 00 08 20 14 46 52 18 05 00 09
14 65 53 19 06 00 13
06 00 -
_
04 03 09
-_
13
-
~~
_
199’
_
42 49 71 28 02 71 04 49 01 74 23 5 20 06 20
05 00
~ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
03 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 __ 0.7
~~
_
_
_
5.3 3.7 5.7 1.0 0.1 9.3 0.4 4.5 0.1 6.7 27.8 1.7 0.4 0.6
78-84
.-
85-89
0.2 0.3 0.4
0.9 1.5 1.8 __ ,. 0.0 5.0 1.1 2.0 0.2 5.5 0.7 1.6 2.0 0.0 0.0 11.6 5.1 1.6 10.4 0.8 35.2 I .I 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 ,. 3.7 2.1 0.5 0.0 14.2 0.0 2.3 0.1 . _ _ 3.1 30 5 1.9 1.7 0.6 6.1 1 .0 0.0 0.0 0.2 I .3 2.2 4.0 5.1 1.7 4.5 0.0 0.8 0.0 5.4 1.9 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 3.5 1.6 5.5 0.0 1.4 0.6 2.2 1 .0 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 __~ ~ ~ ~ 0.0 0.0 4.7 3.1 1.4 0.0 1.I 1.2 0.0 1 .0 0.5 0.6 0.4 ~_ 00 12 00 13 00 08 ~
~
~
_
~
~~
~_
90-MR 1 1 2.0 2.4 0.2 4.2 0.8 6.1 5.3 0.0 14.0 4.9 6.3 12.9 0.5 0.4 0.6 5.2 11.5 12.1 2.8 0.1 3.4 3.1 . ~ 3.5 13.6 2.0 6.4 ~
~~~~~
3.4 8.5 5.6 2.7 0.3 .8.3 0.0 4.6 0.0 5.1 9.1 1.7 1.9 2.4
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 _ _ _ _ 0.8 0.9 3.6 2.4 1.4 1.7 4.4 5.1 5.0 6.4 1.I 1.3 ._ _ _ _ _ _ ~ - 0.3 0.2 _ _ _ _ _ ~ _
Annual average
_
1998
10 10 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.0 . .. -1.1 0.0 0.8 4.5 3.3 3.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 8.4 7.0 6.8 2.2 3.1 2.7 ______~_ 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.7 14.6 11.1 1.5 4.0 7.7 6.0 6.0 3.8 8.9 9.7 8.9 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.9 2.6 2.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 2,0 6.2 5.9 3.6 2.8 29 00 0.0 0.0 22 1.3 2.0 26 1.9 2.7 ~ ~ _ 3.2 2.7 37 90 12.8 3.3 13 1.0 0.8 52 4.6 2.6
~
2.98.9 7.5 4.1 0.3 -_ 9.8 0.4 4.1 0.0 11.0 23.4
38
1 1
~
..
39
~_
1996
-~ _
00 00
__
_
1995
199-1
3.6 5.8 6.9 2.9 0.2 10.5 0.6 4.9 0.0 6.2 17.2 20 12 05 00 01 00 08 30
-~
~
~
_
_
_
~~
-
-
-
15
50 66 14 0.8 00 14
~
-
_
Note 1998 data are preliminary Nigeria from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget. since 1994. ratios are distorted as off exch rate used by the Gov for oil exports oil value added i s significantly overvalued
10 01 10
~
-
196
Government Finance
7-8. Foreign financing _-
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excludiiig South Africa excl S Afnca & Nigeiia _Angola Ben iii Botswana Burkiiia Faso Buruiidi _ Cainerooii Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros Congo, Deinocratic Rep of Congo, Republic of Cdte d'lvoire Di I bo tit i Equatorial Guinea Eri trea Ethiopia Gaboii Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissari Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Matiritaiiia Mauritius Mozain biqtie Nainibia Niger Nigeria Rwaiida Siio Toine aiid Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leoiie Soinal ia Soiith Africa Stidaii Swazil and Taiizaiiia Togo Ugaiida Zain bia Ziin babwe NORTH AFRlCA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tuiiisi a ALL AFRICA ~~
-~
_
-~
1989
1990
09
19 3.8 3.9 2.9 27.9
16 3.4 4.2 3.9 9.3
..
_
_ -
19x0
3.3 -2.2 0.4
~-
11.2 7.9
. .-..
3.5 8.1 5.3 1.8 1.2 6.7 2.0
- ..~
-8.6 10.5
24.8 11.5
6.1
0.1
~
13 2.3 2.9 - .. ....-. 1.6 11.3 0.3 8.4 10.6 1.9 0.7 1.6 2.8 3.2
,.
-7.1 6.5 4.8 1.8 0.4 8.4 3.3
-
Percentage of GDP__ I992
1991
~
~
-
01 0.0 3.4 ... - _ ... ___ 1.2 79 08 94 142 84 25 08 21 -25
08 1.4 2.7 __-. ..-8.7 69 05 100
102 01
36 03 29 24 __
01
04
2.8 -3.1 4.2 4.5 2.0 4.9 2.6 -3.4
4.6 3.2 11.8 0.4 -0.9 4.7
2.1 5.4 5.4 -6.1 -0.7 6.1
3.9 3.3 6.2 -8.1 -0.8 3.6
68 -0 1 10 I88 35 -18
06 -0 1 40 19 1 05
08
3.3 3.7 2.1 19.8 -__3.2 1.9 0.6
-0 1
0.0
-0 1
09
39
.
2.1 -2.8 4.6 3.5 1.3 2.1
14 -4 2 41
54 24 -8 5 46 60 -3 2 07 45 -0 3 98 ~
27 -5 1 20 62
35
-
- 1 5 -
3-1
I8 9 13 09
1.0
-2.0
I4 0 12 08
56 40
-~
21
05 -0 3 27
15
07
-15 1 42 40 7 08 -1 5 10 7
02
02
31
-
04
02 49 67 63
-2 .o 28
-7 1
-1 8
21
24
1 1
~~
4.7
0006 06
00 20
-0.9 6.2 1.7 -4.5 1.2 2.3 4.1 8.7 -0.9 0.0
..
6.9 6.1 .. -0.8 .. 3.1 6.8 5.6 2.7 4.7 15.9 1.0 -5.6
~
~
17 10 2 74 03 -0 4 59 04 12 5 -3 7 -1 5 26 3 97 -1 4 74
2.3 7.4 -4.8 1.5 3.8 0.7 -0.6 -2.9 2.1 29.4 3.6 -2.0 7.4
50 51 60 -5 1 17 43 08 40 -2 1 25 24 5 - 1-5 -1 2 47
3.8 3.3 3.3 -6.9 -0.1 5.9 0.7 3.5 -1.3 2.2 26.5 1.6 -0.7 2.9
1.0 5.5 3.6 -14.2 0.5 4.7 0.1 4.4 -1.4 '6.4 5.3 0.8 1.9 2.8
4.1 4.8 4.7 .. -1.0 3.7
3.4 3.5 8.1 -0.6 0.6 4.1
5.4 0.6 0.9 3.3 6.6 0.5
4.2 1.9 3.4 8.1 3.2 3.2 0.6
04
I 1
0.4 1 .0
02 02
0.5 0.2
0.2 0.2 4.0 1.3 4.4 2.7 3.0 -2.5 -05 -07 -04
0.1
-0.1
.. .. .. .. 1.8 14 00 37
0.8 7.3 1.2 4.5 1.9 12 06 40
0.2 0.8 1 .0 0.9 4.9 4.5 3.8 0.8 08 24 05
-1 0
40 24
-40 28 13
-16 18 10
75 8 30 34 -0 4
-~
1-3
77 -7 0
66 37 1 1
90 -0 6 32 -
1.9
_
-0 3 -0 7 -0 2 -1 3
-0 7
-1 8
10 00
12
14
-0 8 29
_-
3.0 5.6 1.6
1.5 3.0
..
1.8
1.0 0.5 18.9
1.9 4.3 6.9
1.1
~~
-1 1
~
~
-0.5 5.4 3.2 3.9 0.5 _ _ 00 -_____ 26 -1 2
-1.2 5.9 3.4 2.3 0.2 _ _ 05 29 -I 2 -1 1
28 12
2.6 .. 4.7 0.7 ..
.. 2.0 -0.5
12.4 6.6 1.8 -2.7 2.9 2.9 -4.1 3.4 4.0 -~ 2.1 10.2 0.3 -0.1
.~
..
0.9 11.7 4.7 4. I 0.2 ~_ 20 _ 76
3 5
14 3.0 3.3 0.5 27.9 ..
9O-MIt 10 1.8 2.9 3.9 8.2 0.0 9.3 6.5 5.6 4.4 0.2 3.9 2.3
5.7 6.8
.
10 .. .. .. ._
85-89
-1.7 0.7
_
-14.1 4.2 1.6 -8.0 1.2 3.7 -5.7 2.9 4.3 ~~~. 1.7 3.3 -0.5 0.7
24 49 55 41 05 _ 18 79 -1 0
24 52 23
"5-84
-2.2 1.0 1. I -0.7 4.3 1.8 -5.2 4.1 3.6 4.1 20.8 -1.0 -0.2
~
1.9 0.8 5.2 6.4 2 .o -04 01 -1 0
18
1998
07 1.2 1.7 2.3 6.9 -0.4 9.8 2.1 9.3 13.8 -1.6 3.9 0.2
-0 4
-0 5 09 40 39 22 21 40 06 102
-0.6 7.7 2.2 1. I 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.7
~
29 72 34 15 4 -0 4 26 06 -0 1 -4 7 30 23 4 06 09 67
199-
I6 06 2.8 0.8 3.8 1.2 20.6 9.1 7.6 5.1 -0.3 -0.7 10.9 9.3 3.0 1.6 - ___ 8.2 -3.5 3.9 7.1 -1.6 -1.6 5.8 5.1 3.8 2.5
~
27 55 43 -5 8 -0 7 21 03
~~
~
-0 5 -1 0
--_
-
_ -
11 0
O r 3.6 7.6 3.0 3.2 3.5 5.9 2.9 -2.7
.~
07 1 .0 1.8 -2.7 8.3 -0.3 12.1 3.8 ._ 0.1 2.4 0.6 2.8 4.5
1996
-
- _ _ _ _ _ ~
-
~
I995
20 3.4 4.9 . 74 10 3 00 10 0 47 20 5 44 23 26 48
81 75 30 06
70 98
Annual average___
-
-~
I994
~-
-
8.3 10.9 0.4 -7.0
..
1993
-
-2 6 23 0.4
__
--
05 0.3
,.
2.8 5.3 5.2 -3.9 0.1 4.3 0.5 3.6 -3.5 2.9 23.8 2.4 -0.3 5.4
~
~
11
Note I998 data are preliminary Nigeria from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget, Fince 1994. ratios are distorted as off exch rate used by the G O for ~ oil exports oil value added valued
I S significantly
over-
Government Finance
197
7-9. Taxes on income and profits Percentage of total revenue _
~~~~~
1980
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cam eroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros _ _ Congo, Deinocratic Rep ot Congo, Republic of CBte d'Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea ____ _ _ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana GU iiiea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius _ _ _ ~ __ Mozambique Namibia Niger Ni geri a Rwanda S2o Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swazilaiid Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tun I si a ALL AFRICA ~
~
~~
~
~~
18 9 21 7
28.0
79.6 83.9
-~
~~
12.3
26.2
1991
I992
_
_
_
~
199-1
11.1
336 19.6 23.8 66 4 24 8 81 18 9 26 9 10.9 22.2 22.9 23.5 9.0
329 20.0 24.3 72.8 30.5 8.6 18.7 20.0 12.6 23.1 24.3 28.7 12.6
51.3 19.4 38.7 15.4 20. I 23. I 12.8 16.2 19.1 6.9 7.8 32.9 13.8
I990
355 21.2 26.0 54.1 19.2 8.4 23.5 14.1 . 44.4 20.4 22.1 21.8 13.8
367 21.2 26.0 64 6 I9 8 82 21 5 23 1 44 3 20 9 24 1 I8 7 19 8
369 19.2 23.4 46.3 19.7 8.7 20.4 23.7 17.3 21 . I 24.0 26.7 13.5
375 20.0 24.4 65.6 22.5 8.3 22.0 23.1 18.0 20.4 22.8 27.6
34.1 20.5
51.6 22.5 30.9
5.8
11.1
62.6 20.9 32.6 5 .0
327 20.4 24.5 -~ 71.2 28.4 7.0 23.4 21.2 10.9 22.6 20.6 38.9 12.2
33.9 21 .o 25.4 92.9 26.9 5.5 24.7 25.1 io.0 26.3 24.4 37.6 12.8
346 20.8 25.1 89 0 23 5 40 21 9 25 7 13 6 27 8 I9 3 72 7 11 2
338 20.7 25.0 79 7 23 6 40 21 8 22 6 I5 4 27 9 I4 0 27 5 11 4
67.8 14.9 38.5 19.6 33.2 24.0 10.7 17.7 17.5 8 6.9 35.2 15.2
53.4 18.3 37.2 19.6 25.7 22.2 10.5 19.4 17.4 9.1 7.8 33.8 16.3
62.2 20.5 41 .O 52.9 27.7 25.2 10.6 20.0 21.7 10.9 8.0 33.0 15.1
79 7 22 9 39 2 61 9 22 8 24 2 10 7 21 1 24 8 97 83 31 6 I5 4
56 7 23 6
16.2 56.2 13.1 26.5 18.4 14.3 29.8 33.7
19.8 52.6 15.2 26.0 19.0 17.3 29.0 30.0
14.0 45.4 18.4 25.3 21.5 16.6 27.4 30.5
18.3 55.7 18.5 17.3 21 . I i 8.2
18 8 53 0 I8 0 I9 3 I9 5 I9 0
15 7 18 1 18 8 I8 5 25 5 _______ I7 9
25.3
21 1
22 1
12.5 14.1 35 3 15.8
26.2 21.2 21.6 26.8 19.X
25 1 29 3 21 8 28 0
27 7 I6 4 23 5 21 -4 I8 2
30.7 13.0 13.2 17.0 4.2 5.6 29.0 15.8
10.1 53.0 12.1 21.4 19.6 20.0 38.1 27.3
12.7 52.4 13.2 20.0 20.6 17.8 35.8 23.6
15.0 51 .2 12.8 18.5 20.5 17.7 24.6 28.8
12.9 48.0 14.3 27.7 19.7 15.6 26.4 33.8
24.8 8.9 23.4 26.8 21.9
25.8 10.7 21.1 30.0 18.3
~
~~
.x
68 5 343 22 2 I4 4 22 3 22 9 97 15 0 -40 4 I6 2
27.4
25.3
21.2
24.4 17.3 23.4
24.6 22.9 23.3
23.0 21.0 22.6
23.4 6.7 24.2 17.0 22.7
50.2
52.7
55.4
56.0
48.3
46.6
40.5 28.7
48.0 28.3
49 8 20 0
30.1 37.7 9.8 24.2 46.5
22.0 31.8 10.1 23.1 47.0
32. I 26.8 30.4 10.2 27.0 44.1
34.9 27.5 30.6 12.7 33.0 46.0
30.9 31.5 14.5 28.6 48.7
31.2 40.6 14.6 28.7 47 7
41.1 41.7 14.7 28.9 45.9
37.4 30.9 13.2 30.0 45.7
I8 7
I9 4
22.4
23.0
23.8
22.9
21.8
22.5
77 3 26 8 I4 0 32 0 47 6 17 5 88 22 6
48 2 I9 9 31 1 79 6 23 6 15 7 35 2 48 0 25 2 31 5 22 2
24 6
24 0
24.9
27.0
23.7
22.5
24.4
24.4
31 8
32 8
33.5
34.3
31.2
30.5
30.3
31.3
I9 6 I9 2 28 6
25 4 18 4 30 8
21.9
~
27 9
~
~~
1998
29.4 14.2 13.2 23.0 2.1 6.7 29.3 11.4
~
~~
199-
27.2 21.9 13.2 23.8 2.2 15.6 29.3 11.6
~~~~~
I995
1996
51.9 20.3 38.9 11.0 13.1 30.1 13.4 14.8 18.6 6.8 7.6 28.8 16.7
~~
Annual average
~
1993
1989
I3 1
Note 1998 data are preliminary (see page 3 ) Total revenue does not include grants Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992
~
~
_
_
66
37.3 20.8 25.6 47 8 I9 2 81 19 1 I7 7 ~ 49 7 23 4 25 2 19 1 I5 4
34 7 20 -4 24 6 72 0 24 4 69 21 5 23 5 I7 0 23 6 21 8 29 1 12 6
16 1
34 1 18 5
59 7 20 4 37 1 29 4 25 3 25 7 12 3 17 5 20 3 76 82
12 1 I9 7 21 0 _ _ _ 26 9
~
50 ~
_
~
90-MR
40.5 19.5
_
_
85-89
-5-84
~
28 6
I8 7
27 1 I6 5 29 4 83 5
28 9 23 7 I3 8 22 9 16 15 6 23 2 11 7
31 6 15 1
I5 5 I9 2 22 0
12 2 70 3 12 7 I9 0 I6 3 21 4 74 3 25 9
16 0 50 3 15 8 22 1 20 7 17 I 28 8 27 7
31 6
25 3
23 6
26 2 I6 4
23 7 18 4 24 2
22 8 25 5 I9 5
57 8
53 8
33 6
31 5 34 3
50 2 24 2 32 7 72 6 72 0 13 3 29 6 46 7 21 3 20 I 22 7
13 2
15 7
36 6 11 1
43 1
83 27 5 45 4
I8 0 22 5
23 7 72 7
24 0 18 8 31 5
198
Government Finance
7-10. Taxes on international trade and transactions Percentage of total revenue SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of C6te d'Ivoire Djibou ti Equatorial Guinea Entrea Et hI opi a Gabon Gambia, The Ghana ~Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia ___- __ __ Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauri tani a Mauritius __ Mozambique Namibia Niger NIgeri a Rwanda Sio Toine and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zainbia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tun i si a ALL AFRICA
I980 10.1
.. ..
30.5
~
I989 12.2 15.8 19.0 2.7 45.5 12.8 46.2 28.1 14.9 41.6 31.4 24.0 48.4
I990 10.7 16.0 19.2 1.3 46.5 13.2 38.3 21.0 15.4 43.7 39.8 24.4 41.8
1991
10.6 16.7 20.1 1.4 46.9 17.7 36.8 23.7 13.1 48.4 37.5 15.3 38.6
1992 10.2 17.0 20.4 13.8 41.9 21.3 33.3 21.9 18.0 49.1 34.7 15.6 32.2
1993 10.5 17.3 20.8 6.5 42.4 17.3 36.4 21.1 16.6 41.3 33.1 13.6 36.6
I994 11.6 19.2 23.1 4.6 39.7 16.1 54.0 29.7 18.3 40.5 32.5 19.4 36.6
21.5 34.0
16.0 26.2
17.4 31.0
21.2 25.3 13.9 27.2 25.5 19.0 19.4 50.4 22.6 12.8 18.3 9.5 54.0
20.0 26.3 16.8 28.7 21.9 22.6 21.1 44.3 21 .o _____ 14.6 29.3 12.7 58.0
13.9 39.0 19.3 26.9 20.9 32.9 16.0 37.6 28.2 15.7 35.9 14.6 58.6
36.7
32.2
29.1
13.5
44.7 31.6 42.9 35.6 44.6 25.5 31.9 35.4
44.0 42.2 38.4 30.2 44.4 45.3 34.4 36.0 41.8 45.2 -~ -_ _ 21.8 25.5 26.0 29.3 41.5 41.3 35.8 30.8 31.5 31 .o 40.9
51.3 39.6 6.4 18.8
15.1 19.2 54.0 38.8 8.7 26.2
50.8
55.3
17.2 21.1 53.9 23.8 11.6 28.5 4.6 52.8
43.8 31.9 26.4 22.2 50.1 19.5 27.0 34.3
46.2 32.7 26.4 20.2 49.4 21.9 26.5 39.5
43.4 35.3 41.1 23.0 46.5 24.4 38.0 39.0
36.1
27.5
30.9
31 .o 29.0
41.7
51.7 38.5
50.7 36.2
54.2 35.5
27.8 28.2 27.6 37.7 38.0
8.2
4.9
3.7
2.7
2.9
22.7 34.7
18.8
37.8
46.0 20.2 40.9
43.3 18.7 34.8
32.5
36.1
32.4
19.5
19.0
15.6
..
~
~-
_____
-
.
-~
18.2
35.6
Annual average
1998
75-84
13.0 21.5 25.8 ~4.3 40.9 12.9 28.2 17.7 19.3 44.7 38.9 31.2 33.9
12.8 21.1 25.4 5.3 45.5 10.6 27.6 19.2 17.1 40.7 38.0 30.3 43.1
12.6 20.3 24.2 8.1 43.3 9.9 26.0 28.7 16.8 40.6 44.8 29.8 41.8
7.2 9.3 11.5 ..
19.2 38.9 19.2 29.5 ~ ~ 17.0 27.4 17.6 49.4 22.7 -~~ 14.4 27.4 14.7 54.8
16.3 39.6 17.2 19.0 _ - ___ 19.7 26.0 19.6 61.9 27.3 _ ~~_ _ 14.1 32.8 15.0 50.4
8.8 36.5 17.2 19.8 15.2 27.5 18.8 59.4 25.8 15.5 23.8 14.3 54.2
12.9 34.3
___ _ _
-~
14.7 14.1 26.4 21.8 60.2 28.4 14.5 34.6
..
,.
.. .. ..
~
_
90-MR 11.6 18.9 22.8 56 43.1 14.9 36.6 23.5 17.1 43.4 38.0 23.0 37.4 _
_
21.5 34.9 .. 42.0 ,. 17.9 .. 55.2 39.1 6.4 33.3 .. 57.3
16.2 33.0 17.3 25.2 19.2 23.8 19.4 52.4 26.5 13.6 28.5 12.2 54.4
49.8 11.6 47.3 36.9
40.5 29.4 27.2 23.2 52.9 -~ 12.5 33.5 34.7
48.6 33.5 43.4 23.5 41.2 22.1 29.9 43 .O
51 .o
45.0
~
24.3
51.3 32.4
~~~~
54.0 39.3 48.7 12.0 34.0 17.6
54.4 13.0 50.0 10.9 34.6 17.9
46.7
47.7
52.4
38.5 24.1 31.1 26.6 49.5
29.2 25.5 33.7 23.9
31.8 21 .o 30.0 25.8
23.9 18.6 26.7 47.0
3 .O
3.2 31.2
3.6 44.0
3.4 47.6
14.2 36.0
15.7 41.3
27.6 37.1
27.0 41.2
28.2 44.3
32.9
33.3
30.8
27.4
29.7
28.2
19.4
17.1
16.8
17.3
18.4
16.6
13.3
11.4
10.6
10.7
1 1.6
12.6
13.0
14.4 12.6 12.6
25.2 16.7 13.8 14.8 13.4
34.4
34.7
35.8
32.9
31.5
32.3
31.8
25.9
14.7
13.6
13.7
12.6
12.7
13.6
14.7
14.3
20.5 14.6 13.3
13.8 12.2 13.0
55.1 41.4 46.1 22.5 38.8 ...24.0 27.9 43.2
85-89 9.6 14.0 16.9 2.8 45.5 13.3 45.7 28.3 17.7 40.4 31.9 26.1 48.4
22.3 35.3 22.5 ..
51.1
53.3 39.4 45.8 16.6 36.1 ~_______~ 19.9
~~
_
1997
_ _-.-
~
_
~-
1996
.
~~~
~
_____-
I995 12.8 21.4 25.7 4.9 40.4 15.5 48.4 28.9 19.5 41.6 42.5 27.1 32.3
38.1 44.2
Note 1998 data are preliminary (see page 3) Total revenue does not include grants Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992
3.7 44.2 36.7 29.2 45.0
5 .O
4.8
17.3 33.3
19.9 34.4 29.8 16.8 14.9
36.5
32.0
8.8
11.6
~
30.7 25.3 30.1 38.7 39.8 3.5 41.7 42.0 22.2 39.9 30.7 16.7 11.0 13.7 12.1 28.8 13.4 13.5
_
Government Finance
199
7-11. Indirect taxes Percentage of total revenue
Annual average
-~
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi .-. ~Caineroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ Congo. Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of Cdte dIvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Entred Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana ___ Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius _ _ _ _ _- - - -~ Mozambique Nain i bia Niger Nigeria Rwanda S2o Tome and frincipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Soinal ia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTHAFR~CA -_ _ Algerla Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia __-~ALL AFRICA ~
~
1990
1991
75.8
45.9 49.4 59.6 24.3 53.4 73.7 73.0 58.0 50.3 49.2 67.1 71.4 58.7
43.6 47.2 57.0 22.8 57.6 71.1 57.7 62.5 52.0 51.3 73.8 77.2 50.9
43.6 48.3 58.2 34.7 60.9 68.6 53.1 63.4 46.0 56.1 68.0 53.2 65.0
I992 40.8 44.5 53.5 32.7 59.3 66.5 49.8 60.3 46.5 55.3 69.4 53.6 71.5
64.5 62.4 .. 77.1
44.9 59.3 54.3 64.7
33.6 73.6 77.3 66.6 91.2 28.1 56.3 73.8
39.3 35.5 80.8 68.7 90.2 34.9 55.1 76.5
35.6 65.7 61.1 61.0 .. 45.2 35.9 80.7 72.5 89.9 42.5 55.7 70.3
.. ..
~
..
.. ._ 53.8 61.6 .. .. .. ..
.. 56.6 ,.
199"
1998
43.1 47.6 57.2 ~6.6 56.0 66.1 65.6 57.6 58.9 52.9 74.7 51.4 75.4
42.6 47.2 56.8 _____-. 9.6 63.8 63.8 67.4 66.7 51.7 47.3 74.9 57.0 82.1
42.5 46.3 55.2 16.7 .63.1 66.9 67.0 72.1 52.7 44.7 75.3 62.6 83.1
19.5 60.9 46.4 30.9 26.0 43.8 25.6 68.3 59.8 83.5 43.8 51.3 68.1
41.8 58.6
79 3 82.9 41.4 39 4 64.6 65 3 45.6 41 4 66.9 66 6 _ _ _ ~ __ 74.7 73 6 61.6 61 4 60.8
77.9 39.3 66.9 38.7 66.0 72.6
79.9 46.5 68.3 39.2 63.4 ____ 75.2
64.9
67.8
65 8 46 0 772 48 6 86 9
69.5 38.6 72.7 49.8 72.9
67.1 35.7 72.7 54.6 103.9
38 1 56 4
37.4 64.8
38.1 60.7 54.5 51.9 66.8 78.4 61.5 44.6 - 7 53 6 - -653 408
1994
41.6 44.3 53.3 31.9 60.1 63.6 51.2 59.9 52;7 47.4 70.4 54.0 78.5
42.6 45.3 54.5 25.7 55.7 70.8 71.2 71.9 59.5 47.9 66.4 67.5 75.9
I995 43.6 47.5 57.2 27.8 54.1 68.8 66.8 71.9 ._ -~ _ 61.0 48.4 75.1 49.7 74.0
46.2 45.7 30.7 64.6 65.2 63.8 49.8 50.7 51.2 65.0 61.2 65.2 __________ 38.0 35.9 47.9 46.0 54.1 43.2 35.1 37.0 26.7 74.0 70.7 76.5 69.0 71.9 68.7 ___ ~85.9 84.1 86.3 40.9 48.6 28.5 57.7 51.3 53.4 70.6 73.0 72.6
41.7 63.0 50.1 59.8 28.5 43.4 26.1 70.6 54.5 84.6 46.7 51.4 68.6
~
-~
.. ..
..
66.8 31.9 46.5 61.5 72.1 68.3 49.5 51.9
66.2 32.7 43.6 61.9 72.3 71.6 51.6 53.6
63.3 35.3 62.4 63.5 70.5 67.3 62.1 54.1
..
81.7
61.7
66.0
.. .. .. 65.6 ..
67.7 ..
..
55.5 53.6 71.7
59.7 57.4 72.1
..
41.9
39.5
~~
57.2 56.5 73.1 38.4
,.
.. -.
700 -
__
-
_ _
57.7 48.2 75.0 71.6 42.3 573
____
44.6 50.4 81.5 75.1 41.4 58 1 343
71 2
662 486
72.4 38.4 68.0 51.1 68.3 71.3 58.8 59.1
64.3 59.3 60 0 60 6 72 5
67.5 63.4 730 567 734
73.5 64.5 767 495 779
386
395
-
~
_
~
353
499
~~
58.5 49.0 56.8 83.6 70.9 46.1 59.9
66.2 30.2 66.9 48.4 71.1 76.7 60.0 56.1
36 6
__
.. .. _.
73.9 31.6 63.3 49.2 69.6 71.3 59.7 47.9
56 4 46 8 45 0 80 2 62 5 44 0 _ _ _ 59 4
350 507 775 680
378 51 1
35.7 64.0 46.5 35.1 32.8 42.6 25.3 71.4 63.9 82.6 46 8 52 4 62 9
81.4 45.1 74 3 46 8 79 3
39 1 50 3
~
592
644 403 ___ 589
49 5 50 5 77 7 62 7 42 7 62 0
48 2 58 0 80 7 62 1 44 6 60 5
391 _ -
~
~~~
185
318
32 9
347
368
39 7
40 3
682
65 5
664
66 7
68 9
55 6
__
-
493
-
471-
50 0
~
'5-84 85-89 90-MR 43.4 42.4 42.7 44.4 46.4 46.5 54.7 56.0 55.9 __. .. 19.4 23.2 .. 53.4 59.0 70.8 72.4 67.4 61.9 68.6 61.1 50.3 58.7 65.1 _ _ _ _ ~ 40.4 39.9 53.4 .. 47.4 50.1 86.2 69.2 72.0 .. 74.6 58.5 62.7 71.2 72.9 ~
_ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _
-~
_-_
-
~
1996
1993
~~
~
-
1989
..
~
-
~
1980
._
20.0 58.1 54.4 60.6 .. .. .. 73.8 53.7 70.0 65.3
65.2 29.4 50.0 64.6 73.3 58.2 53.4 54.9
83.9
83.5
49.6
..
24.8 24.9 40.4 30.6 68.1 63.6 83.7 52.6
46.7 ,. ..
63.8 ,.
49.9
63.9
-~
64.5 56.8 .. 73.8 .. 38.8 73.4 77.9 66.0 92.1 51.4 58.6 77.1
38.0 62.8 51.3 52.0 33.4 44.2 30.9 73.4 65.9 85.6 42.8 53.8 69.6
~~
~~
~---
~~~~
51.1 63.3 80.1 62.6 44.2 - 5 7
49 1
-
Note 1908 data are preliminary (see page 3 ) Total revenue does not include grants Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992
~
852 402 466 64 I 47 8
~~
73.5 37.2 63.2 48.8 68.3 72.7 59.0 58.4 68.5 50.4 69.3 53.4 79.1
_. -
66.8 34.7 ..
59.8 52.0 70.0
30.9
38.1
38.4 58.0 56.5 46.0 54.7 79.8 65.5 43.0 - ~ 588 75 3 368
~~-
-
59.6 41.2 88.9 .. 45.9 - ~ ~
61.1 46.1 83.1 63.9 42.6 ~ 544
~-
~
340
597 691 55 3 _____ 463 468
714
-
_
_
626 59 7 483
~_
~~
47 1 ~
200
Government Finance
7-12. Nontax revenue, excluding grants _~
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Beiiiii Botswana Biii kiiia Faso Buruiidi Cainerooii Cape Verde Ceiitral Afiicaii Republic Chad Coinoios Congo, Democratic Rep ot Congo, Repiiblic ot C6te d'lvoiie Dliboiiti Equatorial Guinea ~_ Eiitrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana ~~
I989
I990
1991
314
81 9.6 11.6
81 95 11 4
80 11.0 13.2
~~
67 I6 7
71.0 20.0 12.1 33.4 5.3 22.3 10.8 6.8 ~
~~
60 6 27 6 22 4 33 6 38 20 6 21 41
~~~
1.1 17.1 29.9
~~
~~
1993
I994
1995
1996
86 11.0 13.3 ~~8.0 39.0 27.3 40.6 31.3 35.5 98.0 7.7 44.6 62.9
107 9.0 10.8 6.3 31.6 31.5 44.5 34.1 36.3 58.8 6.7 35.2 79.6
100 6.9 8.3
114 9.1 10.9
11 1
~
2.5 13.4 6.3 37.8
35 18 2 14 9 41 6
Guiiiea
Guinea-Bissau 18.5
Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauri t i i i s Mozambiqiie Nain Ibia Niger NIgeri a Rwaiida SZo Tome and Piiiicipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Soinalia South Afi ica Stidaii Swazi land Taiizaiiia Togo
24.6 14.3 ~_
83 77 92 6 24 9 12 0 32 1 14 9 52 5 19 5 71 44 0 12 7 72 7
18.5
40 2
I08 9.2 11.2 14 205 324 162 21 1 34 8678 58 200 43 7
9.2 18.7 12.7 24.7 45.8 34.4 63.4 9.8 34.1 6.3 98.5 21.4 15.2
3.2 15.5 12.6 12.0 _~ ~39.5 32.2 64.1 8.7 18.3 _ 6.5 53.6 18.6 22.0
12 162 I4 4 73 51 2 276 636 106 180 68 858 204 164
~~
29 8 22 9 45 4 11 1 29 4 60 6 93 59 4 81 2
24. I 52.1 16.9 20.1 ~_ _~ 5.9 74.9 23.5 13.8 ~~~
1 ,9
27.9 13.5 45.7 19.0 9.0 _____~ 47 .? 13.1 26.3 57.2
63 I9 9 10 3 I9 2
15.9 11.4 23.9 .~ _~ 39.1 26.7 51.9 21.1 19.3 7.3 93.2 24.0 12.7
3 .O 16.0 10.6 22.1 _~ 41.9 30.9 51.3 18.6 23.5 6.8 65.3 20.3 13.2
21 9 64 2 I6 4 18 9 71 50 3 20 7 12 2
22.3 20.4 44.9 28.6 10.7 5975 13.9 29.3
25.1 13.6 31.5 31.6 10.4 4 1.3 10.2 47.8
12 7 90 49 9 29 1 12 6 624 12 2 46 3
77.8 27.7 4.3 8.6 4.7
25 7 31 2 20 2 14 8 18
~~~~
~~~
1
.o
30s
~~
~~
~~
15.8 16.2 19.9
..
90-Mll
9.3 10.9 13.2
10 1 9.5
11.1
679 107 99 39 1
3.2 32.2 27.4 31.3 23.5 29.8 64.4 6.2 35.8 62.5
71.0 23.8 14.3 13.9 10.4 25.5 10.7 6.3
23.0 19.9 8.5 32.7 ..
.. ,.
-
85-89
..
3 1 9
..
11.5 ~~
41.3 11.0 22.2
70.4 38.6 8.2 12.3
55.2 25'.4 7.9 19.4
81
7.5
8.7
13.1
13 6
13.9 21.0
13.6 15.4
12.6 15.2
12.1 17.2 15.2 4.2 11.1 I52
10 8 21 2 84 18 11 6 14 7
11.8 9.6 15.3 6,3 2.1 9.8 18.1
13.5 9.8 25.1 7.2 4.5 10.0 16.8
8.0 17.9 8 .0 3.4 12.2
9.5 12.8 7.7 8.4 11.4 16.7
14.4 11.3 6.1 8.0 0.7 16.5
11 7
19.1
69 13 8 69 68 12 0 I9 0
26 8
24 2
35.4
31.2
35 0
34 3
33.5
32 0
80
13 4
98
9.1
10 9
12 3
8.2
12 6
~~~
~~
~~~~
___
I IT5
11.4
13 6
13 2
13.2
~~~~~
13 2 59 55 82 _17 1 22 31 4
13.4 19.4 8.7 8.6 14.3 5.9 3.4 7.4 18.2 1.9 31.1
18 8 I5 4 13 0
14.8 25.3 14.1
~
~~
13 0
Note I998 data are preliininary (see page 3 ) Total revenue does not include grants Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992
,.
24.4
24.7
32.4 5.2 41.0 11.0 6.3
19.5 29.2
19.8 11.9
3.7 16.8 11.7 21.7 41.3 29.2 57.5 14.2 19.7 6.8 78.4 21.8 15.3
25.6
13.0 33.1 10.8 12.7
28.4 15.6 42.5 16.6 10.5 36.7 12.2 21.2
18.6 12.5 36.9 32.9 10.9 46.8 12.1 35.1
17.8
15.3
60.9 37.8 . 13.6 11.8 4.5
~~~
..
.. ..
17.5 _.
~~~
..
-
36.0
7.3
~~
~~
33.9
~~
1. I 24.7
..
41.3 87.7 43.7 5.7 11.6
34.3
,.
67 408 337 549 127 165 66 91 7 223 199 70 15.4 20.2 43.7 9.6 43.1
24.0 9.0 4.3
63.9 15.7 8.9 4.9
28 178
249 7.7 23.5 42.3 14.5 46.1-
18 3 77 47
10 4
~~
-5-84
11.9 10.8 10.4 36 173 294 208 175
10.4 4.9 29.0 47.6 12.3 .~~ 35.4
26.9 29.1 4.8
10 5
1998
-
~
5.1
13.1 34.7 34.4
73.0 34.0 18.3 13.5 4.7
~~~~
8.8
13 1
33.3 l5,l 49.6 18.1 8.4 39.6 12.2 25.5 ~~
IJgaiida
31 3 52 1
26.8 25.1 31.4 13.7 284 63.1 4.3 43.7 68.6
8.8 10.7 05 29 0 29 4 26 7 I7 6 31 2 64 4 09 38 1 62 7
15
~~
199-
~
~
39.2 6.9 27.3 9.7 _~ 6.5 ~
Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Alieria Egypt, Arab Repiiblic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA
35.8 24.8 34.1 31.0 _ 36.7 78.7 8.0 67.2
Annual average
-
I992
~
~
Keiiya
Percentage of total revenue -
_
1980
~~
__ _. ,. ~
~~~
- .-...__
-
8.7 19.7 ..
20.8 29.6 5.7
11.0
7.9
6.8 26.5 0.0
..
7.4 23.5 8.6 8.6 11.9 -__ 17.2
..
26.7
~
.. 11.0
..
11.0
~
8.2 ..
~~~
12.5
11.4
-.
11.6 17.7 11.3 9.9 16.1 6.9 4.9 10.2 17.4 2.0 32.0 12.2 20.3 12.6
Government Finance
20 1
7-13. Government expenditure: wages and salaries ~ - _ _ _ _ Percentage
1980
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria ~ ~ _ _ Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi .~ Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of C6te d h o i r e Djibou ti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesoth o Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius ~Mozambique Namibia Niger NIgeri a Rwanda SPo Tome and Principe -~ SenegalSeychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zi in babwe _ - _ _ _ _ _ ~ NORTH AFRICA Algena Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA ~
12.9
.. ..
_ _ _
.. ..
I989 I990 19.9 20 9 17.5 19.1 19.6 21.4 ~ _ _ __ _ 42.4 46.0 38.5 36.3 ~
,.
49.1 31.4
-
19.8 23.2 40.1 23.8 31.3 16.6 28.9
~
38.8 24.6 39.2 26.2 26.4 19.4 30.8
of total expenditure and lending - - minus ~ repayments ~ -
21 2 I9 2 21 5 _ . 52 8 37 1
1992 27 4 19 8 23.0 244 33 0
31 9 26 1 38 4 25 1 27 7 25 1 32 0
30 8 23 0 42 0 19 9 27 3 21 1 27 7
1991
_
~
1994
1995
1996
27 1 21.8 24.7 21.5 35.5 22.8 29.0 23.7 43.6 22.1 29 5 27 1 30.8
26.6 20 1 22 7 88 27 8 25 0 26 2 30 0
26 3 19 8 22 0 I3 0 24 3 24 1 24 9 27 7 29 1 20 2 22 5 28 6 28 3
264 20 6 22 7 I5 7 26 4 22 8 23 4 28 2 25 8 21 6 41 7 27 3 35 5
714 I9 2 24 2 28 0 23 2
~
~~~
199-
26.8 21.1 23.7 ~I7 2 26 5 20.2 20 9 32 2 27.3 21 6 32 5 24 4 36 6
~
43.7 29.6 .. 10.6 20.6 30.7 19.5 23.4 ~ 17.5 9.0
30.4 34.6 41.6 10.5
-
23.2
43.8 34.4 46.0 1 1.6
27.5 32.2 20.7 23.5 ~ 17.1 9.4
33 8 32 4 21 0 22 8 200 10 3
21.9
27 2
-~
47 5 35 5 46 6 12 7 -186 28 0 34 4 19 5 24 8 23 I 79 28 8 29 1
48 8 35 6 48 0 10 8 ~
1s 0 28 3 34 0 21 1 20 2 24 2 81 24 3 29 2
36 3 28 5 56 4 I6 4 23 0 24 8 27 9 23 3 18 3 25 1 75 25 5 ~
31 3
32 I 26 2 61 6 I7 9 24 3 22 6 27 4 21 5 18 3 23 9 92 28 3 30 5
24 8 28 1 60 3 17 3 29 3 20 6 27 3 20 5 I8 2 27 1 9s 28 5 29 6
Annual average -
-~
~~~~
1993
20 2 27 3 62 2 I3 7 27 3 21 7 25 0 24 0 I8 8 23 4 68 30 6 31 6
-
~~~
25 8
39 7
36 8 33 6 37 9 30 0
36 3
33 4
33 7
z3 8
3z 1
17 1 40 0 I9 0 41 4 87 17 7
40 5 21 7 36 1 10 7 16 1
12 0 39 4 22 8 35 6 14 6 20 2
22 6 39 5 26 2 34 0 I6 9 I9 0
33 4 31 2 38 7 31 2 35 8 I9 8 24 1
27 5 352 173 355
__
47 6 25 5 96 20 1 60 76 3 27 7 20 2
33 5 22 0 49 0 24 7
-
~~
27 2 -
~
23 2 21 4 27 5 I9 5 23 5 I8 8 31 2 32 5 20 3 20 3 15 8 I9 3 28 5 12 7 44 8 23 9 I7 7 24 6
23 5
1 OS
~
..
I9 4
TO8
20 3 22 8 I6 4 21 1 28 1 10 1 46 9 26 2 80 26 1 84 33 7 26 5 2s 4
22 8
-~
~
17 7 20 3 16 1 20 3 21 9
22.5
21.4 27.6 10.7
35 0
21 1 I6 6 20 3 30 8 96 47 1 34 8 85 19 5 43 35 4 25 3 15 6
6.9
265 18 4 21 9 I4 0 28 1 10 6 45 6 34 9 70 23 9
-
-
I7 0 15 4 I6 7 I9 0 32 0 79 47 2 29 4 76 25 0 70 35 0 22 0 16 1
46 8 25 6 82
~
41.0
17 2
18 1
I8 0 23 4 23 0 15 4 30 4 10 4 41 0 38 7 61 24 1 91 41 4 21 6 12 9
39 1 25 1 73
23.1 17 0 22 0 I6 0 29 6 97 37 4 24 0 79 27 8
-
85-89 122 15.6 17.9 45.7 38 5 -
~
~
19 2 27 7 29 0 21 7 31 6 15 0 28 9
&-Ml< 258 20.6 23 0 24 8 30 6 22 7 27 4 27 4 33 8 22 0 28 4 24 8 30 9
-
-
32 7 28 2 15 4
34 3 30 8 52 8 14 5 22 6 25 6 29 1 22 1 20 5 2' 0 97 28 2 29 2
15 0
22 5 25 1 I7 6 25 6 I 4-3 I4 2
72 1
32 7
32 5 I6 4 46 8
30 6
27 0 I6 3 25 0 I6 4 29 7 12 2 22 6 21 2 56 28 0
39 2
41 9
30 3
86
I7 7
21 2
20 9 27 1 83
21 3 25 7 11 5
19 1
26 3 27 8 17 2
12 8 20 7 75 6 27 1 30 1 19 5
25 1 16 2 17 6 -
~-
I9 7 18 2 22 6 23 2 28 3 99 47 1 37 4 36 22 1 11 6 40 4 27 2 10 1
21.3 17.3 24 .0 15.2 31.1 9.3 23.6 23.7 7.2 30.6
29.9 24.1 25.3 23.6 28 3 21 3 20 7 31 0 27 8 22 2 24 2 22 3 33 4 24 8 26 7
~
I4 2
-5-84 147 13.5 16.5
1998
29 2 193 I9 6 18 8
11 3 ~
32 1 20 6 20 8
20 1 I9 7 I9 0 18 7 29 3 10 2 45 6 30 5 85 23 7 82 37 9 24 6 I5 2 31 8 23 3 38 1 23 5
21 3 28 6 74 23 3
20 0 36 5 88 21 3
30 9 19 3 79 1 82 25 4
28-1 367 167
25 0 27 5 I5 6
26 2 31 8 15 8
26 3 28 9 18 8
27 2 30 2 I9 7
28 1 29 7 21 5
28 4 29 7 22 0
26 7 28 4 23 0
371
39 5
38 1
37 0
37 3
38 4
39 0
31 2
38 3
71 1
34 5
37 3
232
22 4
27 1
26.9
26 8
26 8
27 0
26 7
29 2
I8 9
16 1
26 2
31 4
-
20 6 19 0 35 6 277 27 7 22 3
~
3s 4
~~
223
Note 1998 data are preliminary (see page 3 ) Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992
202
Government Finance
7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries
~
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excludiiig South Afi ica excl S Afiica & Nigeria Aii&a Beniii Botswana Biiikina Faso Buruiidi Cainerooii Cape Verde Ceiitral Africaii Republic Chad Coinoros Congo, Deinocratic Rep of Congo, Republic of CBte d'lvoiie D1i bo tit i Equatorial Guiiiea Eiitrea Ethiopia Gaboii Gambia, rlle Gliaiia Guinea Guiiiea-Bissati Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritaiiia Maim t i iis Mozain biq tie Nain i bia Nigei Nigeria Rwaiida Silo Tome and Piiiicipe Seiiegdl Seychelles Siei-ra Leone Soinalia South Africa Sudan Swazi land Taiizani a Togo Uganda Zambia Ziinbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeiia Egypt, Aiab Repiiblic Libya Morocco Tuiiisia ALL AFRICA
~
Index_198 7= 100 ~____________
1980
1989
1990
1991
1992
95 95 95
105 105 107
108 I 08 107 125
116 1 I6 114 104
118 118 117 61
125 1 I4
132 116
1 I7 125
95 54
105
1 07
toi
121 124 106
I02
97
I06
1993
Annual average
_________
1998
75-84
105 105 104 77
110 110 109 57
91 91 91
85-89 99 99 99 89
103 96 46
106 82 49
110 78 58
I3 96 68
100 102 97
71
74
75
1994
1995
1996
120 120 119 ~19
105
99 99 96 13
100 100 97 55
105
1 I9 126 101
106 1 I7 67
104 102 50
103
100
90
76
105 103 17
~
199-
90-Mlt 109 109 107
99 __-
89
337
87 97
92 94
I38 91
105 102
123 I14
106 174 1 I6
101 189 107
207 140
93 98 91 101 126 127 98
89 93 90 99
97 01 98 99
119
19
134 153
56 198
213 107
209
105
106
149 87
144 80
97 63
1 I4
68
113
130
77 148
110
I62 228 112
173 226 98
181
87 I27 102 99 I26 152 209
101
I09
92
I05
I35 I00
133 105
132
121
179
106 106 99
I11
1 I7
103 144
116
109
111
105
109
152
102
75
75 92
76 62
65 67
68
67
87
95 93
109 75
91
86
111
1 I6
95 1 I4
105 I I4
124 108
100 97
97 106
98 1 I9
150 227 96
146 246 109
140 236 103
147 239 Ill
28
225 88
97 140 106
146 225 107
87 136 102 97 135 179 21 1
80 79 89 97 48 51 206
75 159 85 95 149 147 218
74 123 84 97
99 208 98
98 94 93
149 252
89 160 95 100 157 182 258
157 249 26 1
77 318 76
32 96
86 143 94 99 140 167 218
180 102
289 104
224 26
180 43
185 56
192 75
585 71
85
21 99
25 1 76
1 I9
1 I9
1 I5
98
95
96
93
92
96
98
104
109
100
120
141
141
158
134
173
343
31
131
I I7
1 I9
161 95 4x9
180 93 563
196 92 708
195 94 754
148 83 134
116 94 148
155
109 250
146 I09 256
151
121
130 125 144
139 121
27
135
15
1 I5
57
164
162 127 162
99 97
151
43 20 66
86 85
138
I30 130 131
117 1 I7
125 I I9
130 125
139
27 04
I35 109
43
178 117
87 89
Note I998 data are preliniinarv (see page 3 ) Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992
103 323
111
151
10
93
105
101 101
102 405
133
101
119 151
102 99
134 1 I4
Government Finance
203
7-15. Government expenditure: other goods and services ____
~
I980
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Beniii Botswana Burkiiia Faso Buruiidi Cainerooii Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros _ _ _ - __ _ _ Congo, Deinocratic Rep of Congo, Republic of CBte dIvoire Djibouti Equatonal Guinea _ _ ~ _ _ _ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana ~_ GUiii ea Guinea-Bi ssau Kenya Lesotho Liberia _ __ Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Maim tius _ _ Mozambique Nainibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda S5o Toine and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan _Swazilaiid Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Ziinbabwe .NORTH AFRICA _ ~_ _ Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tniii si a -_ ALL AFRICA
.. ,.
..
28.0 22.9 ,. .. ..
3.4 13.9 16.6 3.9 11.5 19.6 20.3
7.1 17.2 _ -. 17.4 4.0 12.7 21.0 20.0
7.7 15.6 . 12.5 3.3 11.6 34.4 22.2
86 12 4 __ 10 5 25 11 6 26 4 19 7
~~~~
-
-.
8.3 24.9 26.7 9.7
__
~
~
~ -
_
34.9 23.5 19.0 12.9 18.9 14.6 17.0
17 2 _
10.7 23.3 31.5 10.1
~
34 0 25 0 20 3 13 3 -____ I9 4 13 3
.-
12 2 00 31 10 1 84 -~ 33 0 21.9 14.8 13.2 21.3
00
444
~~
11.8 0.0 2.1 12.3 8.3 30.7 24.6 17.4 15.8 23.7
___-
~
16.5
22 9
43.1
1994
234 21.7 19.5 41.0 63 41 0 120 21 3 75 16 138 144 203
21.6 20.6 43.1 8.4 36.0 10.7 20.4 10.7 1 .B
11.5 26.3 26.4
_____~~___
94 - _ ~ _ -
-
_~
20.0 19.3 10.9 76
86 24 9
~
1993
19.2 19.3 17.0 8.2
,.
-~
1992
I991
19.2 20.1 19.9 7.1
-_
~
__-
1990
18.7 20.2 12.5 7.4
,. _
_-
15.2 30.3 42.7
29.1 21.0 21.1 13.1 18.7 13 0
10.4 22.4 29.2 14.6 71.0 22.1 20.5 23.5 10.0 -_ 15.6 10.8 19.2 23.7
.
~
~~~
19 0 _ _
__
81 9.1 219 22.2 242 29.2 20 3 10.1 . . .. 498 44.1 250 25.7 19.4 192 25.5 25 1 105 12.6 _ _ _ _ ~ ~ _ 132 13.9 9.4 12 6 16.7 16 8 26 4 7.9
zv
~-
_
15.9 0.0 9.8 18.9 10.1 .. 31.5 26.3 21.3 23.3 30.9 5.4 ..--. __ 21.1 98 30 9 31.6 37.8 36 8
11.5 0.0 13.2 14.4 9.7 29.3 22.5 15.3 26.2 24.8 4.3 11.9 26.0 39.7
10 3 00 83 12 0 95 - __ 29 0 28 4 12 5 18 9 28 0
1
00 10 6 17 6 95 33 8 25 3 18 8 31 0 26 4 50 118 24 9 42 9
~
25 1 -~
~
32.3 20.2 49.5
-_
__
_ .
-
_
94
10.4
11 3
~
~_
~
15.3 36.2 17.0 31.8 24.5
I9 1
90 31 12 4
__
~~~
40 2 19 2 31 9
9-4 2.7 14.1
115 ___
28 6 20 8 43 9 15 4
95 26 14 8
_______
_
_ - _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~
1989
..
~
Annual average __ __
Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments
~_
~
~_
.
~
~
37.4 28.3 30.7 19.0 26.6 20.3
27 8 30 4 I6 4 29 7 22 3
1995 249 24.1 22.2 47.2 52 423 108 237 158 14 99 11 7 224 77 228 224 25 2 432 253 173 20 1 81
199-
1996
25 7 23.1 21.4 48.4 77 423 98 206 ___ I60 15 125 154 178
_
266 24.5 23.0 56.5 6.9 37.3 8.7 33.3 _ - ~_ 16.7 16.1 15.6 13.3 14.1 ~~~
72 237 199 23 8 41 0 23 1 21 1 21 4 72 ~~
-
113 11 9 20 4 31 1
1 1 7
10 0 26 8 25 8
29 9 24 0 I6 2 20 5 320 25 5 I9 9 17 9 71 11 4 84 27 0 30 3 __
1998
~
276 29.5 22.4 49.5 74 39 3 99 25 9 __ - _ _I4 6 16 1 10 I 12 2 I6 9 15.2 22.1
25 7 47 5 27 7 28 9 I8 2 32 7 22 5
28 5 36 0 26 1 24 2 21 I I9 7
28 9 48 7 25 0 23 7 20 2 32 9 I9 2
II 5 46 I5 9
I4 3 50 I6 3
25 6 43 4 21 3 21 2 22 4 32 0 20 3 13 3 12.2 49 I5 9
30.5 13.8 34.5 ~
36 I5 5
11 4 47 16 1
11.7
12.6
1-4 0
12 2
17 4
24 2
16.0
I9 2
20 5
21 1
22 6
22 7
32 0 20 4 19 5 I5 4 24 7 13 5
19.9
~~~~
25 6 22.5 20.9 37.0 7.2 39.7 9.5 21.1 13.5 5.4 12.2 19.5 20.0
23 6
~
1 1 ,9
23.0 24.9 18.1 46.7 27. I 20.0 21.0 9.9
14.6 12.1 22.4 24.4
-
~~
30 5 20 7 33 3
I5 0 00 47 88 81
-742 21 9 I4 9 I6 5 I9 6 __
_
15 5 35 5
31 5
21 7 45 9
1 1 .9
2.0 10.0 17.6 9.2 27.9 23.8 19.0 30.5 25.4 5 .0 13.2 26.8 42.0 26.8 42.6 24.5 29.3 19.4 32.7 20.4 13.3
_
-
1F9
Note 1998 data are preliminary (see page 3 ) Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992
~
18.8
~
10.9 4.0 15.3
-
-
10.0 31.7
11.8 18:9 18.0 0.0 12.4 42.5 20.8 9.3 7.2 __-~~_~____ 29.3 36.0 19.4 16.2 24.3 13.8 64.3 24.0 16.8 5.5 14.1 19.6 38.4 29.2 45.3
15 8 00 13 0 21 7 86 _~ 21 4 20 9 23 0 31 3 I9 5 50 11 0 20 7 47 0
~
3.5 16.9 13.7 3.7 9.9 18.5 20.3
_ _ _ _ ~ ~
.
.
9.1 213 13.0
.
35 22 6 __ 20 3
~~
72 00 11 7 20 0 87 __ 23 7 21 5 21 4 30 9 26 3 50 12 2 19 2 45 0
~ ~ _ _ _ _
-
7.4
33.6
28.3 45.7 33 .0 18.3 15.2 7.9 .~ 11.6 18.5 30.2 38.9
10 0 00 12 2 20 2 93 _ 22 4 24 8 17 0 32 7 25 1 46 11 4 19 5 57 0
37 1
90-MR
~~
97
_ _
_-
_
85-89
'5-84
11.0
23
98 27 15 1
3.9 14.9
11.7
10 4
13.9
_
_
21.2
204
Government Finance
7-16. Government expenditure: interest payments Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments 1980
1989
I990 9.8 18.6 13.1 _ 9.9 15.3
1991
I992
1993
199-1
I995
I996
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.4 9.6 10.0 8.5 8.8 9.6 9.0 8.4 excluding South Africa .. 18.4 18.6 15.9 16.4 18.3 16.8 15.6 excl. S. Africa & _Nigeria .. 12.3 14.3 12.9 14.0 17.1 16.1 15.6 ___~ ~ _ Angola ,. 10.4 15.1 8.9 15.5 19.5 18.9 21.0 Benin .. 15.6 13.8 17.5 15.0 15.9 12.6 12.4 Botswana .. Bnrkina Faso .. 2.8 5.7 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.6 4.2 Burundi 2.0 8.2 7.1 6.1 6.4 5.0 6.0 6.9 6.6 . ___ .- - . ___ .. 8.2 9.7 17.6 23.4 24.1 36.5 39.5 41.8 Cameroon Cape Verde .. 4.4 4.9 3.4 2.5 6.2 2.5 1.9 7.5 Central African Republic .. 7.1 5.6 6.3 8.3 9.9 10.7 11.2 17.5 Chad ,. 0.8 1.8 .. 3.8 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.6 Coinoros _ _ _ ~ -~ ~ __ _ . -. - - - _ ~ _ _ _ ~ - ~ _ _ _ __ Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of .. 29.7 22.5 21.6 20.1 33.0 43.0 36.5 CBte dIvoire .. 24.6 29.3 33.2 32.7 29.0 29.0 25.9 23.3 Dji bout i .. 1.4 .. 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.6 Equatorial Guinea .. 11.6 12.7 16.7 13.7 26.0 24.0 15.6 - -~ -_ ~ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ Eritrea Ethiopia .. 4.3 4.3 5.4 7.3 10.2 13.5 10.0 9.0 .. 22.6 23.2 22.6 22.5 24.4 26.4 30.9 25.6 Gabon 12.9 14.8 14.8 13.9 14.3 .. 15.0 14.9 13.8 Gambia, The 8.9 12.0 14.2 13.9 17.2 Ghana ., 7.0 7.8 9.2 _____.._~_ .. 7.2 9.0 8.1 8.1 Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya .. 27.8 28.9 25.9 34.3 30.9 24.1 22.3 Lesotho .. 4.2 3.6 3.5 Liberia ______ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _______________8.9 12.3 17.1 19.4 27.3 29.0 26.3 ,. 8.3 Madagascar 18.5 12.7 10.5 8.9 Malawi 9.1 12.2 10.8 21.0 21.6 4.8 Mali 7.3 6.9 9.0 6.1 ,. 8.1 9.1 6.3 10.4 13.0 13.4 Mauri tania 13.1 ,. 15.7 17.7 16.4 13.7 11.9 12.4 13.1 Mauritius ._____ _____._ .___._ 48 6.6 7.0 6.7 7.9 8.6 3.6 6.7 Mozambique Nain ibi a 13.1 12.8 Niger 10.1 11 5 10.2 9.8 12.3 15.5 47.6 Nigeria 57 40 8 31 .O 15.3 23.8 45.3 20.2 29.1 77 17 Rwanda 5.7 7.2 27.9 11.2 9.1 5.1 7.8 14.4 Sio Tome and Principe ___ .- ._ _ --- _ _ __ SineL,l 75 15.6 12.5 16.8 12 9 14.5 12.6 10.9 9.3 15 7 13.7 15.2 13.4 16.3 16.2 15.3 12.7 Seychelles 77 30 0 Sierra Leone 32.2 12.5 26.9 18.8 28.7 13.6 10.5 Soinalia South Africa Sudan _ _ ___ Swazi land 15.6 18.9 13.2 13.2 Tanzania 18.4 12.2 12.9 14.4 14.7 13.0 12.6 11.3 15.9 15.4 12.9 21.9 Togo 6.3 8.9 6.0 5.7 4.9 7.8 15.5 Uganda 9.7 16.2 22.0 10 9 Zambia 27.7 23.7 36.5 24.4 27.5 41.8 14.4 27 7 24.5 24.2 14.1 13.9 17.9 20.4 15.6 Ziin babwe ~ ~ _ _ _ ___ _.__ 11.2 NORTHAFRICA 13.6 14.9 11.6 -_~ ..__~____ Algeria 56 64 6.0 7.0 6.4 8.2 9.9 11.9 100 100 Egypt, Arab Republic 15.5 18.7 25.5 29.3 25.4 25.1 Libya Morocco 87 21.7 22.6 21.1 19.6 19.7 20.2 20.5 19.0 -
~
~
Annual average 1997
1998
75-84
85-89
90-MR
7.5 14.0 14.3
16.3 13.3 14.4
4.0 14.3 11.8
9.0 -0.2 3.6 8.9 38.4 7.8 9.8 5.3
7.6 -1.5 3.7 8.1 32.1 9.1 7.9 4.4
2.6 5.3 .. .. .. ..
9.2 17.6 13.3 10.3 83.1 .. 3.6 8.9 6.3 3.9 7.2 0.8
9.8 16.4 14.7 15.5 13.2 -0.8 5.7 6.8 29.2 5.1 9.7 4.8
34.1 20.2 1.4 16.7
39.9 18.4
26.3
20.5 22.7 .. ..
31.1 26.8 1.2 17.0
.. ..
~
..
16.3
~
~
~
~
- -
~~-
1
7
20.1 4.1
19.7 4.0
17.5 12.9 4.1 13.0 14.4 5.7
12.6 12.6 3.1 14.0 13.9 4.5
9.8 12.5 6.2 16.1 12.3 15.9 16.3
10.1 7.2 5.2 26.8 9.6 19.8 27.8
..
19.8
-
~
-
11.1
1
/.I
/.I
7.3 22.7 23.0 22.9 8.3
3.4 6.6
.. 11.4
5.1 14.1 13.4 8.3
.. ..
.. 5.6 12.9 ,.
20.4 .. 11.1 7.9 2.5 9.4 3.4 10.5
8.5 24.6 15.7 14.3 8.3 26.0 3.9
9.9 18.9 18.6 13.7 7.6 6.3 .. 12.8 18.3 14.1 -___ 5.7 6.2 13.7 37.9 4.7 .. i5.7 11.6 23.7
11.3 25.0 9.7 17.1 12.4 15.6 20.6
..
19.8
~
-
~
1
9.2 23.5 19.1 22.9 9.2
__
.. 17.4 12.8 5.5 18.0 19.1 19.0 12.7 23.1
0.8 .. 13.9 8.0 12.3 10.2 20.9 14.8 6.1 ,. 6.3 11.7 12.2 28.6 27.7 24.8 13.5 ,. 10.7 17.3 - ~ _ _ _ _ - . -~ 10.4 2.5 4.2 22.4 ,. 9.1
20.5
17.9
8.5 . 21.8
20.1
11.2
16.6
7.7
12.1
0.8 14.9 14.0 7.8 25.3 19.7 17.0 8.8 21.7
____-.
10.6
11.7
Note 1998 data are preliminary (see page 3 ) Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992
13.0
12.2
11.8
9.5
205
Government Finance
7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and other current transfers -
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Afiica excl S Afnca & Nigeiia _ _ _ _ Angola Ben iii Botswana Burkiiia Faso Buniiidi Cakerooii Cape Vei de Central African Republic Chad Coinoros C i i o , Deinocratic Rep of Congo, Republic of CBte dIvoire Dlibouti Equatorial Griiiiea ~Eiitrea Etli iopi a Gabon Gambia, The Ghaiia Guiiea Guinea-Bissati Kenya Lesotlio Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Maiiritaiiia Mauritius Mozain biqiie Nain ibia Niger Nigeria Rwaiida S5o Tome and Piiiicipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Soinal ia Sorith Africa Sridaii Swan 1and Tanzania Togo Uganda Zainbia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Aiab Republic Libya Morocco Tim i si a ALL AFRICA ~
Annual average -
Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments -~ ~-- -
___
~-
~
1980 24
-
109 112
~~
- -
_.
1990 13 25 30 ~62
I989 1.6 30 36 28
00 70 00 01 00 00
~
01
1992 15
28 34 81
67 00 06
60 00 05
80 00 03
00 00
00 00
-~-~
1993 13 24 29 ~~
91
1994 34 23 28 00
1995
I996
L l
19
--
23 00
-5-84 21 2.6 3.2
85-89
9O-MII
15
20 2.1 2.5 j .2
75 00 00
00 10 I 86 12
00 57 00 07
00 00
00
00 00
00 36
00
24 54
199”
1998
7 G L J
24
18 22 00
19
22 00
21 14 17 00
00
00
51 00 01
75 00 00
67 00 01
58 00 00
0 1
00 00 91 00 30 06 35 00 01 00 06 00 36 00 00
00 00 I? 3 00 37 03 44 00 12 00 01 00 43 00 00
00 00 48 00
00 00 61 00 29 05 40 00 17 00 00 00 60 00 00 11 5
00 00 39 00 37 79 00 13 00 00 00 58
56 00 00 00 00 00 56
00 10 5
00 33 7
00 14
00 12
00 57
25 2 10 00 76
~
00 00
40
17 00 30 00 38 00 17 40
13 00 00 00 35 00 09 49
00 00 21 6 00 00 06 41 00 14 00 05 00 40 00 00 49
00 20
00 18
00 23
00 27
00 27
00 16
00
18 2 44 23 52 00 58
19 1 16 27 74 00 I7 2
20 2 22 27 67
21 0 22 40 69
21 3 12 34 12 9
21 8 09 25 66
23 0 14 42
21 9 12 02 00
81
81
50
18
48
7 1
56
62 10 00 72 00 57
82 94 02
10 5 74 I9
89 58 26
82 54 24
13 9
11 4
51 24
99 10 4 20
88
48 23
-7 7
00
97 I3 00
81 48 00
45
35
12
10
29
00 46 00 06 49 83 91 77
00 90 00 00 14 73 78 58
00 67 00 00 05 64 53 60
00 51 00 00 01 71 49 68
00 69 00 02 0 I 50 19 62
0 0 00 64 00 09 00 53 42 59
-
~
32 13 2
36
00 02
36
60
49
19
19 00 46 00 70 00
179
I991 I 1 21 25 49
15
~
-
39
04 44 00 18 00 00 00 62 00 00 10 8
is 00 00 139 00
00 42 00 -
137 293 _
74
56 49 00 97
_ _
3 1 -
00 16
0.0 2.3
~
I9 9 71 50 94 00 06
I8 3 14 3 42 66
20.2 1 .6
12 1 38 00
io I
72 35
16 0 00 02
00 00
12 39
72 05
1 .9
7.3 0.0 6.9 0.9 46 I .5 3.4
00 23 00 99 23 2
00 07 00 11 9 85 50 00 10 2
0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 3.0 3.2 7.2 5.2 x.5
64
72
85
84
95
78
11 7
42
61
66
19
7.8
30
3 1
47
35
46
10
40
12
31
18
23
3.7
6 r 04 11 4
10
-~
26
14 00 10 4 00 68 00 14 38
0.0 0.0 9.8 0.2 2.7 0.6 4.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 4.7 0.0 0.3 11.5
12 2
59 ~~~
~~
1 3
6.7 0.0 0.2
00 59 00 25 81 11 6 10 4 I4 2
00 44 00 10 9
135 _
00 51 00 11 6 I 1 73
I 3
0.0
11
-
00
29 33 ~54 00
-
Note 1998 data are preliminary (see page 3 ) Nigeria’s fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992
206
Government Finance
7-18. Government expenditure: capital and net lending Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments __
Annual average
~~
~~~~
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Afiica excl S Afiica & Nigeiia Angola Beiiiii Botswana Burkina Faso Buruiidi Cainerooii Cape Verde Central Afiicaii Republic Chad Coinoios Congo, Deinociatic Rep of Congo, Republic of C6te d'lvoiie Dliboiiti Equatoiial Guiiiea Eritrea Ethiopia Gaboii Gambia, The Gliaiia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Libeiia Madagascar Malawi Mali
~
I980
1989
1990
1991
1992
309
178 27.2 27.1 ~32.6 27.0 48.2 70.2 45.8 23.8 45.3 41.9 59.8 20.0
192 26.7 26.4 I8 0 26 9 50 5 27 8 41 9 26 2 38 9 41 4 54 9 I6 4
177 25.3 24.1 .. . . ~ .. 10.2 28.1 47.3 44.5 43.7 23.2 48.0 42.4 32.3 14.2
186 26.4 23.3 6.4 21.1 42.4 43.4 47.9 15.5 59.2 40.2 45.1 32.3
201 26.1 24.6 I Or7 26.8 39.5 34.4 43.4 138 58.4 41 .0 38.0 15.6
25.0 7.8 64.4
7.9 7.6 27.5 62.2
33.8 16.7 33.3 41 .0 46.0 65.0 24.0 43.4
27.3 16.1 34.0 41 .0 49.8 64.0 23.2 45.0
25.0 19.6 34.4 41.1 45.6 61.2 20.7 38.4
2.1 9.5 18.3 51.9 12.4 22.6 18.9 34.6 41.9 47.0 66.9 18.9 35.5
4.6 10.3 16.4 61.9 29.2 34.2 17.7 29.9 38.3 49.4 64.5 17.8 34.7
45.i 22.8 57.8
42.7 22.3 61.7
36.4 20.0 57.7
37.6 24.0 53.3
19.5 49.2 13.5 38.5 27.6 34.1 88.7 13.4 29.4 16.7
18.3 51.9 20.0 39.0 28.1 30.1 94.5 12.2 23.4 17.8
18.7 52.4 14.0 30.4 31.3 30.2 96.4 15.0 22.5 21.2
7.4 11.8
10.9 12.0
16.9 25.9 33.5 8.7 18.7 34.5 35.3 38.4
72 5
29 8
40 4 48 7
1996
187 26 8 24 6 12 I 16 6 11 8 45 9 11 1 71 52 3 50 2 50 4 21 4 00
199'
1998
'5-84
190 28.7 249 -8535.4 34.4 56.5 18.0 9.5 51.9 37.5 53.2 23.8 ~0.0 10.9 24.9 12.1 45.1 44.242.9 28.5 29.3 40.9 47.6 66.9 17.0 34.0
156 23 5 25 9 60 34 7 33 3 54 6 25 8 I6 4 49.6 54.1 53.0 22.0
27.5 306 28.9
21 2 94 28 5 20 5 37 7 20 9 14 8 46 1 48 5 49 5
19.0
19 1
31.7
34 8
T8.2 20.1 50.4
33.3 23.5 50.4
34 8 20 8 51 5
39.7 19.9 56.2
35.4 20.8 51.4
40.8 29.6 56.2
19.6 50.3 13.8 21.9 42.2 30.3 65.8 24.1 19.7 21.8
19.2 49.3 17.1 21.5 38.0 32.1 60.6 20.3 23.6 25.0
17.0 51.1 12.7 28.6 37.5 16.6 57.9 23.6 25.6 23.3
I6 9 57 1 11 6 26 1 38 6 39 1 69 1 26 5 24 4 11 5
19.8 55.1 13.1 29.7 44.2 41.3 60.7 28.5 17.9 19.6
16.6 55.8 12.9 30.6 48.2 42.0 60.3 31.7 20.3 11.3
9.6 16.2 23.5 16.7 16.0 44.5 12.1 18.0 27.2 28.2 29.0
12.3 28.7 21.6 21.2 8.8 55.0 10.7 16.8 24.8 31.3 20.9
9.6
92
17.7 25.7 43.8 18.9 18.2 32.4 30.8 38.3
9.0 13.6 25.5 10.9 17.7 50.4 15.5 20.2 29.1 27.3 34.8
14 5 22 7 29 4 18 2
8.4 5.7 17.7 20.4 13.2 44.1 29.7 12.7 20.9 26.6 18.7
25.8
23.4
20.9
22.2
22.3
20.1
21 1
23.2
23.4
21.3
21.3
21.6
20.2
I9 9
~~~
~~~
~
~~
~~~
~~
2.3 8.9 22.5 60.7 ~~
00 17 8
1995
18.9 28.0 24.8 8.8 32.9 33.4 51.3 36.8 5.9 52.4 21.8 49.1 21.9 0lO 24.4 21.9 11.3 39.4 30.8 45.2 22.8 35.9 44.8 45.2 53.0 17.3 41.1
~
38 3
1994
189 27.3 25.2 -~ 5.7 32.9 32.0 40.8 32.6 17.3 61 .0 46.0 47.5 32.1 0.0 7.6 16.9 12.9 32.9 22.6 38.0 22.1 27.4 42.7 46.3 59.1
~
27.8
I993
~~
~~
~
~~~
~~~
~
91
~~~~~
~
40 5 43 3 45 6 89 5 40 3 68.1 100.0 37.0 54.8
~
.
~~~
~
12.3 29.1 13.9 30.4 29.9 38.1 33.6 22.2 39.4 46.9 24.4 13.8 24.6 . .-
85-89
9O-M]
~-
-~
~
1I'
~
~
~
638 6,s: 6,7(
-
~
~~
339 46 396 238 108 817 44 402 7 22 1 143 6,788
90-M
-~ ~
~
~
~
126 12 103 I93 92 292 20 304 20 264 76 I
-
85-89
~
~
7
~
Aid Flows
297
12-5. Net ODA from all donors, real Millions of U.S. dollars (constant I995 prices)
____-____.____
1992 1993 SUB-SAHARAN AFRlCA 9,685 16,584 17,186 18,996 18,975 19,559 18,565 excluding South Africa 9,685 16,584 17,186 18,261 18,996 18,975 19,559 9,638 16,439 16,777 18,720 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 18,682 19,282 17,953 -~ -. ____________ Angola 69 192 312 375 325 202 296 Benin 118 192 318 296 300 289 320 Botswana 139 182 189 163 152 122 147 Burkina Faso 278 356 319 368 473 470 519 Burundi 289 334 241 154 244 245 292 --__-___ -579 766 602 Caineroon 347 334 537 492 118 131 130 Cape Verde 84 106 105 121 Central African Republic 145 248 195 190 191 224 276 Chad 46 318 303 348 297 258 251 51 63 53 Comoros 72 52 55 _______ ____ 57 - -______-___ Congo, Democratic Rep. of 560 668 866 987 532 288 197 136 Congo, Republic of 121 105 108 240 149 122 468 758 707 811 845 C6te d'Ivoire 275 514 Djibouti 112 96 89 214 121 121 148 68 58 67 70 67 59 Equatorial Guinea 12 ~. _.______0 0 0 0 0 0 75 Eritrea Ethiopia 1,163 277 887 1,121 1,226 1,266 1,207 160 Gabon 73 128 157 146 74 113 71 103 Gambia, The 118 110 1 I5 121 95 Ghana 251 698 849 985 656 682 620 .- _ . ~ . .. ~ 117 310 432 325 427 482 457 Guinea Guinea-Bissau 78 124 129 113 106 138 143 Kenya 519 949 1,010 1,260 1.005 1,029 1,305 Lesotho 141 155 124 134 162 157 158 Liberia 78 69 123 176 128 128 136 _ ._ _509 439 301 360 414 388 40 I Madagascar Malawi 586 614 549 188 453 513 556 Mali 466 536 404 51 1 350 527 534 246 Mauritania 230 223 299 216 264 362 49 98 15 Mauritius 43 69 72 29 _____ - - _ . _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ . _ 1,110 970Mozambique 222 1,572 1,107- - 1,797 ,306 70 135 0 Nain i bia 154 171 27 206 36 1 396 438 Niger 223 458 383 42 I 293 409 Nigeria 47 277 308 27 5 145 379 395 272 322 406 Rwanda 204 301 53 S5o Tome and Priiicipe 5 60 30 61 52 58 _ _-_ _ 714 84 1 Senegal 344 905 723 557 727 23 40 21 26 Seychelles 28 25 21 69 118 I I9 1 I7 Sierra Leone 144 230 124 505 Soinall a 567 700 983 544 523 208 0 0 0 South Africa 0 0 0 304 Sudan 818 1,133 915 909 984 588 505 _-_____ --~ __ - Swazi land 66 45 61 60 58 33 58 Tanzania 889 1,228 1,087 1,291 1,438 1,207 1,052 Togo 249 237 287 240 1 I9 226 108 738 780 745 676 535 Uganda 149 480 Zambia 417 578 443 529 987 1,109 962 314 374 848 Zimbabwe 215 330 439 552 - -_____ -__ --__ - - ---x791 NO~AFRICA 3,548 2,960 5,73 1 4,079 2,903 7,879 _ -_-208 AGerG 230 435 385 188 289 380 Egypt, Arab Republic 1,816 1,810 1,829 5,980 5,612 3,858 2,650 7 20 22 29 7 7 Libya 22 552 787 532 Morocco 1,175 1,155 1,376 1,014 Tun isi a 3 84 399 - _418 304 433 - __ __ ___ _335 _ _ - _25 _1 19,544 20,089 26,772 26,874 ALL E R I C A 13,233 25,290 22,644 . I988
1980
I989
I390
I991
~
~
~
-~~
-
~
~~
~
-
~
~-
-
- _
- -
1994
-________
1935
19,850 17,923 19,528 17,537 19,320 17,325 -- _ _ -_ 493 418 281 282 97 92 477 487 342 799 133 182 235 44 268 396 1,743 141 33 i73 1,175 199 77 597 394192 740 127 69 316 514 484 294 I6 1,346 151
413 208 78 1 55 705 14 302 588 322 452 61 1,059 138 824 786 614 4,220 459 2,947 7 690 1 I7 24,070
288 444 112 168 239 43 195 125 1,212 106 34 -
Average annual percentage growth
150888 145 48 651 _416 1 I6 732 1 I5 123 303 434 545 23 1 22 1,101 189 270 212 71 1 84 669 13 207 191 386 236 56 882 193 830 2,035 493 -23 I 0 312 2,022 8 496 71 20,832 --
Note In 1995, Zambia completed a 3 year Rights Arrangement Program permitting disbursement of 833 4 M SDR under a new SAF/ESAF arrangement
1996
19Y7
75-84
9O-MR
85-89
15,628 14,930 67 100 -21 1 5,268 10.0 14,401 6.1 -2.5 15,077 14,195 6.9 9.7 -2.4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ 542 458 39.7 9.4 10.4 292 237 2.3 19.9 -2.3 81 131 5.4 1.4 -7.7 417 389 4.0 4.5 2.1 203 125 9.5 4.7 -6.1 ~._ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ - __ --_._ . . ~ 1.5 14.5 -1.8 412 527 115 13.4 1.8 0.4 120 166 97 6.5 7.8 -8.4 304 236 -4.4 11.8 -3.2 2.9 -1.8 -6.9 40 30 -.-. ~. 167 177 0.8 15.9 -20.5 428 282 26 -2.1 11.3 -0 6 27.6 4.4 964 467 97 91 -7.4 -3.9 48 30.0 -13.1 31 26 I7 9 - _________ -~157 129 .. 10.3 846 669 9.2 -4.4 55 9.1 -7.9 I26 42 23 10.0 -14.5 38 43 15 3 25.4 -4.4 5 5 651 523 29416 8 21.1 -1.4 13.6 1.4 179 132 I6 5 17.2 -11.1 604 482 98 107 98 12 1 2.3 -6.1 -17.4 2.9 101 18 3 206 - _--__ . 363 880 84 2:O 12.7 499 366 65 21.5 -4.0 503 478 45 1.9 -0.8 273 263 04 -0.3 -0.4 20 44 11.7 -15.9 11 -_____ _. 26.0 -1.2 920- - 1 , O 12 40 I 188 174 55.3 7.7 1.6 -4.0 258 358 -1 0 50.1 -7.5 191 212 -11 8 3.8 13.0 62 1 672 48 24.9 -2.9 47 35 I4 0 _ _ - _ ... ~579 449 66 12.7 -6.5 19 .. 3.2 16 32 195 137 I4 6 6.6 9.7 91 0.8 -17.9 109 10 4 360 523 .. 12.7 229 -2.8 -20.0 10 4 197 -- 30 -0.7 -4.3 30 20 890 10.7 -3.8 1,013 69 I65 9.2 -7.9 130 41 681 20.2 3.4 883 19 6 612 650 11 0 5.5 5.3 373 344 66 6 -3.9 0.4 _ _ _ ~ ~ - 3,008 -5 3 -5.0 -7.6 3,296 -_ 308 26 1 -6 8 0.2 2.0 2,048 -7 8 2,204 -7.2 -7.8 12.8 -12.2 10 10 -8 4 -4.3 -7.3 485 66 648 126 9.1 -15.9 204 - - -5 2 . _ -6.9 -3.4 18,924 17,938 24 -
-aI--
~-
~~
~
~
~
--
~
-
.~
Aid Flows
298
12-6. Net ODA from DAC donors, real -
I980 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5,698 excluding South Africa 5,698 5,676 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria -. Angola 47 Benin 47 Botswana 109 Burkiiia Faso 198 78 Burundi 224 Cameroon Cape Verde 51 Central African Republic 98 Chad 26 Comoros 18 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 415 Congo, Republic of 73 C6te dIvoire 199 Djibouti 42 2 Equatorial Guinea Eritrea 0 120 Ethiopia 64 Gabon 22 Gambia, The 140 Ghana -~ 43 Guinea Guinea-Bissau 45 363 Kenya 83 Lesotho 79 Liberia 119 Madagascar 99 Malawi 172 Mali 70 Mauritaiii a 33 Mauritius 150 Mozambiaue 0 Namibia 137 Niger 23 Nigeria 127 Rwanda SPo Tome and Principe 2 __ - - . - 238 Senegal 24 Seychelles 74 Sierra Leone 182 Somalia 0 South Afnca 356 Sudan __ 43 Swaziland 686 Tanzania 68 Togo 55 Uganda 307 Zambia 147 Zimbabwe __ _ _ _ ~ 2,174 NORTH AFRICA _ _ Algeria 154 Egypt, Arab Republic 1,554 Libya 13 Morocco 246 Tunisia 207 ____ _ 7,872 ALL AFRICA ~
~~
~
-
__
Average annual percentage growth
Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 1995 prices)
_~
I988 10,840 10,840 10,723 128 113 151 264 101 290 73 130 176 42 487 94 273 86 30 0 676 119 66 285 193 62 737 85 58 258 219 314 138 54 884 21 292 117 166 11 445 21 63 376 0 606 27 950 155 221 492 282 2,657 -~ 146 1,734 2 489 286 13,497 -
I989 10,723 10,723 10,356 131 177 142 236 106 356 72 118 155 38 514 96 308 76 42 0 448 143 66 417 227 78 735 87 46 208 215 356 192 62 685 43 236 367 156 26 635 18 85 316 0 515 14 819 128 194 372 269 2,480 113 1,668 8 477 214 13,202 __
1990
11,891 11,891 11,701 181 138 133 262 173 373 83
I991 11,464 11,464 11,272 177 179 116 302 137 421 88
110
110
202 34 696 222 583 97 48 0 560 139 63 291 153 83 808 94 46 295 238 344 117 83 825 43 280 190 201 34 648 36 44 296 0 462 40 928 170 269 450 325 4,641 255 3,487 8 655 236 16,532
154 34 383 131 486 93 39 0 519 157 61 501 194 70 679 83 63 306 233 312 123 69 859 106 295 192 260 27 _ 471 19 76 130 0 412 35 853 139 319 651 401 5,966 343 4,643 3 682 295 17,430
~
1992 11,529 11,529 11,382 208 183 100 287 159 620 86 114 159 25 174 109 565 98 38 0 489 69 54 356 250 61 556 74 28 231 223 256 125 37 1,078 105 280 147 201 28 _ _ 486 17 79 532 0 201 29 874 144 273 748 574 4,716 402 3,208 2 785 319 16,245 ~
I993 I994 1995 11,213 11,291 9,882 11,011 11,056 9,564 10,932 11,004 9,492 167 245 241 163 155 177 88 62 54 281 289 251 139 119 107 583 434 345 90 89 72 129 103 122 161 113 127 32 19 22 109 106 117 105 128 277 782 897 726 80 104 103 22 31 18 -53 105 94 525 460 620 176 136 108 55 42 25 359 345 363 204 204 220 62 135 77 438 459 471 81 50 62 39 31 27 251 208 195 275 221 175 284 244 266 126 216 140 10 30 8 897 801 698 144 136 123 190 280 286 72 78 52 338 222 533 61 31 29 ~ 397 402 519 11 8 8 117 59 60 119 759 478 318 202 234 130 181 191 38 37 30 587 718 624 118 85 69 422 384 377 439 564 475 348 342 306 ~2,914 3,364 2,381 __ 290 293 408 2,013 2,526 1,689 2 3 2 466 348 347 51 140 79 14,127 14,654 12,264 ~~
-
_
1996
9,046 8,735 8,688 293 164 68 268 68 279 77 121 121 22 106 393 448 71 23 124 444 113 17 348 134 124 344 49 112 229 263 296 98 -1 550 136 163 47 251 29 391 8 67 39 311 118 21 603 97 368 353 280 2,621 262 1,926 2 390 41 11,668 _
~
I997 8,531 8,095 8,040 238 155 59 229 40 347 71 64 101 16 110 273 245 65 19 85 391 32 18 307 132 61 316 47 33 577 183 270 100 3 653 129 190 55 188 22 307 7 44 48 436 90 17 598 80 461 386 234 2,075 202 1,572 2 226 73 10,605 _
75-84 7.2 7.2 7.6 41.1 1.2 3.9 6.0 9.0 3.7 25.2 8.1 -4.0 -0.6 -0.7 2.3 2.1 -1.0 118.6
0.1 3.6 16.8 1.6 19.4 37.9 8.6 13.9 23.9 11.9 -0.7 5.8 11.1 4.0 42.9
.. -0.9 -17.2 4.1 33.3 8.5 1.5 16.2 28.9
85-89 90-MR
10.7 10.7 10.1 10.1 22.9 12.9 8.4 -0.2 11.4 5.1 6.8 11.9 11.2 12.9 3.6 16.2 3.2 36.9 .. 8.0 10.7 8.4 25.1 30.2 14.7 12.9 0.3 -19.9 11.4 30.0 0.5 9.3 13.6 26.6 73.9 7.4 74.4 3.1 32.2 13.5 . I
18.! 6.5
.. 22.9 1.5 5.3 2.8 25.8 8.7 61.0 8.4 -53 184 -103 15 -4 3 7.5
-1.7 -7.5 11.2 14.2 30.5 9.4 -3.5 -46 -72 -75 40 54 6.1 67
-3.4 -4.0 -3.7 8.0 -0.3 -11.9 -0.7 -11.7 -2.8 -1.1 -3.3 -6.4 -9.3 -21.7 11.2 -0.7 -3.0 -11.6 11.7 -1.6 -9.5 -16.9 -2.2 -4.1 2.1 -10.9 -8.6 0.3 3.9 -0.4 -2.8 -4.8 -35.0 -3.5 15.5 -5.5 -21.8 5.0 0.9 -7.5 1.5 -3.6 -20.6 19.9 -20.1 -1.5 -5.9 -7.5 9.2 -3.0 -3.2 -7 4 3 5 -69 -153 -106 -21 4 -44
Aid Flows
299
12-7. Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, real -
I980 898 898 898
-
1988
~
_
Millions of -U.S.~ dollars (constant 1995 prices) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ ~
1989
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 238 117 excluding South Africa 238 117 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 238 117 -________ ~Angola 1 3 3 Ben i ii 2 1 6 Botswana 0 1 -3 Burkina Faso 0 3 0 Buriindi 5 4 5 - -.~- - -~ 30 -5 0 Cainerooii Cape Verde 3 1 1 Central African Republic 3 3 -1 Chad 0 0 0 Coinoros 22 0 0 . Congo, Democratic Rep. of 7 0 0 20 0 0 Congo, Republic of 0 0 0 C6te d'Ivoire 1 4 43 Dlibouti 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea _ - 0 0 0 Eritrea 0 -2 -2 Ethiopia 0 -2 -I Gabon 9 -2 -2 Gambia, The 16 3 33 Ghana _~ - _ _ _ _ _ ~ _____16 21 0 Guinea 7 3 2 Guinea-Bissau 0 4 0 Kenya 0 -1 0 Lesotho 0 0 12 Liberia _____ - _ _ _ _ _~ _ _ -~ -2 -3 63 Madagascar 0 0 0 Malawi 7 3 Mali 43 -4 -5 113 Maun tani a 0 4 -1 Mauritius _ __ 4 4 27 Mozambique 0 0 0 Namibia 2 7 3 Niger 0 0 0 Nigeria 3 7 2 Rwanda 0 0 0 SZo Tome and Principe __ 3 29 14 Senegal 0 1 0 Seychelles 12 0 6 Sierra Leone 167 5 1 Somalia 0 0 0 South Afnca 210 125 30 Sudan _ _ ____0 0 0 Swazi I an d 1 0 36 Taiizan I a 0 -2 -1 Togo 2 0 33 Uganda 0 0 29 Zambia 7 -4 -2 Zimbabwe -__ - - __ .~ NORTH AFRICA 967 42 56 _______ --__________ __ Algeria 54 33 26 Egypt, Arab Republic 5 -19 -17 Libya 0 0 0 Morocco 843 24 -3 Tunisia 64 4 49 ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ ALL AFRICA 1,865 280 173 ~
~
~~~
1991
502 502 502 2 0 -2 12 0 -3 0 3 2 0 85 0 0 97 0 __-0 74 0
147 147 147 2 -3 2 12 -3 -2 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 7
~
~
-
1990
-
0 2 10 -1 1 3
1 1
5 0 5 0 0 -1 0 17 27 ..-
0 0 0
5 1
1
11
0 _ 3 0 0 90 0 8 -_ 0 4 ~~
~
-1
~~~~
47 0 10 2,919 9 2,403 0 397 110 3,420
-2 0 0 5 0 4 0 24 0
- __
0 0 4 0
-
~
-1 -__
-
-
-1
11
0 0 0 0 -2
0 ~I 1 0 -2 -5 -4 1 -4
-5
-2 3 -4 1 0 ___ 0 0 4 -8 -1
~-
~-
2 0 0 0 0 0 _ 18 0 0 11
-1 ~~~
1,247
0 0 0 0 2 0 0
~~~
0 0 18 0 -3 -1 57 0
3
1994
40 40 40 4 0 8 0 -3 0 1 0 3 0 ~_______ 0 0 0
-1
0
1,100 __ 2 510 0 525
1993
~
0 1
~
-
I992 45 45 45 1 0 -2 3 -2
0 21 0 -3 -2 16 0 -3 487 5 437 0
56 -11 533
~
15
_ _ _
0 4 1 1
-3 0 0 -1
I 0 0 0 0 13 0 13 0 0 -2 -6 __ -2 0 -6 0 0 0 0 -12
-
~-
11 11 11 _ _ 0 7 0 6 -3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0
-
F
_
-1
-2 3 1
~~
-
_
__
53
~~
0 9 0 1 5 -3 13 1 -3 -8 -111 59 6 -70 3
2.0 2.0 2.0 .. 1.9
85-89 9O-MR -28.4 -20 5 -28.4 -20.5 -28.4 -20.5 17.6 -30.8 0.1 -3.4
8.9 28.0 4.6 -3.2 -17.0 -27.6 6.9 -63.9 11.0
-52.2 -21.4 -72.8 -21.2 106.7
20.6
-13.1 ..
-47.8 43.8
-4.8
..
53.2 -44.1
~.
10.4
..
30.3 -30.1 16.6
-62.7 ..
~~
7.3 -21.6 -2.9 117.9 10.4 -6.7 166.1 81.9 -69.9 54.7
1
1 -9 19 2 11 19 0 29 -1 -2 0 13 3 8
3.5 -5.9
_.
-
7.8 4.6 -47.8 .. -10.1
51.0
-33.1 -33.2 1.5 -. -10.6
16.3 .. -3.9
-8.5 -13.5 -9.3
..
~
13.4 -1.1
29.9 -..
16.4 . .
37.6 8.4 -26.5
18.1
-27.0
0.3
3.5 -12.3
-24.0 -44.0
62.4 -44.6
0.7
-27.5
-52.9
-.~___________
~
~
-.
1 0 -7
~
~
1
_ _
-~-_
I
~
11
1
-8 -12 -2 3 0 0 0 1 0 10 3 4 0 0 0 0 -3 -2 8 0 -3 _ ~ 47
-5-84
126 126 127 _ _ ~ 0 2 -4 21 -9 31 0 -4
3 0 2 0 0 5 0 3 0 -2 -2 -2 20 1 -3 4 0 0
2
~
.-
199'
37 37 37 . _ 0 6 -2 2
..
0 -1 -2 -6 ______~6 0 2 1 0 0 0 -________ 0 0 0 0 -5 -1 4 -16 -6 -1 1 -2 0 -1 ____ - _ _ -~ 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 _ ~ _ ~ 16 2 12 1 0 -1 0 1 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 2 I ~_. 0 0 0 6 4 -1 0 0 0 1 7 12 0 0 0 -3 -4 -1 -101 429 120 1 3 -12 419 103 117 0 0 0 19 31 19 -10 -I / -23 _. 113 470 135
Average annual percentage growth __
~
1996
1995
15 15
-
-
59 2 6 14 -3 _ _ 75 13 54
0
0
26 -38 84
21 -19 201
_
45.4 -48.3 -7.2 2.2 -19.5 205.0 19.3 15.6 _ _ _ ~ _ _ -28.4 -24.0 _. 222.3 .. -58.6 16.7 -9.3 ~_ -14.1
-38.7 14.7 -28.2
43.5 -24.3 ..~.-.
-25.2 -4.7 -40.6 ~
-35.4 ~
-
-24.3
300
Aid Flows
12-8. Net ODA from multilateral donors, real __ ~~
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl S Africa & Nigeria __-Angola Benin Botswana Btirkina Faso Buruiidi Caineroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros ~- Congo, Deinocratic Rep of Congo, Republic of Cdte d'lvoire Dlibouti Equatorial Gtiiiiea _ _ Eritrea Ethiopia Gaboii Gambia, The Ghana Guiilea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madakascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Maul itiris MozainGGie Namibia Niger NIgeri a Rwanda Silo Tome and Piincipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swazilaid Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab RepdAic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA ~
~
~
~
1980
1988
1989
3,089 3,089 3,065 ~ _ 21 69 30 80 71 __ 93
5,506 5,506 5,479 _ _ 61 78
6,346 6,346 6,303 68 136
1990
1991
1992
1993
I994
6,603 7,364 7,985 7,312 8,544 6,603 7,364 7,985 7,210 8,457 6,517 7,262 7,855 6,981 8,300 ~ _ _ __ ____ __ 114 133 167 154 248 158 124 106 156 122 30 50 32 z4 24 51 34 89 83 94 160 181 237 187 155 176 105 227 139 134 118 - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ ~ -- - _ _ ___ 49 181 122 160 147 19 365 71 31 32 37 30 46 40 44 44 116 107 164 83 76 62 80 20 142 148 144 141 99 87 121 18 21 15 17 38 27 23 24 ___ -- - - - -_ 138 181 352 206 149 112 - -87162 28 II 12 18 18 13 8 119 77 241 160 174 221 247 62 846 11 22 12 20 25 24 33 25 11 28 25 20 24 28 28 15 - - - -__ _ _ _ _ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 21 158 488 440 486 706 776 746 555 9 11 15 6 3 5 5 22 40 39 54 47 51 69 43 38 78 397 430 327 474 305 342 241 75- ----lo~ 1 - 8 ~ - i68 - - - - -234 192 234 253 31 54 57 60 58 49 42 56 157 269 525 492 346 397 539 307 40 50 75 6Z 59 80 75 77 38 20 24 77 113 100 108 31 __ _ _ -15s- ~-149 -109 120 104 208 146 203 89 234 298 318 353 391 374 239 135 206 174 175 194 206 165 230 47 89 113 120 121 100 152 166 10 11 11 14 8 12 -1 8 - --__ _ _ ~- -~ -_ 45 222 282 282 336 492 405-- -542 0 6 27 92 100 19 35 28 83 159 122 154 121 101 116 122 24 28 42 85 102 129 230 156 110 75 132 109 178 171 247 142 31 4 19 26 27 20 26 33 - __ 104 -252 192 220 139 254 219 184 3 6 4 7 4 4 6 13 39 48 25 41 32 244 65 114 157 78 142 188 109 156 213 218 0 0 0 0 0 88 0 102 252 _ - 402 _ _ _370 439 554 366 322 261 20 - 2 ~23 17 1 25 ----29 --- 22 31 167 271 266 360 357 567 335 429 51 96 110 I18 87 97 22 68 491 291 92 253 309 422 369 435 31 1 361 399 81 86 71 79 336 31 1 278 210 61 -- 52 46 39 39 _ _ _ ___ _ ___ 407 261 368
'13 731 735
528 736 _ __ -22 29 48 25 35 91 48 29 256 96 178 89 399 213 218 317 9 4 12 14 26 5 4 6 86 39 58 103 169 172 301 31 1 - - 33 93 72 87 .-J!l 109- -!?!_. . -5543,496 5,767 6,714 6,921 8,095 8,513 9,280 8,048 _ ~
-
-
-~
-_
~
~
---
-~
-
-
~~
_
_
_
_-
1995 1996 1997 '5-84 8s-89 90-MR 8,029 6,545 6,273 7.0 12.4 0.3 7,961 6,496 6,187 0.1 7.0 12.4 7,822 6,352 6,029 7.1 12.4 -0.1 ____._____ 177 249 219 42.6 7.3 14.2 79 3.2 16.2 98 122 -5.3 15 76 6.1 0.1 -0.2 37 230 146 139 0.6 -0.4 7.2 183 137 94 9.2 12.8 -0.7 __ 97 135 143 -4.0 31.2 -1.2 40 40 44 2.8 -3.3 3.5 45 44 36 3.9 9.1 -14.6 112 180 124 -2.6 11.9 -0.5 22 ~ ~ _18 23.5 -12.2 -2.4 . _ _ _ _ _14 _ 78 58 58 5.2 20.8 -18.1 20 35 8 -2.2 -16.9 5.3 486 516 222 -11.4 84.0 13.1 23 22 21 37.3 -14.5 4.0 12 8 9 28.5 22.5 -13.5 . . --___-______ .. 1.2 50 29 31 11.1 -6.6 362 403 277 9.0 10 15 13 3.7 7.2 10.1 24 24 33 13.9 14.3 -9.6 301 306 327 -4.0 12.4 23.8 190 -1.0 140 210 18.3 29.0 40 53 65 19.4 13.1 -0.8 271 262 236 11.5 36.1 -9.3 53 54 48 9.0 7.9 -4.1 92 68 7.6 -9.9 5.4 94 _~________ 302 11.2 -0.6 108 134 3.6 213 235 192 16.3 -6.7 16.4 274 215 190 2.2 8.7 3.0 121 186 160 1.8 8.7 5.5 14 22 30 -6.8 16.3 10.6 -__401 367 340 37.7 25.1 3.4 45 .. 33.4 -3.0 45 52 80 95 139 -4.9 9.4 -2.8 -1.0 8.3 13.6 140 144 158 373 420 436 6.7 5.7 21.8 18 13 11.6 20.8 -7.8 23 ~. .... ~259 179 128 1.8 24.4 -4.1 3 8 6 24.9 .. 24.9 10.1 -1.8 23.1 147 124 85 72 51 60 12.2 -5.1 -13.2 67 49 86 .. -8.7 105 112 114 8.4 4.2 -18.8 .- . ~ - ____ 10 11 3.7 9.0 -8.2 18 1 1 .O -0.3 291 290 356 11.6 75 71 48 6.1 5.7 -8.8 400 304 416 24.3 13.3 0.4 1,595 259 250 18.8 -7.5 21.2 149 96 113 127.5 -4.8 16.3 .427~ _ ~ 627 858 -4.4 2.4 8.1
. . ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ 35 39 46 -11.3 19.8 2.7 224 422 -3.2 -5.3 9.4 216 5 8 8 -4.0 22.2 -10.5 129 233 233 6.7 4.0 14.3 43 123 150 -45 146 26
_____________ 8,456 7,172 7,131 46 117 ___ 09 _ _ _._____ -
~
~
_
_-
~
~
~
-
-~
-
Average annual pepcentage growth
Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 1995~prices)
~~ ~
Note In 1995, Zambia completed a 3 year Rights Arrangement Program permitting disbursement of 833 4 M SDR under a new SAFlESAF arrangement
~~
~
Aid Flows
30 I
12-9. Net ODA from all donors as share of recbient GDP Percentage of GDP 1980
1988
1989
I990
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.5 5.2 5.4 5.8 excluding South Africa 3.8 8.0 8.4 9.4 6.5 9.1 9.5 11.0 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola .. 2.0 1.8 2.6 Benin 6.4 9.8 17.9 14.6 Botswana 9.6 5.2 5.1 4.1 Burkina Faso 12.4 12.4 11.4 12.1 Burundi 12.8 18.6 18.6 23.4 Cameroon 3.9 2.2 4.1 4.0 Cape Verde .. 33.1 32.9 36.2 Central African Republic 13.9 16.0 14.9 16.9 Chad 3.4 18.9 19.1 19.7 Comoros 35.1 25.0 22.5 18.5 Congo, Democratic R e p . o f .. 6.2 8.1 9.6 Congo, Republic of 5.4 3.9 3.8 7.8 CBte dIvoire 2.1 4.1 4.1 6.4 23.3 Dj ibouti 18.8 45.8 Equatorial Guinea 37.8 50.8 46.8 Eritrea Ethiopia 12.5 9.4 14.9 Gabon 1.3 2.8 3.2 2.2 Gambia, The 22.6 31.9 35.2 31.6 Ghana 4.3 11.1 13.7 9.6 ~ _ _ _ _ 10.8 15.0 10.5 Guinea Guinea-Bissau 53.7 62.4 54.9 53.2 Kenya 5.5 9.8 12.8 13 9 Lesotho 25.6 24.8 26.8 22.9 Liberia 8.8 5.4 4.9 ______ _____~____ Madagascar 5.7 12.2 14.0 13.0 Malawi 11.6 28.1 28.5 28.0 Mali 15.0 22.4 22.4 20.1 Mauritania 21.6 17.3 23.3 21.1 Mauritius 2.9 2.7 2.8 3.4 _ _ ~Mozambique 4.8 43.9 35.4 40.1 Namibia 0.0 1.0 50 2.6 Niger 6.8 16.6 14.0 16 1 Nigeria 0.1 0.5 09 1.4 13.4 10.4 Rwanda 9.5 11 3 Slo Tome and Principe 9.1 50.6 97.8 109 8 ~____~ __ . ____ Senegal 8.8 12.1 15.4 14 4 Seychelles 14.7 7.3 6.4 98 Sierra Leone 7.6 8.0 70 8.5 Somalia 71.8 41.7 53 9 39.1 South Africa 0.0 0.0 00 0.0 Sudan 8.2 6.2 63 4.9 ~______~~__-~ _ _ _ ~ _ ___ __ 6 43.9 Swaziland 8.6 5.3 Tanzania .. 20.0 19.2 27 8 Togo 8.0 14.9 14.8 I6 0 Uganda 9.1 6.1 8.6 I5 6 Zambia 8.2 12.8 9.4 14 6 39 Zimbabwe 2.5 3.5 3.2 -___ -NORTHAFRICA-2.1 1.7 1.6 50 ~ _ _ ~Algeria 0.4 0.3 0.3 Egypt, Arab Republic 6.1 4.3 3.9 Libya 0.0 0.0 0.1 Morocco 4.8 2.1 2.0 4.1 Tunisia 2.7 3.1 2.8 3.2 -~ ~ALL AFRICA 2.4 3.9 4.1 5.5 ~
~
_
___
.
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
5.6 9.3 10.8 2.3 14.3 3.3 15.2 22.2 4.2 33.1 12.4 15.0 26.3 5.2 4.9 6.0 23.8 48.3 .. 20.6 2.7 32.4 13.4 12.7 44.9
58 10.2 12.5 6.1 16.6 2.7 22.0 28.7 6.3 34.1 12.4 13.5 18.3 3.3 3.9 6.8 24.1 40.3 0.0 21.2 1.2 32.5 9.6 ..... 13.7 46.5 11.1 21.9
5.5 10.0 11.4 5.6 13.7 2.9 22.9 22.4 4.6 35.6 13.3 16.4 19.0 _20 64 74 28 4 34 9 I6 7 17 5 23 23 6 10 4 125 40 4
63 12.1 14.3
56 10 5 12 5 __ 83 I4 0 19 20 7 28 8 56 26 8 I4 9 I6 6 20 2
59 12 1 21 6 20 6 26 1 15 4 29 12 5 10 1 1 I? 45 9
47 82 10 0 71 13 3 15 I6 5 22 6 45 28 3 I5 6 18 6 18 8 29 17 0 90 20 1 12 0 24 9 14 1 22 98 94 75 66 5
~~~
11 5
21.6 ___
17.0 23.8 18.9 19.5 2.4 42.9 7.2 16.2 1.o
19.0 90.8 _ .. 11.6 6.1 13.0 0.0 7.7 -~ 6.1 22.8 12.6 20.1 26.2 4.6 __-_. 5.6
4.4 2.7 5.6
.
11 1
I7 2 19 23 5 33 9 93 35 0 I9 5 I8 2 21 5 _ _34 20 5 20 8 26 5 24 1 31 0 22 0 43 I9 5 10 0 _ 10 5 74 5
~~
_-
3 1
Annual average
~~~_
~~
1991
18 3
95
20 4
I5 4
81 I3 5
12 5
97 40 0 23 9 26 2 04 54 3 45 24 I 08 95 2 101 1 17 7 27 29 8
96 29 6 22 1 21 6 06 46 0 57 I4 4 08 53 6 185 2 149 26 23 9
91 22 1 I9 0 25 0 05 32 5 59 13 0 05 48 5 104 7 12 1 37 20 8
03 33 44 17 8 I4 7 I4 4 58 6 69 19 - __ 0.8 3.4
03 32 25 15 3
66
~
_
199”
~
~
~~
-
~
10 8 24 0 I3 7 34 8 08 53 3 57 21 6
12.1 31.9 15.3 17.0 1.4 75.1 4.9 15.8 0.8 17.4 125.2 11.2 4.4 19.5
18 2 98 5 _ _ 93 41 27 1
0.0 8.6 5.5 27.4 13.2 25.5 32.5 11.7
02 58 54 20 9 79 I9 0 26 6 76
13
08 86
07 51
02 51 53 23 0 12 8 18 8 21 5 82 ~~_ 28 1 .0 5.2
33 25
27 16
2.1 0.7
~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ - ~_~
11 3 11 3 I8 7
44
~
15 04 ~ _ 44
_
Note: Nigeria’s ratios are distorted for 1994-95 because of official exchange rate over-valuation affecting oil exports and oil value added (see chapter 3)
or
~
19 0.7 3.3
~~
1.8 0.6 3.8 ~
~
’5-84 85-89 9O-Mlt 41 2.6 4.8 5.4 7 .0 3.9 7.2 9.6 8.6 6.1 8.4 11.4 5.8 .. 1.8 6.1 10.5 7.0 11.1 14.3 2.3 9.8 6.4 2.6 15.6 12.4 13.1 18.6 12.5 11.9 16.6 24.3 . .-..~ _ ~ ~ 5.5 3.6 2.4 5.5 25.8 .. 34.6 31.9 9.1 12.8 14.0 14.3 14.0 8.7 18.2 16.5 14.5 36.9 29.0 19.6 .. -. . 2.8 3.8 65 40 46 11 6 64 98 43 19 28 91 17 3 25 1 260 35 1 1 1 290 49 ..~.. 19 6 I8 8 10 0 51 100 170 25 23 08 16 384 21 5 10 2 I9 6 72 36 87 100 _~ _ 97 11 2 110 46 7 37 3 554 523 86 104 43 55 299 172 98 24 7 69 74 23 6 4 611 0 13 1 214 267 13 8 11 1 228 189 I8 2 I5 0 223 235 22 8 24 2 30 13 10 36 .... 2 8 0 -- ---5.8 245 469 51 00 12 55 169 174 I8 4 99 05 08 05 01 105 369 31 8 12 5 469 111 4 20 7 76 3 94 1 137 126 101 45 28 14 5 80 196 I5 8 46 46 8 42 1 53 9 03 00 00 02 19 66 61 52 ~. 22 79 62 47 21 1 21 8 13 6 140 12 1 83 10 0 59 173 13 3 72 15 7 63 165 268 38 64 39 16 _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ~ ~~17 32 16 30 _ _ _ 05 05 03 07 44 68 26 10 3 00 00 29 27 14 38 26 16 10 35 ~_ 36 47 33 27 ~~
~
_
3 02
Aid Flows
12-10. Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP ~
Percentage of GDP 1980
1988
1990
1989
1991
1992
Annual average
I993
1996
1995
199-1
I997
75-84
3.7 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.4 1.5 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.7 5.7 4.7 3.9 2.2 6.9 6.5 7.3 6.9 8.0 6.9 5.8 4.9 3.4 _ _ _ _ _ . _ . ~ ___._______ 1.6 1.3 3.4 2.9 5.5 4.8 3.9 3.0 .. 6.8 8.5 10.5 7.0 9.5 8.8 7.5 6.9 3.6 3.3 2.5 2.3 1.8 1.1 1.2 1.0 7.6 1.2 8.6 9.7 13.4 12.4 14.3 10.7 10.6 9.2 8.3 13.9 10.5 13.7 12.9 11.7 10.7 7.5 4.0 6.3 _ - __. -. . . . ____ Cameroon 3.0 3.0 5.1 4.4 5.1 4.3 3.1 3.6 2.5 Cape Verde .. 24.9 24.8 22.3 24.6 23.5 17.2 18.2 16.0 .. Central African Republic 9.4 6.7 7.0 7.4 9.0 11.0 10.9 11.3 6.1 8.2 Chad 2.0 11.4 7.8 8.3 10.5 8.8 8.8 7.4 6.0 4.8 Coinoros 10.9 12.2 12.4 8.7 10.9 9.6 10.0 10.3 7.9 14.0 . -_ - _ ~ ______ .. 6.8 3.8 2.0 1.1 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.7 2.7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of 3.2 7.2 4.3 3.5 6.1 14.3 5.0 15.6 11.3 3.8 C6te dlvoire 1.5 4.9 4.1 4.7 6.8 10.7 7.3 4.2 2.3 1.5 D-iibout i .. 20.8 18.2 19.6 19.9 19.3 16.2 14.6 12.4 .. Equatorial Guinea .. -.______-__._ 33.0 27.0 23.3 18.2 13.1 13.2 9.0 3.6 0.0 _ _______ ___~___ __ .. 0.0 11.8 18.8 16.5 19.8 12.4 Eritrea Ethiopia .. 7.3 4.7 7.5 8.7 8.2 6.7 11.6 9.1 7.4 5.8 1.9 Gabon 1.1 2.6 2.9 2.1 2.6 1.2 2.2 3.8 2.7 2.0 0.6 1.3 Gainbia, The 6.8 20.5 19.7 18.0 17.4 14.5 13.6 10.5 6.6 4.4 4.3 8.7 Ghana 2.4 4.5 6.7 4.5 6.8 5.2 5.2 6.1 5.5 5.0 4.2 2.0 ._. ._ ._~ ~- _ . . ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ Guinea .. 6.7 7.9 4.9 5.1 7.1 5.6 5.4 6.0 3.4 3.2 .. Giiinea-Bissaii 31.1 31.3 31.0 30.9 24.2 25.1 23.8 52.4 30.2 46.1 21.8 21.9 Kenya 3.8 7.2 1.4 8.6 1.6 6.5 8.6 5.6 5.1 3.7 2.8 4.3 Lesotho 17.3 15.7 14.4 13.7 12.7 10.4 10.5 6.0 7.2 5.7 4.7 15.1 Liberia 5.4 4.0 3.2 5.1 ___~ ~_ Madagascar 2.2 8.7 7.0 8.7 10.2 7.2 6.8 6.4 6.2 5.8 15.5 2.4 Malawi 6.1 13.6 11.9 15.1 11.6 6.9 6.3 12.0 9.5 11.6 7.7 21.4 Mali 7.4 13.3 15.0 12.9 11.5 8.0 8.3 13.1 11.5 11.2 10.2 8.4 Mauritaiiia 6.6 10.7 14.9 5.8 9.4 9.8 9.8 20.8 12.5 11.8 9.0 8.7 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.9 2.2 Mauritius 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 2.3 .__~-_____ __________Mozainbioue 3.3 35.0 25.0 29.9 30.8 51.5 38.7 32.3 29.2 19.4 18.1 4.3 Namibia 00 0.8 1.6 1.6 3.7 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.3 3.7 0 .o 4.5 Niger 42 10.3 11.4 10.6 9.2 15.8 16.7 8.2 9.8 5.9 11.2 10.1 Nigeria 00 0.4 1.3 0.6 0.4 0. I 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 Rwaiida 83 5.5 5.7 7.1 12.2 9.2 10.2 65.0 25.5 18.1 9.6 7.9 28 17.8 48.1 SBo Tome and Principe 42.4 57.3 62.0 59.5 53.2 135.2 64.3 48.2 6.1 ~_ __.____ ___-_.____ ~__ _ _ _ _ ~ Senegal 61 7.4 11.6 7.7 7.5 10.3 6.7 13.0 8.8 8.2 6.4 6.5 12 4 Seychelles 6.3 4.9 8.9 4.5 3.6 13.0 1.4 1.5 2.2 1.5 1.2 47 Sierra Leone 4.1 6.1 4.4 8.4 10.7 13.7 6.9 7.1 5.0 2.5 5.8 Soma11a 30.0 24.4 23 1 29.4 13.4 South Africa 00 0.0 0.0 0. I 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 Sudan 36 3.3 2.8 1.8 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.1 1.6 0.9 2.5 2.1 __ _~ - _~ -_____ ~~~~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _____ ~_ _ ~ 4.2 3.5 2.7 3.2 1.6 56 2.6 3 .O 1.7 1.2 5.1 3.4 Swanland Tanzania 15.5 14.5 20.0 16.1 16.6 13.5 14.3 10.4 8.1 11.8 46 Togo 6.5 9.5 7.8 8.0 6.3 6.6 5.0 5.7 9.3 8.0 9.0 2.9 3.1 34 7.3 Uganda 5.7 8.6 8.9 10.8 6.1 7.0 3 .O 8.6 10.9 7.9 60 Zambia 13.0 12.4 17.3 22.0 12.7 15.6 10.8 9.3 4.8 17 Zimbabwe 3.4 4.2 7.9 4.9 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.7 1.2 4.1 4.7 _ - - - ___ NOXTHAFRIC A 13 43 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.4 29 33 19 22 16 __ .._ _ ~ ~ ~ _ _ . Algeria 03 01 08 05 09 07 04 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 112 2.9 2.0 4.6 Egypt, Arab Repiiblic 52 74 72 39 45 29 4.1 3.6 00 0.0 Libya 0.0 0.0 Morocco 10 1.1 0.6 1.5 23 22 1.8 1.8 26 16 10 1 1 Tunisia 18 2.3 1.8 0.2 0.4 2.5 19 09 05 03 17 20 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excliiding South Africa excl. S . Africa & Nigeria ~ _ _ _ _ ~ .. . . . . _~ Angola Beiiiii Botswana Burkiiia Faso Burundi ~~~~
~
~
~~
~~
~~
1.4 2.2 3.7 .. 2.5 7.6 8.8 6.5 2.5
3.4 5.2 6.0 1.3 5.8 4.3 9.2 7.7 1.9 22.9 8.4 10.5 16.6 4.5 3.5 2.2 17.9 19.5
3.4 5.2 5.8 1.2 9.9 3.9 8.4 8.0 2.7 22.8 7.8 9.7 16.0 4.8 3.4 2.7 16.0 31.9
~
~
~-
~~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
~
~
~
Note Nigeria's ratios are distorted for 1994-95 because of oficial exchange rate over-valuation affecting oil exports and oil value added (see chapter 3)
~
~
85-89
90-MR
3.0 3.2 4.5 5.6 5.3 6.6 __ 1.2 3.3 6.1 8.2 4.9 1.8 11.1 8.9 7.5 10.6 1.9 4.0 24.2 21.4 8.0 8.7 10.2 8.6 15.6 10.3 4.1 2.5 4.0 8.4 2.0 5.6 16.2 17.6 19.7 17.5 .. 13.2 5.6 8.1 2.2 2.2 21.8 11.2 3.6 5.3 6.3 5.2 27.6 31.8 6.2 6.1 17.6 8.9 4.8 .. 6.3 8.3 10.4 12.0 14.2 10.9 11.9 11.5 2.5 0.9 18.7 31.2 0.8 3.6 10.7 11.7 0.4 0.3 6.0 19.6 18.7 65.2 8.6 8.6 7.2 3.1 4.7 7.8 30.1 29.4 0.0 0.1 3.3 2.2 -. _____ 4.1 2.8 17.0 13.9 8.0 7.2 2.1 7.9 12.9 14.1 3.3 4.4 _____ 1.5 2.4 _ _ ~ - - ~ _ _ 0.2 0.6 4.1 5.2 0.0 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.0 "
Aid Flows
303
12-11. Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDP
Percentage of GDP
~.-_________-____
1980
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
0.8
excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of C6te dIvoire Dji bouti Equatorial Guinea . Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia . . ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda S%oTome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia . . ~ALL AFRICA
1.2 2.1
~
-~
.. 3.8 2.0 3.6 5.9 __ 1.1 .. 4.2 1.5 10.8
.. 1.3 0.6 .. ..
I988 1.7
I989 2.0
1990
2.0
I991 2.1
2.7 3.0 0.6 4.0 0.8 3.1 10.6 0.3 9.8 7.5 8.4 8.3 1.7 0.4 1.9 4.6 18.3
3.1 3.6 0.6 7.6 1.4 3.0 10.2 1.4 10.0 7.2 9.3 6.4 3.3 0.4 1.4 2.6 18.7
3.2 3.8 1.0 7.8 0.8 3.1 9.5 1.0 11.2 10.0 8.1 6.2 2.0 0.6 1.5 4.3 13.7
3.6 4.2 1.0 5.9 0.7 5.1 11.9 1.2 8.3 5.3 7.1 13.9 -1.5 0.6 1.9 5.0 16.5
5.3 0.2 12.2 6.3 3.5 27.4 2.6 9.3 1.4 3.5 14.5 8.7 6.9 0.4 8.8 0.2 5.8 0.1 4.6 32.8 4.2 0.9 3.1 11.4 0.0 2.2 2.1 4.5 5.8 3.2 1.9 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.8 1.2
4.7 6.5 11.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 15.9 13.5 14.4 6.9 5.1 6.4 _ _ _ ~ 6.4 5.4 7.O 22.8 22.3 20.3 5.3 5.2 3.9 12.5 9.3 9.0 1.7 .~ --. . . 7.1 4.3 6.8 4.9 16.5 16.0 20.3 14.3 7.3 6.6 6.8 7.2 8.8 9.6 7.8 9.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 10.3----lo.T 23.5 12.1 1.0 3.4 3.5 1.6 4.7 5.7 4.7 4.6 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 3.8 3.9 8.2 6.7 49.6 47.9 67.9 48.5 .~ 3.5 4.1 3.6 3.4 1.6 0.9 1.6 1 .0 2.3 2.5 4.6 8.8 14.6 15.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 3.0 4.4 5.3 -~ _ .-~ ~ _ _ 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.8 4.7 7.8 6.7 10.8 6.9 6.6 4.9 5.4 5.0 8.9 10.0 16.1 1.5 2.2 10.6 8.9 0.5 0.4 0.4 -_ ~ _ . _3.8_ 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 __ __ 0.1 0.0 0.1 01 0.4 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 . _ 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.8 ____
~~~
___
______._~__
.. 0.2 12.8 1.3 .. 21.4 1.6
8.3 2.6 2.3 5.5 5.8 4.4 0.7 1.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 4.9 6.3 2.6 2.3 2.5 27.5 0.0 2.5 3.0
.. 3.4 5.6 1.6 0.7 0.2 _____ 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.6
~
I992 2.4
1993 2.2
~~
~
1995 2.5
2.8
~
~
-~
40 I6 4 56 I4 6 00 I7 4 12 57
33
186 114 147 02 21 9 08 71 06 30 1 479 46 12 240
10
78 39 0 23 25 13 4 01 37 20 67 16 82 11 0 29 _ 05 02 04
_ - ~
_
Annual average
. .
~
199-
1996
73-84
.
83-89 9O-Mlt
2.0
4.8 5.6 3.5 4.9 0.8 9.8 18.3 1.2 95 40 78 10 1
~
-~
~
~
~~~_....
~
1.7 0.8 1.6 2.2 3.5 3.0 1.3 2.5 3.9 4.2 3.6 2.0 2.9 4.7 _________________~ 3.3 2.8 .. 0.6 2.8 5.5 3.5 3.3 4.8 6.0 0.3 1.4 2.0 1.5 0.8 5.8 5.6 3.9 3.9 7.2 15.2 9.3 5.2 8.4 14.0 . __ 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 94 99 .. 10.0 10.3 41 34 4.4 5.8 5.6 110 74 3.6 8.0 7.7 84 68 14.1 12.4 9.4 _- _ _ _ _ _ -~________ 12 10 09 1.2 2.5 1.4 10 14 03 1.9 0.6 1.4 49 48 21 0.5 0.8 3.5 48 45 40 .. 5.1 4.8 74 30 18 0.7 15.3 10.9 _______ - ___ 8 47 45 .. 5.4 63 67 41 28 44 87 02 03 02 02 02 02 63 61 78 85 169 108 47 44 45 14 51 48 ~52 35 51 44- - 5 6 156 198 230 13.1 24.8 19.9 70 29 21 1.2 2.3 4.4 63 63 48 9.4 12.1 8.2 2.1 2.1 --.______.-. 34 3-4 --81 1.9 4.8 4.8 146 10.4 4.8 7.2 11.0 14.7 11 I 8.1 7.2 5.6 7.5 8.0 11 3 17.0 13.9 6.6 7.3 12.3 04 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.4 0.4 __ .___ 168 13.0 1.3 5.6 15.5 9.4 13 1.6 0.0 0.4 1.8 1.3 43 4.8 7.1 3.1 6.0 5.5 05 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.4 28 1 30.3 4.3 4.2 17.2 22.3 500 40.4 28.6 14.6 28.3 46.3 __ 58 3.7 2.7 3.2 4.4 3.8 05 1.6 1.3 2.5 1.3 1.I 169 13.3 9.8 2.0 2.9 11.7 15.9 16.0 15.6 00 00 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.9 1. I ~___ - ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . _ ~ ~ 14 0.8 2.7 2.1 0.8 1.9 59 5.0 .. 4.8 7.1 4.8 57 4.8 3.1 4.2 5.7 4.8 70 3.7 8.9 6.3 4.2 5.1 460 7.9 6 .O 1.1 3.6 12.6 21 1.I 1.3 0.3 0.5 2.0 - 0 - 3 ~ ---o-4 05 05 01 04 -______ _ _ 01 01 01 01 00 01 04 03 05 22 02 05 00 00 04 06 07 03 02 06 02 06 08 04 05 06 _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1.8 1.4 1.3 0.7 1.1 1.6
4.2 4.0 5.3 5.1 4.5 6.2 - ~ - _ _ _ 2.7 2.6 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 8.5 10.5 9.2 15.2 9.7 22.5 ~ _ _ _ -.~.~~~ *I .L' 0.1 4.3 11.9 109 115 5 .0 44 86 5.2 57 93 81 120 9.6 ~- __ __ I .3 0921 0.4 04 62 2.1 05 101 4.7 64 48 17.0 110 167 __. -~ 0.0 47 99 8 10 8 13.0 104 0.1 01 05 10 6 18.6 96 41 52 4.4 __ 70 6.7 51 20.2 16 1 21 9 4.6 39 98 11.2 97 93 ~
~
~
199-1
10 07 - ~ 1.7
-~
-
01 29 27 93 63 100 85 41 5-
-
~
--
01
06
_
09 03 _ 2.0
.
-
~
-
~~
Note Nigeria's ratios are distorted for 1994-95 because of of€icial exchange rate over-valuation affecting oil exports and oil value added (see chapter 3 )
-
~
_
_
_
~
304
Aid Flows
12-12. Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDI ~~
Percentage of GDI
__ _ _ _ _ _
1988
1980
1989
1992
1991
1990
1993
___-___ I994 1995 I996
Annual average I997
75-84
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 114 300 330 397 320 393 343 362 307 270 23.8 12.5 excluding South Africa 18.3 46.4 53.6 59.0 45.0 61.8 56.8 64.4 58.6 45.5 38.5 20.0 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 32.5 54.2 62.7 68.7 54.2 82.2 68.7 77.4 68.5 52.1 46.1 31.3 ____ ~________ Angola .. 17.0 15.0 22.4 17.7 167.0 21.0 48.0 33.1 31.5 24.4 .. Benin 42.4 62.6 51.5 102.6 98.6 121.0 89.4 109.0 71.5 77.5 56.9 40.9 18.0 26.1 16.6 12.9 Botswana 10.7 9.6 7.2 6.9 11.0 5.7 8.7 29.9 72.9 62.5 52.8 58.9 73.7 Burkina Faso 104.1 116.0 62.3 57.6 135.1 100.3 64.1 91.9 124.0 13.0 161.3 154.0 Bunindi 320.3 300.3 191.9 142.6 187.8 154.5 89.3 _____ _ ~ _ _ . _ _ _ _________ 18.7 10.6 23.8 22.5 25.0 43.9 27.8 Caineroon 29.5 34.0 60.6 38.4 15.0 75.5 83.9 114.3 90.3 100.3 Cape Verde .. 73.7 84.4 84.3 76.9 85.0 .. 154.5 129.7 198.7 137.1 100.3 Central African Republic 101.9 131.2 166.7 207.4 354.4 101.6 129.1 104.5 319.4 281.3 144.6 274.0 Chad 201.6 138.5 217.0 126.9 134.9 95.4 281.8 105.7 114.5 129.2 94.3 129.5 Coinoros 82.2 92.4 102.5 99.5 68.2 101.6 114.1 _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ___ ._ _~ ____~_ . .. 43.3 56.7 106.1 94.0 47.5 112.6 43.4 Congo, Democratic Rep of40.0 38.7 32.8 36.6 15.1 21.1 27.1 49.0 23.9 17.9 21.8 37.6 Congo, Republic of 16.2 28.1 44.8 19.5 7.8 32.8 45.5 95.5 82.0 98.1 88.6 165.7 C6te d'Ivoire 67.3 27.1 89.7 8.9 .. 165.6 126.3 164.6 226.2 253.0 Djibouti 217.4 183.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 269.3 95.2 166.4 159.0 35.6 28.9 11.2 8.0 7.8 _ _ _ ~ _ _ ~ ~ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -____ _ _ .. 0.0 110.4 174.7 135.8 85.1 46.0 Entrea 69.5 126.0 208.0 Ethiopia 64 5 231.0 123.1 144.8 93.4 74.0 52.3 37.2 Gabon 47 74 12.1 10.3 10.0 5.5 9.6 2.9 4.1 10.4 19.9 12.9 Gambia, The 847 1950 172.9 141.3 148.1 45.5 57.7 100.5 146.7 112.4 107.7 61.8 Ghana 767 984 103.5 66.3 84.2 74.7 46.6 50.5 41.9 43.9 30.0 60.8 _ _ _~ _ ___ 87.4 70.1 59.9 78.6 70.1 38.1 45.2 Guinea 63 0 55.0 .. 53.7 Guinea-Bissau 1908 1395 140.8 177.7 144.9 96.0 130.8 342.1 205.6 288.5 215.5 158.2 61.9 70.6 12.4 Kenya 223 487 80.8 103.3 57.6 46.1 39.0 28.1 27.3 44.2 32.4 26.9 14.0 16.2 Lesotho 602 51 7 11.5 27.9 27.2 19.1 73.5 '32 1 Liberia 44.5 ~._ _ _ _ ~ _ .. __ __ _ 104.4 76.4 208.4 94.1 89.2 Madagascar 381 918 87.7 107.0 78.4 199.4 47.1 Malawi 468 1500 134.6 117.6 158.4 136.6 142.2 159.8 178.1 112.7 49.5 178.6 83.0 103.4 87.7 70.0 62.8 Mali 92.1 83.1 967 1049 88.1 103.7 96.7 138.7 117.8 130.2 129.9 106.9 135.1 158.0 180.7 Mauritania 94 3 689 108.5 83.0 8.9 10.9 8.3 4.9 2.6 1.3 1.8 3.6 15.1 2.2 87 14 1 Mauntius __ __ - _________________ 238.7 257.2 267.3 481.2 441.8 274.2 170.3 146.8 99.7 808 2900 Mozambique 27.4 16.0 18.4 39.5 23.1 35.2 19.4 Namibia 00 60 26.3 25.6 0.0 191.3 102.4 198.3 176.4 291.7 377.3 232.3 Niger 24 1 873 134.8 170.1 84.2 8.2 6.0 4.1 3.6 5.6 4.1 4.7 4.3 3.3 Nigeria 03 29 0.6 71.1 77.4 135.6 124.9 119.62,231.1 622.6 Rwanda 828 71 7 471.6 317.2 85.9 208.5 153.6 312.1 266 2604 66.1 344.1 SZo Tome and Principe .. 289.5 323.6 258.4 224.2 _ __-__.______ _ ~ _ _~ _ ~~__________ 87.9 75 1 950 Senegal 129.6 104.6 90.3 75.5 65.9 109.1 69.6 50.S 81.6 Seychelles '385 286 8.4 23.7 39.7 27.5 20.9 14.4 10.2 7.3 7.8 43.6 426.1 Sierra Leone 99 8 86.5 74.3 123.3 237.1 350.3 377.5 .. 128.4 222.8 Somalia 1693 1746 128.9 347.8 .. 156.0 South Africa 00 00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.5 2.1 1.5 0.0 1.4 55 9 44.3 Sudan __ .- ____ ~ - _ _ _ _ ____ _______ - ~284 226 16.8 32.7 29.7 21.2 16.4 SwaGEn d 12.8 8.3 6.325.1 20.1 110.7 122.9 86.7 102.1 80.4 92.5 Tanzania 107 0 .. 81.2 84.8 83.9 68.7 55.2 89.6 60.4 73.7 104.0 39.6 23.7 91.3 Togo 28 1 932 83.5 28.9 89.2 77.3 122.7 132.3 159.9 69.7 83.6 106.9 Uganda 1483 566 124.7 86.7 84.6 237.4 177.1 58.5 421.9 125.4 Zainbia 352 1158 108.1 34.1 273.7 145 187 21.3 22.3 23.8 33.5 33.7 27.6 16.9 14.9 9.3 Zimbabwe 58.0 _ _ ~ ___ _. ___ ___. ______ 6.7 17.7 21.8 16.0 11.4 72 70 8.3 9.3 11.9 NORTH AFRICA . 9.4 7.6 _~ -~ . . _ _ _ _ Algeria 1 1 11 1.0 1.5 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.0 2.8 2.4 3.1 1.1 12.3 43.8 64.2 19.5 19.7 14.6 33.9 47.3 31.4 31.3 Egypt, Arab Republic 220 122 02 Libya 0.2 8.3 16.2 19.5 Morocco 197 98 7.3 14.3 11.8 9.0 6.7 9.7 14.4 91 152 11.8 105 11.7 5.3 2.8 Tunisia 1.6 8.6 2.6 3.9 11.3 ______ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ 20.6 28.7 96 195 22.2 28.0 29.1 20.1 ALLAFR~CA~ 24.6 26.4 17.4 10.8 ~
~
~
~
_
_
~
p
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
~
~~
~~
~~
~
~
~
~~
~
~~
~
~
p -
~
~
-
-
Note Nigeria's ratios are distorted for 1994-95 because of official exchange rate over-valuation affecting oil exports and oil value added (see chapter 3)
85-89 90-MR
30.2 45.0 52.1 12.7 91.4 27.1 60.5 108.0 11.3 91.6 115.2 277.3 120.1 47.2 22.2 25.3
.. ..
..
329 53.7 64.7 45.6 90.8 9.1 88.5 201.6 35.2 89.9 162.6 166.6 96.3 64.4 29.9 89.2 190.9 96.7 92.0 131.6 10.2 102.7 54.8 58.8 200.1 54.8 21.9
70.3 7.7 225.0 78.5 69.1 161.6 42.0 60.7 94.0 .. 101.1 117.6 125.0 148.0 117.1 82.9 97.3 130.4 11.6 4.4 215.3 280.0 8.8 26.9 127.1 221.5 3.2 4.5 68.5 512.5 191.1 252.8 --___ 116.5 81.7 43.9 17.0 149.1 258.8 166.2 347.8 0.0 1.0 55.2 30.8 18.5 108.3 91.8 82.3 82.6 59.9 113.9 112.2 198.3 22.6 28.8 7.2 13.0 1.0 2.4 15.9 34.0 12.1 10.9 18.8
11 8 5.9 246
Aid Flows
305
12-13. Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI
Percentage of GDI
Annual average
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl S Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Bunindi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros C&igo, DeinGratic Rep of Congo, Republic of CBte d'Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eth i opi a Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Gu i ii ea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozainbique Naini bia Niger Nigeria Rwaiida S2o Toine and Piincipe Senegal Seycliell es Sierra Leone Somalia South Afi ica Sudan Swazi land Tan zaiii a Togo Uganda Zainbia Ziinbabwe NORTHAFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco ~
65 10.4 18.4
~~
~
--
~~
I6 8 20 5 51 9 46 8 12 1 ~
134 5 59 7 72 8 91 56
1988
/989
1990
1991
1992
1993
I994
I995
I996
199-
198 70 7 35 8 II 3 36 8 15 0 46 5 51 2 92 50 9 80 8 177 2 76 1 3is 18 8 17 4
206 73 5 38 8 97 84 2 12 5 39 0 48 8 I5 8 52 2 68 0 143 6 92 0 73 7 24 0 29 9
253 37.5 43.6 13.748.0 10.5 42.0 95.8 17.1 57.8 54.5 83.8 62.2 74.8 45.4 73.5
197 27.8 33.4 10.1 58.8 8.2 47.0 73.0 18.2 85.4 56.3 141.9 60.9 67.6 21.0 56.3 126.7 53.2
233 36.6 48.8 92.4 76.6 7.9 63.5 91.6 35.5 59.1 61 2 133.8 39.0 28.7
88.1 9.8 79.3 42.8 31.8 78.2 8.2 15.8
205 36.2 43.8 21.8 60.2 4.6 82.0 1 1 1.0 33.0 56.6 94.4 66.8 45.5 17.2 26.2 85.3 164.6 19.4 105.7 76.4 17.6 58. I 25.5 27.8 240.8 34.1 7.5
170 32 0 77 6 I9 1 45 0 41 51 8 1120 2 99 49 5 151 5 67 7 50 5 I9 7 I3 6 53 7 189 5 I8 5 85 5 55 7 12 1 32 6 27 7 29 1 175 6 28 9 87
157 26 1 30 1 I7 0 47 6 48 40 1 62 5 20 0 54 4 256 9 53 8 54 7 25 4 25 8
68.3 102.7 96.1 0.0 89.3 5.2 65.5 40.5 40.8 51.9 47.4 13.3
207 34.3 41.9 10.8 45.6 6.6 62.9 82.1 26r9 69.2 88.4 129.0 53.1 02.6 20.5 82.0 115.6 83.0 78.0 46.9 9 .9 64.9 23.6 31 ,o 77.3 48,4 14.0
138 21 9 26 4 -~ 12 7 77 4 79 33 9 49 5 22 4 52 7 67 8 40 9 77 1 24 1 47 5 I4 2 131 2 58 30 2 30 6 22 24 3 I7 6 14 8 100 5 18 5 55
125.3 46.8 50.7 54.4 7.6 192.1 20.3 123.7 2.7 86.9 135.0 59.6 20. I 79.8
63.0 58.0 38.4 473 3.7 330.0 15.8 206.4 1 .o 66.2 148.1 50.7 16.8 130.3
59.0 50.5 37.9 94.4 2.7 303.5 27.9 276.2 1.4 67.2 156.0 47.6 5.1 177.4
58.5 73.0 50.5 86.0 0.7 163.3 15.8 160.9 I .0 1,521.8 118.0 80.4 5.8 73.4
56 4 90 7 50 5 73 8 09 127 8 20 9 1-33 2 16 296 1 227 8 52 2 71 122 x
49 4 97 8 49 0 47 0 -0 1 101 9 19 0 85 0 176 2 128 1 46 9 30 76 7
0.0
0.0
I .n
I .0
12
I3
18
10 5 62.0 50.4 56.0 184.7 39.2 13.1 2.5 39.4
12.7 54.8 82 3 70.8 103.7 20.7 8.1 1.8 23.8
8.0 54.5 62.3 58.9 95.7 16.8 9.5 2.8 26.9
87 54 0 55 8 45 4 91 1 19 5 68 22 16 3
56 57 5 40 2 37 7 72 7 12 7 74 22 17 2
37 49 5 73 7 43 7 64 2 10 I 53 16 11 2
11.1 6.6 18.9
7.0 3 .0 15.4
4.9 1.9 16.0
51 12 13 1
54 08 12 5
3 1
~
~~
189.8
~~~
~~
~~
Tiiiii sia
ALL AFRICA
42 25 6 42 8 1104 I5 6 40 7 I9 7 I5 0 24 7 47 5 28 7 10 8 54 8 00 I4 9 01 51 5 82 51 9 72 4 54 4 00 24 4 18 5 16 1 55 2 25 9 99 44 07 18 8 01 41 61 56
~
-~
~~
I980
77 5 69 125 4 40 2 39 1 70 1 75 5 32 7
35 2 11 0 97 0 50 8 45 9 79 6 76 1 27 7
63.0 9.8 80.4 31.2 28. I 103.2 43.7
65 8 72 5 62 6 42 6 68 231 I 46 55 7 24 39 5 91 5 58 2 24 5 51 2 125 4 00
52 5 56 4 69 0 88 8 77 68 5 9x 67 0 77 40 7 I69 4 97 8 18 0 62 5 80 6 00
51.3 00.8 56.2 52.3 9.3 191.6 5.9 126.7 4.1 48.4
17 8 82 8 58 0 26 8 98 7 16 0 63 08 11 7
69 83 5 48 7 28 0 72 8 18 7 57 06 11 2
21.4 88.4 35.8 44.7 72 0 10.4 1.3 25.5
17 2 01.3 45.4 56.6 156.7 21.8 16.7 2.1 53.1
87
74 75 13 6
9.2 6 .4 17.9
9.6 7.8 18.5
19.4
16.1
-
31 3
157 9 84 67 6 78 8 86 20 3 23 5 I7 4 200 1 22 3 64
11 7 137
74.9 36.1 47.2 189.7 0.0
19.4
1 1
33
14 10 4
284 328 87 210 501 211 204 433 41 5 494 48 1 - -~ __ 10 1 87 644 844 652 1546 I55 1 430 674 253 295 11 8 195 70 180 00 ~
136 34 466 328
~
928 21.1 43.9 32.5 25.0 26.2 55.7 25.5 9.8 74.1 0.0 51 1 04 54 3 176 50 5 785 494 495 00 170 161 ~~
~~~~
~~~~~~~~
21 5 458 26 1 72 45 09 153 01 55 80 58-
~~~
~
~~
~~
Note Nigeria's ratios are distorted for 1994-95 because o f official exchange rate over-valuation affecting oil exports and
011
value added (see chapter 3)
_-~ ~
114 178
~~
~
_
_ _
1306 56 3
49 6 49 6 02 94 7 I9 0 90 4 09 95 8 97 I 34 6
_
-5-84 85-89 90-MR 71 191 19.5
795 67 1281 721 388 81 4 30.4 35.9 66.7 57.7 61.3 73.4 53.1 9.7 164.0 5.4 802 26 392 752 73 0 31 2 877 1076 00 298 204 840 466 212 888 198 62 07 149
71 6 382 250 519 63 529 847 254 606 1039 896 504 400 265 581 141 2 59 7 61 2 610 94 532 290 277 1235 31.4 11.3
~
83 77
121
74.3 66.2 47.9 63.2 3.1 88.1 18.1 1504 18 294 8 1443 55 9 121 101 0 1897 08 11 0 60 7 507 51 7 1050 200 97 21 267
69 36 I57
~
306
Aid Flows
12-14. Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI Percentage of GDI 1980
I988 I989 9.9 12.1 15.4 19.7 18.0 23.5 5.4 5.1 25.4 64.5 2.9 4.4 15.6 13.8 70.7 61.9 _ _ _ _ _ 1.5 8.0 21.8 22.9 72.0 62.1 142.2 137.7 38.2 36.5 11.8 23.0 2.2 3.0 15.3 15.6
1990
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3.7 13.6 excluding South Africa 6.0 20.2 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 10.6 23.5 Ang.ola .. 8.6 Benin 24.8 54.8 Botswana 5.5 2.5 Burkina Faso 21.0 15.0 Burundi 42.2 65.4 . ~ . _ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ Catneroon 5.0 5.6 Cape Verde .. 25.9 Central African Republic 60.5 81.3 Chad 44.8 59.8 Cotnoros 32.7 31.7 Congo, Democratic Rep. of ,. 22.2 Congo, Republic of 3.6 3.6 CBte dlvoire 2.2 22.0 Djibouti .. .. 79.1 Equatorial Guinea __ _~___~__ Eritrea Ethiopia .. 27.1 34.5 54.6 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.4 Gabon Gambia, The 48.0 74.3 78.3 60.2 23.7 55.9 52.4 35.0 Ghana .. . -. . _ _ _ _ Guinea .. 20.5 37.2 30.9 Guinea-Bissau 75.9 61.3 58.4 74.5 Kenya 6.7 13.0 25.8 26.6 Lesotho 19.5 19.3 20.6 13.1 Liberia 9.4 Madagascar 15.1 26.5 52.7 25.3 Malawi 22.1 77.5 78.1 81.3 41.0 33.8 28.7 37.4 Mali 52.4 53.4 19.3 27.6 Mauritania 1.4 1.5 3.4 1.4 Mauritius ..... ~... 16.3 57.9 69.3 65.5 Mozambique 0.0 1.4 6.2 12.5 Namibia 9.0 30.3 34.6 69.8 Niger 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.9 Nigeria 30.6 31.5 28.5 26.4 Rwanda 168.9 174.7 SBo Tome and Principe 18.4 .. ~ ~ _ _ _ ~ ~ - _ _ Senegal 22.6 33.0 29.6 29.4 3.4 5.7 3.7 Seychelles 6.1 Sierra Leone ,. 38.8 23.7 27.0 Somalia 65.0 47.5 48.1 100.5 South Africa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sudan 17.2 _ _ ~ ~. Swazi land 9.9 8.8 9.9 11.2 Tanzania .. 24.2 27.1 34.2 Togo 12.0 35.9 41.6 24.7 Uganda 91.3 29.8 44.6 70.2 Zambia 6.8 17.1 13.9 12.7 Zimbabwe 4.2 2.9 3.1 2.3 _ _ _ _ _ ~ -~-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7 NORTH AFRICA -~ _________ Algeria 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 Egypt, Arab Republic 3.1 0.6 1.2 0.7 Libya 0.1 Morocco 1.4 0.7 0.9 1.4 Tunisia 1.0 3.7 2.5 2.4 . .. __________ 2.5 5.7 6.8 7.1 ALL AFRICA---^^ ~
~
~
~
~
_
_
~~~
~
_____~_~_~
1991 12.0 16.9 20.4 7.6 40.7 2.4 24.9 82.6
Annual average
1993 13.5 22.4 26.6 10.0 43.7 3.8 53.1 62.0 0.9 30.6 42.8 70.2 39.1 50.0 1.2 6.5 37.1 76.0 31.3 76.0 0.5 50.3 23.4 39.2 52.0 55.4 13.0
1994 1995 15.7 13.7 28.2 26.5 33.6 30.8 24.1 14.0 47.4 24.8 2.5 2.8 52.9 47.4 212.3 191.3 27.7 8.4 27.7 27.3 73.3 55.4 71.1 59.3 56.9 51.1 26.2 13.1 11.3 2.6 80.4 35.9 40.8 55.9 16.2 10.4 55.6 45.5 68.4 38.1 2.2 0.9 52.8 31.2 16.9 23.3 ___ 26.2 25.2 100.6 69.9 23.9 17.1 11.6 7.5
1996 11.2 19.2 21.8 14.5 32.3 1.0 21.9 126.4
6.9 28.6 42.4 129.9 68.6 26.4 2.9 25.6 34.5 32.6 __ .. 119.8 0.2 65.7 40.5 ~ 38.5 65.5 4.2 11.2
I992 15.9 25.0 33.2 74.3 44.5 1.9 40.1 101.3 _ _ 8.4 31.5 40.7 83.2 43.2 18.5 1.9 29.8 24.7 70.3 0.0 141.6 0.4 84.0 34.7 38.2 41.7 33.8 14.4
83.2 70.8 31.5 53.7 0.9 75.1 19.1 50.7 1.4 47.5 154.5 27.7 7.4 43.5
43.4 101.9 30.9 38.2 1.2 150.5 7.3 85.4 1.7 58.7 175.5 22.9 4.5 106.8
35.1 108.0 25.6 66.3 -0.1 137.0 7.3 99.2 4.2 51.6 102.3 16.5 8.8 172.8
30.6 63.6 43.8 101.7 0.7 110.4 3.6 68.4 3.1 706.3 106.2 28.5 4.5 304.0
31.3 87.8 48.6 70.8 1.4 73.4 6.5 56.8 3.1 326.9 84.3 34.1 1.6 302.2
29.0 84.1 35.4 88.7 2.1 68.0 7.3 49.8 3.2 294.6 80.4 21.5 3.2 142.3
68.5 59.1 35.0 79.2 2.5 49.3 6.6 65.9 2.5 222.4 57.6 14.5 3.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
12.5 25.6 28.5 65.6 80.8 2.1 2.0 0.2 4.6
10.7 40.3 33.9 100.7 89.0 19.0 1.5 0.2 2.6
7.5 25.6 21.5 53.7 73.4 12.8 2.0 0.6 2.6
8.4 4.1 26.8 37.5 35.4 61.3 43.0 68.2 62.7 330.8 17.0 8.3 1.2 2.1____._ 0.3 0.3 3.4 2.1
2.7 27.6 29.3 31.2 53.1 4.3 1.8
2.4 29.5 20.5 39.4 41.5 4.9 2.2
0.3 2.0
0.4 3.0
2.4 2.4 4.5 4.4 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.6 1.3 1.0 ________________~__.______ 8,l 9.6 8.7 10.2 8.9
3.2 2.5 7.6
3.2 2.8 6.8
_ ~ _
9.7 28.1 94.3 79.8 44.7 14.0 2.3 36.1 48.7 2.8 16.0 35.2 1.1 28.1 20.6 18.1 86.0 16.9 7.1
1997 9.9 16.3 19.3 11.7 19.1
5.1 20.6 115.8 9.2 32.6 37.9 50.1 31.8 12.6 1.3 12.9 42.0 2.9 11.0 21.7 0.9 44.5 18.7 23.7 105.9 13.8 5.6
85-89 90-MR 10.3 13.2 15.4 21.8 17.9 26.2 3.9 20.6 39.7 38.4 6.6 2.8 17.9 34.5 54.8 119.6 2.6 9.6 .. 26.3 29.0 42.9 48.1 58.5 117.9 122.7 75.4 43.1 49.0 45.9 11.3 17.7 22.9 5.7 2.8 3.4 1.9 7.3 31.2 .. 40.5 5.3 ._ 36.3 .. 26.6 20.4 30.6 69.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 43.2 98.4 52.1 24.9 46.2 26.6 .. 27.1 30.0 54.6 71.6 74.5 5.8 11.2 24.0 29.1 24.5 10.4 .. 10.9 27.3 19.9 44.3 43.3 23.3 63.7 82.1 38.7 38.1 34.9 30.4 32.4 69.0 4.9 1.4 1.3 22.5 49.6 91.1 3.4 0.0 8.8 26.4 45.2 68.2 0.2 0.6 2.6 29.7 27.7 216.8 48.5 115.9 108.7 25.0 36.9 24.4 4.4 10.9 4.6 49.4 58.7 157.0 58.5 56.2 100.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 12.0 14.3 9.0 10.4 7.4 _. 24.3 30.9 17.2 33.4 31.9 60.3 37.4 59.0 6.2 23.4 93.0 1.7 2.9 8.8 1.6 0.6 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.3 7.2 0.9 2.6
75-84 4.0 6.4 10.0 .. 19.5 6.2 20.1 39.0 4.3
0.1
~~~
....
..
~~~
.
..
____~_____
Note Nigeria's ratios are distorted for 1994-9s because of official exchange rate over-valuation affecting oil exports and oil value added (see chapter 3)
1.3. 1.4 2.9
0.7 2.2 5.5
2.9 2.2 8.4
Aid Flows
307
12-15. Net ODA per capita from all donors U.S. dollars (current prices)
. .-
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S.Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of C6te dIvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea ~ _ _ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana -. Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius ~Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda S%oTome and Principe - ~ _ _ _ _ Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA ~~
~~~
1980 20 21 26 7 26 117 30 28 31 223 48 8 129 16 55 26 260 43 0 6 81 85 18 20 75 24 70 52 26 23 41 113 34 14 0 30 1 30 44 47 337 28 74 0 33 89 37 35 9 55 23 31 9 34
~.____-
5 46 36 22
1988 29 31 39 18 36 126 35 39 25 268 73 48 127 16 41 39 199 140 0 20 118 101 41 47 109 38 68 28 27 47 55 96 55 66 18 52 1 38 228 87 301 27 62 0 41
51 42 62 26 65 30 22 7 30 1
20 40 28
1989 30 32 39 19 59 129 31 39 41 264 66 46 106 20 42 35 153 163 0 15 143 114 50 65 122 47 81 25 31 53 55 128 58 58 45 41 4 34 403
1991 33 35 43 29 55
54
103 47 46
84 47 54
39 323 85
44 305 58 45 146 12 58 53 203 175 0 21 145 107 58 64 116 38 72 64 38 60 53 106 63 74 133 47 3 51 437 85 325 26 23 0 36 68 41 56 39 110 39 60 13 94 6 50 43 38
5? 344 58 40 107 7 48 61 206 168 0 22 68 113 39 74 104 35 80 47 30 64 49 94 42 100 101 45 3 48 468 88 268 32 78 0 22 66 50 60 42 125 77 45 15 66
55
100 286 26 59 0 33 38 37 59 29 50 28 22
6 30 4 19 36 28
1990 34 37 46 29 57 116 38 49
~~
107 24 98 59 376 176 0 20 138 109 38 51 133 50 83 46 34 59 58 118 84 71 91 52 3 42 478 112 513 16 64 0 34 _____ 71 46 74 41 62 35 63 11 104 5
~
44 48 39
I992 34 37 45 35
1
38 46 36
1993 31 32 40 29 56 96 49 37 44 325
I994 1995 32 31 34 32 42 40 42 38 48 51 62 63 45 49 52 47 -~ 57 34 327 295 52 51 33 36 83 88 6 4 49 145 121 90 222 177 78 85 _ _ . ~ 45 42 20 16 170 132 66 43 33 38 56 63 166 107 26 27 62 60 24 45 22 23 49 44 47 56 119 99 13 20 80 70 92 123 43 30 2 2
55 36 107 4 51 60 237 140 20 21 98 83 38 65 92 35 17 47 29 54 40 149 24 79 106 41 3 48 115 111 374 389 638 64 80 80 266 174 172 49 63 46 105 64 23 7 8 10 18 16 9 ______ 63 64 62 34 34 30 25 32 47 43 34 41 227 103 82 45 47 52 ________. 23 30 31 11 13 15 35 43 47 2 1 1 19 28 24 8 26 12 _ ~ . _ _ _ 30 31 32 ~
Annual average
__
I996 26 28 34 48 52 54 41 32 30 308 50 44 79 4 163 70 157 76 43 15 112 34 37 44 162 22 54 74 27 50 51 114 17 57 119 27 2 100 347 68 248 42
11 9 8 33 29 39 35 67 33 26 11
37 2 24 14 26
1997 23 24 30 37 39 81 35 19 36 273 27 31 54 4 99 31 136 58 33 11 35 35 28 55 110 16 46 33 59 34 44 102 36 58 102 35 2 75 242 49 194 27 12 12 7 30 31 29 41 65 29 22 8 32 2 17 21 23
75-84
15 17 21 7 21 91 24 23 22 144 34 18 119 12 49 17 212 27 0 5 73 58 13 15 64 19 53 40 16 19 29 115 37
11 0 30 1 26 72 45 242 16 50 0 29 60 28 31 7 35 15 31 8 44 3 28 36 18
85-89 25 27 34 16 36 114 32 37 24 276 59 40 123 16 49 25 215 116 0 16 105 109 33 42 100
31 66 34 27 36 51 115 51 45 19 47 1
34 208 84 338 23 68 0 42 48 34 50 20 58 29 24 8 34 2 22 33 25
90-MR 31 32 40 3652 83 44 42 43 312 54 40 97 8 89 68 214 119 23 18 112 74 39 59 124 31 67 47 33 52 50 113 37 74 108 40 2 74 422 78 270 38 47 6 19 57 37 45 40 105 45 37 12 57 2 31 27 32
308
Aid Flows
12-16. Net ODA per capita from DAC donors _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~
U S dollars (current prices) -
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl S.Africa & Nigeria Angola Ben i n Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cainerooii Cape Verde Central Afi icaii Republic Chad Coinoros Con@,Dernocratic Rep of Congo, Repiiblic of C6te d'Ivoire Dlibouti Equatorial Guinea
Eritre; Ethiopia Gabon Gainbia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Nain tbi a Niger Nigeria Rwanda S5o Toine and Piiiicipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudaii Swaziland Taiizan i a Togo Uganda Zambia Zi in babwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFKICA
1990
1991
I992
1993
199-1
1995
1996
199-
7 1 L I
18 19
17 18 22 22
15
13 13
29 58 21 21 42 224 37 23 62
12 38
91
51
23
46 171 124 0
36 156 98
20 21 27 20 34 69 29 26 48 225 35 25 51 4 4 -3 43 101
18
27 28 18 27 95 27 29 30 222 34 32 71 17
20 21 26 17 33 79 30 22 32 228 33 23 69 0
9I
73 14
10
()
132 62
142 57 29 29 (1 3 25 42 23 23 23 32 53 58 53 69 33 2 33 204 56 237 17 14 0
0 8 04 50 21 38 56 21 38 10 18
2 1 02 62 161 42 17
8 93 48
10 I51 76
19
20 29 I I7
1988
I989
11 12 15 5 10 92 22 14 20 135 32 5 40
19 20 25 12 21 105 26 16 22 185 38 27 84
I8 20 24 12
12 33
12 37 21 152 72 0 12 I10 65 17 29 55 28 43 21 19 23
19 1 I4
5 0 2 71 26 10
7 43 17 47 32 10 12 20 35
26 0 0 19 0 19
14 73 284 18 24 0 15 58 28 20 3 41 16
19 6 29 3 10
25 13
-~~
-
I980
31
60 41 52 13 33 1
21 80 53
258 14 45 0 22 31 33 39
12 56 25 20 5 29 0
33
97 23 17 27 183 35
23 76
130
102 0 8 I30
64 24 34 69 27 44 16
16 22 37 82 50 41 28 27 3 19
198 75 217 18 37 0 18 16
28 32 10 42 24 19
30
4 27 2 17 23
19
18
18
18
24 77 31
50 17 23 25 37 53 72 53
29 33
2 26 270 80 468 10 35
0 17 47 33 44 I5 53 30
37 9
00 2 25 26 23
0
15
39 20 34 17 73 36 46
12 78
24 15
2 48 56 166
32
20 55 17 40 9 18 17 24 80 24 54 84 70
1
1
26 214 59 215
27 226 46 94 25 81 5 0
23 27 54 32 09 09
18 59
0 7 33 30 36 15 85 52 37 14 55
I9 23 21 27 40 27 18 71
219 29 16 i7
15
24 13
190
37 19
44 7
41 54
150
132
1 I4
54 26
57 34 8
()
I24 23 21 33
71 17 32 11
15
15
21 29 54
10 0 78 205
21 I
59 98 12 52 6
I 31
23 20 19 00 29 22 10
20 I6 10 50 26 25 I3 40
1
0
0
0
25 32 24
29 35 23
17
12 8 I9
15 19
37 25 17 26
26 26 57 7 48 75
39
33
32
16 20 26 29 45 26 11 21 I98 36 18 44 2
9
-1
74 86 17 0 37 213 46 102 14 5 8 4 22 20 23
07
53
466 48 145 17
I5 8 5 42 20 29 22 49 32
19 38
29 I
25 20 9 33 0
13
15
0 17
5 16
19
10
19 26 36 21 6 24 169
13 30 2 96 16 98 42 21 6 26
~
~
15 16 18 51 11
18
18
0 23
0 16 22 28 213 8
153
33 81 9 5
16
0
10
3 -17-
11 ~~
39 21
18
8 8 14
18
15
32 27 8 10 16 29 24 8 0
0
9O-Mlt
16
~
22 11 39 17 25 39 2 37 76
17 22 39 I9 157 25
83-89
11 69 16 12 15 95 22 10 45 8 30 13 125 9 __ 0 2 61 25 7 4 37
18
101 15
44
~
-5-84 9 10 12 4
17
32
20 20 112 12 25 40 1726 30 41
Annual average
~-
18
2 27 11
~ - ~
16 6 23 1 10
25 10
17
19 24 20 29 57 26
21 11 20 87 22 17 19
-
19
T2 210 32 21 51 5 78 43 146 I3
188
34 22 69 10
43 18
138 66 0 9 91 62 14 23 50 22 39 24
~-
15 9
104 38 21 28 75 19
34 17 21 23 29 55 25 49 73 27
~
16
17 32 62 42 34 12 30 1
1
20 84 52 247 13 44 0 22 31 26 29 7 46 25 .-21 5 31
38 244 53
1
16 23 - 17
~
180 15
33 5 8 34 24 27 ~
18
56 31 28 11
44 1 18
17 20
Aid Flows
309
12-17. Net ODA per capita from multilateral donors
_____
-
._
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S.Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi __________ -Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros _ Congo, Deinocratic Rep ofCongo, Republic of Cdte d'Ivoire Dji boilt I Equatorial Guinea ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana - -~ Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia ~- ___Madagascar Malawi Mali Maim tania Mauritius ________ Mozambique Nainibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda SBo Tome and Principe ______ __ Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Soinalia South Africa Sudan SwGlland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA __ Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia . .ALL AFRICA -
-
~
~
~
1980
1988
6 7 8 2
10 10 13 6 14 21 9 22 ___ 4 79 34 21 42 4 4 18 39 68 0 8 10 39 23 15 48
15
25 9 13 8 81 15 3
40 4 ---
-
--
13 7 31 37 0 3
-
10
48 6 13 -
30
~
~
-~
-
11 12 I5 6 25 34 8 21 _14 80 32 22 30 8 5 12 21 60 0 8 13 52 25 28
U.S. dollars (current prices) _ _ _- -
--___________
1990
-
12 13 16 11 30 23 10 20 10100 51 23 36 5 7 14 75
~~~
51
10
52 0 9 6 46 20 26 56 19 34 29
~-~
19
25 38 7 8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ~ ~ ~ 8 16 11 11 24 31 34 16 21 18 19 23 39 48 54 8 9 9 12 3 13 17 18 0 4 17 62 11 18 14 18 0 0 0 1 11 16 14 14 30 148 204 208 __ - _ 14 30 23 32 53 36 69 48 9 10 7 6 28 17 22 18 0 0 0 0 10 14 13 17 -31 20 22 25 10 9 13 7 15 24 27 30 5 14 17 24 11 10 8 9 7 5 4 4 _ ~ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 2 3 3 ~ _ _ _ 1 1 2 1 5 2 3 2 1 2 7 2 3 1 2 4 10 4 8 10 6 8 9 10 ~
~
7 23 15 10
1989
---
~
1993
199-1
1995
1996
13 14 17 12 23 23 16 25 12 76 25 21 77
14 15 18 16 20 17 18 29 _ _ II 120 23 15 56 3
12 13 16 14 27 33 23 16 1 99 18 13 45 2
14 15 18 21 21 22 18 34 26 107 23 17 46 3 44 59 40 36 14
14
11
15
12 14 22 22
1 7 17 42 60 0 12 3 47 28
17
30
41
-
-~
--
15
36 20 52 7 21 64 14 1 18
233 26 87 9 9 0 20 29 12 22 20 37 4 6
_
_
~
3
19
4 53 67 6 13 4 37
40 71 0 13 4 65 18 36 45 I5 41 37 12 41 22 43 11 31 32
-
-
15
1
1
4
11
11
- -
'
13 1
36 185 21 78 51 12 2
1
-
6 9
22 18
76 10
28 34 _~ 8 22 28 52 I7 25 29 9 1
58 172 -
31
-
3 15 31 21 8 4 10 27 17 ___ 29 54
-
~
-
--
-
-
3 14 4 27 17 -0 3 8 26 5 _ 8 23 ~
-
8
24 22 78 20 2333 10 1
I3 1
63 134 21 107 27 6
-~
53 91 14 77 17 6 2 4
_ ~ _
-
~~
8 11
32 12 3 0 9 0 9 50 14 25 7 19 0 8 21 6 13 4 6 3
-~
17
-
~~
9
9 37 19
27 10 12 18
---
-
30 47 13 32
4
~
11
I02 22 19 46 3 11 25 40 45 6
I?45
20 11 7
-
--
19
8
10
16 16 22 25 17 24
48
23 22 20 18 18 62 25 19 26
-
12 13
10 _
-
90-Mlt
38 7 106 17 0 14 125 28 79 8 23 0 -
31
-
12 29 21 59 12 24 36 13 1
36 178 23 82 23
23
0 77
34 32 9 2 4 20
11
14
10
10
11 11
5
16
II
15
19
43 18 5 3 4
21 33 26 5 2 5
I8 21 178
17
15
28 9
25 9
1 11 13
1 11 6
2 7 II
11
12
11
11
1
6 12 12-
8 7 13 21 18 21 48 9 28 34
29
2 20 148 16 164 24 23 2
17 0 14 33 20 24 26 41 25 4
19
14
13
11
17 25
- _ _ _ _ - ~ - _ ~ _
~-
31
10 19 7 10 6 46 12 7 45
10 105 10
13
-
9 9 12 5 16 27 9 19 -~ 5 84 25 18 50 - -6 7 7 44 50 0 7
14
-
10
-
5 5 6 3
13
-
26 36 1 13 37 35
85-89
13 18 13 47
14 22
14 17 44 2 8 36 39
"5-8-1
10 10
10
102
27 49 II 37 I1 8 23 22 67 7 32 17
1
199'
105
19
-1
23 254 27 58
18 16 18 26 23 30 7
37 37 19 37 38 II 37 16 63
13
7 5 6
9
19 32
24 22
~-
~ -_ -_. .
~
5
-
~
35 53
~
Annual average
-
__-
1992
-
-
-
1991
~-~
I3
1
4 II
17
I
13
10
17 8 20 12 12 4
23 12 18 20 49 14 5 1 4
3 10
Figure 12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient GDP, 1997*
* Or most recent year available. Note: Nigeria's ratio is distorted because of offtcial exchange rate over-valuationaffectingoil exports and oil value added.
31 1
Figure 12-2. Total net ODA per capita, 1997
(U.
S. dollars) 0 I
100
1
I
I I
J
I
1
I
I
200
300
400
312
Aid Flows
Technical Notes
Tables Table 12-1. Net ODA from all donors, nominal. This table represents the total of Tables 12-2 through 12-4. Table 12-2. Net ODA from DAC donors, nominal. This table (OECD data) includes net ODA from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, the Federal Republic of Germany before reunification, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States (OECD data). (Ireland and New Zealand have been excluded in compilation because their ODA to Africa is negligible.) Table 12-3. Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, nominal. This is net ODA from Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the former Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries, and China (OECD data). OPEC countries are Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. The former CMEA countries are Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the former German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the former Soviet Union. Table 12-4. Net ODA from multilateral donors, nominal. This includes net ODA (OECD data), most notably from the African Development Fund, the European Development Fund for the Commission of the European Communities, the International Development Association (IDA), the International Fund for Agricultural Development, Arab/OPEC-financed
multilateral agencies, and UN programs and agencies (OECD data). The UN programs and agencies include mainly the UN regular program of Technical Assistance, the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the World Food Programme. Arab/OPEC-financed multilateral agencies include the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD), the Islamic Development Bank, the OPEC Fund for International Development, the Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Development, the Arab Fund for Technical Assistance to African and Arab Countries, and the Islamic Solidarity Fund. ODA flows from the IMF Trust Fund and Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) are also included. Tables 12-5, 12-6, 12-7, and 12-8. Net ODA from all donors, from DAC donors, from non-DAC bilateral donors, and from multilateral donors, real. These tables are obtained by deflating data in Tables 12- 1 through 12-4 by the World Bank LIMIC import price deflator. Tables 12-9, 12-10, and 12-11. Net ODA from all donors, from DAC donors, and from multilateral donors as a share of recipient’s GDP. These tables show the relative importance of these aid flows to recipients’ economies. They are obtained by dividing figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and 12-4 by GDP data from Table 2-5, which reflect current prices and exchange rates. For a given level of aid flows, devaluation of a recipient’s currency may inflate the ratios shown in the table. Thus, trends for a given country
Aid Flows
and comparisons across countries that have implemented different exchange rate policies should be interpreted carefully.
313
lateral donors. These tables are calculated by dividing figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and 12-4 by midyear population (Table 1-2). These ratios offer some indication of the importance of aid flows in sustaining per capita income and consumption levels (shown in Tables 2- 19 and 2-20, respectively), although comparisons must be done carefully because exchange rate fluctuations, the actual rise of ODA flows, and other factors vary across countries and over time.
Tables 12-12, 12-13, and 12-14. Net ODA from all donors, from DAC donors, and from multilateral donors as a share of recipient GDI. These tables are obtained by dividing figures in Tables 12- 1,12-2, and 12-4 by GDI (World Bank country desks). These tables highlight the relative importance of the indicated aid flows in maintaining and increasing investm e n t in these economies. T h e same caveats mentioned above apply to their interpretation. Furthermore, aid flows do not exclusively finance investment (for example, food aid finances consumption), and the share of ODA going to investment varies across countries.
Figure 12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient’s GDP (Table 12-9).
Tables 12-15,12-16, and 12-17.Net ODApercapita fiom all donors, from DAC donors, and from multi-
Figure 12-2. Total net ODA per capita (Table 1215).
Figures The following indicators have been used to derive the figures in this chapter.
314
Aid Flows
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 12
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-5
12-6
12-7
12-8
12-9
12-10
12-1 1 12-12
12-13
12-14
12-15
12-16
12-17
~~~
~
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown
in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; ( 5 ) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6)weighted total; (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the Same series as shown in the table, i.e., ratio if the r a t of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest of the table is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).
13
Social Indicators
This chapter provides indicators in the areas of demography, health, education, and gender issues in development. These indicators can be useful in evaluating and monitoring the social impact of development progress, aid flows, and structural adjustment policies. T h e chapter presents such indicators as dependency ratio, urbanization, crude death rate, life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, immunization rates for children, maternal death rate, and number of population per physician. These indicators are an indirect measure of the physical well-being of the population. In the same vein, such indicators as literacy rate among adults, school enrollment ratios by gender, and pupil-teacher ratio give some picture of the progress being made in education and training. Social indicators refer to phenomena that are inherently more qualitative than macroeconomic variables and thus need to be interpreted cautiously. Further caution is called for because of the particular limitations of the data. O n e of these limitations is the paucity-r even nonexistence-f data on certain indicators in many of the countries covered. This is especially true of indicators dealing with
gender issues. Many countries have no data showing the gender breakdown of several social indicators. Even when data are available, comparison among countries is limited due to varied practices in data gathering and reporting. Often the countries report survey data that cover different portions of the nation. Sometimes surveys are limited to just the urban areas to cover only the largest cities or the capital city alone. This is especially true of the health indicators. Such indicators as immunization rates for children under one year of age, percentage of births attended by health personnel, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, and maternal death rate are often based on surveys of a handful of hospitals in the urban areas. Another source of limitation is the definition of terms, which may differ from country to country. Some countries, for example, consider an institution as a “private school” only if it receives no form of financial support from the government, while others classifjr as “private” all schools not run by the government, whether o r n o t they receive financial support from the government. In like manner, some countries include personnel other than doctors and trained nurses in the term “medical personnel.”
315
316
Social Indicators
Cultural norms may also affect the reported data. This is especially true for gender issues. In some countries, it is assumed that no woman can be the head of any household that also contains an adult male. In population censuses, therefore, enumerators and respondents simply take such assumptions for granted, reporting a male rather than a female as head of the household or family (see United Nations, The World? Women, 177&70). This distorts the true picture of the percentage of households headed by women. The main source for this chapter is the World Development Indicators in the World Bank Statistical
Information Management Analysis Database (SIMA), which contains electronic information as reported by a number of institutions and agencies in the socioeconomic field, such as the United Nations, UNICEF, UNESCO, World Health Organization (WHO), the UNDP, and the ECA. Other sources of data also include reports and publications on children, health, human development, education, and population from various agencies including the World Bank. In this chapter, columns headed by a period (for example, 1992-97) show data for the latest available year within the period.
Social Jndicators
317
13-1. Age and gender structure of the population Females as percentage of total population -
Age groups as percentage of total population ~~
_ _ _ _ _ ~~
~~
1996
I980
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S.Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Biirkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros -~ Congo, Democratic Rep of Congo, Republic of C6te dIvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Libena __ Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda SZo Tome and Pnncipe ~______ Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe N~RTHRIcA Algena Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA
50 2 50 2 50 1 -~ 50 9 50 7 52 2 50 5 51 9 -_____~ 50 6 54 0
~
~~~~~
45.1 45 6 45 4 44 6 45 1 48 7 47 4 447 ~44 3 45 5 41 7 41 9 482 46 0 45 0 46 6 44 1 40 6
51 3 50 9 50 8 524 50 8 49 8 49 8 51 8 52 0 47 2 54 4 54 5 492 51 1 51 5 51 0 54 1 53 9
44 6 34 1 42 6 45 0 45 8 39 0 50 1 41 9 44 3 44 4 47 5 46 8 43 7 35 7 43 4 43 2 46 8 46 I 48 7
52 5 59 5 54 4 52 2 51 6 57 2 46 5 53 9 52 0 51 7 50 3 50 7
~
~~~
~
~
so
-
~
~~
~
_~
Note Some age groups may not add up to 100 due to rounding up error
~~
-
~
~
~
29 28 29 30 41 20 28 35 36 62 40 36 26 28 34 25 25 41
44.5 45 3 45 4 47 5 46 9 42 I 47 0 46 0 44 1 41 3 42 8 50 4 45 5 474 46 0 43 8 40 6 43 1 44 8 46 0 38 9 41 7 44 1 _ 45 6 42 6 44 9 40 3 45 1 454 46 3 47 1 44 0 26 2 45 0 41 9 48 6 44 7 41 5 78 3 45 1 30 9 45 6 47 7 33 8 40 2 42 6 45 7 45 7 48 7 46 1 42 2 36 2 77 9 36 5 40 0 34 I 32 8 43 0
~
~
~
-
~
53 1
60 9 53 4 53 4 50 8 51 2 48 8
~
29 64 30 28 26 40 34 42 36 40 23 26 30 37
~
7 1 37
25 26 24
~~
~
45 3
51 8
28
43 0 46 7 39 5 44 9 45 9 47 6 44 6 47 8 49 4 47 9 42 2 46 5 39 5 46 6 43 2 41 6 44 6
51 9 50 3 57 2 52 4 51 3 50 1 52 4 49 7 48 2 49 5 53 9 49 6 56 5 51 2 52 7 54 6 51 8
31
~~
~
-
~
29 34 27 29 23 32 25 24 26 39 39
40 22 41 78 7 1
~
-
I997 15-64
-
Age dependency ratio __
-
~~~
0-14
~-~
~~
-
65 i
~~
~
~
~~
~
-
15-64
0-14
~
~~~~
~
50 5 50 4 50 3 50 6 50 7 51 1 50 6 51 0 50 4 53 4 51 5 50 8 50 5 49 9 50 2 ~_____51 1 50 6 51 2 51 2 48 9 49 0 50 5 50 7 51 2 51 2 50 4 50 4 50 6 49 8 50 7 50 9 50 7 50 6 50 4 50 3 50 i 4 9-7 50 9 50 8 50 0 49 9 51 8 50 9 49 6 49 5 50 7 50 2 51 6 50 7 51 2 50 7 50 7 50 5 50 0 50 7 51 6 50 8 50 6 50 2 50 8 50 6 50 6 50 8 50 6 50 6 50 0 050 1 48 7 51 0 51 0 50 6 50 4 50 2 52 0 49 9 49 8 ~ -_ ~ 50 9 52 2 50 8 50 5 50 5 50 I 50 5 50 3 51 1 50 4 50 4 50 4 ~49 5 49 3 50 4 49 4 49 2 49 1 41 1 48 0 49 9 50 0 49 5 49 3 50 1 50 2
~
I980
1980
65i
199-
52 3 2.9 09 0.9 51.6 2.8 0.9 0.9 51.4 2.8 1 .O 0.9 ~ ~ . _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49.4 2.9 1 .0 0.9 50.0 2.9 1.o 1 .0 53.9 2.3 1 .o 0.8 50.3 2.8 1.0 1 .0 51.5 2.1 0.9 0.9 _~ 52.4 3.5 0.9 0.9 55.5 4.4 1.1 0.8 53.2 3.7 0.8 0.9 45.2 3.1 0.8 1.2 51.6 2.1 1 .o 0.9 I .0 1 .0 49.9 2.8 50.7 3.2 0.9 1 .o 52.4 2.7 1 .0 0.9 56.1 3.2 0.8 53.6 4.0 0.8 0.9 52.6 2.7 0.9 1 .o 1 .0 50.9 2 .I 55.1 5.8 0.7 0.8 54.9 2.9 0.8 0.8 52.8 3.1 0.9 0.9 ______._~51.6 2.6 0.9 0.9 52.9 4.0 0.8 0.9 51.9 2.9 1.1 0.9 55.9 4.1 0.9 0.8 52.5 2.7 0.9 0.9 - . - ~ - ~ _ _ _ -_______ . ... .- _ _ _ ~ 0.9 0.9 51.6 3 .O 51 .0 2.5 1 .o 1 .0 49.6 3.3 1 .o 1 .0 52.9 3.1 0.9 0.9 67.0 6.0 0.6 0.5 40 09 10 50 1 54 2 31 09 08 48 9 24 10 10 52 7 25 09 09 47 4 19 10 09 54 8 67 08 52 326 -09 04 63 5 69 06 51 I 26 09 09 49 8 25 10 10 61 1 48 08 06 56 9 31 09 08 54 5 26 10 0 851 4 25 10 09 50 8 30 09 10 48 9 22 10 10 51 3 22 1 1 09 54 8 28 10 08 595 -_________ 42 09 07 5 8 3 ~ _ ~ -~ ~ ~~~ _ 10 07 37 58 9 44 08 07 51 2 29 10 08 61 8 43 09 06 61 7 56 08 06 _ _ _ _ ~ _ ___________ -~ 53 6 31 09 09 ~~
~~
~
~
~
~~
~
~-~
~
~
_
_
_
_
~
.
Social Indicators
318
13-2. Povertv U
Percentage of GDP per capita, population living based on PPP, under US$ I a day, 199-
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria
1984-1997
1566 1137 1 I86
Angola 1461 Benin 1287 Botswana 8393 Burkina Faso 1016 Bunindi 637 Cameroon 1927 Cape Verde 3032 Central African Republic 1307 Chad 978 Comoros 1548 _ _ ~ Congo, Democratic Rep. of 866 Congo, Republic of 1658 CBte dlvoire 1861 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea 3395 __ _ ~ _ ~ _ _ _ _ Eritrea 828 Ethiopia 544 Gabon 775 1 Gambia, The 1486 1662 Ghana __ I833 Guinea Guinea-Bissau 1 I70 Kenya 1199 Lesotho 1976 Liberia Madagascar 935 Malawi 707 Mali 750 Mauritania 1752 Mauritius 9424 Mozambique 877 Namibia 5087 Niger 85 I Nigeria 954 Rwanda 666 S l o Tome and Principe 1559 -Senegal 1753 Seychelles 11306 Sierra Leone 415 Somalia South Africa 7466 I628 Sudan Swaziland 3427 Tanzania 522 1502 Togo Uganda 1 I74 Zambia 976
Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco
19x4199-
National poverty headcount as % ofpopulation,
2/3 of national mean per .~ capita income, 1991-97 IIrhatr 22 22 22
37 37 37
Ilirral
13
65
Gini coeflcients, I991-96 IJrhan
Rural
Percentage of household income spent on food, 1991-97 64 64 64
33 33 38
46
36 40
57 55
33
77
51
63
60
29 38
51 84
39 38
33 39
48 43
21
50
56
40
72
21 22 18 30 14
73 37 57 65 53
43 34
35 36
60 39 56
55 51
56 52
21
57
8 18
64 56
53 34
57 55 33
75 70
39 44
31 46
60 67
64
18
64 31 26 88 50 49
49 42 49
71 -
72
70
54 31
57 11
62 31 46
63 34 51
14 32
55 52
54
33
14
66
61
40
86
56
68 24
11
69 85
51 32 55 68
3084 3358
% of the population below
13
36 20 16 28
____-
70 51
46 70
65 70 35 40
44 46
63 64
Social Indicators
319
13-3. Income distribution
Share of income held by population groups Rich23 20% Poorest 10% ~ _ _ _ _ ~ .- _ _ ~ ~
Ric&tTA--p 1986-96
excluding South Africa excl. S . Africa & Nigeria Angola Beiiiii Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Caineroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, DeinoGaiic Rep of Congo, Republic of CBte dIvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana _ Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Libena _~ Madagascar Malawi Mali Maurit an i a Mauritius _ Mozambique Nam i bi a Niger Nigeria Rwaiida S2o Tome and Priiicipe _ Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Soinalia South Afnca Sudan __ Swazilaiid Taiizaiiia Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTHAFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia A LLAFRICA ~
~~
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ ~
Poorest 20%-
_
1986-96
1986-96
~~~~
1986-96
.~
42.9 39.5
58.9 55.0
3.6 5.5
2.2
_
~~~~
28.5
44. I
2.8
33 7
41 1
30
31 6 27 3 32 0 42 3 34 9 43 4
52 8 42 2 41 2 58 9
_
15 34 26 05
50 2
18
60 1
09
36 7
52 1
19
5.1
40 4 29 9
56 2 45 6
18 23
4.6 6.2
53 3 49 3
08
2.6 4.0
42 3
51 9
10
3.1
43 6
63 4
05
1 1
45 9
64 8
11
29
30 1
45 5
29
69
31 2 39 2 46 9
46 1 54 8 62 3
26 16 18
66 42 40
___
_.
__
.
___
-
-
35 4 31 3 __
_
6.8
__
13
-~
~
~
_
-
_
~
~_
_
26 8 26 7
41 1
28 39
70 87
46 3 46 3
28 23
66 59
42 6
30 5 30 7 _
320
Social Indicators
13-4. Urbanization ~~
_~
Total population (millions)
Average annual percentage growth of total population _ - ____ ~~~
1980
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl S Africa & Nigeria Angola Beiiiii Botswana Burkiiia Faso Buruiidi Caineroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros Coiii0,Dernocratic ~ e ofp Congo, Republic of C6te d'Ivoire Djibotiti Equatorial Giiiiiea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritaiiia Mauritius Mozambiq tie Nam i b:a Niger Nigeria Rwanda Siio Toine aiid Priiicipe ~~
~
~~
Seiiegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Soinalia South Africa Sudan Swazilaiid Tanzania rogo Uganda Zainbia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA
3807 353 2 282 0 70 35 09 70 41 87 03 23 45 03 27 0 17 82 03 02 24 37 7 07 06 10 7 45 08 I6 6 13 19 89 62 66 16 10 12 1 10 56 71 1 52
I989
01
493.7 459.2 365.7 8.9 4.6 1.2 8.7 5.3 11.2 0.3 2.9 5.6 0.4 36.2 2.2 11.3 0.5 0.3 3 .0 49.3 0.9 0.9 14.4 56 10 22 8 17 24 11 3 82 82 20 10 14.0 1.3 7.5 93.5 6.8 0.1
55
7.1
01
0.1
72 59 27 6 18 7 06 18 6 26 12 8 57 70 88 4 18 7 40 9
3.9 7,3 34.5 23.6 07 24 7 74 15 8 75 95 111 5 24 4 51 3 43 23 6 80 605 2
70
I9 4 64 469 1
Note h?inus sign indicates population outflow
199-
19-5--9
6123 571 7 453 8 11 7 58
64 13 9 04 34 72 05 46 7 27 14 2 06 04 38 59 8 12 12 18 0 69 1 1
28 6 20 29 14 1 10 3 10 3 25 1 1
I6 6 16 98 1179 79 01 88 01 47 88 40 6 27 7 10 31 3 43 20 3 94 11 5 131 4 29 3 60 3 52 27 3 92 743 7
~
1989-9-
n
1 0
1 7
L I
LJ.U
2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6 3.5 2.2 2.1 2.8 0.7 2.3 2.0
2.9 2.9 27 31 35 25 28 2.8 1.6 2.4 2.6 2.5 3.2 2.8 3.6 6.3 5.6 27 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.3 2.4 2.1 3.5 2.5 2.8 27
27 27 33 29 27 24 24 28 22 22 30 26 32 29 30 33 23 27 23 27 38 28 27 22 29 23 23 28 28 28 28
21.0 19.6 20.9 27.3 15.1 8.5 4.3 31.4 23.5 35.1 18.8 23.2 28.7 41 .0 34.8 73.6 27.4 13.5 10.5 34.0 19.6 31.2 19.1 16.9 16.1 13.4 35.0 18.3 9.1 18.5 27.4 42.4 13.1 22.8 12.6 26.9 4.7 30.7 35.9 40.0 24.1 22.2 48.1 20.0 17.8 14.8 22.9 8.8 39.8 22.3 4476 43.4 43.8 69.3 41.1 51.5 27.1
2.9 2.8 3.9 6.3 -2.8 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 1.7 1.3 5.0 3.7 2.5 3 .0 2.5 3.3 2.2 2.4 1.6 2.8 2.7 3.1 3 .0 3.3 1.2 2.8 1.7 2.0 7.2 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.6 2.7 3.4 2.8 2.53.1 2.3 4.3 2.3 2.5 2.8
L.Y
71
24 26 09 18
27 3 7
31 31 24 28 08 21 23 25 26 31 32 29 22 31 34 26 30 25 40 22 26 28
1 1
20 27 33 29 04 27 26 14 24 21 21 20 31
70 31 32 28 25 21 23 21 24 19 18 26
Average annual percentage growth of urban population ~ _
_
1980
? a
L.0
15 10 5
1980-89
Urban population as percentage of total population 17
~
~
~
~~
17 c L I .-I
26.0 23.9 26 9 33 8 38 2 13 2 61 __ 39 4 42 0 37 3 20 9 27 4 _ 27 9 52 2 39 8 79 7 34 5 15 6 13 1
43 5 25 1 33 6 25 0 19 7 23 2 19 4 41 5 23 0 11 5 23 2 41 8 40 7 25 2 30 1 15 7 34 1 52 38 1 39 9 48 8 29 4 24 0 48 7 25 8 25 5 20 2 28 1 10 9 41 8 27 8 _~ 48 6 50 9 43 9 80 8 47 5 57 1 31 4
I9"5-'9
199-
1989
32 3 31.1 28.5 32.3 40.0 65.4 16.9 8.1 46.4 57.5 39.9 22.8 31.5 . 29.3 60.0 44.6 82.6 44.6 17.7 16.3 52.1 30.4 36.9 - ~ O6. ,
1980-89
4.9 5.4 5.2 5.9 7.2 8.5 7.8 8.1 ~. 6.2 2.6 3.3 6.0 ..
2.4 5.9 5.7 7.8 -2.5 4.6 4.7 6.2 6.0 2.4 4.5 22.5 6.2 30.4 8.2 25.6 6.9 46.2 6.0 ~ _ _ _ _ _ ~27.6 5.1 14.3 6.9 28.1 4.8 53.8 8.7 40.8 I .3 ~_ 36.4 11.4 38.0 4.7 19.2 6.7 5.8 41.3 5.9 6.7 44.4 3.9 .45,.0 ______ 3.7 56.0 5.5 34.6 4.6 26.4 8.0 49.7 2.2 33.2 4.5 _ . 32.9 8.3 25.6 11.0 31.7 9.3 13.2 3.8 43.6 6.1 33.2 5.5 ... 52.4 3.5 __________ ~ . 57.1 4.4 45.1 2.5 86.2 7.4 53.2 4.0 63.3 3.3 35.9 4.4 ~
~~~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~~~~~~~
~
~
4.8 4.7 5.2 5.0 5 .O 5.0 5.5 5.6 5.6 5 .O 13.5 9.8 7.4 5.5 6.7 6.0 5.4 4.9 7.8 6.3 3.1 3.1 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.3 __ 2.9 3.8 5.6 4.7 5.1 4.4 7.3 3.8 8.0 5.6 -4.3 4.3 5 .0 5.3 6.1 5 .0 6.1 6.2 4.1 3.9 __________~ 5.5 5.3 3.8 3.8 7.6 6.3 6.6 5.8 4.8 3.6 -. . . 5.2 5.1 5.8 5.5 5 .0 5.2 7.4 6.0 0.5 1.1 9.1 6.8 5.7 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.3 4.4 1.9 4.9 4.7 4 .0 4.1 3.1 3.1 4.3 4.5 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.3 5.3 5.; -~ 7.1 6.4 6.7 6.0 5.5 4.6 4.6 5.5 3.7 3.4 5.8 4.7 .. - -. . - ~ 3.6 3 .0 _ . .~~~~ 4.8 3.8 2.6 2.4 5.7 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.6 3.1 4.5 4.3 ~~
~
~
~~~
~~~
~~
_
1989-9-
~~~~
~~
~~
~~~~~~
Social Indicators
321
13-5. Components of population change Total fertility rate I982 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa &Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi -
.
Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros
__
~~~
Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of CBte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea __ Eri trea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda SPo Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Ziin babwe NORTH AFRICA ._ ~_ Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia AEAFRICA
___
7.0 7.0 6.0 7.5 6.8 6.4 6.3 5.7 7.1 7.2 6.7 6.3 7.4 6.6 5.8 7.5 7.0 4.5 6.5 6.5 6.2 6.0 7.7
5.4 6.8 6.6 7.6 7.1 6.1 2.5 __ 6.5 5.8 7.5 6.9 8. I 6.7 3.5 6.5 7.3 4.2 6.4 6.0 6.7 6.6 7.3 6.9 6.2 6.4 5.1 7.2 5.1 4.9
I992 5.9 6.1 6.1 7.2 6.3 4.9 6.9 6.8 5.7 3.9 5.3 6.9 5.2 6.7 6.3 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.5 6.6 5.2 6.0 5.5 5.7 6.0 5.2 5.0 6.8 6.0 6.7 5.9 2.3 6.3 5.3 7.4 5.9 6.6 5 .O 5.9 2.7 6.5 7.3 3.2 5.0 5.1 6.0 6.6 6.9 6.2 4.3 3.8 4.0 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.2 5.4
.
Crude birth rate
Crude death rate
1997 I982 1992 199I982 I992 1997 5.5 46.5 43.0 40.8 17.0 15.4 14.8 5.7 47.4 43.9 41.9 17.4 15.9 15.3 5.8 .________ 46.8 44.1 42.3_ ~ _ _ _ _ 17.5 16.3 16.1 -_ _ _ ~ 6.8 50.8 50.8 48.4 22.8 19.2 18.8 5.8 49.3 43.9 42.8 18.1 15.3 13.2 4.4 44.1 36.8 33.9 .9.5 8.0 15.4 6.6 46.9 47.3 44.8 19.9 18.3 19.1 6.3 46.2 46.2 42.8 17.9 21.5 20.3 .-______________ ~5.3 43.9 40.6 39.2 15.7 12.8 11.2 3.6 38.4 33.9 32.4 11.3 7.6 6.9 4.9 42.4 39.6 36.9 18.6 17.4 19.1 6.5 44.2 47.0 45.1 21.4 18.2 16.5 4.6 _ ~ _ _ 45.5 37.0 34.9 16.8 10.2 9.1 _ _ _ __.______.__ 6.4 47.9 46.2 46.6 15.2 14.7 14.9 6.1 43.9 44.7 43.7 15.7 16.1 16.3 5.1 50.1 38.9 37.4 16.0 14.9 16.4 5.3 44.2 39.0 37.9 19.1 16.2 15.0 5.5 43.3 43.5 41 .O 21 . I 18.0 16.5 . _- _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ - _ _ _ 5.8 42.4 40.5 16.4 11.8 6.5 48.0 49.0 45.8 22.1 20.2 20.0 5.2 33.1 36.6 36.5 18.1 16.1 16.0 5.7 48.2 43.5 43.0 23.1 19.2 13.4 10.6 9.3 4.9 45.0. ~ _ _ _ 38.4 35.5 13.1 _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 5.5 46.8 45.0 40.9 23.5 19.0 17.3 5.8 44.7 43.3 42.0 25.1 21.4 21.0 4.7 49.7 36.1 36.5 12.1 9.4 12.9 4.8 38.9 36.4 35.3 13.8 11.3 12.4 6.3 47.0 48.2 45.7 16.7 24.8 17.4 ___ _. ~5.8 46.5 45.9 42.1 15.5 12.6 11.2 6.4 53.5 50.2 47.6 21.6 22.1 23.2 6.6 49.0 51.1 47.2 21.6 17.5 16.0 5.5 42.3 42.6 40.6 18.5 14.7 13.5 I .9 22.2 20.4 17.4 6.0 6.7 7.0 ____ ~_____.____ __________ 5.3 45.7 44.9 40.6 20.1 18.6 19.5 4.9 40.3 38.5 35.8 13.5 11.8 11.9 7.4 51.7 52.1 52.4 22.2 19.2 18.4 5.3 49.6 43.3 40.4 17.1 14.2 12.3 6.2 50.4 40.0 45.9 18.6 26.6 21.5 10.2 9.0 9.5 4.7 38.7 43.0 32.5 ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ___~_~__________ _ _ _ 5.6 45.5 40.0 39.7 17.7 13.0 12.7 2.1 24.1 22.9 20.8 7.4 7.2 6.5 6.1 48.9 49.1 45.7 28.5 29.8 25.5 22.0 25.1 18.5 7.3 51.8 52.I 52.3 2.8 35.5 31.2 25.0 11.1 8.8 7.9 15.8 13.9 11.6 4.6 43.5 _____ _ _ _ _ 34.9 _ ~ _ ~ _ _ _33.3 __ 4.7 43.1 40.2 37.3 13.7 10.7 10.3 5.5 46.5 42.8 41.2 14.8 13.5 15.6 6.1 45.0 41.6 41 .0 15.8 15.5 15.7 6.6 49.1 50.2 47.9 17.6 18.2 19.8 5.6 49.0 44.6 42.3 14.8 15.1 18.9 12.4 3.8 43 .O 35.5 31.4 11.8 10.9 3.3 38.9 28.2 25.4 11.6 7.5 6.4 ___ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ . _ _ _ _ ~ ._ _ __ _ __ _____________ 10.7 5.9 4.9 3.6 40.6 28.2 27.1 3.2 39.1 28.5 24.5 12.7 8.6 7 .O 3.8 45.6 28,s 29.1 10.9 5.2 4.5 3.1 37.3 28.2 25.7 11.4 7.5 6.8 33.7 25.7 22.5 8.4 6.3 6.8 2.8 ________~~_~~___________________~ 5.0 45.1 40.3 38.1 16.0 13.9 13.4 ~
~
Social Indicators
322
13-6. Survival prospects L f e expectancy at birth (years) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding Soutli Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Bunindi -~ Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of CBte dIvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea __-__ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia __ Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Slo Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan ~ ~ _ _ _ .~ .._ _~ Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NoRTH AFRICA _. _ _ ~ ~
~
~
.
Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia
1982 48 48 48 42 49 59 45 47 ~ 51 62 47 43 50 50 50 50 45 44 44 42 49 41 54 40 39 56 54 51 51 45 43 47 67 44 54 42 46 46
46 69 35 43 58 49 53 51 50 48 51 56 59 ~60 57 62 60 63
I997
51 50 49 46 53 47 44 42 57 68 45 49 60 51 48 47 50 50 51 43 52 53 60 46 44 52 56 47 57 43 50 53 71 45 56 47 54 40 64 52 71 37 47 65 55 60 48 49 42 43 55 68 70 66 70 67 70
Infant mortality (per thousand) I982
111 114 119 149 115 67 117 118
88 84 114 120 106 109 88 105
132 138 91 159 112 154 90 177 164 66 117 144 112 163 180 117 28 133 84 146 96 124 80 112 19 189 143 63 92 ___.. 94 104 105 116 88 76 97
199-
91 93 97 125 88 58 99 119 52 56 98 100
65 92 90 87 106 108
62 107 87 78 66 120 130 74 93 116 94 133 118
92 20 135 65 118 77 124 50 70 15 170 122 48 71 65 85 86 99 113 69 44 _________ 88 32 112 51 60 24 92 51 59 30
Mortality of children under 5 years (per thousand) 1997
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births) 1995 or MR available
147 151 I58 209 149 88 169 200 78 72 160 182 93 148 145 140 175 177 95 175 136
1,500 500 250 930 1,300 500 700 900 460 890 600 570 820 1,400 1,400 500 1,000 740 880 910 650 610 560 660 620 580 800 112 1,500 220 593
102 I82 220 112 137 194 158 224 235 I49 23 20 1 101 122 209 74 110
18 286 205 65 115 101
___.____
1997 7.5 7.0 7.8 2.1 2.1 25.1 7.2 8.3 4.9
10.8 2.7 0.1 4.4 7.8 10.1 10.3 1.2 3.2 9.3 4.3 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.3 11.6 8.4 3.7 0.1 14.9 1.7 0.5 0.1 14.2 19.9 1.5
1,300
4.1 12.8
510
1.8
1,800 1,600 230 370 560 530 640 550 230 280
3.2 0.3 12.9
1,000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~
Adult HIV-I seroprevalence (per I00 adults)
136 138 162 189 108 56 _..________._-_____ 140 39 170 66 220 30 372 67 33
18.5 9.4 8.5
9.5 19.1 25.8 0.0 0.1 0 .o 0.1 0 .o 0.0
Social Indicators
323
13-7. Immunization and ORT use Percentage of children (0-1 years) immunized against DPT Measles .._. __
~-.
1986
1997
1994
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 32 51 53 excluding South Africa 30 51 53 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 34 53 55 __ 10 31 41 Angola 17 86 78 Benin 65 78 76 Botswana 70 Burkina Faso 34 41 Burundi 65 47 31 44 Cameroon Cape Verde 54 78 19 40 Central African Republic 10 18 24 Chad 24 58 48 Comoros 18 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 39 29 68 23 Congo, Republic of 30 41 70 C6te dIvoire 62 26 57 Djibouti 81 3 Equatorial Guinea _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ ~ 36 60 Eritrea Ethiopia 7 37 63 Gabon 48 48 Gambia, The 73 78 96 15 48 60 Ghana 2 73 53 Guinea Guinea-Bissau 29 74 63 Kenya 72 50 36 Lesotho 73 58 57 15 Liberia 22 66 Madagascar Malawi 70 98 95 Mali 3 39 52 Mauritania 11 50 28 86 89 Mauritius _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ 32 55 61 Mozambique Namibia 80 63 Niger 5 28 16 44 45 Nigeria Rwanda 77 77 73 65 Siio Tome and Principe _~_______ Senegal 57 65 94 96 98 Seychelles Sierra Leone 41 26 Somali a 17 South Africa 70 77 79 14 Sudan ________ 73 74 67 Swaziland Tanzania 74 83 74 71 33 Togo 58 21 79 Uganda Zambia 66 86 70 80 78 Zimbabwe 75 -~ NORTH AFRICA 71 87 91 Algeria 75 79 94 80 92 Egypt, Arab Republic 96 53 Libya 95 54 87 Morocco 72 91 96 Tunisia ...._ ~. .~__~_______ .58 37 57 ALL AFRICA ~.-~ - - _.
59 24 26 39 86 19 17 10 58 62 31 9 65 72 39 18 65 5 40 75 39
~
. ~~.
.__..
~
~
~
_
~~~
~
.
.
~~
-
~
.
~
Notes ORT = Oral re-hydration therapy, DPT = diphtheria, pertussis (whopping cough), and tetanus
~
.
~
_
. . . .
.~
48 28 64 15
49 84 5 24 15 70 46 67 16 56 40
~..
~~
68 25 51 44 82 26 69 78
-.
__
~
~
_ .. .
~
.
-
70 57 42 69 66 60 ...~ 65 100 28
~
_
~~
87 87 57 ~~~~~
~
~
_
_
~
~
_
~
~~~~
~
~
~~
~
_
-
~
___--____-____~
92 57 69 38 60 69 73 88 .~ 74 92 92 92 92 62
_
_
26 50 41 54
87 56 20
...
86 62 79 59 79 89 79 85 69 92
_
.~__
~
78 52 48 67 .... 4!
_
50 92 44
25 64 11 66 97
~~
~
55 99 46 53 85 65 68 50
95
_
50
15 ~
17 63 58
32 36 74 68
1992-93
I994 I997 52 58 52 58 53 55 ______~____ 44 78 78 82 71 79 45 68 41 31 43 82 37 24 30 49 _________ 33 20 18 47 68 59 59 82 ~____27 53 28 52 50 68 91 49 59 69 56 68 51 47 32 82 53
I986 36 34 40 60 20 64 64 41
~~
ORT use among the underJive (percent)
60 75 17 80 36 50 27 60 78
47 85 83 33 45 90 24 27 34 80 14 22 48
~~
~_~_.____
- - --
~
..
--
-. . .-
324
Social Indicators
13-8. Child malnutrition Percentage of children (1 990-97) Exclusively Breastfed, plus Still breastfed, other food, breastfeading, (0-3 tironth.s) (6-9 months) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 29 63 excluding South Africa 29 63 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 37 67 _~ . ________~~__ Angola 12 70 Ben i 11 15 97 Botswana 39 82 Burkina Faso 12 44 Burundi 89 66 . .~ _ ~ ~ . Caineroon 7 77 Cape Verde 18 Ceiitral African Republic 23 93 81 Chad 2 Coinoros 5 87 .~_ Congo, Democratic Rep. of 32 40 Coiigo, Republic of 43 95 Cdte d'Ivoire 3 65 Dji bouti Equatorial Guinea -_ _ _ ~ _ ~ _~__ . Eritrea 66 45 Ethiopia 74 Gabon 57 Gambia, The 8 Ghana 19 63 _ . ..~ . . Guinea 52 Guinea-Bissau 17 90 Kenya Lesotlio 54 47 Liberia 17 ~ _ _ _ 15 ___ _ Madagascar 61 93 Malawi 11 78 Mali 13 33 Mauritania 90 64 Mauri t iiis 16 _-_ _ _ _ 29 _ Mozambique 37 Namibia 22 65 Niger 1 67 Nigeria 2 52 Rwanda 90 68 S2o Tome and Piiiicipe 16 69 Senegal Seychelles SieiTa Leone 94 Soinalia South Africa 14 45 Sudaii _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ 37 51 Swazi 1and Tanzania 41 91 Togo 15 25 Uganda 70 64 Zambia 27 88 Ziin babwe 16 93 ~
(20-23 nionths)
~
49 65 23 81 73 35
~~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
--
~
~
~
10
7 10
~
. ~
-
17 25 13 15 10
10 20 17
-
20 -
_
7
_
50 10 13
15
_ _ __
13 20
5
-
_ _
44 48
26 21 24 23 16 23 16 20 __ ____15 34 30 17 40 9 23 15 __- - _ _ - ---__ 20 26 26 15 43 16 39 17 29 1_ 16 22 9 6 29 16 39 9 15 34 _.- ----___ 10 14 31 20 19 26 I3 24 14 16 17 13 20
9 20
-~
~
16 10
___~_
35 29 27 33 38 _ _ 15 23 39 26 34 24 24 23
16 14
~
23 52 43 85
44 20 53 99 40 43 26
-.
...
~
15 11
-
41
_
15
54 52 25 49 68 60 59
~_
-
8
10
___
Ihrderweighf
21 16 13
______
58 48 15
-
.____
1993-96
21 8 8
GO 35
~~
~
I988
52 62 45 64 27 45
~
Percentage of under-five (1 990-9 7) sufferingfrom moderate to severe
Percentage of infants with low birth weight
.___________
~
Wasting
6 14 11 13 9 _ _ 3 6 7 8 10
Stunting
_.
53 25 29 29 43 26 16 34 40 _ 34 _ _ _ ~ 45
8 13
24 26
16 8
38 64
11 12
26 29
5 6 5
34 44
7 7 23 7 14 8 9 15 9 4
48 48 30 44 10 36 29 41 43 42 26 -_ _ 23
9
35 30 23 -~ 34
~
3 17
53
12
37
5
31
33
20 8
12 5 4 16
15 5 10
9
_
_
43 34 38 42 21 ______ ~
Egypt, Aiab Republic Libya Morocco Tuiiisia A LL-A FRlCA
-.~
5
3 2
_
18 30 15 24 23
_
-
Social Indicators
325
13-9. Access to sanitation facilities Percentage ~of population with access to sanitation facilities _ _ _ ~-~ ~-
_.___
___
. .-
1985
?btu1
__
-
Ilrhati
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria _ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Angola 18 10 Benin Botswana 36 Burkina Faso 9 Burundi 52 . . _ _ _ _ ~ _ . _____ Cameroon 36 Cape Verde 10 Central African Republic 19 Chad 14 Comoros ~~_____-_~-- - ..___________-____~~~_~ Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of 40 CBte d’lvoire Djibouti 37 Equatorial Guinea . Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon 50 Gambia, The 77 26 Ghana __ _ _ _ - . _ _ _ _ _ Guinea Guinea-Bissau 25 Kenya 44 Lesotho Liberia 21 _ _ ~ _ ____ Madagascar Malawi 60 Mali 21 Mauritania Mauritius 91
45 20 16 4 13 5 25
~~~~
21 45 79 38 90
-_
~~
.
~
10
-
~--.
_
.
Rirral
_._ ~. . ._
~~
4 11
41
71 _ 73
_
47 21
~____.__ ...
14 40 53
-~
9 51 50 42
15
33 12
~-
8 16
~~
7 16 7 4
_~
40 0
..
-----
19
61
15 24 32 69 76
11
~-
31
47
17 .....
_ _ _ ~ _
75 24 8 88 90
32 14 21 45
..
39 20 -
~.
_-_
....
56 5
I 95
100
_
36 30 60
~
~ ...
.-
34 64 37 32 100
-
10 11
35 32
~_-___-_____
64 94 61 44
25 61 22 19
-77---681’2--
60 -
~
42
78
37
57 94
82
48
-
68
12 99
18
12 4
19
~.
____
~
98 43 60
10 5
20
1 25 78 8 10 41
_.
100
90 34 40 56 100
~
3
87
~
______
-
18 53 22
79 ~
86 41 61 51 66
5
~
97 76 60 66 99
83 22 50 37 48
.-
~
~
______-__
84
16 ~. . . . ..-
~~
70 86 68
53
100
~
_____
71 60 91
45 21 23
5
-~
____._.
~
19
~
Mozambique Namibia Niger 9 Nigeria Rwanda SPo Tome and Principe 15 .__________...-______Senegal Seychelles 99 Sierra Leone 21 Somalia 15 South Africa Sudan 5 Swaziland 63 Tan zaii i a 14 Togo Uganda 13 47 Zambia 26 Zimbabwe ____.___ NORTH AFRICA __ - - _ _ ~ Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya 91 Morocco 46 Tunisia 52 A ~ L ~ R I C A . -~. ... _.___ ___~___
15
48 40
~~~. -
9 9
43 28
I Jrhati
24 55
~~
-~
~
7hlal 41 41 42
_ _ _ ~ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ ____
-. .
__-_~-_________
36 36
1993-96
. .....
Rirral
- .~
_______
a0 -. .._-_ .
_-
-~____________
95 90 97 100
49 75 39 50
__
~.. ~~~
.~~
__
326
Social Indicators
13-10. Access to safe water Percentage of population with access to safe water
- -.
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria __ -~ Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic R e p y f Congo, Republic of CBte dIvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea __ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda S b Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan ____ Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe . NORTH AFRICA _ _.~ Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco T ~ ii si i a -~ ALL AFRICA ~
~~
~~~
~
~
~~~~~~
~
1988
1993-96
Tolal
Urban
Rirral
56 35
75 79 100 50 92 47
19
29
18 35 33 26 27 27 49 14
36
62
16
60 30
77 14
100
10 52 93 62 19
40 15 22
50
40 25
51
66 48
49 17
95 19
100 50
92 12
40
Urban 74 74 76 69 82 100
15 69 77
58 41 67 23 24 48
97 71
55 30
20 48 74 89 50 97
25 17 41 26 11 73
41
31
90 80 64 88 55 38 74 64 58 54 97 56 87
20 30 39 52 44 57 43 60 8 4 52 20 41
44 62 58 80 79
40 45
90 99 58
44 80 21
90 84 80 65 82 60 66 99
33 41 46 45 41 36 37 64
95 90 97 I00
74 91 20 76
72 80 33 7 26 67 50 65 55 53 45 62 30 16 60 48 64 100 24 60 52 50
50
27 21
Total 41 47 49 32 72 70
-.
16 70
90 86
___--
100
35 ~~
20
20
____-__
80
-~
70 65 79
12
100 91
14 64
~
_
_
39 44
._____--._______
77 95 90 47 78 ~-
45
60 50 83 34 37 59 60 60 49 55 42 53 77
Rural 32 32 39
100
55 90
74 100
17 52
86
._____.____~____
___
84 95 57 90 47
-
Social Indicators
327
13-11. Health exDenditure 1
Public expenditure
Private expenditure
as % of GDP,
as % of CDP,
as % of GUl’.
per capita, I I S ,
per capita PPP, international $,
1990-96
1990-96
1990-96
1990-96
1990-96
SUB-SAHARANAFRICA
Total expenditure
-
~_
2.6 1.4
excluding South Africa excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -____ __~__ Ang.ola 3.9 Benin 1.8 Botswana 1.8 1.4 3.1 Burkina Faso 4.7 3.2 5.5 17 Burundi _____ 1 .o _ ~ ~ _ 1 .o 0.4 1.4 7 Cameroon Cape Verde 3.3 Central African Republic 2 .o Chad 1.6 0.1 2.7 6 1.1 Comoros 0.2 1.2 __ _-______ ._ Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.2 Congo, Republic of 1.8 3.2 6.3 77 CBte dlvoire 1.4 2.1 3.5 25 Djibouti Equatorial Guinea 1.3 7.2 27 5.8 ~.._ _- . ______ ______-. Eritrea 1.1 0.9 2 .o Ethiopia I .6 1 .o 2.6 3 Gabon 0.6 Gambia, The 2 .o Ghana 0.1 1.7 6 2.9 -. . . .~. - __ ________.___~_~_______ ~ . _ _ _ Guinea 1.2 1 .I Guinea-Bissau Kenya 1.9 1 .o 2.6 8 Lesotho 3.7 Liberia -. ___ ____---_____________ .-.~ . - . ._ Madagascar I .4 Malawi 2.3 Mali 2.0 1.3 2.7 8 Mauritania 1.8 4.1 5.2 28 Mauritius 2.2 1.7 4 .O 1 I6 - ~ _ _ _ _ .. _ _ ~. . ~ ._~~~~~~~. . Mozambique 4.6 Namibia 4.1 3.4 6.8 127 Niger 1.6 Nigeria 0.3 0.7 1 .o 5 Rwanda 1.9 Sio Tome and Principe 9.9 ______ . _~ __ Senegal 1.2 Seychelles 4.1 Sierra Leone 1.6 2.0 Somalia South Africa 3.6 4.3 7.9 258 Sudan 1.9 0.2 4 ~_ .-. ~ ~ ~ _ _. .- ._ __. Swaziland 2.5 Tanzania 2.5 Togo 1.6 2.2 3.4 15 Uganda 1.9 2.2 3.9 9 Zambia 2.9 0.7 3.3 17 Zimbabwe 1.7 3.1 4.7 41 -. . .. - . . ~ ___ _ ~ ~ . ~. NORTH AFRICA 2.2 1.8 4.0 63 -~ - ~~~_. .~ . -. . ._ -~ .. - .... ....... Algeria 3.3 1.3 9.9 85 Egypt, Arab Republic 1.7 2.1 3.7 38 Libya Morocco I .2 2.4 3.6 49 Tunisia 3 .O 2.8 5.9 99 __--. ..-.... _____-~__~__ - ... ~_ -~ . ... . _. - . __ - _ .-. .. . . _ _ ALL AFRICA 2.3 ~~
__
~
49 _
~~
24
33 __-_
--
1 I6
57
65 _
13
31
~
~
28 -
~
~
~~
-
~
~
~
~
~
~-
~
~~
~
~
~~~
~~
315 11
~~-
542
-~
~~.~
~~~~~
_~~
~
~
~
~~
~
59 34 31 133 121 210 103
~~
~
~
-_
17 81 304
~
~
~
-
~~
_
~~
..
. .
__
._ --
124 260 ~
.-
..
__ - .
-.. .- .
~
~
.
~
.- .
~
.
328
Social Indicators
13-12. Health care Population per physician ______-1981
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl S Africa & Nigeria ___ ~Angola Beiiiii Botswana Burkiiia Faso Burundi Cainerooii Cape Verde Central Africaii Republic Chad Coinoros Congo, Deinocratic Rep of Congo, Republic of Cdte dIvoire Dji bouti Equatorial Guinea _ __ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghaiia Giiiea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mariri taiiia Mauritius ~ _ __ Mozain bi q ii e Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwaiida S2o Tome aiid Piiiicipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Soinalia South Africa Siidaii Swazil aiid Tanzania Togo Uganda Zainbia Zimbabwe NORTH-AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA ~~
__
19x1
1990-9s
Percentage of births attended by trained health personnel ~-
Percentage of population with access to health services ____
l99(1-9-i
1990-94
-~
~
1990-9s
1,304 1,304 1,523 _ _ 774 886 4,281 635 3,34 I 1,508 392 63 1 1,145 1,389 362 ____ ~70 1 299 1,232 266 394
___
-
~
23,728 16,989 12,443 7,451 3,916 55,744 27,364 17,033 ______________~ 1 1,950 4,274 22,777 27,400 30,065 8,816 15,133 3,822 1 1,407 4,291 6,155 3,556 ~
____
-
-
~_
88,119 2,189
35,051 1,998
45,463
7,340
41
24 58 49
10,095 -
~_
__
-
_
_-
1.503 325 1,153
1,813 - ___ 36,970 4,321 54,444 5,208 32,318 31,029 2.788 1,885 .~ 12,687 13,016
__
.
671 ..
. .
~
~
18,975 22,103 9,58 1
~~-
-
_
~
1,110
_ _
2 1,355 2 1,405 7,913 1,074 5,936
~
--
~~
733 61 1 18,558 3,642 ~
_
5 70
_ - ~ _
-
483 207 814
- -
~
~
_
_
-~
- _
1,959 574 _. 475 476 239 895 566 1,132
25 0 45 0
_____
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~
99.0
~.
~-
~
30.0 67.0
~-
________
~
40.0 99.0
2 86 67 44
_
1,123 662 1,092
66 1 287
13,403 6,869 1,283_~ 1,218 546 930 2,743 1,751
55 0
57 57 46 40 97 29 68 15 31 26 63 . 47 99
_~
~
-
_ ____
-
599 605 212 ... 1,371
919
_
9,277 23,454 12,607
5
6 8 80 44 44 31 50 45 50
1.327 __
_____________-__
45
1,068 64 5
_-
-____
59 0
-
- -
8,356 45,717 18,103 7,255 1,169
____
26 0
16,895 9,454 10,060 53,913 25,992
~-
80 0
___
-
-
24 0 42 0
17 34
4,141 313 1,637 685 ~ _ _ ~ ___ _ ~ 1,816 528 677 607
_
~~
~~
~-~
_
Population per hospital bed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ -
--~
-
~
-
-
~
70 0 55 0 93 0
________-
51 69 ____ 52 - _ _ _ _ ~-_____-____ 17 45 68 40 50
_____--
~
_
__
_
~
~
-
-
-
_
~
~
-
~~
___
-
99 0 100 0 62 4 90 0
Social Indicators
329
13-13. Illiteracy rate ___
-___
Percentage.ofpopulation 15 years of age and above that I S illiterate ______--~_ _ _ _ 1990
-
_______~__-
I985
-
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 56 excluding South Africa 59 excl S Africa & Nigena 59 -_ _ _ _ ___ Angola Benin 78 Botswana 37 Burkina Faso 87 Burundi 68 -_ Cameroon 45 Cape Verde 43 Central African Republic 72 Chad 48 Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep of- _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ Congo, Republic of 41 Cdte dIvoire 72 Djibouti Equatonal Guinea 34 -______ _ _ _ _ Entrea 76 Ethiopia Gabon 80 Gambia, The Ghana 50 ~ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ___ Guinea Guinea-Bissau 78 Kenya 16 Lesotho 25 67 Libena _ -Madagascar Malawi 52 Mali 81 Mauritania 68 Mauritius 23 Mozambique 7T Namibia 30 Niger 90 Nigeria 59 Rwanda 53 S5o Tome and Priiicipe _ Senegal 75 Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa 21 Sudan 61 ~~ ~ ~ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ Swaziland 34 Tanzania 44 Togo 62 Uganda 49 Zambia 17 Zimbabwe 17 -~ NORTH AFRICA 57 ~ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ ~ _ _ _ Algeria 53 Egypt, Arab Republic 57 Libya 39 Morocco 67 47 Tunisia - _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ 56 ALL AFRICA
Male
I*etrrale
45 48 48
65 70 70
_
~
-
68 39 79 56 --~34 28 58
-
~
-
~
40
_ _
7 OlUl 50 53 54
- _
55 52 82
_ _ ~ _ ~ _ _ -~
1997
-______~___
~~
Mule 40 43 43
l'enrule
7btal
Male
59 63 64
42 44 46
34 35 37
50 53
74 32 84 62 38 38 67
62 34 75 52 28 25 53
85 30 92 72 47 47 79
66 26 79 55 28 29 58
52 28 70 46 21 18 44
79 27 89 64 35 78 70
46
39
54
45
37
23 57
15 49
__
-
-
_
-
_
~~
33 67
19
23 57
42 77
15
19
-_
___
I~etlrfllr
55
________________~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20
_
~
9
_
52
_
70
66 _
30
68
85
72
64
80
65
59
71
74 17
85 63
75 43
68 31
80 55
67 34
60 23
74 43
61 24
91 48 13 82
73 29 22 61
58 19 34 45
88 39 77
66 21 18 52
50 13 29 35
82 28 7 68
68 87 79 29 86 33 96 10 64
48 75 65 20 -. 67 25 89 51 47
71
68 54 15 51 23 82 41 37
64 82 76 25 82 28 95 62 56
42 65 62 17 -_ 60 20 86 40 37
27 57 51 13 43 19 78 31 29
57 72 12 21 75 22 93 49 44
55
75
15 35 21
17 59 24 38
78
51
-
11
~~~
34 15 56 17 56 26 84 48 43
-~
_
-
~_
20 47 32 29 46 15 25
_______~
~
~
11 ~
~~
_
_
______-
~~
43 39 43 22 53 34 _45
-
_______
66
~~
~-
87 35 94 79 ______ 56 53 84
29 63
~~
-
___-
~
/?)/a1
~
_
-~
~
72
62
22 76 36 57 77 63 47 22 71 67 71 59 80
19 55 29 37 56 44 32 13 52 -__________~ 47 53 12 61 41 50
42 26 24 40 31 22 9 38 34 40 17 47 28 40
61
67---
~
-
-
~~~~
-
~~-
_
85
--
-
- _
~
81
18 ~
20 69 30 49 71 57 41 18 66 _
61
67 49 75 54 61
65
16 47 23 28 47 36 25 9 ~ _ 45 ________________40 47 24 54 33 --~-__________43 _ _ _ _ _ ~-
~
18
_
~~
31 25 17 6 _ ~ 33 _____ 27 15 11
~
41 22 _ 33
_
62
47 71
12 58 52 60 37 67 44 51
~
~
Social Indicators
330
13-14. Primary school gross enrollment ratio _
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excludiiig South Africa excl S Africa & Nigeria ____ __ - _ __ Angola Benin Botswana Biirkina Faso Burundi ~ ~ ~ Caineroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros ~ _ _ Congo, Democratic Rep of Congo, Republic of CBte d'Ivoire Dji bout i Equatonal Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana __ G U iii ea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia ~-_ __ Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauntania Maun ti us Mozainbiqiie Nainibi a Niger Nigeria Rwanda SSo Tome and Priiicipe _ _ _ - Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Soin al i a South Africa Sudan _ _ Swaziland Tan zan 1a Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA ~~
-
_
_
_
_
I980 18 71 68
_
_
67 91 18 26 ~ _ _ 98 114 71
_
_
Total _ ~ I990 16 12 61 92 58 113 33 73
_
_
Males 199-1-96
I980
I1 12 63
81 81
78 108 40 51 89
91 83 22 32 107 1 I9 92
__
_
_
101 121 65 54 15 I0 133 67 38
58 75 72 114 71 39
37
33
53 38
53 79 36 68
64 75 '17
1 I5 104 48 130 60 26 37 93
95 112
86 __ 92 141 75 31 135
-~~
~~~
~
~~~
_
_
_
~
-
~
~
_
108
92 89 45 79 107 60 131 29 98
98
43 100 13 21 90 110 51
107
48 55 93
199-1-96
68 64 59 88 39 117 26 66 93
69 64 51
27
26
48 21
36 71 25 43
52 68 24
110
93 123
131 51 1 I8 66 120 74 89 119 100 108 101
86 1 I7 78
39
-~~~~
59 48
39 76 82 50
87
- - _______
62 79 85 102
97 100 _-_
_
_
~
~
92
103
74 33
56 109 _____ 77 123 37 104 70
33 123 66
55 84 107 70 130 36 109
-
122 35 129 49 19 26 91
95 60
103 62 19 41 110 51 135 21 79 69
37
50
43 15
41
18
56
68
61 28
60
59 _ _ __ 104 99 144 56 98
-
123 60 1 I4 70 132
75
133 ~~
108
117 I30 I08
84 129 102 117 89
101
109 79 120 86
97 120 85
83
_
97
~
_
_
41 102 86 93 43 83
55
122 67 140 81 91 1 I5 __ _ 107 ii3 107
-
67 33 45 85 114 91 35 15 106 50 132 22 81
~~
~
68
57 108 31 46 84
59 109 61 33
72 77 135 60
86 120 82 45
1990
51 34 63 60 124 56 32
76
~
48 70 88 48 94 I20 85 61 131 72 34 48 94
I980 66 66 58
84 80 I0
~~
59
52 50 22 90 122 50 53 _ ~ _ 103 Ill 93 70 118 109 50 75 90 99 85 116 ________~ 84 91 95 100 73 94 125 105 83 61 102 113 79 19 -
48 62 85
~-
~
46
17
103 68 26 49 109 ~67 129 29 91 70
25 109 63 ~
100 108 148 90
Females
__
199-1-96
80 75 87 81 141 79 45
_____-_~___-
~~~
~~~
77
__
I990 83 80 73 ___ 96 78 109 41 79 109
~~
69 81 61 121 63 87 67
_
_ _ -_ - __
- --
121 45 109 69 87 66 115 83 92 86 1a 2 54 107 71
61
129 47 115 66 99 68 86 111 93 - -__ 102 94 74 113 72
__-
Social Indicators
33 1
13-15. Pupil progression Pecentage of cohort reaching grade 5 ( I 992-95) 7otal Male I.ettrale SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl S Africa & Nigeria _____ __~-__ _____ __ __ Angola Benin 61 64 57 Botswana 90 87 93 Burkina Faso 75 74 77 Burundi ______--___--________ _-~ Caineroon Cape Verde Central African Republic 59 62 53 Chad Coinoros 80 - ___~______ ____ Congo, Democratic Rep of Congo, Republic of 55 40 78 CBte dlvoire 75 77 71 Djibotiti 79 Equatorial Guinea ~- -- _. __ - _~ - _ _ ~ 71 73 67 EGrea Ethiopia 55 57 53 Gabon 59 58 61 Gambia, The 80 78 83 Ghana ~Giiinea 54 85 68 Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho 80 72 87 Liberia ~__ Madagascar 40 49 33 Malawi Mali 82 87 82 Mauri tania 64 61 68 Mauritius 99 98 99 _~ -5246 19 Mozambique Nain i bi a 79 80 84 Niger 7’1 72 74 Nigeria Rwanda S3o Toine and Principe Seiiegal 85 89 81 Seychelles 100 99 96 Sierra Leone Soinalia South Africa 75 72 79 Sudan 87 85 89 Swazilaiid Tanzania 83 81 85 Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 19 78 79 NORTH AFRICA 94 94 95 Algeiia Egypt, Arab Republic Libya 78 79 77 Morocco Tunisia 91 90 92 ALL AFRICA ~
_______
I olal
~
~
-
_
~-
-__
~~
I*etirale
_
~
84 27
~
~~
~
~
Notes: In Seychelles a policy o f automatic promotion is practiced at the primary level of education Tanzanian figures refer to mainland only
~
85 27 -
~
39 27
25
30
38 ~
-~
__
-
77 80
84 82
50
51
__
-
70 77
~~
~~
~
Male
84 27
~
~
-
Progression to secondary school ~-__1992-__ _ _ _ _ _
~
47
41 62 -~~~~~
35 10 63 32 51
~
~
15
35
64 34 49
60 28 54
34
3v
81
79
I9 83
77 82
83 85
58
57
59
75--
~
86
100
80 12
66
_
332
Social Indicators
13-16. Net primary enrollment ratio Total SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl S Africa & Nigeria _~ Angola Ben i n Botswana Burkiiia Faso Bunindi Cainerooii Cape Verde Central Africaii Republic Chad Coinoros Congo, Democrat; Rep of Congo, Republic of CBte dIvoire
_
_
1990
199-1-96
76
93 27
63 81 31
15
20 90 56
Males
~
Females -
1990
1994-96
69 18 23
90 33
79 37
________
I980
I990
1994-96
82 11 16
97
47 83 24
so
93 73
53
-_
I980
_ _
21
~
88 41
64
42 33
59
46 54
61 99
96 41 32
Djiboiiti
Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique N ain i bi a Niger Nigeria Rwaiida S2o Toine aiid Priiicipe Senegal Seycldles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swazi laid Tanzania Togo Uganda Zainbia Ziinbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tuiiisia ALL AFRICA
_
19x0
47 27
55 32 30 28
50
47 91 67
73
65
66
70
63 92 55
65
31 89 79
64
81
76 _ _
60
61 43 20
50 18
79
95 41
21
24
59
66
31
48 28 57 98 40 91 25
58
68
95
31 62
62 38
33 61 08 45
79 _~
57 64
77
75
81
81
97
89 94 93
91
62 82
58 94
14 98
75 92
_
19
66
30
-
88 51 87
91 48 85
95
12
~_
88 51 75
- -
22 53 98 34
18
66
44
48 14
30
20
16
so
80
52 23
____
90 47 98
~
88 52 62
76
73
83 99
47 72
_
_
_
91 48 12 74
48 90 ~~~
65 96
_
~
_
_
.
Social Indicators
333
13-17. Number of school teachers _~ ~
Primary
Total teaching stag
~~~
1980
I990
~-
199-1-96
Percentagefemales 1990
1980
--
Total teaching stag
199-1-96
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 30 35 38 excluding South Africa 30 35 36 28 32 36 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .~ ___ ... . .. 31,062 Angola Benin 7,994 13,556 13,957 23 25 24 Botswana 5,316 8,956 12,785 72 80 77 Burkina Faso 3,700 8,903 14,037 20 27 24 47 4,805 9,465 10,316 Burundi 50 46, -_______ Cameroon 26,763 38,430 40,970 20 30 32 Cape Verde 1,436 Central African Republic 4,130 4,004 25 25 Chad _. 7,980 10,151 6 8 Comoros 1,508 7 1,292 1,995 -. .. 114,000 121,054 24 22 Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of 7,186 7,578 7,060 25 32 36 C6te dlvoire 26,460 39,002 40,529 15 19 21 Djibouti 419 742 1,096 37 30 Equatorial Guinea 647 ~-. ~ _ _ ~ ~.~ .. Eritrea .. 2,895 5,476 45 36 Ethiopia 33,322 68,370 89,189 22 24 28 .. 4,943 27 39 Gabon 3,441 Gambia, The 1,932 2,757 4,118 32 31 29 47,92 1 66,946 Ghana 42 36 ___ Guinea 7,165 8,699 11,875 14 22 25 Guinea-B issau 3,257 24 40 Kenya 102,489 172,117 181,975 37 Lesotho 5,097 6,44& 7,898 75 80 79 9,099 23 Liberia ~ _ _ _ ~ . ____ Madagascar 39,474 38,933 44,145 51 Malawi 12,540 22,942 49,138 31 39 Mali 6,862 8,156 8,718 20 23 23 Mauritania 2,183 3,741 6,225 9 18 20 51 Mauritius 6,379 6,507 5,215 43 44 Mozambique 17,030 23,107 24,575 22 23 Namibia 5,518 8,835 11,376 30 33 32 Niger Nigeria 343,551 331,915 435,210 34 43 46 Rwanda 11,912 19,183 38 46 Slo Tome and Principe 588 ~______--_______---_~_~~___ _ __ _ _ .. .. Senegal 9,175 13,394 16,567 24 26 .. 577 80 88 Seychelles 658 Sierra Leone 9,528 10,850 Somalia 8,122 29 South Africa 160,286 ,. 224,896 74 43,451 60,047 102,987 31 51 62 Sudan Swaziland 3,278 5,083 5,975 79 79 78 Tanzania 81,386 96,850 108,874 37 41 44 11,105 18,535 21 19 14 Togo 9,201 Uganda 38,422 84,149 82,745 30 30 32 Zambia 21,455 33,200 38,528 40 43 59,154 63,718 39 44 Zimbabwe 28,l 18 _ _~ __ .. ~_ 45 46 NORTH AFRICA _ _ ~ ~~.- . .__ _~ _ ~ _ 151,262 170,956 37 39 45 Algeria 88,481 .. 279,315 356,499 52 49 Egypt, Arab Republic Libya 36,591 85,537 47 Morocco 56,908 91,680 1 14,406 30 37 38 49 27,375 50,609 60,101 29 45 Tunisia _ ~ _ _ _ -~ ALL AFRICA 30 37 40
Secondary
-_-
~
--
19x0
1990
Percenlage$maii-I980
199-1-96
_
~~
~
~~
~
_____-____
Note Figures include both part-time and full-time teachers
_
3,716
..
2,026 19,820
._ .~.
~
~~
1,137
8,926 184 724
6,670
37
6,851 _.
278
.. .. 23,319 ,.
756
43
4 20
_
_
_
_
_
_
~
~
16
7,173 10,929 628 2,071 25,984 3,094 1,547
14 10 18 17
10 24 25 21
.
__
5,976
~
12 21
__
2,878
53 _
~
.. 5,748 ._
953 ..
4,657
1,284 41,581 1,454
2,775 141,377 2,802 .__ _ ~~~~
4,302 127 .. 2,089
~
_
_
_
_
_
~
_
- .
1
14 2,067 4,737 5,615
..
..
~
3,172
__
45 17
5,258 152,596 ~_ ~
_
328 5,969
689
.. 33,628 2,213 7,944 4,492 16,881
128,784 15,504 3,087 12,751 5,389 16,235
24,547
28,254
21 29 16 _
_
14 36
18
33 20
~
-
37
_
.~ ~
50 18
7
18,831 -~ _
,.
3,837 ..
3,833 4,882 3,782
.~
64 35 45 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ __ 46 43 24 26 12 12 19 29
~
~
41,137 121,999 24,323 36,526 14,328 __
40
. .
1,587 620 3 1,636 .. 462 17,081 1,299
~
-.
2,792 ~
..
..
~~
~
~
_ _ ~_ ~ _
5,117
_
_
16
449
~
_
--
199-1-96
21
..
.
_
1990
~
127,024 286,797
151,948 424,586
79,657 33,058
84,202 45,411
~~
39 31 24 29
29 32
36 39 _ 45 39
~ . - .~.. .. . ~~
32 38
_ _ _
- ... -.. .~
.-. . .
....
.~ _ .
~
334
Social Indicators
13-18. Pupil / teacher ratio ____
-~ ~
~ _ _ _ _
I980
Number ofpupils per teacher
.____
Primary _ . _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ ~
1990
IY9-I-96
-
~-
I980
Secondary 1990
SUB-SAHARAN AFFUCA 39 excluding South Africa 39 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 38 Angola 32 Benin 48 52 36 25 Botswana 32 18 17 32 54 51 Burkina Faso 57 50 Burundi 67 37 Cameroon 52 26 51 40 Cape Verde Central African Republic 77 60 67 Chad 66 46 52 Coinoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of 40 45 54 65 70 Congo, Republic of C8te dlvoire 39 36 41 40 43 Djibouti 34 Equatorial Guinea __._____~______ .. - . ~ 38 44 Eritrea Ethiopia 64 36 38 Gabon 45 51 Gambia, 'llie 24 30 30 29 Ghana _________.___ _.________-. Guinea 36 40 49 Gui nea-B i ssau 23 10 Kenya 38 31 30 Lesotho 48 55 47 19 16 Liberia - ~~. Madagascar 38 40 37 Malawi 65 61 59 Mali 42 42 70 14 Mauritania 41 45 50 Mauritius 20 21 24 _______ . Mozain biqiie 55 58 Namibia Niger 41 42 41 30 28 Nigeria 41 37 Rwanda 59 57 25 Silo Tome and Principe 28 ____.~__.~._ _ _ ~ ______-____~_ Senegal 46 53 58 17 Seychelles 22 Sierra Leone Somalia 33 21 South Africa 36 Sudan 34 34 29 . ~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____~__ Swaziland 34 33 34 Tanzania 41 35 36 Togo 55 58 51 28 Uganda 29 35 Zambia 49 39 Zimbabwe 44 36 39 NoRTH AFRrcA. -~ -- . ~ _ _ _ _ _ ~ __ ~ _ _ - 33 28 25 21 17 .._____ _-~ _ . .-__ Algeria 35 28 27 25 17 Egypt, Arab Republic 23 12 Libya 18 Morocco 38 27 28 22 Tunisia 39 28 24 20 . ____ _ _ ~ __ ______.37 ALL AFRlCA ~~
1994-96
17
~
35
~
~
43
~~
~
~~~~
-~
~~~~
~
~
~
..
~
~
~
~
24
~ . .~~ -.
Note Figures include both part-time and full-time teachers
____~___
--___
__
~-
16
33 19 29
13
28 5 18
0 16 17 16
-
Social Indicators
335
13-19. Secondary school gross enrollment ratio Total
Males
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria _ Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of CBte dIvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda S l o Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA
~
_
_
_
-
15 15 14 21 16 19 3 3
1994-96
28 21 12 8 18
27
18 8 14 22 24
74
~
17 65 7
10 21 26 53 24 14 ~
20 12
14
11
19 36 10
25
24 25
24 31
5 18 3
18 8 7 14 53 8 44 7 25 8
16 17 10 16 65 7 61 7 33
11
16
16
14 9
17
5 8 11 50 5
16
74 24
I980 20 20 18
1990
1994-96
1980
1990
26 22 21
29 24 19
10 10 9
21 16 14
1994-96 24 18 14
.-
9
41 17 6 20 18 22
~~~
27 21 17
53 22 12
19 12
~~~
~
1990 23 19 17 12 12 43 7 6
Females
-
~
1980
12
94 21
24 17 4 4
17 41 9 7
24 62
8 21 2 2
7 45 5 4
10 68
24 9 21
33
32
13 7 7
23
22
17 13 21
7 3 14
63 30 14
15 24 32 62 33 17
15 13 60 11 9
44 14 9
4 19 19 45 16 12
12
16
24 13
7
13
17 10
16 50 24 10 23 14 31
25 45 15
30
12 28 5
19
28 20
26 25
7 31 10 2 16 21 13
21 30
22 37
3 12 3
18 5 4 9 53 6 49 4 21 7
16 12 7 11 66 6 66 5 30
8
11
12
8 5
13
30 35 89 26 15 ______--___
7 24 4
18 11 9 19 53 10 39 9 29 9
15
21
20 13
22
7 12 18 51 8
20
18
______________--
.
16 21 13 21 63 ~ 9 56 9 36
-
_
20
87 23
69 27
_
3 5 4 49 3
12
6
80 21
102 20
43 4
46 54 54 68
54 5 15 9 21 45 60 62 70
30 40 28
34 63 31
~.
__
. _.
Note. "Secondary" refers to secondary general education
38 3 33 5 16 8 41 33 51 76 26 27 20
44 5 24 13 24 50 62 61 76 86 35 45 31
54 5 27 12 27 49 64 63 75 39 65 34
39 4 50 7 22 9 49 40 61 89 32 34 26
44 6 35 17 53 68 67 84 41 50 35
_
55 6 40 15 34 52 _ _ - ~ 68 _____--__ 65 80 44 66 - _. .~____ 37
37 2 16 3 11 7 31 26 39 ,63 20 20 15
12 10
__
_ _ ~
__
__
Social Indicators
336
13-20. Public expenditure on education As percentage of Total public expenditure .~ 1990
I980
As percentage of GDP
1993-95
19x0
1990
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria ____ ~~___ __--Angola Ben i 11 Botswana 22.2 20.5 24.5 Burkina Faso 15.5 18.3 17.9 1.8 14.1 3.2 Burundi ~. .. .~____--__.__ __-__.-. 12.4 15.6 14.6 Cameroon Cape Verde 3.5 1.9 Central African Republic Cllad Comoros 3.4 ~______ . ~_~_. . _ ~ _ _ _ _____ . _ _ _ Congo, Democratic Rep. of 18.9 0.8 Congo, Repiiblic of 5.3 CBte d’lvoire 5.7 Dj i bout i 3.2 Equatorial Guinea _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ __________.--__-__Eritrea Ethiopia 10.2 9.9 14.0 2.6 Gabon Gambia, The 12.3 12.3 2.3 2.4 Ghana _ ~_ _______ ______~ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ __-__-.-. -. Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya 19.6 19.9 20.6 5.2 5.4 Lesotho 17.5 6.5 11.9 Liberia . . ~___ -~-__ Madanascar 15.0 11.3 3.5 Malawi 9.0 10.4 2 .o 1.9 Mali 15.7 Mauritania 4.1 3.7 Mauriti 11s 17.6 14.3 17.8 4.1 3.0 -.l~lllll . Mozain biqiie 1.5 Namibia 18.0 Niger Nigeria 2.2 Rwanda S2o Tome and Principe . ~ ~_ _ ~ _ .-.~ - .. ~ - _ .. ... .Senegal 23 .o 4.1 3.6 Seyclielles 12.2 6.1 Sierra Leone 13.3 Somalia South Africa 9.8 3.8 Siidaii -. _... Swazi land 24.6 27.4 3.9 3.9 Tail zani a 13.3 Togo 4.7 4.4 Uganda 14.9 Zambia 11.4 9 .0 17.6 3.5 Zimbabwe 15.5 4.8 7.3
1993-95
~
~
2.6
4.5
~ , _ _
~
-~
~~-~~
-
-
~
~~
~
3.7 5.3 4.3
3.6 2.7
I .5 6.1 8.8
~~~
3.8 1.8 3.4 2.9
~
~
~
~
1.5 1.I
~~
~
~~~
7 .O
~~
4.7
~
5.1 4.0 1.6 6.8
337
Social Indicators
13-21. Economic opportunities of women Female as percentage of male in occupational group, 1990 _ _ . Administrative Professional Clerical and and and managerial technical sales Services
Female /male ratio of participation in economic activity
-
1994
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl S Africa & Nigena _____ _ _ _ _ Angola Beiiin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi . .Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros Congo, Democratic Rep of Congo, Republic of CBte d'Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea __ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia ______- _ _ _ -_ Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius -__ _ Mozain bique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sfio Tome aiid Priiicipe _ Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan ~__________ Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zainbia Zimbabwe _ -~ . NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia - ALL AFRICA ~
_
__
-
~
-
-
-
-
-
~
42 37
11
10 -_
-
-
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
~
-
~-
57 16 16 II 10
159 35
10
23
44 12 94
10 7
29 20 40
2 2
25 37
13
31
~
~
151 168
238 28
59 170 146
40 134 13
144
209
58
39 71 81 70
-
--
~
~
__
57 57 58 58 85 49 81 82 46 36 14 25 63 _ _ 52 61 54 64 63
-
_
56 55 62 63 _ . 61 61 62 69 41 60 62 17 29 35 ~ 85 30 83 51 83
-
~
-
-
-
-- ~
~-~
~
_
_
11 12 12
~-
26 33 49
5 25 8 17
53 23
_
_ _
-
26 9 6 9 _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ~
_
-_ -
139 47
143
141
191
18
9
27 47 67
18
_ _ -
19 6 19
34 8 13
-
-
19
__
38
40
-
-
-
. .
13 35
17
-
_ ~ ~ --- -
-
140 48
6 -
44
47
88 40 1 I9
3 _
130 33
~
21
-~
26 71 26 69 35
40 9
-_
~
-
17
30
__
130 ~-
~
_______ -
-
__ _ _ -
56
50
_
-
31
10
__
60 72 45 59 54 60 85 52 65 41 49 16
18 _.
-
_
46 21 41
196 1 I6
s2----
- -
338
Social Indicators
13-22. Household and economic participation of women Percentage of households headed by women
Agriculture
Mining
nianufaciirring
Consiruction, iranspori, storage X coniniitnicalions
2
1
12
9
35
41
0
14
14
14
43
6
10
50
2
4
14
2
7
15
25
25
25
10 8
32
I Iiiliiies X
(lutesi available heiween 1991-98)
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. Angola Beiiin Botswana Burkina Faso
Percentage of women in occupational group I991 -93 - ~ -
.. .
Service indusfries
Conimunify, social (e personal services
~~~
6
Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros ~_ Congo, Deinocratic Rep of Congo, Republic of CBte d'Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The
16 14
_______
~
~
~-
_ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _
~
_
_
18
10
_
_
_
~
~~
24
0
1
_
~_
~
________
-
~
_
~
18 73
0
12
0
5
5
7
6 24 ~-
-~
-
6 13
_____
64
_~
20
-~ _~
~
8
27 _
~~~_
~-
~~
26 11
23
-
2 19 __ _
-
-~
~~
-
__
Algeria-
~
6 21
3
38 36
1 0
52
0
10
2
7
29
3
0
45
2
11
39
_ ~ ~ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~~
Egypt, Arab Repiiblic Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA
~
12 17
~~
Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius _ _ _ Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda S2o Tome and Principe _ Se ne g aI Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaiilaiid Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe - -~ NORTH AFRICA
-
_
_
_
_
_
~
2
.
~
Social Indicators
339
13-23. Relative prices of consumption and-investmentin PPP terms, 1993 International price level -
Relative price level (price level_ of GDP=100) _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
_
Pyivute c:)nsumption Clothing Fuel
__
-
Breud Ratio of PPP rute to $ exchunae rute
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Afric; excl. South Africa &-Nigeria .Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros ~_____________ . .. Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of CBte d’lvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea _______~ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana __~_Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Siio Tom6 and ..~ Principe .. . Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan -. Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe . ....... NORTH AFRICA .. Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia, ALL AFRICA ~
~
~
~-~ ~~
~
~
~
~
~
__
~
~~
~
125
und und Heulth Educ ution &mtwure power cure
64 52
Trunsport und communications
Gro\.c Fixed cupitul fortnution
.
-_
105
98
102
I73
88
288
58 89
65
1 I3
108
60
97
123
141
55
67 78
78 116
I93
60
I I9
79
152
91
80
I27
____
-
I I5 101
151
I47
95
131
284
90
_
~
--
~
33
97
I06
I18
75
I73
77
21
90
91
123
85
140
45
41
71
72
196
34 38
87 90
98 92
I09 131
54 86
I48
31 59
50 31
73 90
79 63
279 179
93
8L
65
72
Ill
59
87
67
I08
I??
I01
I 50
71
58
40
47
61
1 15
36 -
~_
.
~_
98
256
_
126
_ _ _ _ _ _39_ _ ~
~
- ~ _ _
~
157
.. ~ . . .
80
~~~~~
87
98 98
.__.____-
~
_ _
93
~- ~_
113
103
- . . . ... .-
50
~
~
~
37
~
~~~
and cereuls
Government consumption
-
~_
_
~~
~
All jhd
Total
~
_
-
__
~
~~
_~
56
46
-
~~~~
-
~
48
90
87
19
74
227
75
81
237
29
115
41
92
107
I85
74
37
147
187
53
66
54
91
282 22 I
29 51
46 77
89 62
34 89
~
.
~
-
~
92
84
43 26
113
26
105
8J
~
- ---
-
35
185 97
98 91
-~
~
213 __
.
_
. ...
__
35
90
88
97
124
80
54
49
92
92
1 06
37 39
93 92
83 81
77 62-
68 142
282 I 05
81 80
81 I09
77 79
106 124
I82 I59
Social Indicators
340
13-24. Structure of household consumption in PPP terms, 1997 Structure of household consumption (percent) Ratio of PPP rate to $ exchange
Household consumption per capita
Bread and
Clothing
All
und
Fuel and
Health
rate
PPP
food
cereals
footware
power
care
3
3 7
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa & Nigeri; excluding South Africa .________ Angola 1,100 Benin Botswana 43 3,084 Burkina Faso Burundi .- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ~ ~ . -. 34 1,277 Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros . _ _ _ ~ - - Congo, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Republic of 52 79 1 C8te d'Ivoire 39 1,393
Food
- . ..
~~
~
Djibouti Equatorial Guinea _____ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana ___ Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius . Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda SBo Tom6 and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa
~
45 25
13 9
8 4
38
7
14
2
6
5 8
3 9
1
10
~
_
_
~
~
_
14 21 _
_
17 19
~
9
8
24
15 26
18 I1
17 11
..-
8 _
_
_
_
59
2,468
37
7
3
2
8
30
1,456
32
6
19
2
14
30
872
38
11
8
2
5
~
-_
~
_
_
~
8
20
23
9
9
15
22
10.
16
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . ~
_.__
Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA ...Algeria Egypt, Arab Republic Libya Morocco Tunisia ~~. ~. __ALL AFRICA _ _ _ _ _ - ~ ~_~.. ~. .~ ~~~
Other consumption
8 22
~
-
36 35
___
-~
~~~
1
~...
-
Transport and communications
--- --
-..
~
Education
~
~
_ _ - ~ --
34 33
607 655
45 48
17 13
18 13
2
8 2
9 7
8 14
10 15
41
6,533
24
4
8
3
10
5
19
30
37
692
48
15
8
6-
3
4
5
27
30
1,536
42
267
48
42
625 1,572
47 28
33
-
.___________ - - _ ~ ~
52
I1
14
2
2
11
6
13
13
12
3
13
14
8
2
7
8 11
1
2
3 9
12 23
10 14
19 12
3
8
8
5
26
5
10
.10
6
7
15
7--
__-___
____
41
1,962
37 38
2,360 3,687 ~
-
44
11
7
45 35
11
9 6
7 ~
2 2
_-
~
~
~
..
~
. .
_
18 29 _
~
34 1
Figure 13-1. Life expectancy, 1997
342
Figure 13-2. GDP per capita based on PPP, 1997
343
Figure 13-3. Urban population as percentage of total population, 1997*
* Or most recent year available.
344
Figure 13-4. Primary school gross enrollment ratio, 1996*
*Or most recent year available
345
Figure 13-5. Maternal mortality, .1995*
3r most recent year available. Maternal mortality is pfeater than 1600.
346
Social Indicaton
Technical Notes
Tables Table 13- 1. Age and gender structure of the population. Age and gender structure of the population (UN and World Bank data) is the distribution of the total population according to age and gender. Only the female composition of the population is presented, as the male composition can easily be figured as the residual. Figures relate to midyear populations as estimated from the latest censuses. Age dependency ratio is calculated as the ratio of dependents-population under age 15 and above age 65-to the working age population-those aged 15 to 64.
Table 13-2. Poverty. This table presents selected indicators for comparing the incidence and extent of urban and rural poverty. The first indicator uses purchasing power parities rather than official exchange rates to calculate GDP per capita: a measure of the overall mean level of poverty at the national level. The next indicator is the national poverty headcount, which shows the percentage of the population living below the poverty line deemed appropriate for the country by its authorities. The poverty line is defined as the below which adequate standards of nutrition, shelter, and personal amenities cannot be assured. Since these levels are country specific, cross-country comparisons cannot be made. The next indicator, however, uses a relative concept of poverty, which does allow such comparisons. It shows the percentage of the urban and rural populations living on less than two-thirds of the mean national per capita income. Associated with these indicators are the urban and rural Gini coefficients, which describe the level of inequality in urban and rural income distributions.
The last indicator shows the percentage of household income spent on food (UNDP, World Bank, Penn World Tables, National Household Surveys).
Table 13-3. Income distribution.This table presents the share of income held by the richest and poorest population groups in a country (World Bank data and national household surveys).
Table 13-4. Urbanization. This table presents the number of persons living in urban areas as a percentage of the total population. Average annual percentage growth rates are shown separately for the urban population and the total population. T h e urban population percentages are based on the number of persons living in areas defined as “urban” according to national definitions of this concept. Since national definitions differ, cross-country comparisons should be made with caution (World Bank data).
Table 13-5. Components of population change. This table presents three determinants of population change: total fertility rate, crude birth rate, and crude death rate. Crude birth rate is the number of births per 1,000 population in a given year. Crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000population in a given year. Total fertility rate is the average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime, if she were to bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates (World Bank data).
Table 13-6. Survival prospects. This table shows five health-related indicators: life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, and adult HIVs sero prevalence.
Social Indicators
Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. Child mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. Maternal mortality rate is the annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births. Adult HIV- 1 sero prevalence reflects the estimated rate of infection in each country’s adult population (aged 15 to 49) (UNAIDS).
347
Table 13-9. Access to sanitation facilities. Table 13-7 shows the percentage of the population with access to sanitation facilities (WHOdata). Urban areas with access to sanitation facilities are defined as urban populations served by connections to public sewers or household systems, such as pit privies, pour-flush latrines, septic tanks, communal toilets, and other such facilities. Rural populations with access were defined as those with adequate disposal, such as pit privies and pour-flush latrines. Application of these definitions may vary, and comparisons can therefore be misleading.
Table 13-7. Immunization and ORT use. This is the percentage of children under one year of age immunized against tuberculosis, DPT, polio, and measles. It also gives the use rate of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) among children under five years of age. DPT refers to diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus. ORT use is the percentage of all cases of diarrhea in children under five years of age treated with oral rehydration salts or an appropriate household solution (WHO data).
Table 13-10. Access to safe water. This table refers to the percentage of the population with reasonable access to safe water supply, which includes treated surface waters or untreated, but uncontaminated water, such as that from springs, sanitary wells, and protected boreholes. In an urban area, this may be a public fountain or standpost located not more than 200 meters away. In rural areas, it implies that members of the household do not have to spend a disproportionate part of the day fetching water. Data are presented separately for total, urban and rural population (WHO data).
Table 13-8. Child malnutrition. Data reported on this table give the percentage of children and babies suffering from nutrition-related problems of low birthweight, underweight, wasting, and stunting. Figures are also given o n the extent of breastfeeding among nursing mothers. Low birthweight refers to babies born weighing less than 2,500 grams. Underweight refers to children under the age of five weighing two standard deviations below the median weight for age of the reference population. Wasting refers to children of ages 12 through 23 months weighing two standard deviations below the median weight for height of the reference population. Stunting refers to children ofages 24 through 59 months standing two standard deviations below the median height-forage of the reference population (UNDP various years, WHO and World Bank data).
Table 13- 1 1. Health expenditure. This table shows total health expenditure as percentage of GDP and on a per capita basis-both in current $ and PPP terms. The ratio to GDP is also shown for public and private expenditure. Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditures. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation. Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations, and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds. Private health expenditure includes direct household (out-of-pocket) spending, private insur-
348
Social Indicators
ance, charitable donations, and direct service payments by private corporations ( W O , IMF, and World Bank data).
Table 13-12. Health care. Indicators presented here are population per physician, population per hospital bed, the percentage of births attended by trained health personnel, and access to health services. The figure for physicians includes, in addition to the total number of registered practitioners in the country, medical assistants whose medical training is less than that of qualified physicians, but who nevertheless dispense similar medical services, including simple surgical operations. T h e definition of recognized medical practitioners differs among countries. Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and in rehabilitation centers. In most coases acute and chronic care are included. Births attended refers to births attended by physicians, nurses, midwives, trained primary healthcare workers, or trained traditional birth attendants. Access to health services refers to the percentage of the population that can reach appropriate local health services by the local transport in no more than one hour (WHO and World Bank data). Table 13-13. Illiteracy rate. This table shows the share of illiterate adults in total adult population aged 15 years and over. Literacy is defined as the ability to read and write. A person who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement about his everyday life is literate. Persons who can read, but cannot write, are included with illiterates. Figures are shown separately for males, females, and both genders combined (UNESCO data). Tables 13- 14. Primary school gross enrollment ratio. This is the total number of pupils enrolled at the primary level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population corresponding to the oficial school age of primary education in a given country. Data are given separately for males, females, and both genders combined. Figures shown may be more than 100 percent since total enrollment
includes pupils above and pupils below the primary school age, as well as repeaters (UNESCO data).
Tables 13-15. Pupil progression. This table provides two education indicators. Percentage of cohort reaching gra& 5 of primary school shows the percentage of children starting primary school, who eventually attain grade 4. T h e estimate is based on the Reconstructed Cohort Method, which uses data on enrollment and repeaters for two consecutive years. Progression to secondary school (general) is the number of new children in the first grade of secondary school (general) divided by the number of children enrolled in the final grade of primary school in the previous year (according to the country’s duration of primary education (UNESCO and World Bank data). Table 13-16. Net primary enrollment ratio. This is the ratio of the number of children of oficial school age enrolled in school to the number of children of official school age in the population (UNESCO data). Table 13- 17. Number of school teachers. Teachers in both public and private schools are covered in this table. Data refer to both full-time and part-time teachers, excluding other instructional personnel without teaching functions. Figures are shown here separately for primary and secondary schools. Percentage females means the number of female teachers expressed as a percentage of total teaching staff (UNESCO data). Table 13-18. PupiUteacher ratio. This ratio gives the average number of pupils per teacher. Figures are given separately for primary and secondary schools. As teaching staff includes both full-time and parttime teachers, comparability ofthis ratio between countries may be affected as the proportion of part-time teachers varies greatly from one country to another (UNESCO data). Table 13-19. Secondary school gross enrollment ratio. This is the secondary school equivalent of the data presented in Table 13-14. It gives the total num-
Social Indicators
ber of students enrolled at the secondary level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population corresponding to the official school age of secondary education. Data are presented separately for males, females, and both genders combined. Second level, general refers to education in secondary schools that provides general or specialized instruction based upon at least four years of previous instruction at the first or primary level, which do not specifically aim at preparing the pupils directly for a given trade or occupation. Such schools may be called high schools, middle schools, or lyceums and offer courses of study whose completion is a minimum condition for admission into universities. In some countries, some of these schools provide both academic and vocational training. These composite secondary schools are considered as equivalent to the academic type of secondary school and are thus classified as second level, general (UNESCO data).
Table 13-20. Public expenditure on education. This table presents the public expenditure on education (UNESCO) first as a percentage of total public expenditure (IMF/GFS) and then as a percentage of current GDP (Table 2-5). Table 13-2 1. Economic opportunities of women. This table shows two indicators. Femalelmale ratio of participation in economic activity shows the number of female workers in relation to the number of male workers. Females as percentage of males in occupational group shows the breakdown of the first indicator for occupational categories (UNDP data). Table 13-22. Household and economic participation of women. This table presents indicators on gender issues in development. Households headed by women (World Bank data) refers to families in which a woman is acknowledged as the head by the other members. T h e occupational statistics are based on UN, Statistical Yearbook 1992-93. Table 13-23. Relative prices of consumption and investment in PPP terms, 1993. This table shows
347
1993 relative prices of consumption and investment using purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP measures the cost of goods in one country relative to a numeraire country, in this case the United States. An international price level above 100 means that the general price level in the country is higher than that in the United States. For example, Kenya’s price level of 21 means that a bundle of goods and services purchased for $100 in the United States costs only $21 in Kenya. T h e relative prices of components of GDP shown in the table are calculated from their international prices measured relative to each country’s price level of GDP. A figure above 100 indicates that the price of that component is higher than the average price level of GDP. This is not the same as saying that the component is more expensive in that country than in the United States. It indicates only that the price for that component is higher than the general price level prevailing in the country. Internationalprice level is the ratio of a country’s PPP rate to its official exchange rate for U.S. dollars. Private consumption includes the consumption expenditures of individuals, households, and nongovernmental organizations. All food includes all food purchased for household consumption. Bread and cereah comprise the main staple products: rice, flour, bread, all other cereals; and cereal preparations. Clothing andfootwear include purchases of new and used clothing and footwear and repair services. Fuel and power exclude energy used for transport (rarely reported to be more than 1 percent of total consumption in low- and middle-income economies). Health care and education include government as well as private expenditures. Transport and communications cover all personal costs of transport, telephones, and the like. Government consumption includes spending on goods and services for collective consumption less spending on recreational and other related cultural services, education, health, and housing. Expenditure o n governmental final consumption consists of compensation of employees, consumption of intermediate goods and services, and consumption of fixed capital and indirect taxes paid less proceeds from sales of
350
Social Indicaton
goods and services to other sectors such as fees charged by municipalities and other government agencies, school fees, fees for medical and hospital treatment and drug sales, and sales of maps and charts. GrosIfied capitalfornation comprises expenditures on construction, producer durables, and changes in stocks. Cons t ruc t io n includes residential and nonresidential buildings and roads, bridges, and other civil engineering activities. Producer durables include machinery and nonelectrical equipment, electrical machinery and appliances, and transport equipment. Changes in stocks cover increases in the value of materials and supplies, works in progress, and livestock (including breeding stock and dairy cattle) (ICP and World Bank data). Table 13-24. Structure of household consumption in PPP terms, 1997. This table reflects shares based on real values of items that make up household consumption. Because the goods and services that make up consumption are valued at uniform prices, PPPbased expenditure shares also provide a consistent view of differences in the real structure of consumption between countries. The shares shown in the table reflect the relative quantities of goods and services consumed rather than their nominal cost. Although PPPs are more useful than official exhcnage rates in comparing consumption patterns, caution should be used in interpreting PPP results. PPP estimates are based on price comparisons of com-
parable items, but not all items can be matched perfectly in quality across countries and over time. Services are particularly difficult to compare, in part because of differences in productivity. Many services, such as government services, are not sold on the open market in all countries, so they are compared using input prices (mostly wages). Because this approach ignores productivity differences, it may inflate estimates of real quantities in lower-income countries (ICP and World Bank data).
Figures The following indicators have been used to derive the figures in this chapter. Figure 13-1. Life expectancy (Table 13-6). Figure 13-2. GDP per capita, based on PPP, 1997 (Table 13-2). Figure 13-3. Percentage of urban population in total population (Table 13-4). Figure 13-4. Primary school enrollment ratio (Table
13-14). Figure 13-5. Maternal mortality (Table 13-6).
Social Indicators
35 1
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 13
13-1
Col. 1-8 Col. 9-10
X
X
13-2
Col. 1, 3 Col. 4,5, 8 Col. 2,6-7
X
X
X
13-3 13-4
X
CO].1-3 Col. 4-6
X
X
Col. 7-9
X
col. 10-12
0
X
13-5
Col. 1-3
X
col. 4-6
X
Col. 7-9
X
13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 13-10 13-11
X
X
X
X
X
Col. 1-4 Col. 5
X
X
13-12
13-13
13-14
13-15
13-16
13-17
Col. 1-3, 7-9 Col. 4-6,lO-12 13-18
13-19
13-20
13-21
13-22 13-23 13-24 ~
X
X
X
X
~~
~
~
~~
~
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; ( 5 ) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total; (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: ( I ) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table, i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown
as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest of the table is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3)least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).
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14
Environmental Indicators
This chapter was drawn entirely from the World Resources Institute and reflects tables published in their World Resourcer 1778-97. It includes data on natural resources-their use by sector and the trends in their use-protected resources and those in danger of extinction, commercial energy production and its components, globally threatened species and protection and management programs. Until the early 1370s) environmental issues were mainly focused on problems of industrial countries and on such issues as water and air pollution, acid rain, and greenhouse gas emissions. Since the publication of the Club of Rome’s The Limit to Growth in 1972, however, issues of natural resource depletion and degradation have received considerable attention in assessing environmental factors and their impacts on the development prospects of developing nations. At the national level, environmental concerns revolve around population expansion, desertification, deforestation, and the by-products of energy consumption. Environmental destruction is not, however, confined by geographic borders. For instance, global warming, said to be caused by greenhouse gas emissions, has become a major global environmental con-
cern. T h e issue of the greenhouse effect may be subject to controversy at the theoretical level and difficult to prove at the practical level. T h e fact that industrial wastes generated in one country cross frontiers and cause environmental damage to other nations is, however, widely acknowledged. Common interests, therefore, compel the international community to jointly work toward a common goal of preserving the environment. Increasing emphasis on the links between the environment and development, both at the national and international levels, is reflected in the growing number of scientific and analytical studies. Challenging the hegemony of the SNA national income accounting convention, numerous scholarly endeavors are under way to internalize environmental consequences in national income calculations. T h e argument is made that the SNA methodology overstates national income levels for two reasons. First, it does not account for both the direct and indirect costs of drawing down natural resources. Second, it counts expenditure on resources for environmental protection activities as income. T h e changes both in methodology and emphasis have created an urgent demand for physical
353
354
Environmental Indicators
data. The information in this chapter aims to meet this growing demand, notwithstanding the limitations in data coverage and reliability. The rate of deforestation is of particular concern because the cost of deforestation goes far beyond the loses of forest products, such as timber and fuelwood. There are equallysignificant indirect costs, includingsoil erosion; the substitution of animal and agricultural residues for cooking, which would otherwise be used for fertilizer; and climate changes. Deforestation is caused by many factors, including increased demand for settlement area, cultivation, woodfuel, or a combination thereof. The information in this chapter provides an empirical framework for assessing policy alternatives in reversing the continuing depletion of natural resources. Data on roundwood production and consumption are important in monitoring the causes of deforestation. In addition, since roundwood is a primary source of energy in developing nations, data on roundwood consumption is essential in analyzing air pollution. For instance, for 1785-87, Africa used close to 88 percent of its roundwood production for fuel and charcoal production, while approximately 12 percent of the roundwood production went to industrial uses. T o put these figures in perspective, the corresponding figures for Europe are 16 and 84 percent.
Information on fresh water resources available and on the extent and the methods of their uses can provide a partial basis for analyzing Africa’s agricultural performance, its potential hydroelectric power, and its populations’ health conditions. Almost all Sub-Saharan African countries use a very small fraction of their internal renewable water resources. For instance, Ethiopia, a nation that has suffered from repeated droughts, uses only 2 percent of its water resources. The major problem rests in the uneven geographic distribution of water resources with respect to population density and the state of freshwater drawing technology. The quality of water is as important as the quantity of water available. Water-related disease accounts for 80 percent of all sicknesses and for 90 percent of the 15 million deaths in developing countries each year. Data on energy production are shown because of related environmental consequences. Biomass fuel, comprising woodfbel and animal and agricultural residues, accounts for 40 to 70 percent of total energy used in Sub-Saharan Africa. Data on protected areas and endangered species indicate the intentions of countries to safeguard the environment and protect the use of natural resources for future generations.
Environmental Indicators
355
14-1. Land area and use, 1982-94 Lund use (000 hectures) - _ ~ . _ _ _ ~ _ _ . _ _ Pertnunent pusture Forest and woodlund Percentuge Percentup
~-___
Populution Lund
Domesticuted kind us U 96 (f lundureu U/ 1994
den.vity
ureu (per 1,000 (000 hecture.s) 1996 hectures)
~
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africz excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi ... Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoro\ Congo,Dem Rep of Congo, Rep. of CBte d'Ivoire Dji bouti Equatorial Guinea ... Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia ~ _ _ ~ .- ~_~ Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda S i o Tom6 C d Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swazi land Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe ~
~
~~
~
~
~~
NO~HAFREA Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL-A~RICA
..
______________
124,670 1 1,062 56,673 27,360 2,568 - ._ 46,540
2,805
__
100,000 25,767 I ,Ooo 22,754 24,572 2,812 S6,9 14 3,035 9,632 58, I54 9,408 1 22,O 19 102,522 203 -78,409-. 82,329 126,670 91,077 2,467
~
.
23,000 3,400 26,500 13,800 325 75,900
-0.9 -11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00
44,170 5,340 4,153 4,082 43 1,600
0.2 7.0 -0.5 - 1 1.7 -41.1 -4 9
46,700 32,400
00 00
10,578 45,264
-0 5 -02
.- .. .
12
2,000
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9. I 00
54 52
8 38
2,020 3,256
25 34
3,000 45,000
00 00
78 206 44 1
30 10 54
I 0000 15,000 13,000
00 00 00
I04 4,622 28,267 4,700 I94 8,400 _~ 10,766 1,080 21,300 2,000 2,000 ~24,000 1,840 30,000 39,250 7 44,000 38,000 10,440 40,000 695
00
00 I3 1 00 -0 7
5,700
00
7,467
-1 8
3,731
36
2,201 43,000 8 1.433 - 1 I0,Ooo 1,070 35,000 200 1,800 30.000 17.I90 _ _
-0 I 00 0I I? 2 -5 I 00 00 00 00 05
I .947 16,000 8,200 42,367 I 19 33,067 900 6.300 32,000 8,800
2.5 6.7 0.0 - I .5 16.6
2,474 2,708 17,271 72,258 340 16,632 1,919 5,085 7,066 9,8 19
-2.6 -27.2 - 10.8 - 14.0 0.9 -0.4 3.2 -14 6 -23.0 S.8
3 I ,024
-2 8
13.300 20.973 3,416 889,350
03 02 18 0.0
7,949 34 840 8,613 666 713,405
195,197 -100 97 96,374 159,644 330 5,397 99 6,602 _ _ 17 1 - _ _ -03 1,171,024
04 -07 -02 -28 8 -I 8 -08
.
I46 __ 328 582 43 1,141 784 306 388 488 685 233 264 1,046 91 23 5,562 227 19 75 1,263 2,188
--
_~
_
_~
-
- -
_-
12 7s 31 20 37 57 47 50 45 76 25 47 38 27 38 56 60 47 12 80 75
-
..
230 366 12,197 460 I65 4,407 787 340 4,520 320 37 1 _ 3,105 1,700 2,569 208 1 06 31180704 4,035 32,579 1,150
.. .-
~~~
-
.
-
99 25 22 5
170 7,900 4,03 1 -
0 -_0 __
~-~
18 -106 15 0 _ I02 10 3 56 10 6 -0 1 31 I9 9 25 1 67 -0 9 32 66 13 9 61 54 ~
____
-
00 21 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00
-
19,900 166,000 9,600
00 00 -5 9
1,830 523 13,633 19,900 94 9,300 6,700 1,070 16,800
00
42
600 7,162 62,734 157 I 22, I04 347 237.600 1 15 512 1,720 349 88,359 5,439 772 I ,015 19,965 Ill 74,339 38,685 ~ _ _ _ _ _ _296 -_ _________ -
-
-
I21 636 32 605 589 249
38 70 79 52 73 44 48 43 47 52 - _
2T35.5 --0244
540 1,026 15,200 12,975 ~~_ _ 191 3,660 2,420 6,780 5,273 2.876
1 1
154 33 24 3 27 7 25 91 22 25
-
-
~~
~~
17 7 9 68 51 36
8,088 3,137 2,170 9,686 4,882189,803
-
9I 265 31 13 9 -0 I 65
5.0 6.7 -7.4
00
11 3 41
-297 -1 I -90 -I 6 -4 I 00 -1 2 -100 -04 0I 484 -07 -0 I -I 5 -3 9 -127
-
_
-
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. the United Nation5 Statistical Cominiuion. the United Natioiis Ecoiiomic Commission for Europe. and other soiirces Notes: a. Doniestic,md land i s the stiin of cropland and pennanent putui-e. 0 = zero o r less than half the unit of ineasure: .. = not available.
~
-0 4 -0 5 -3 0
-
-1.9 - 1 1.8
-
-
4,080 37,805 5,149
~
-
443
- -~
641 - __ 1,155 49,269 -04 707 547 -60 -3 I -~ 647 00 6,385 00 322 00 14,294 715 0 0 _~ - 2,661 -~ 49600 23,200 00 7,849 -1 1 2,168 3,700 -I 7 77,650 11,800 58,654 4,410 20 44 -24 1 46 17,300~-00 13,929 12,500 00 31,125 2,500 00 109,695 14,300 -106 4,198 250 00 372
--
19,253
since 1992-94 1982-84
54,000 442 25,600 6,000 1,080 -.
-
238, I74 99,545 175,954 44,630 15 536 2,963,468
1992-94
chunp
2.9 3.9 5.0 18.0 -5.1
_ _ - __-
10,000
___
._.
.
chunp .since 1982-84
chunge .since
1992-94 19x24'4
~. . .
Other land ~.. Percentup
3,500 1,880 420 3,465 1,120 7,040
_.
34,150 226,705 3 1,800
_ _ _ . _~ _
~
46 21 46 34 86 19
90 503 26 394 2,423 _ _ _ 29 1
62,298 125,920 ___
CroPlund _ Percentqe change .since 1992-94 1982-84
356
Environmental Indicators
14-2. Forest resources, 1980-95
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Af'rici excl. S . Africa & Nigeriii Angola Renin Bo ts w ;in a Biirkina Faao Rur u ndi Canieroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad
1990
1995
23.385 4,923 14.27I 4.43 1 324 20,244 16 30,571 I I .496
22,200 4,625 13,917 4.27 1 317 19,598 29,930 I 1.025
-0.6 - 1.4 -0.5 -0.7 2.2 -0.6 7.8 -0.4 -0.7
I 12.946 19.745 5,623 I .320 1,829 282 13.891 18.314 95 0,608 6.741 2.361 1.309
109,245 19.537 5,469
-0.7 -0.2 -7.7
-0.7 -0.2 -0.6
-0.4
-0.5 0.0 -0.5 -0.5
I 5,756 3,6I2 12.154 556 12 17.443 12.584 3.562 14.387 252
1.781 282 13,579 17,859 91 9,022 6.367 2.309 1.292 6 4.507 15.106 3.339 I 1.585 556 12 16.862 12,374 2.562 13.780 250
7.629
1980-90
1990-95
~~
- I .o -1.2 -0.5 -0.7 -0.4 -0.6
~~~
-0.4 -0.8
~
1990
199s
23,265 4,909 14,270 4,41 1 232 20,228 6 30,565 11.492
22,080 4,61 I 13,916 4.25 I 225 19.582
1 12,904
~~
~
1980-90
1990-95
-0 6 -0 5 -0 7 -0 6 -0 6
- I .0 -1.3 -0.5 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6
29.924 I I ,02 1
-0 4 -0 7
-0.4 -0.8
109.203 I9.500 5.403
-0 7 -0 2 -7 8
-0 7 -0 2 -0 6
I .778 233 13.439 17,838 00 8.969 6.363 2.308 1,174
-0 4
-0 5 0.0 -0.5 -0.5 -0.9 - I .3
-1 4
1990
1990-95
120
08 5.1 0.0 8.2 19.4 13.6
14 1
20 92 16 10
6 4
47.9 5.8
42 37 63 0 3
98 I1 5 70
189 21 1 53 4 I
6 217 126 14 2 9 . _. 28 0 12 151 88
10.1 4.6 0.0 2.2 4.6 0.0 1 .5 16.1 1 .0 I .5 8.1 27.3 24.1 1.7 4.3 0.0 10.3 2.8 6.6
6 4 965 203 72 154 17 20 48 84
3 .0 0.0 1.7 5.6 0.1 8.1 12.0 0.0 5.8 1.8
Comoros ~~
~~
~
Congo. Dem. Rep of' Congo, Rep. of CGte d'lvoire D,jibouti
Equatorial Guinea Eri t re;I Ethiopia Gabon
Gambia. The Ghana Giiinea Guinea-Bisaaii Kenya Leaotho Li beri ;i
Mali Mauritani ;I Mauritiu\ Mozambiclue
Nanii bi;i Niger Nigeria Rwanda Siio TomC ancl I'rincipc Senegal Seychellea Sierra 1,cone Somalia South Africa s11d~ll1 S w azi I ;ind TanLania TOfO
Uganda %a mbi ;I Zi mbnb w e NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt Li b y ;I MOrOccO
'l'uni a i ii ALL AFRICA Soulus.
I ~ t i t i d.iiid
Note\.
0 = zerti
-1.1
-0.9
-1.3
-1.3
-1.1
-1.1 -0.4
-1 1
17
-0.3 0.0 -0 9 -0.2
554 3 17.415 12.584 2.550 14,236 I64
4.50 I 14,889 3.21 3 11.571 554 3 16,814 12.374 2.550 13.629 I62
7.381
-0.6
-0.7
7.5 I7
7.360
-07
1.522 760 8.574 43.376 I 46 34. I23 I .338 6.400 32.7 20 8.960
1.309 754 8.499 41.61 3 I46 32.5 I 0 1.245 6.104 3 1,398 8.7 I0
-2.8 -0.3 -0.1
1,516 756 7.279 43. I73
1.303 750 7.204
- I .6 -0.9 -0.9 -0.7
-3.0 -0.2 -0.2 -0.8 00 -I 0 -1.4 -0.9 -0.8 -0.6
-2 8 -0 3 -0 8 -1 0 00 -1 1 -1 8 -0 9 -0 9 -0 7
-3 0 -0 2 -0 2 -0 8 00 -1 0 -1 5 -1 0 -0 8 -0 6
1.978 34 400 3. 804 570 538,978
1.86I 34 400 3.835 555 520.237
- I .2 I .8 3.2 -0 3 0.9 -0.8
-1.2 0.0 0.0 -0 3 -0.5 -0 7
I .493
-2 6 00 00 -0 6 -I 6 -I
-I 6 0 0 -0 3 -0 8 -0 7
0.8 -0.4 14.6
-0.5 -0.9 -1.2 -0.8 0.0 1.2 -0.7 -0.3 0.0 -1.5
-1.0 0.0 -1.1
-0.3 0.0 -0.6
-0.8 -1.6 - I .o 0.0 0.0
-0.7
1,191 0
4,635 15,539 3.486 12,140
14 33.969 1.317 6,380 32,677 8,876
0
41.410
74 32.356 I .224 (7.084
3 1.355 8.626
~
~~~~~
-1 1
-0.4 -0.3 0.0 -0.6 -0 9 -1 6 -1 0 00 1-4 -0 7 -0 3 00 -0 9 -0 2
0 I90 3,573 369 534.226
190
3.514 354 5 15,455
lcs\ tli:iii I i d t tlie t i n i t ot iiie'i\iire: negative nuinhers i n d i c ~ t eIeduction i n torest m x
.. = not aviilable
00
~
118 7
-
._
1.376 0
Ayriculture 0ig;inization ot' the United Nation\ ;iiid the United Nations Economic Commission t o r Europe 111
-0 6 -I 3 -I 2 08 -0 5 00 -0 5 -I 0 -1 4 -0 8 00 -0 7 -0 7 -0 3 00 -1 7 -0 2
6 4.64 I
Miidagaacar Malawi
-0.6
19.708 5,560 22 1.826 233 13.751 18,293 94 9.555 6.737 2.360
~
_ _ _ _ ~ _ _
~
485 34 210 321 20 1 4.416
--
_ _ ~
48 18 74 35 81 44
Environmental Indicators
357
14-3. Forest ecosystems, 1996 Closed forexts
~-
Land
Originul
~
cireci Forest us u (000 % of'lund
hectures) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Afric, -exc! S-A&ica &Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burluna Fa\o Burundi Cameroon C'ipe Verde Central African Republic Chad Coinoros Congo,Dem Rep of Congo,Rep of Cdte d'lvoire Dlibouti Equatorial Guinea _ Eritred Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The G I-gn! Guinea Guinea- Bi \\ail Keny'i Lmotho L i berid Maddgascar Malawi Mali Mauri tania Maurciuj Moz,imbique Namibia Niger NIgeri a Rwanda S o Tome m d Principe Senegal Seychelle\ Sierr'i Leone Sonidid South Africa Sudan Swazi Imd Tanzania Togo Uganda Z'imbia Zi mbabwe NORTH AFRICA AI geria Egypt Libya Morocco Tuniw ALL AFRICA_ -
ureu
d
~
~~~
~
Forests us U % o f Percent originul,fore.rt _ frontier Current Frontier forests c/ fore.rt.Y b/ ,forests d threutened 1996 I996 I996
(1996) Mungroves Areu Percenr (000 hu) protected ~
~
__
20 16 2 0 46 80
62.298 125.920
52 0
16 0
4 0
I 00
226,705 34,l50 11,800
83 100
75
60 68 10
16 29 2
2,805
9'c.
38
0
I lO.000 25.767 1,000 22,754 24,572 2.812 56.9 14 3.035 9,612 sx.1 53 9,408 I 22.01 9 102,522 203 78.409 82,329 126,670 9 I ,077 2.467
25 1 00
39 66 76 100
17 2 100-
93 12 0 0
0
Ill 0 0 0 0 97
4 100
0 3 42
17 90 62 9 5 34 19 0 44 13 0 0 0
0 32 0 0 0 0
14
16
0 0 0 I 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
17,564 1,516 12,123 0 219 20.009
1 18
0 227
0 0 0 0 0 2
0 0
0 0
17,101 1,516
70 65 I00
22
0 76 0
115,071
0
25 0 0 147 51 0 316 317 0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0~
19
0
0 I00 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 310
0 0
95 0
0
20 4
0 0
0 0
I ,451 2,857
48
24.321 2.702
7 4 23
0 0
0 0
172 0 625
40 0 18
0 0
I .749 I
0 0
0
I 1.937 21.181 I88 I .694 3,073 1.141 1.423 89 3.149 6.940 1.830 6.132
I9 4 5
1
5 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
2 0 18 6
7 I 0 8 9
-0-
_
-
11
4 0
100 0
0
0 0 0
20,861 7 416 27 I 1 614 291
0
-
0
o - _
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0-.
-
.
0
-3362,723 550 2,754
--
-
-
0 0 21 0 2 17 _1
0 3
0
0 0 0 0
0
0
I _ _ 0 0 376
0 0 0
_ - -
_ -
16 7 77
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
7 11
1
0 4,804 0 244
0 0 0 0
- 0 0 0 0
1 6 9 2
-
14,414 0 0 10,588 162
7 0 0 4 2
__
-
_
19,253
14
I6
0
0
IS8
1
2,076
7
0
0
8,816
11
7.162 62.734 122.104 277,600 1.720 88.159 5,419 19.965 74 119 38,685
100 4 13 I 22 22 31 70 7 7
10
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
176 0 0 0 0
0 0 52
0 0 26
- 2D
0
0 0
I)
a
00 0 0 0
104 1,530 0 5,870 0 583 91 1,850 39 0
0
121
260 I 1 .800 10,333 12.288 286 14,356 22-1 7772 21.989 15,197
20 I 5 12 3
0 0
I 0 0 0 0 0 0
218.1 74 09 545 175 954 34 610 I5 516 2,961,468
5
0
0 0 0 0 0 9
0 0 0 0 9
7 4 70 67
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 8
0
0 -
0
0 0
16
3 17 12 12
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
2,694 4 57 1,862
4 0 0 3
_
_
1
I 22 18 23-
SouiLe
Notes:
,I.
12 0 0 7 5 34
0 0 0
0 77
0 0 0 0 0 3,801
Origin.11forest I\ that estimated tn Ii;ive covered the planet XOOO years ago given current cliin;ite conditions
b. Iiicludex frontier 2nd iicrntroiitier forests.
c. Frontier toic\t\ ;ire 1.11gc.iel;itively iindi~turbedforest eco\ystem\ le\x
0
0 0 585 2 0 0 5,667 16 139 -____ 3 2,416 22
565 0 0 1,145 0
0 0
- .
_
_
0 0 0 0
-
F(rod diid Agiiciiltuie O ~ g ~ n i z ~ t (it i o ithe i LJnited "ition\
(11
0 0 0 0
_
13 0 0 45 36
-
I ) = zeio
~~~
_-
124,670 I 1,062 56.673 27,360 2,568 46,540
15
...
Sparse trees und Tropi(u1.f Nontro~iculjorests purklund ~ Areu nt Areu Percent Areu Percent (000 ha) protected (000 ha) protected (000 ha) lmtected
-~~~~-
tli;iii 1i;ilt
of the iinit trt'ineasure: .. = not ;iv;iil;ible
0 0 0
I14
0
0
0 I
0 448.197
0
-3008,245,
-
-
1 0
9 0 1
9 65 14 0 __
-~
1
81
0 0 0
0 0 0
2-----0 2 69,710
-_
0 11
Environmental Indicators
358
14-4. Wood production and trade, 1983-95 Average annual roundwood production ___ Total Fuel and charcoal I n d u w i a l roundwood (000 Percent (000 Percent (000 Percent cubic change c ithic change cubic change meter\) \inLe meter\) unce meter\) \inLe 1993-95 1983-85 1993-95 1983-85 1993-95 1983-85
Aveyge annual production Sawnwood Paper (000 Pertent (000 Percent cubic c hange cubic change meter\) \ince meter\) cince 1993-95 1983-85 1993-95 1983-85
-~
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Afric, excl S Africa& Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Fa\o Burundi CamXrGon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoro\ Congo,Dem Rep of Congo,Rep of CBte d'Ivoire Dlibouti Equatorial Guinea EritrkaEthiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana GuintTa- - Guinea-Bi\\au Kenya Le\otho Liberia Madagaur Malawi Mali Mauritania MCwntiu\ Mozaiblque Namibia Niger Ni geria Rwanda Sao Tom6 and Principe -Senegal Seychelle\ Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swdzlldnd Tanzania Togo Uganda Z'imbia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tuniw ~~
Notes:
;I.
- --
32 36 39 31 36
5,830 5,413 1,443 9,328 4,725
33 36 39 31 35
964 312 95 442 104
28 44 39 30 145
2 21
-10 68 1
15,263
30
12,065
32
3,197
24
1,088
136
3,795 4,407
15 26
3,250 3.773
15 26
545 633
13 28
68 2
16 I35
3.668 45,830 14,298
46 43 18
721
26
--- -
-
46,002 4,7 17 1,206 25,990
.-..
24 36 41 59
-
-
2,288 42,599 11,204
34 44 44
447
0
~-
44,279 2,8 I3 1,094 24,33 1
___
73 28 -29
274
122
-
_~.
-~
1,380 3,231 3,094
-4 37 442 67
1,724 1,905 112 1,660
.
_~
39 4 42 32 45
4,191 422 38,462 690 5,200
10,455 10,196 6,341
48 56 36 33 -10
9,950 9,669 5,937 8 8
44 0 42 32 38 -~
-
603 I55 1,891
16 16 28
98 I
101
506 527 404 5 10
-37 70 38 33 98
_.._
.
-
-
74 16 185
82
29
-732
-83
__
8
190
0
-21 -15
413
~~
132
81
-60 I33
5
-49
151
..
-44
38
0
-99
-234
171
.. . ~
~
-323
0
0 7
94 45 I3
20 -2 -8 1
~
-1 8
90 ~~
'3
-21 59 0 141
i5
I65 I 727
~
59 55 36 33 -45
0
-24
-3 -19 -7
5
~ - - - - ~-
5
._
~~
57 95 667
~
4,194 577 40,353 690 6,181
I3 18
-
25 35 31 58
-
~~
.
67794 5,725 1,538 9,770 4,828
~
~
--
-
Average annual net in roundwood& (000 Percent cubic chnge metery) Tince 1993-95 1983-85
trade
~
-
~
56 16
,
-I
4
-_
~~
17.852
19
16,844-
20
1,008
8
34
5,672 108,074 5,660
38 32 I
5,322 99,811 5,392
38 34 1
350 8,263 268
39 9 17
4 2,723 36
5 . I07
25
4,405
23
702
38
3,249 8,648 23.978 24,747
23 19 23 31 -34 36 I75 41 39 15
3,126 8,543 7,162 22,456
25 19 I 31
124 105 16,816 2,29 I
I67
841
-
-6
-42
1
630 - 49
-
I ,4& 35,680 2.053 16.684 14.422 8.075
-
2.489 2.643 650 2,263 3,502 567.133
~
-
-
-
__-
wit
54
-12
5
13
14 1,485 3 75 29 8 83
-69 0 -6 -75
35 30
~
10
-45 67 47 43 Ill 41
29 27 0 14
408 123 I I4 83 1
81 27 I6
0 35 207 41 35
2,081 2,520 536 1,432
27 2 14
of measure:
._= not avJilable
17
-
-4 -~
250 ~
I3 31
83 20 8,76 I
__ __-
14 - 1066 -100 _
-
-27 -7 1 381 262 60 I 79
35 1
-
~-
35
129
~~
23
909 2, I47 217 2,218 I ,08 1 1,806
560 33,533 1,836 14,466 13,341 6,269
56
.
- ~ - - -
Imports of rouiidwood are stiowii iu positive numbers: expoits are represented by negative numbers
0 = zero o r less tli;iii half of the
-
7 209
-
-
-
0 0 -29 36318
1755 3 _
~
19 -67 -
1429 -318
25 3 3 79
0 -9
~
27 5 -20 16
-443 256
-1 0 -111 -4 -6
- -~
~
86 220
-1 1
-1
6
-27 65 15
103 87
1
103
376 40
__147
22!!_--2p
-79
74
-42 -2051 42
____
-
~
Environmental Indicators
359
14-5. Freshwater resources and withdrawals, 1970-98 Annual internal renewable wuter resources Per capita 1998 Total (cubic km) (cubic meters) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africz excl. S. Africa & Nigeria. .Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi _ _ __ -Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros C G o , D e m Rep Congo,Rep of CBte d'lvoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopi a Gabon Gambia, The G h K
~-
I84
~-
-
40,4 1 3 2,176
28 0
1987 1987
19,001 78,668 5,265
84 0 6100 10
1990 1987 1987
30 3
-
- -
~
--
3
226 16 20 5 _ 200 _ ~ 337 18
-
60 0 _ _2 100 6 4 22 I 6
~~~
00
-
14 3 I
30 4 7,996
-
90
05 27 0 35 8
1,182
_
~
_
_6_5_5
5') _
100 I ,07 I 37 I 5,133_--
04 55 5 00 00 06-
-
Food dnd Afiicultuie Oigdni&iii ot the United Nation\ 0 = zero o r less tliaii half of the unit of measure; .. = not ;ivailable
-
-
460 43
-
~
- -
23
11
67
'"0
--64 35
- 1
-
62 22 ~
_ 81 _
11
13
_
11
72 7 35 10 60 20 22 27
6 -~
3 22 2 13 3 4 4 22 13 0 3 I 2 7 2 3 2 15 2
86 6 91 52 87 36 76 56 60 99 86 97 92 77 89 68 82 54 94
1987 1991 1990 1987 1987 1984 I994 1987
005
I
013 1630 094 1 36
0
1985
163
1974-_ I992 1991 1988 1987 I993
0 36 061 025 050
408 I6 I 4 14
077
2 12 5
202
5
3
92
0
14 30
98 99 359
7 3 17
4 0
51
666
89 97 72 94 -96 89 25 60 77 79
0 0 I0
30 ~
54 1,579 98 I62 92'3
-
S 5 2
363
_
-
1990
450
1993 55 10 1994 460 1992 I 0 8 5 7 07 1990 1995 -145 14
-
1 10
~~~~~
-
25
-
11171
-
40 28 20 216
I I I
2 9
-
136 _
32 1,968 767 36 87 4 -_
-
2 6 410!--___ 16 40 9 I79 29 69 16 41 31 13s 5
-
__
16 27
61
51 70 29 35 I42 17 87
-
07 00 00 03 00
74 82
2 0 I
-
~
5 2
1987 1987 1982
037 081 1331 1780 066 I 16 009 020 I71 I 22
~
21 16
- 15 ~ -
1987 1987 1990 1995 1980 1994 1987 1970 1994 1987
-
26 34
0
00 75 52 I I90 19
-
20 0 0 19
1987 0 0 1 221 006 002 030 074 002 205
76 67 48 81
10 10
-_________
-
-
34,957 563 1,011 1,227 2,836 2,485 2,594 1,829 9,229
-
1
14 23 32 19 36 46
10 20 67
160 6 45
-
0
-
57 28 84 39 20 38
0 0 I
I 36
14
0
-
036 004 071
1981
-
.
___-
-
13 0
~~
0 I 4 2
007 018
2,933
3 80 12 39 80 ~
-
~
00
26
35
ZimbabweN O ~ A F R I CA Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco T u nia'\ ALL-AFR IC A
.. ..
-
SUd!!-Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia
11.8
-
164
~
..
--69,767___ - _ 0 0 __789 60 1,771 00 140,171 00 2,s 13 50 1,607 229 29,454 00 I1 0 14,109 696 100 2,395 00 _ _ 72,780 _ ~ _ _ 3- 2 0 _ _ - __ 20,6 I4 00 00 1,690 I I 5071 40 0 I63 I1 0 1,915 00 __0- 0 -~ -5,350 I I60 00 7.75 1 39 3 346 29 0 1,815 59 0 96 5
110
Lesotho
Souire Notes:
141 15 __ _ _
I987 0.48 1994 0.15 I992 0.1 1 1992 0.38 1987 __________ 010 1987 040
..
15.5
S e c t o r u l withclruwuls (percent) Domestic Industrid Agriculturul
__
..
3 18 4 268
935 222 77
Guinea Guinea-Biwau Kenya
~~
~
.-.
15,376 1,751 1,870 1,535 546 18,711
10
Annuul withdruwuls Total P e r c e n t q e Per cup= (cubic o j wuter (cubic km) resources meters)
__
~-
~~
-
L~benaMadaga\car Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauri tius Mozambique N aini bi '1 Niger NIgeri a Rwanda Sao Tom6 and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa
_Annuul river flows From other T o other countries countries Yeur of (cubic km) (cubic km) dutu
--
-
__
2 9 62 32 16 14
11
-r- 2 2 I3 8 7 7
~_~
I80 25 92 I 6 880 I1 433 5 9 2 6 -_ 202 7 _________-___
-
__
15
8 2 3 3 5
60 X6 87 92 89 88
360
Environmental Indicators
14-6. Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade, and fish consumption Average annual marine cuSh-U/ (000 o/c metric c h u n p ton.\.) .since 1993-95 1983-85 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Afric: excl. S. Africa-& Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Canieroon Cape Verde Central African I<eptiblic Chad Cornoros Congo. Dem. R e p of Congo, Rep. of CBte d'lvoire Dji bou t i Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia. The G h+i:iGuinea Guinea- Bissau Kenya I R otho Liberia Madagiisciir M al ;i w i Mali Mnuri tani I I Miiuri tiiis Mozanlbique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwinda SZo Tom6 and I'rincipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra h o n e Soiixilia South Atrica ~~
~
~~
-
~
-
~
Average annual freshwuter cutch U / (000 O L metric chmge tons) since 1993-95 1983-8.5
78 14
192
21 42
246 -25
-1
67 252 20 77 2 4 23 2
-I1 -18 41 5 --9L
~
s 11da I1 'Yi i n L. a n i ;I T0g0 Ug;1nda
Zambi il Zimbabwe NO-RrH AFRICA A I jir ri ;I Egypr I .i b y ;I Morocco lunisia ALL AFRICA
~
~
13 3
I 57
98
15
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 53
51
0 0 0
0
0
367
0
-
.. ..
~~~
-6.6 -9.0 -4.6 -3.6 -0.6 -22.2 ~~~
-2.7 0.0 0.6 0.0 -0.6 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 -0.3
~-~
~~~~
.. 75 8 -
4 18 58 3 2 0 24 19 300
60 5 108 0 4 85
140 -8 -22
15 28 124 34 130 75 86 367 -61 180
5
53
87 19 25
0 74 -27 2 336
305 187
14
166 7 I8 8 14 1 0400 50 25 25
?7
41 03 860 00 19
320 575 81 6 52 0I 34
I 1 28 1142 35
-
~
-
27 38 -4 I -
- 4 L
-
2 4 I 30 117 112 66 -13 -12
-
-
-
733 5 255
-0.7 -0.3 .
0 0
0 0 0
39 6 0
-0 S O S
0
0
5
0 0
314 5
823 12
P--o
0 0 0 0
-
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0
200 0 0 1,057 0
19
247
0 0 0 0 14 0
-
1-6 00 -0 3 -103 08 177 20 06 20 I 00 -0 9 176 0I -I 5 I9 7
911
-42 54 4 29 15,179 51
72 0 42 0 0 0
69 -107 58.7 -1.6 -138.6 -0.2
5 0
-
330
43
30.7
45
0
0
29
14
887
47 IS 557 4
34
0
22
0
34 50
117 467 27 183 607 153 4,422 37
1195 -2 4
68
937 0 0 0 0 0 0
2,942 0
01 I00 I
-10 -6 I6 50 29 -2 I 69 29
0
70
14.7 0.3 09 39 6
247 9 96 II 20
-3 -32
-27 6 -I 72
59 1176 57 I I I
7
-74
-
23 00 0 0 0 0 0
100 -
114 116 73
739 84
3.917
74 725 162 59 7 31
03 190 0 0I 17 04
862 33
40
53 I 1,732 0 1,030 676
_ _
-
..
0.0 0.0 0.8
-
~~
00 00 00 00 32 00 31 0 0 5 9 -09 48 00 01 00 0 9 -03 00 00 00 - 03 605 0 5 0 0 -06 00 0 0 1270 0 0 -3 7 - 2 2 6 9 8 -0 1 0.0 6.7 0.4 0.0 35.4 -1.3 0.0 0.0
0 0 0 0
98 -124
13-
-84
-
-
189
-I 0
0 0 148 I08
-67 -644 162 241 0 177
-
322
4.5 5.9
-19.7 102.1
5.1 31.4 12.5
-44.1 -23.9 -22.6
440 17 5 22 8 67 56 57 40
-188 82 55 -180 1494 124 I3 7
7.3 6.8 6.4 16.2 27 7 21 10.8 0.4 6.9
21 4 -25.9 -12.4 23.4 56 4 - -~ -40 6 5.0 -28.1 -27.1
-
~
26 8
22 1
~
-
~
06
~
~
P
_
_
106 0 0 150 -168 25 0 0 76 -147 5 0 2 -56 1 0 Lo O p L L 23 9 00 69 00 11 8 -8 5 15 00 107 -120 00 00 104 -176 0 0 -04 92 -17 I -0~7_ _ -0 _ _5 _ _ _ _ _ 2_2~ _ --_21
-
_ _ __ 71
-51.1 -5.8 98.4 -22.3 39.3 _____ -41.2
-~
~~~~~
~-
-
12.4 10.2 7.1 1.3 3.8 8.5
00
0
-
14 254 0 26,859 0 90 198 200 206 174
.. -0.1 0.0 4.4
~
-40.I -18.5 12.1
2,521 231 84
-14 270 -15 I83 0
.
.. 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
-
~-
-
-11 53
0
_. -
0 0 0
0 0 0
39 -9 __
-
0 0 0
Per cupitu unnuul ,food supply from fish und seqfood Totul % chunge 1993-95 since ( k z ) 1983-85
Averuge unnuul balance oftrude h/ 1993-95 (million US$) Molluscs & Fish Fish crustuceuns meul .. ..
~
~
Average annual uyuuculture production . . . 1993-95 (metric ton.s) Diu- Fresh- Mo1lu.w.s Murine dromous wuter & Crusfish fish fish tuceuns
-
23 04 -0 5 3992 563
__
____-
-03 -5 4 -0 8 -04 00
____
75
18
69 39 76 79
40 19 1 87 -186
Environmental Indicators
14-7. Commercial energy production, 1985-95 -. ...
-Totu~ 1 _ Percent
Petu-
.joules,
chunge .since
199s
1985
_ _ Solid _ fuels Percent
Liquid fuels
.
Petu-
joules, 1995
-____-___-.
change since
Petu,joules,
198s
1995
198s
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa
,
e ~ ~ A f r i c a g r _a-_~__. N.._~~ e ~
::---.:
..
Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso
Buru?!!
-
1,121 4 0 -
-l. .
I29 -68
0 0
0 0
0
0
0 -100
______ 220 __ 0
1
. . .
Gaseous fuels
. ._____-_____
~
Percent change .since
Petujoules,
199.5
198s
-~~- ' '
0 -0-
0
74 88 .. I 0 0
3 1 0
T 11nL\i a ALL AFRICA Soui~e Note\
_
_-_
-
-
~
4,997 2,530 3,130 22 185 22,667
_
_ _
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
I
0 -3
00
5 I 0
14 -75 0
0 3,857 0
0
0 -100 M'IUl~tlU\ Mozambique I -36 Namibia Niger 5 14 Nigeria 4,054 26 Rwanda I 65 S2o Tome 'ind Principe ~ ~_ _ _- ___ Senegal 0 0 Seychelle 9 Sierra Leone 0 0 Somalia South Africa (a) 4.93 1 27 Sudan ~ - - _ 3 10SWdZlldlld 6 157 T'mzania Togo 0 -100 Uganda 7 31 Zainbia 37 -24 Zimbabwe - -:?I 71 - -
NORTHAFRICA Algeiia Egypt Libya Moiocco
0
-
0
--
0
0 -100
_ _0_ _ _ _
0 _________
0
0
10
20
0 0
0
0 0
0
-100
0
0
0
__ ______
-
-3 I 57
0 0 0
-65 -0
~
0 112
0 -100 0
19 141 -18
0 0 0
- _ _0 _
--
0 0 0 0
-100
0 ________
0 7 38,642 3 0 0 0 22 ______ 0 1 0 0 0 22
0_--
~
21 2 4
0_ _ _ -__
-
0 764 0
0
-100 0 0 0
0_
-
1 -
-~
0 0 0 0
~~
-
204 25 0 104 70 0 21 6 8 75 107
-~
1
3 I 0 0
0 0
P
0
0
0
0
-100 -100 --100
0 24 0
0 I74 0
0 59 -100
0 22 I
0 180 69
_
0
-
_
-
-
_~_______
~
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
773 -0-
0 0
72
0 0
0 0 108 3
0 0 137 62
0 0 0 0 0
0
5 0
-100
4,379
-
-0-
-100 0 0 0 9 -29 - 6 2 __-L72p-0 0
~
4 0
0
-_L
-
-
5 0
-45
0
--_____
~~
.since i985
0
0
0
~
joules, 199s
56 0
0 -
0
Malawi Mali Mauritania
Percent chunge
~
7 0
0
~
Petu-
-~
131 -68
Cameroon 222 -43 0 -100 21 3 Cape Verde 0 -100 0 0 0 Central Atricdn Republic Chad 0 0 0 0 Comoro\ ___ _ _-_____-_____ ____ Congo,Dem Rep of 72 -21 3 -15 48 Congo,Rep of 385 57 0 0 387 CGte d'ivoire 19 -60 0 0 15 DII bou ti Ekptorial 0__ _ ~Guinea _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _10 _ _ _ ~138,789 _ - _____ l0--Eritrea Ethiopia 7 56 0 0 0 Gabon 799 1 I9 0 0 764 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 Ghdna 0 0 - __ 22 _ _ ~ _ 93 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _0 _ _ ____ ~Guinea 1 70 0 0 0 Guinea- Bi +\au 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya 22 21 0 0 0 Laotho
Primary electricity
..
1,109 4
-.
~
Percent change .since
-
55 I 23 0 18 0 -23 19 -24 -_o 35- _ _ -4 4 8 c
~~
326 0 0 -16 0 12
~-
0
2,565 1,961 2,884 0 - L79 14,364--
0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 __
-__
_
-
0 0 0 0
0 ~-
-0 _ _ _
125 29 -22 - -19 -
3
28 9
-_
24 4 37 _
-100
1
21
63.499
31
_
2,47 1 530 246 -
109 279 43 -70 -65 117
United Nition\ Strlti\tlLdl Diviuon 'I Data die t o i the South AtiiLd Cu\tom\ Union (Bot\wdnd Lewtho. Namibia South AtiiLa. and Swmland) I Iieta.ioule = I .(HH).(KH).(HW).(HW).(HH) joules = 947.X~)o.~WH).(H)o Btus = I63.400 "U.N. standard" barrels of oil = 34.140 "U.N. stmdard" inetiic tons of coal 0 = zei.0 01 less than half of the unit of measure; _.= not available 01' indeterminate.
1
39 0 2 _0_ 324
-
.
-
-57 34 0 16 -100 46
362
Environmental Indicators
14-8. Energy balances, 1985-95 Induwy --~ Trun sportation -Iron und ,tee[Total Air Road (% of totul final (% o j totul final '% of total final (% o j total final '% o j total f i n d ~ ~ ~ - ~ - _ _ _cwwmption) _ consumption) consumption) consumption) consumption) 1995 IY85 l9Y5 1985 I995 1985 1995 IY85 I Y Y 5 1985 _
~
E?!!--
~
~~~
~
'
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA . . . . excluding South Atrica . . . . . . . . excl. S Africa & Nigena _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ ~ 27.1 26.5 23.9 0.0 Angola 0.0 50.6 58.6 147 72 21.0 0.0 Benin 0.0 58.2 74.8 . . . . Botswana . . . . Burluna Faso Burundi . . . . __~__ 17.5 14.5 0.0 Cameroon 0.0 43.7 53.9 4.8 . . . . Cape Verde . . . . Central African Republic Chad .~ . _. ._ _ _ _ . . . . Comoros -~-____ __8.7 10.5 0.0 Congo, Dem Rep of 0.0 66.1 70.5 22.6 8.8 29.1 24.7 0.0 00 386 435 Congo, Rep of 9.0 21.6 17.8 0.0 00 495 491 CBte d'Ivoire . . . . Djibouti . ~. ~. - _ . _ _ Equatorial Guinea ~. . . . Eri trea 20.8 24.8 19.3 0.0 00 51 9 591 Ethiopia 13.9 00 425 198 29.0 46.3 0.0 Gabon . . . . . . . . Gambia, The 0.0 0.0 44.4 47.2 . __ 4.4 34.5 29.7 Ghanj _~_____-~_____Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bis\au 26.4 24.3 16.7 Kenya 0.0 0.0 51.6 54.9 Le\otho Libena ~ _ -. . . . Madagascar . . . . Malawi . . . . Mc~li . . . . Mauritania . . . . MauEtys _ .~~ .... 76 0.0 00 16.4 17.2 120 GO Mozambique . . . . Namibia . . . . Niger 49 160 I7 9 0.6 06 51.6 56.5 Nigeria . . . . Rwanda . . . . Sio Tom6 and Principe _ ._ -.._ _ . . 20 5 29 4 26 0 0.0 00 55.0 61.2 Senegal . . . . Seychelles . . . . Sierra Leone . . . . Somalia 20 45 8 59 9 South Atrica 13.3 25 7 27.6 24.0 43.4 45.1 29 6 286 0.0 00 11 5 Sudan ___ . . . . Swazi land 44.4 32.5 15 2 30 6 0.0 01 63 T'inzania . . . . Togo . . . . Uganda 57 5 63 4 0.0 00 20.1 18.7 38 Zlmbia 14.1 23 20.3 25.3 52 2 48 9 I7 6 Zimbabwe -~ . . . . NORTH AFRICA ~_ ~2.3 23 I 24.9 4.2 8.6 22.2 39.4 Algeria 28 2.9 4.0 19.9 24.2 49 7 46.0 Egypt 36 31 9 36.2 0.0 0.0 40.2 39.0 Libya 39 0.0 0.0 12.9 27.7 22 9 40.3 Morocco 5.9 TunisF 33 5 34.1 ~.--Z.o_ ~-3.2-31 3-31.1 3.9 ALL AFRICA 37 5 43:3 - 6-1.__ .!.!.6-_L%322.2 Source: United States Geological Survey.
Agriculture (% oj total final cmsumptionL
_
~
1995
IYXS
~
Commercial and public services (% of total final consumption) I995 1985
Residentiul (% o j total final
consumption) 1995
1985
. . . .
. . . .
. _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ _ . _ _ _
~~~~
26.2 10.8
23.6 324 37.2 64.0 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
18.0 25.4
14.0 14.4
0.0 0.7
0.0 0.4
0.0
0.1
16.3
9.0
0.0
0.5
0.0 0.0 3.0
0.0 0.0 4.1
18.6 16.7 14.2
7.7 17.7 13.2
0.0 0.0 6.3
0.6
2.3 0.0
3.8 0.0
6.5 12.9
7.8 19.2
2.6 2.6
3.7 0.3
1.7
3.8
13.0
10.8
2.0
2.3
3.1
2.8
11.8
8.9
1.1
4.9
3.5
0.0
6.7
5.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.6
3.5
18.2
2.3
0.7
0.2
3.2
1.o
5.6
2.6
1.5
5.5 7.0
7.0 3.2
3.6 2.2
4.8 2.6
4.3
3.9
7.9 8.3
6.6 6.8
0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 8.6 23
2.3 1.0 0.0 6.5 7.5 32
~
-
~~~~~
~
~~
_
~
_
11.9 8.8 9.6
. . ~. ~ _. _
~
43.5 58.6 29.8 34.6 38.7 34.8
~
~
~
~
. . . .
20 6 42
31.1 36.1 24.5 15.6
_3 _9
38.4 39.8 . . . .
I4 8
33.0 37.7
. . . .
. . . . .
~~
~~~
.
.
.
. . . .
. . . .
...
~
74
8.8
50
46.2
_ -
22 5
. . . . 31.1 31.1
17 66
239 199 304 -344
4.2 8.9
3.1 12.0
61
340
4.6
3.7
28.0
25.3
41 31
16.3 13.3 13.8 15.9
2.9 10.2
2.3 12.0
4.3 5.8
5.4 5.1
03 33 00 50 57 28
292 206 75 187 15 0 132
9.9
. . . .
--
50.1
197
-
~~
~
. . . .
~~
~~~
~
~-
0.0 7.3
. . . .
~~
-
_
38.9 48.9 . . . .
~~~
--
~~
5.0
~
. .... . .
~
4.2 2.6 6.0 5.9 3.9 40
16.1 17.1 36.7 6.4 24.8 -241
34.3 20.0 33.0 19.4 21.5 262
___ ~
00 07 00 07 73 24 ~~
_
21.5 18.7 3.2 16.0 18.4 123
_____ _
~
Environmental Indicators
14-9. Production of selected minerals and materials, 1995 Bauxite (AI content)
(000 metric tons)
Iron ore (Fe content) (000 metric
Copper ore (Cu content) (metric
tons)
tons)
Nitropn Silver ore Gold Sulfur Sult (ummoniu) (Ag content) (Au (000 (000 (000 (metric content) metric metric metric tons) (ki1oRram.v) tons) ton.v) totw)
Sand und Hydraulic gravel cement
Phosphorus Potassium (P205) (potash) (000
(000
(000
(000
metric tons)
metric tons)
metric tons)
metric tons)
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Afric' excl S Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burluna Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad
-~
30 1
2 1,029 -
~~~
~-
~
9,500 5 3,200 -
- _ _ _
-
s9 4,500 70
~
-
-
-
-
~
~
0-
~
22,530
66
74
500
30
7,800 -~~
5 6 6
900 2,099
40 300
7,OOo
~
255 5
52,200 7,863 170
~
~-
_~~
~
~~
-
~
~
28,800
~~
-
208 7
700
Comoros Congo,Dem Rep of Congo,Rep of CBte d'Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana123 Guinea 3,600 Guinea-Bi\\au Kenya Le\otho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mduri tiu\3 Mozambique Namibid Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sio Tom6 and Princlpe Senegal Seychelle\ Sierra Leone 70 Somalia South Africa SUddJ Swaziland -~ Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimb'ibwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tuni\iaALLAFRICA Source: United States Geologicid Survey ~-
86 6,000 10 560
Z
I 00
100 -~
~
I20
3,ooo
I00 I 313 75
44
7
50 19,806 ~
~~
199.600
I74
~
523,820
600
1,087 -
~~~~
- -
7 720
800 350 I30 300
5
160
329,200 9.500
14
10
79 24.344
10
70
45
_
~~
~
1,000 2,100 40 128
3
I78 I .000
13,000
330 I -
-
12 I75 400
380 040 200
-
~
-
~
-
I ,ooo
_
-
-~
232 '390
2,182-
25 9471 250
32,800
-
~
~
_ -
--~
6,200 16,000 2,300 6,500 4,300
364
Environmental Indicators
14-10. CO, emissions from industrial processes, 1995 ~
Solid SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Afric: excl. S. Africa 6i Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso BuEnvdj Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Repiiblic Chnd Comoros COI;~O, Deiu. Rep. of Congo, Rep. of CBte d’lvoire D,iibouti Equatorial Guineir Eri trea Ethiopia Gabon Gombia. The ci ha1a Guinea Guinea- Bihsiu Kenya
Curhon dioxide cnii.ssion.s (000 nietric ton.\’) -.. - . -... ~
~~
Liquid
-
~
Gas
~
Per cupitu curbon dioxide Emissions Bunkerfuels U/ (metric tons) (000 metric tons) ~
Gu.s fluring
Cement munufucture
Tot111
2,460 0 0 0
I49 I89 0 0 0 259
4 602 634 2.242 956 213 4. I44
~
~~
- --
~
~~
~
~
Lesotho I,i beri ;I Matlaguscx Ma I ;I w I
Mali Miiuri tania MW ri ti ti \ Mozambique N ami bi ;I Niger Nigeria liwandu Sao Tom6 and Principe Senegal Seychelleh Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa ( a ) Suda I1 Swazi land Tanzani ;I YrOgo U g iinddn Zii mbi a
Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA AI ge ri il Egypt Libya Mor0cc0 ‘Ill 1111;1
A1.I. AFRICA
-
0 0 2,242 4
1,667 443 0 956
18
198
-
-
p
~
04 01 15 00
-
2,561 59 0
4
3,880
322 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
234 95
0 0
0
0
234
0
0
95
0.1 0.0
854 0 0
1,194 1,048 10,113
0 7 0
0 167 0
50 50 249
2.099 1,268 10.362
00 05 08
0
132
0
0
0
132
03
0
I1
3 045
0 0 7 0 0
1,894 216 3.342 1 ,08 1 23 1 5.687
0 I .583
0 0
29 65
0 0 0
0
07 33 02
315 41 8 0
0
0
0
0
0 698 0 0 747
3.52s 3,543 216 4045 1 081 23 I 6 683
0
0
0
835
0 0 0 0 0 0
458 I50 0
645 20,2 I7 4x4
0 8,563 0
0
2,770
0 0 250.453 0 i154 15 0
443 0 47,291 3,375 0 2,026 572 978 1462 3,405
0
0
4
00-
_
_
~
~
03
18 p
~
48
40 59
~
~
25 3 0 44 44 0 15
176 I 50
310 1,048
612 454 2 865 I315
0
0
0 30 69 I0 I87
319
476 33 260
--
02 01 02 03
-
p
795 5.738
6 247 238 274.078
22.1 34 55,205 25 564 19.764 8,819 269.355
161
18
172
9Lpp_-_
~-51
p
0
0
10
993
01
55 37 51 70 86 1 216
0
I5 1.296
1s
5 1.493 2
3
90.7 17 49 I
0.1 0.8 0. I
48 2,301 29
0
0
294
3 063
04
0 0 3,543 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
0 12 4.520 I25 0 399 I74 65 149 408
443 II 305,805 3.499 451 2.440 744 I ,044 2.404 9.735
0.1 0.0 7.4
0 0 0
1.1
0I 01 00 14 13 ~
0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
47.222 26.055 9 255 4s 3.818
100.416
15,578 0 3.424 0 26 1 73.386
7,089 7 077 1,146 3,239 2, I43 27,932
9 I ,267 0 I ,684 39 403 29 294 I5 308 745,595
~
00 03
0’
1 1
-
315 0 7,236 39 _ -1_ 0 158 0 0 1 I0 0 - .
05 01 02
33 15 73 I 1 17
p
784
31
__-
3 243 2 451 I5
-
40
~
0
~
725 46 5 3 067 I 491
0
I 125
-
-
~
_
_
_
-_
1.41 1 5,108 75 1 249 586 25,326
p
365
Environmental Indicators
1 4 41. Globally threatened species: mammals, birds, and higher plants, 1990s
excluding South AtricL excl S Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botjwana Burluna Fajo Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad %mop Congo, Dern Rep ot Congo, Rep of CGte d'Ivoire Dlibouti Equ'itorial G u i i m Eri tred Ethiopia Gabon Gambia. The C;h,ina Guinea Guinea-Bi\uu Kenyci Lejotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi MA Mauri t'ini'i M'iuritiuj Moz'imbique N ami bi '1 Niger Nigert ,I Rwanda S'io Torn6 and Piincipe Senegal Seychellej Sierra Leone Soinalia South Afric'i SudanSw,iziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeri'i Egypt Libya Moiocco TUIII\I~I ALL AFRICA
276 I88 I64 147 I07 297
7 0 0 0 0
17 9
13
32
5
6 S
56 85 43 49 76 83
765 307 386 335 45 I 690
13
8
0 0 0 0
13 I
5.000 2.000
I4
I56 I38 I01 I12 322 I93
7 I 6
1,260 17
I.IoO 1,500 8,000
156
25 3
I .Ol7 899
4 0 I 74
369 1.7j3 2,237
209 I34
2
II 14
53 27
537 370
0 0
2 3
I37 75
3.600 1.600
I 00
1
0 12
92 1 322
41 S
28 1
18 I0 16
69 62 73
929 449 53s
22 0 0
26 3 12
I53 I40 I70
I I.000 4.350 3.517
1,100 I .200 62
7 66
1,817 1,356 1.1 18
3
12 6
3,000
66
9
2,135
35
12 4 I? I1 4
3 0 28 0 0 I 0 0 6
4 3 20
2 0
273 319 626 466 280 529 409 243 844 58 372 202 52 I 397 273 27 498 469 299 68 I
I04 I10
31
I33 I57 2hO
I 53 78 0 12
0 I I04
S
1.378 2,197 928 I .264 I .043 655 1.57 1 1.093 1,037 2,347 1.592
9
131 49 54 64 I04 78 66 71 94 23 87 27 86 28 13 7 42 36 27 62 I10
513
0 2 0
-
Source: Notes:
200 230 184
112 255 I90 I08 222 I90 I ox 3 59 33
I93 I 05
195 I37 61 4 I79 I54
I
1 1
-
0 21 0 0 84 0 0
13
2 II 46 7 I1 14
1
4
2 I
13
II II 26
3
IS1
0 6 0
I 5s
0
13
58
384
0
9 18
77 43
166 422 596 680 364 822 39 1 830 605 532
131
274
I47 171 247 267 47 316 I96 338
229 270
I1 27 II 0 12
33
51
21
43 30 70 I10
5
1 6 3
31 8 18 11
I
9
XI
IS
I1
15 21 I4
18 I1
30 31
118
55
3
6
373
6.500 6.500 966 3,600 3.000 I .ot)O 6 .ooo 1.576 2.2~0 9.000 3.600 1.741 l.lO0 700 5.50 3.128 I . I70 4.6 I4 2,288
0
6
I41
2.062
26
32
77 1
0
12 8 16
243 I07 I22 I10 303 IS3 220 200
2,090 3.000 23.000 3, I32 2.636 IO,OO0 2,000 5.0(X) 4.600 4.200
74 500
12 57 953 8 41 406 0 6 9 94
I ,09 1 76 1 4.71 I 506 2,197 2,229
145
509 452 327 I .028 855
0 0 0 9 0 1
10 8 0 0
24 0 3 I 0
4 I
I0 I?_ I 21 13 28 C)
6
3 I0 14 X 2 ()
1)
h
30 I I 0 I0 I09
I 0 0
~
~
~
~
367
Environmental Indicators
14-13. National protection of natural areas, 1997 All protected ureus
(IUCN cutegories I-V)
._~_.
~
~
Pi~rwnt
~
Totulljl protected (mu.\' (IUCN cutegorir.v. 1-111) _ -
?koj'protected ureus (IUCN cur. I - V )
Purtiu11y protected
(IUCN wtegories IV-V) .~~ ~. ureu
~
~~~~~
Number
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & ~ ~ ~ g e r l k-Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem Rep ot Congo,Rep of C8te d'Ivoire Dliboutt Equdtorid -Guine,~ Eritred Ethioptd Gabon Gdmbid, The Ghmd ~uined Guine,i-Bt\~,iu Kenya L.e\otho Liberid Mdldwl MciIi Mdiirt tdni'i Mdurt ttu\ Moz'imbique N,imibtd Niger Nigeri'i Rw'indd Sjio ToinK+id Principe Senegdl Seychelle\ Sierr'k Leone S o n i dI d South Africd Sudm sw '121 ldlld Tdnz,ini,i Togo Ugdnd'i Zambia ZIiiib,ibwe NORTH AFRICA Algeri'i Egypt Liby.1 Morocco Tunim ALL AFRICA
.
AIPU
ofluiiil
(000 ho)
UI'CU
-
8,181 778 10,497 2,855 1 44 _ _ 2.097
I3 9
5,110 11,494
11
10,191 1,545 1,986
Nuiiihrr
_ - -
- - -
12 2 8 12 9 16
AI.PU
66 70 I8 5 104 56 __._ 45
(000 ho)
Ni/iiihet
50 I 5,s I8 723 22 1,104 -164
36
3,504 7 I29 1 , l 19 1,059 4.532 1,746 12 4.779 10,616 9.694 3,020 362
1
I 36 9 13
4 3
I1 I6 6 20 5
(000 ho)
in sizr
ut least -~ 1 niillron ho ~~
117
.$
iZU
6 2 4 3 0 7
5,423 778 435 I 534 0 1,032-
6 0 4 9 9 9
2.758 0 5,945 2,321 1 44 1,066-
50 100 88 50
37 5 83
8.2 9.1
5 2
3, I88 414
8 7
1,922 1 1,080
85 100
15.4 22.2
45 45 62
I0 2 10
10.187 513 1,891
7 I
50 55 28 22 48 07
0 I2 1 3 7 3
0 3,036
3 8
1.5 18
4
I .097 I64
0
62 02 13 19 I1 3 37 17 60 61 I29 77 33 I4 7
32
3.45 I 0 I29 744 696 750 1,496 7 1,967 9,775
4 I 0 20 4 II I 2 6 6
1,500
4 13
- -
-~
~-
1
- ~-
3 20 5 4 9 3
-
100,000 ho
~~
-
9 II
-
Areo
0
1
I6 5 2 3 I
5 I0 2 7 2
2.276 264
I 2
--
4 1,032 95
82 56 36
soi
67 70 20
2,482 708 4 7 0
3
52 7 0 375 362 3,782 250 6 2.8 12 84 1 8, I94 745 98
36 4 91
33 33 19
28
100 3 33 62 75
I5 4 25 0
64 44 67 45 20
I8 2 18 8 33 3
-
9
2, I80
I1 3
5
I ,012
4
1.168
2 I 232 I1 2
82 180 6,578 8.642
I 1 03 54
30
13.816 428 1.910 6,364 3.068
86 79
0 0 35 8 0 12 3 7 21 11
0 0 4.262 x,499 0 4.100 357 876 6.364 2,704
2 I I97 3 2 18 5 25 0 14
82 180 2.3 16 143 35 9.7 I6 71 1,034 0 364
2.5
13
5 762
5
08 0I 07 03
4
09 51 (1
x
I29 69.5 I22 307 0 63.952
8 32 21 25
35
5.891 793 I73
18
12 6 7 6 746
316
44 154.043
Source: World Coiiheiwtion Monitoring Centre (WCMC). 0 = zero (11' les\ thm half the tinit o f measure. Nt)teh:
16 20 156 79 96
52
.. = not available or indeterminate
3
2 6 300
44 90.09 I
3
5 0 446
33
100
4 64
04 36 4
67 25 I9 52 24
10 0
II
11 I
48 40
8 17 14 28
48
Environmental Indicators
14-14. International protected areas, 1997 Intern a t i onul p roreL ti on v y v tems World heritaxe sites
Bio vphere
reserves Nurnher SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Af'rici excl. S. Africa KL Nigei-ia Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cnmeroon Cape Vertle Cen tral A fri can Rep ii b I i c Chad Cornoros Congo. Dun. Rep of. Congo. Rep ot CBte d'lvoire D,jibouti Eqiiatori al ( i ui nea Eri trea Ethiopia Gibon Giimbia. The G h ;I n;i Guinea (;UI nea- Bi s w u Kenya Leso tho
Liberi ;i Madagascar M al ;iw I Mali Mauritania Miiuri ti 11s Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeriii I< wantla Siio TornC and Principc Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Sonialia South Africa Sudiul Swazi land l'anL:ini ii
0 1
ea
0 0 0 0
Areci
0 0 0 0 526
0 1 3
6,864 299
850
I
2 0
1.640
I 0
1,740 0
0 1
3 2 2
298 I72 1.480
5 0 3
6.855
2 0 I
0 0 0 I 0 I 2 I 5 0 0 I
15 X
I33 I I0 1.335
0 0 I 0 0 0 I
0 0 0 0
0 I .484
0 0 22 0 0 0 I3 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 3 I 6 6 I 2 0 0 0
I 1 I
728 0 IS
0 2 0 0
0 I52 9 400 1,200 0 0 0 7.956 0 0
1
I.094
2
920
4
0
0 0 0 0 0
0
140
1
0 I
0 I 0 0
0
I
77 1 4
I I 0 0
I .90 I
0 0 0
2.338
0 4
1
3 2 0 0 4 I
73x0 0
220
2 I 2
132 4 I .095
7 2 0 0
7.276 2.577
I 0 0 0
4
32 24.033
I
0 0 0 13 29.9 I 0
2 2 0 4 I 72
30
866 19
1,080 20 178 225 39 49
225 162 1,189
630 220
100
0
0
46
195
0 0
IS 0 0 0 2 I 2 0
0
_
(000ha)
0 3
0
_
Number
16
;in1 bi ;I
Morocco
At
(000 ha)
Number
1
T0g0 Uganda
TLI ni \i ii ALI, AFRICA
880
0
0 0 0 2 0 2 0 I
i mbahwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria 1:gypt I ,i 1) y i
Areci (000 ha)
~
Werlands of ititgrnationgl importance
486
194 15 333
5 106 11
13 13,522
~
~
Environmental Iridicators
369
Zoo census . I996 Number Number Number
Specrc\ __ _ _Common nume
Reptiles
~
Boa, Dumeril's Giound Boa, Madagascan Tree Boa, Madaga\car Crocodile, W Atncan Dw'irt Gecko, Standing's D'iy Lizard, Giant Girdled Tortoise, African P;uicahe Tortoise, Aldabra Giant Tortoi se, Geometric ~Radiated Tortoise,
Acrmtophis dumerili PvLidagaScar Smzinia niadagascariensis Madagaxar Acrantophis madagascarienus Madagascx Osteolaemus tetra$pi\ Central and West Afric,i Phelsuma standingi Mlso,ooo
UK
>2().O( )O
AU A A. S
I ss.000
__
-
~~
~~~
Addax naSoniaculatus L q u u africanu# somaliensis g/ Ethiopia. Soiiiali'i Africa Acinonyx jubatus f/ Africa Pan troglodytes f/ Deiii. Rep. of Congo Pan pnniscus Africa Lycaon pictus f/ Mandrillus leucophaeus f/ Caineroon, Eq. Guinea, Nigeria Loxodonta africana f/ Africa Cryptoprocta ferox Madagascar M;I U ri ti iis (Rod r i g ue s) Pteropus rodricensis North Africa and the Sahel Gazella dama West Central Africa Gorilla gorilla gorilla West Africa Hexaprotcdon liberiensis fl Zambia Kobus leche kafuensis Madagascar Eulemur macaco macaco Comoros, Madagascar Eulemur mongoz f/ Madagascar Lemur catta Madagascar Vnrecia variegata f/ Panthera leo e/ Africa Cercopithecus diana f/ West Africa Israel lint.1, North Africa Oryx dammah Africa Diceros bicornis f/ Ethiopia, Kenya Equus grevyi AngoI!? N@bia. S.Africa Equus .zebra . hartmannae g/ ~~
~
~
~~
~
~~~~
188 193 57 141 315
ss 228 278 10
54.0---412
~~~~
13 21 7 2 68 6 I1 0 0 25 ______-
13,0oO-lS,O(~) 37.0
CR
E, s
vu vu
A
55.0 5.0 18.0 32.0 .
S.0
10,000
CR
77.
~
EN Au. E. S . U K