ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȺȽȿɇɌɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂɘ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə «ȼ...
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ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȺȽȿɇɌɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂɘ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə «ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ»
ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉɈɑȼ. ȼȺɅɈȼɈɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɂ ɆɂɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɈɃ ɑȺɋɌȿɃ ɉɈɑȼɕ ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ƀɨɧɤɨ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ 2007
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ 18 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2007 ɝ., ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 3
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ ȼȽɍ Ɍ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɟɜɹɬɨɜɚ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɝɪɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: 020701 (013000) – ɉɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. 2
ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ
ɗȿɅȿɆȿɇɌɇɕɃ (ȼȺɅɈȼɈɃ) ɋɈɋɌȺȼ ɉɈɑȼɕ ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ (ɜɚɥɨɜɨɟ) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɩɨɱɜ. ɈɌȻɈɊ ɂ ɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɄȺ Ʉ ȺɇȺɅɂɁɍ ɋɊȿȾɇȿɃ ɅȺȻɈɊȺɌɈɊɇɈɃ ɂ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɉɈɑȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɉɊɈȻ ȼɡɹɬɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɨɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɹɬɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ. Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɨɤ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɲɢɛɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɦɚɥɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ 0,25 ɦɦ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɧɚɜɟɫɨɤ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5 ɝ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,5 ɦɦ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚɯ 5 ɝ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɞɨ 2 ɦɦ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ. Ɉɬɛɨɪ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ 5–7 ɦɦ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɪɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɹɦ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ⱦɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɭ, ɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5 ɦɦ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ 3–4 ɫɦ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ. ɂɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ 3
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɢɤɢ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 7–10 ɝ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ, ɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ, ɫɧɨɜɚ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɢɤ. ɂɡ ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɢɧɰɟɬɚ, ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɨɞ ɥɭɩɨɣ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɚɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɭ ɧɚɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɤɭɫɤɨɦ ɲɟɪɫɬɹɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɬɨ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 0,25 ɦɦ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɫɬɭɩɤɭ, ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ, ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɣɞɭɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɬɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɢɤɚɯ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɬɨ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 1 ɢɥɢ 2 ɦɦ. Ɋɚɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɬɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɢɤɚɯ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɱɜ. ɉɨɱɜɭ, ɩɪɨɫɟɹɧɧɭɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɬɨ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 1–2 ɦɦ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 5–7 ɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɚɝɚɬɨɜɨɣ, ɯɚɥɰɟɞɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɹɲɦɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɭɞɪɵ (ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɟ ɰɚɪɚɩɚɟɬ ɤɨɠɭ). ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɢɤɚɯ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ. ɉɚɤɟɬɵ, ɤɨɪɨɛɤɢ, ɛɚɧɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɵ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɚɦɢ. ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ȽɂȽɊɈɋɄɈɉɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȼɅȺȽɂ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɥɚɝɭ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɝɭ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɗɬɚ ɜɥɚɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 100–105 ºɋ. ȿɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ 4
ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ 2–5 ɝ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 100–105 ºɋ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɸɤɫɵ (ɛɸɤɫɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɤɪɵɲɤɚɦɢ). Ȼɸɤɫɵ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ (ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ) ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 5 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 100–105 ºɋ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɲɤɚɮɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɳɢɩɰɨɜ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɵɲɤɚɦɢ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɤɫɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɛɸɤɫɵ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɤɚɮ ɧɚ 1,5–3 ɱ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. ȼɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ 5 ɱ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 100–105 ºɋ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ (%) ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: W%
(a b) u 100 , b
ɝɞɟ ɚ – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; b – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ!!! ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɡɚ 100 % ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɉɨɱɜɚ, ʋ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɫɦ
ʋ ɛɸɤɫɚ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɛɸɤɫɚ, ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɝ
Ƚɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, %
Ɂɧɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ: 1) ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. 2) ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ (%) ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ (%) ɜ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɄW ɢ KW. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ KW (KW1) Kw1
1 Kw
100 W % . 100
ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɉɈɌȿɊɂ ɈɌ ɉɊɈɄȺɅɂȼȺɇɂə ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ Ȼ.Ȼ. ɉɨɥɵɧɨɜ (1956) ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɜɲɟɦ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛ, ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɨɬɟɪɸ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɩ) ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ɉɨɬɟɪɸ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɭɦɭɫ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɜ % ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ (%) ɝɭɦɭɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɜ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɋɈ2 ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ – ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ. ɏɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɝ ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɭɞɪɵ, ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɜ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɦ ɬɢɝɥɟ. Ɍɢɝɟɥɶ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɧɚɝɪɟɬɭɸ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 750–800 ºɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2–3 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɍɢɝɟɥɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɤɫɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ 30–60 ɦɢɧ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɚ. ɉɨɬɟɪɸ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɥɚɝɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɜɵɱɟɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ (%) ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɩ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɉ %
b u 100 100 W % u W % a 100
b u (100 W %) W %, a
ɝɞɟ b – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɝ; a – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; W% – ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ; (100+W %)/100 – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ. 6
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɉɨɱɜɚ, ʋ ʋ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ, ɛɸɤ ɛɸɤɫɚ, ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɝ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ- ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɝ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ ɝ ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ
Ƚɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, %
ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɍȽɅȿɊɈȾȺ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɋɈȿȾɂɇȿɇɂɃ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ ɂ.ȼ. ɌɘɊɂɇȺ ȼ ɆɈȾɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ ȼ.ɇ. ɋɂɆȺɄɈȼȺ ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ 1 ɝ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ. ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɱɟɪɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ 7–10 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,1 ɝ. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (4–7 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ) ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ 0,2 ɝ, ɜ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (2–4 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ), – ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,3 ɝ, ɜ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (1–2 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ) – ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,4 ɝ, ɚ ɜ ɛɟɥɟɫɵɣ (0,5–1 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ) – 0,5–1 ɝ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ: ɤ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɫɦɟɫɶ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ Cr2O72ɞɨ Cr3+, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ FeSO4. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ: 3C+2K2Cr2O7+8H2SO4=3CO2+2Cr2(SO4)3+2K2SO4+8H2O. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ Cr2O72- ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ (NH4)2SO4FeSO4×6H2O: K2Cr2O7+6FeSO4+7H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+3Fe2(SO4)3+7H2O+K2SO4. ɏɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɫ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɟɲɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɤɨɣ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 100–150 ɦɥ ɢ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɚ ɞɧɨ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɵ. ɉɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɩɪɨɛɵ. ɉɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɫ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ 10 ɦɥ 0,4 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2Cr2O7 ɜ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ (1:1) ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɫɭɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ Cr2O72- ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 7
ɨɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɨɣ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɟ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ. Ɉɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ ɤɨɥɛɵ, ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɢɬɤɭ. ȼɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɹɬɢɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɟ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ Cr2O72-. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ H2SO4 ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɛ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɢɩɚɟɬ. ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ. Ʉɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ 5 ɦɢɧɭɬ. Ʉɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ ɫ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɦ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɜɚɬɨ-ɛɭɪɭɸ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɦ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ Cr2O72- ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɜ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ. Ʉɨɥɛɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ (10–20 ɦɦ) ɫɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɥɨ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ 5 ɤɚɩɟɥɶ 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɮɟɧɢɥɚɧɬɪɨɧɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 0,2 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɛɭɪɨ-ɜɢɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ (ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ). Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 0,2 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ FeSO4, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ K2Cr2O7, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɦɡɭ, ɧɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 10 ɦɥ 0,4 ɧ. K2Cr2O7 ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɨɩɵɬ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɢɬɪ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɚ 250 ɦɥ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 50 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ, 1 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ H2SO4 ɢ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 10 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 0,1 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ KMnO4 ɞɨ ɛɥɟɞɧɨ-ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɧɟɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɦɢɧ. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ: 8
ɋ%
(V1 u H1 V2 u H 2 ) u 100 u M ɗ u KW , m
ɝɞɟ V1 – ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2Cr2O7, ɦɥ; H1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬ-ɢɨɧɨɜ (1/6 Cr2O72-), ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; V2 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ FeSO4, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ (ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ) K2Cr2O7, ɦɥ; H2 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (FeSO4), ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; Ɇɷ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (0,003 ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ); (V1H1–V2H2) – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɨɥɟɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ; KW – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (KW>1)/ Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ FeSO4, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2Cr2O7. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ K2Cr2O7. Ɍɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɦɡɨɣ. ɉɟɦɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 0,4 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ K2Cr2O7 ɜ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ 1:1 ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ. ȼ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ 40 ɝ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ, ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 1 ɥ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 3–5 ɥ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 1 ɥ ɤɨɧɰ. H2SO4. Ɋɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ, ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɨɱɤɚɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɭɬɵɥɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɬɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ. 2. 0,2 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ. ȼ 600 ɦɥ 1 ɧ H2SO4 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ 80 ɝ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ (NH4)2SO4×FeSO4×6H2O, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20 ɦɥ H2SO4 (ɩɥ. 1,84) ɧɚ 1 ɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ. 3. 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɟɧɢɥɚɧɬɪɨɧɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (C13H11O2N) ɜ 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ Na2CO3. Ɉɬɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ 0,2 ɝ ɮɟɧɢɥɚɧɬɪɨɧɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 100 ɦɥ 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ Na2CO3. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɦɨɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɦɥ 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Na2CO3, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ. Ⱥ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ Na2CO3, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ. 9
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ FeSO4 ɧ 1, ɇɚɜɟɫ- Ɉɛɴɟɦ K2Cr2O7, ɦɦɨɥɶ Ɉɛɴɟɦ, ɦɥ ɤɚ ɧ 2, ɦɥ ɜɨɡɞɭ(+)/ɦɥ ɤɨɧɬ- ɩɪɨ- ɦɦɨɥɶ ɲɧɨɪɨɥɶ- ɛɚ (+)/ɦɥ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɧɵɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɩɵɬ ɝ Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ % ɋ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 1,724. ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɪɚɡɪɟɡ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɫɦ
ɋ, % ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɋ, % ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ȺɅɄɈɅɂɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɄȺɊȻɈɇȺɌɈȼ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ Ɏ.ɂ. ɄɈɁɅɈȼɋɄɈȽɈ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ Ɏ.ɂ. Ʉɨɡɥɨɜɫɤɢɦ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɚɥɤɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. Ⱥɥɤɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɋɚɋɈ3 ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ: ɋɚɋɈ3+2HCIĺCaCI2+H2O+CO2. ȼɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɋɈ2 ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɋɈ32-: CO2+2NaOHĺNa2CO3+H2O. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ BaCI2, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ – ɢɨɧ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɛɚɪɢɹ: Na2CO3+BaCI2ĺBaCO3+2NaCI. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ NaOH ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 0,5–2 ɝ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɟɹɧɧɭɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɬɨ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 0,25 ɦɦ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 250 ɦɥ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɥɛɵ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɭɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ 5 ɦɥ 2 Ɇ. (8–10 %) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCI. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 25 ɦɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ 90 ɦɦ, ɫ 5 ɦɥ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ 0,4 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH. ɉɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɩɪɢɫɥɨɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ, ɚ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɹɸɬ, ɨɩɪɨɤɢɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɨɱɢɬɶ 1–2 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɪɧɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɈ2. 10
ɋɩɭɫɬɹ 30 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɟ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ. ȼɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɥɟɫɧɭɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaOH. Ʉɨɥɛɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɧɚ 4–5 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ CO2, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ, ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ, ɨɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɲɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ. ȼ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɦɥ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ BaCI2. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ NaOH ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 0,2 ɦ HCI ɞɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɋɈ2 ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: ɋɈ2 %
(V V1 ) u M u 0, 022 u 100 , m u KW
ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɦɥ; V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ NaOH ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɦɥ; M – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ HCI, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ, ɝ; 0,022 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (1/2 ɋɈ2) ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ; KW – ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ (KW