THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
fT. E.
FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB,
LL.D.
EDITED BY E. H.
WARMINGTON,
m.a., f.b.hist.soc.
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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
fT. E.
FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB,
LL.D.
EDITED BY E. H.
WARMINGTON,
m.a., f.b.hist.soc.
FORMER EDITORS PAGE,
fE. CAPPS, ph.d., ll.d.
C.H., LiTT.D.
tW. H. D. ROUSE,
LITT.D.
L. A.
POST,
DIODORUS OF SICILY II
303
l.h.d.
DIODOEUS OF SICILY IN
TWELVE VOLUMES II
BOOKS
II
{continued)
35-IV, 58
WITH AN EXGLISH TRANSLATION BY C.
H.
OLDFATHER
PROFESSOR OP AKCIENT HISTORY AND LANGUAGES, THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBR.\SKA
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS MOMLXVn
First printed 1935 Reprinted 1953, 1961, 1967
y
rn 0-4
.^5^7/
Printed in Great Britain
CONTENTS PAGE
INTRODUCTION TO BOOKS
BOOK
II
BOOK
III
BOOK
IV,
II,
35-IV, 58
.
.
vii
.
(continued)
1
85 1-58
A PARTIAL INDEX OF
335
PROPER NAMES
....
535
MAPS 1.
ASIA
2.
AEGYPTUS-ETHIOPIA
At end „
INTRODUCTION Books
II,
35-IV, 58
35^2 is devoted to a brief description which was ultimately derived from Megasthenes. Although Diodorus does not mention Book
of
II,
India
him is established by the between his account of India and the Indica of Arrian and the description of that land by Strabo, both of whom avowedly drew their material from that ^vTiter. Megasthenes was in the service of Seleucus Nicator and in connection this
author, his use of
similarity
with embassies to the court of king Sandracottus (Chandragupta) at Patna was in India for some time between 302 and 291 b.c. In his Indica in four Books he was not guilty of the romances of Ctesias, but it is plain that he was imposed upon by interpreters and guides, as was Herodotus on his visit to Egypt. It cannot be known whether Diodorus used Alegasthenes directly or through a medium his failure to mention his name a single time is a little
if he used him directly.^ The Amazons of Asia Minor, and the
surprising,
Scythians, the
Hj'perboreans are then briefly discussed, and Chapters 48-54 are devoted to Sp-ia, Palestine, and Arabia. It is thought that this last section may go * On Megasthenes see now B. C. J. Timmer, Megasthenes en de Indische Maatschappij, Amsterdam, 1930.
vii
INTRODUCTION back to the Stoic philosopher, Poseidonius of Apameia, especially because of its explanation of the varied colouring of birds and different kinds of animals as being due to the " helpful influence and strength of the sun." The Book closes with a description of a fabulous people Hving in a political Utopia on an island " in the ocean to the south," the account purporting to be the adventure of a certain lambulus, which may indeed be the name of the author of the original tale.
The Third Book opens with an account
of the Ethiopians on the upper Nile, then describes the working of the gold mines on the border between Egypt and Ethiopia, and includes a long discussion of the Red Sea and the peoples dwelling about it, with some mention of the tribes along the shores of the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. Much of this material was drawn from the geographer Agatharchides of Cnidus, whose work. On the Red Sea, is preserved to us in the excerpts of Photius. This work of Agatharchides, composed in the latter part of the second century b.c, embraced five Books and is on the whole a sober and fairly trustworthy much of it was certainly discussion of that region based upon the stories and accounts of travellers With in these parts and on personal observation. chapter 49 Diodorus turns to Libya and embarks upon the myths of the Libyans about the Gorgons and Amazons, this subject serving to lead him over into Greek mythology, which is the theme of the entire Fourth Book. Since, as Diodorus tells us, Ephorus, and Callisthenes and Theopompus, contemporaries of Ephorus, had not included the mytlis in their histories, ;
viii
INTRODUCTION Diodorus opens the Fourth Book \^ith a defence of Greek mythology. The gods were once kings and heroes who have been deified becaiise of the great benefits which they conferred upon mankind; they have been the object of veneration by men of old and we " should not fail to chei-ish and maintain for the gods the pious devotion which has been handed doAvn to us from our fathers " (ch. if their deeds appear superhuman it is because 8. 5) they are measured by the weakness of the men of Much of this material was drawn Diodorus' day. directly from Dionysius of Mitylene who hved in Alexandria in the second century B.C. and composed, doubtless vnth the aid of the library in that city and certainly with considerable indulgence in the romantic, his Kyklos, a kind of encyclopaedia of mythology, which included accounts of the Argonauts, Dionysus, the Amazons, events connected -with, the Trojan War, and all this he described with such devotion and assiduity that he was given the nickname Skytobrachion (" of the leathern arm "). It is generally held that for his account of Heracles Diodorus took generously from a Praise of Heracles by Matris of Thebes,^ who is otherwise unkno^^Ti and composed his encomium with vigorous rhetorical nourishes, taking care to mention every maiden ravished by Heracles and her child, in order to establish Heraclean ancestry for the numerous families in the Greek world which raised such a But here and there, when he touched the claim. western Mediterranean, Diodorus used Timaeus of Tauromenium, who, an exile in Athens for the best his exposition of
;
*
Cp.
DiodoTS,
E.
Holzer,
Matris,
ein
Beitrag
zur
Qicdlenkritik
Program Tubingen, 1881. ix
INTRODUCTION completed, not long before his and almost altogether from Uterary sources, a history of Sicily and the western Mediterranean in thirty-eight Books. Any attempt to continue further the quest for the sources of Diodorus in this section of his work must run into the sands. fifty
years of his
life,
death about 250
b.c.
THE LIBRARY OF HISTORY OF
DIODORUS OF BOOK
II
SICILY
AIOAOPOY TOT SIKEAinTOT
BIBAIOeHKHS I2T0PIKHS BIBA02 AEYTEPA *H
35.
TOLVVV TTjv
axT^P-O-TL,
TrXevpav
Kal
TerpdirXevpo's
^IvSlktj fX€V
Trpog
rrjv
^
ovaa
piea-qfji^pLav
rip
vevovaav
OLVaToXas
TTpos
r]
pLeyaXr]
OdXarra, ttjv he rrpos rag apKrovs to 'H/xaiSov opos hietpyei rrjs YjKvOias, riv KaroiKOvai Tcov TdKvdwv ol TTpoaayopevopevoL Sa/
ev
^
TOTTOV Hertlein
:
rponov,
/cat
avrfj
oXiyos
Gthrjpos, ert he KaxTiTepos /cat
rd npos Koapiov re Kal ;^petW 4
yap °^'^
he
raAAa
TToXeiXLKr^v
BOOK
II.
35. 2-36. 2
not visible ; in the most southerly parts not even Arcturus can be seen, and indeed in that region, they say, the shadows fall towards the south.^ Now India has many lofty mountains that abound in fruit trees of every variety, and many large and fertile plains, which are remarkable for their beauty and are supplied with water by a multitude of rivers. The larger part of the country is well watered and and it for this reason yields two crops each year abounds in all kinds of animals, remarkable for their great size and strength, land animals as well as birds. It also breeds elephants both in the greatest numbers and of the largest size, providing them with sustenance in abundance, and it is because of this food that the elephants of this land are much more powerful than those produced in Libya consequently large numbers of them are made captive by the Indians and trained for warfare, and it is found that they play a great part in turning the scale to victory. 36. The same is true of the inhabitants also, the abundant supply of food making them of unusual height and bulk of body and another result is that they are also skilled in the arts, since they breathe a pure air and drink water of the finest quality. And the earth, in addition to producing everj'^ fruit which admits of cultivation, also contains rich underground veins of every kind of ore for there are found in it much silver and gold, not a Uttle copper ;
;
;
;
and
iron,
and
tin also
and whatever
else
is
suitable
^ Cp. Strabo, 2. 5. 37 : " In all the regions that lie between the tropic and the equator the shadows fall in both directions, that is, towards the north and towards the south and the inhabitants are called Amphiscians " (i.e., "throwing shadows both ways "; tr. of Jones in L.C.L.). .
.
.
DIODORUS OF SICILY avqKovra.
3 TTapaaKevTjv
TpiaKOiv KapTTCOv
(f)veTaL
8e
xcopi^
Kara
rthv
hrnxrj-
rrjv ^Iv^iktju ttoXXtj
Keyxpos, dpSevofievr] rfj rcov 7T0Tap,i(x}V vafiaTCov Sai/jiXeia, ttoXv S oairpiov /cat ^id^opov, en S' opvl,a /cat o TrpoaayopevopLevo^ ^oanopos, Kai fierd raur' aAAa ttoAAo. tcov rrpos 8tarpo'f]v /cat TovTcov rd ttoAAo. inrapx^t avXpr]v.
dXXrjv fxev ovSefxlav dvaSex^rai ripLcopLav
4
Kat
e/cAetVetv'
^iXoao^oiv ev rats Trpopprjaeaw
rGiv
r}[XLav, d(f)ajvos
roiv
/cat
ra? yeojpyias daxoXovvrai'
/cat
outoi
dj>eipLevoL
dv
ouSet?
TToXip^ios TTeptTVxdjv yecopyo) /card ttjv xcLp^^ ahiKT]-
dV/ dAA'
aetev
dSi/cia?
5 Trdarjs
kolvovs evepyiras rjyoupievoi
o)?
d7T€)(OVTaL.
^ojpa hiap-lvovaa
^LOvaL
TTOLs.
S'
eVt
tcSi/ iTTLTrjSeLcov T7JS"
yvvaiKcbv ot yecopyol,
^daeojs
TravTeXdJs
pLiodovs
TeAouCTt
^IvStKrjv
^aaLXiK-qv
1
20
ai>
Kaprrols ^pldovaa
/cat
drroXavaiv 7rape;\;eTat
StoTrep d^idcjiOopog
x^P^^
/xextt
to)
^ttCTtAet
elvai,
D, Dindorf, Vogel
TToXXiqv
tols dvdpcoTeKVOju Kat
/cat tt^? et? ttjv ttoXiv
davTas, olXktj Siacfyepovrag. ox^verai Be (Lairep
rives
(f)aaiv,
X^P'^ TrXeLGTOvs /cat re /cat jxeyeOet ttoXv tovto to C,a)ov ov^
Ii'Soji'
i^rjXXayjxevcos,
dXX
ofiOLcos
kvougi he rovs p^ev eXaxicrrovg pirjvag e/c/catSe/ca, rovs Se oKroj/catSe/ca. riKTOVGt 8e 2 TrXelarovs Kaddrrep /cat Ko.rd TrXeZorov ev, iTTTTOi ro rpecfyovGi ro yevvquev at ^ [xrjrepes eir err] e^. L,a)GL o ot TrAetcrrot KaOdirep 6 pLaKpo^Lcoraros dvdpcoTTOS, ol Se pdXiGra yrjpaGavres ^rrj Sta/cocrta. ilitcrt oe Trap Ivoots" /cat cTTt Toys' qevovs apxov3 res rerayp-evoi Kal aal
e^ovoiav
expvaav
dXKxj
piiav e^ avToJv ^aaLXtKrjv
Kat
po^P-J]
Stevey/cetv
avaTTjaapievriv he yvvaiKihv aTpaToirehov yvpLvdaai
re
TOVTO
/cat
rti'a? Ta)V 6p.6pcov
KaTaTroXep,rjaat,
2 av^op,evr]g Be ttjs TTepi avTTjV dpeTTJs ^ KpaTOVVTOS Vogel.
3°
MSS:
KaroiKovvTos
re
/cat 86^r]s
Rhodomann,
Dindorf,
BOOK among as
II.
these peoples the
do the
men and
44.
1-45. 2
women
in acts of
train for war just manly valour are in no
mse inferior to the men. Consequently distinguished women have been the authors of many great deeds, not in Scythia alone, but also in the territory bordering upon it. For instance, when Cyrus the king of the Persians, the mightiest ruler of his day, made a campaign with a vast army into Scythia, the queen of the Scythians not only cut the army of the Persians to pieces but she even took Cyrus prisoner and crucified him ^ and the nation of the Amazons, after it was once organized, was so distinguished for its manly prowess that it not only overran much of the neighbom'ing territory but even subdued a large part of Europe and Asia. But for our part, since we have mentioned the Amazons, we feel that it is not foreign to our purpose to discuss them, even though what we shall say will be so marvellous that it will resemble a tale from mythology. 45. Now in the country along the Thermodon river,2 as the account goes, the sovereignty was in the hands of a people among whom the women held the supreme power, and its women performed the services of war just as did the men. Of these women one, who possessed the royal authority, was remarkable for her prowess in war and her bodily strength, and gathering together an army of women she drilled it in the use of arms and subdued in war some of the neighbouring peoples. And since her valour and fame increased, she made war upon ;
* There are many different accounts of the death of Cyrus, but they all agree that he met his end fighting on the far eastern border of his empire. 2 In Pontus (cp. Strabo, 12. 3. 14-15).
31
DIODORUS OF SICILY avvexios
Kai TTJs
irrL
ra
Tr^-qaioxiopo. rcbv idvcx>v arpareveiv,
TVX'TjS evpoovGTjs (fipovqiJLaTOS liXTTLpbTrXaadai,
Ovyarepa {xev "Apeo? avrrju irpoaayopevaai, rots S' dvSpdai TrpoaveZp^at rds raXaoLovpyiag /cat rag rayv yvvaiKcov /car o'tKovg ipyaaias. vofJLOvg re /caraSet^at, 8t' Jjv rds p-^v yvvaiKag /cat
€771
3
rovg TToXepLLKovg
dycovas
Trpoayeiv,
avSpdat Tarreivcoaiv koX hovXeiav
8'
rot?
rcov
TrepLaTTreLV.
8e yevvojpiivcov rovs p,ev dppevas eTrrjpovv
to.
re
GKeXrj /cat rovs ^pa^l-ovas, dxp'tjcrrovg /caracr/ceua-
rds TToXep^LKas xP^^^S) Tcov 8e d-qXvrepcov Tov he^Lov piaarov eTre/caov, Iva ptrj Kara rds l,ovT€S TTpos
d/c/xa? ^
Twp
acop^drajv eTratpo/xevos" ivoxXfj'
d(f>' "^g
atTta? avpL^rjvaL to edvos tcov 'Ap.at,6vo)V Tavriqg
KadoXov he Siacf)epouaav
4 Tvx^tv rfjg Trpoariyopiag.
avTTjv
KOI
GVV€(J€L
(jrpaTrjyia
ttoXlv
Kriaai
fxkv
tov Qepp-coSovTog TTorafjiov, Towo/xa QepLiarKvpav, Kat ^aatXeia /caracr/ceyaaai TTepL^orjra, Kara 8e ra? GTpaTeias iTnp,€Xop.ep,eydXrjv rrapd rag e/Cj8oAa?
vrjv TToXv rrjs
evra^iag to
/Ltev
TrpojTov /caraTToAe-
pLTJaai TrdvTag Tovg opiopovg P-^XP^ '^°^ TamtSo? Kat TavT-qv p,€V raura? Tag 5 TTora/xoy. aai
TTpd^eig Xap.TTpG)g
iTTLTeXeaap^evrjv
/cat
/caret
Tiva
p-dx'QV
dyojVLaap,€V7jv 'qpcoiKojg TeXevTrjaai tov
^LOV.
46. ALahe^ap^evrjV 8e
^auiXelav
^rjAtoo-ai
p,€V
ttjv TavTTjg
dpeTrjv
ttjv
dvyarepa rrjg
p,rjrp6s,
VTTep^aXeaOaL Se rat? Kara piipog Trpd^eai. ^
32
aKfias
Dindorf
:
fidxas.
ttjv
Tag
BOOK
II.
45.
2-46.
I
people after people of neighbouring lands, and as the tide of her fortune continued favourable, she was so filled with pride that she gave herself the appellation of Daughter of Ares but to the men she assigned the spinning of wool and such other domestic Laws also were estabduties as belong to women. lished by her, by virtue of which she led forth the women to the contests of war, but upon the men she fastened humiliation and slavery. And as for their children, they mutilated both the legs and the arms of the males, incapacitating them in this way for the demands of war, and in the case of the females they seared the right breast that it might not project when their bodies matured and be in the way; and it is for this reason that the nation of the Amazons received the appellation it bears.^ In general, this queen was remarkable for her intelligence and ability as a general, and she founded a great city named Themiscyra at the mouth of the Thermodon river and built there a famous palace furthermore, in her campaigns she devoted much attention to miUtary discipline and at the outset subdued all her neighbours as far as the Tanais river. And this queen, they say, accomplished the deeds ;
which have been mentioned, and fighting brilliantly ended her life heroically. 46. The daughter of this queen, the account continues, on succeeding to the throne emulated the excellence of her mother, and even surpassed her in
in a certain battle she
1
Amazon
is
commonly derived from
d
and
fxa^os, a
form
of fj-aoTos ("breast"), and so means "without a breast," because the right breast was got rid of, that it might not hinder the use of the bow. For a slightly different account, cp. Book 3. 53.
33
DIODORUS OF SICILY [xev
yap irapOivovs
a-no ttjs Trpcorrjs rjXiKias ev re
rats d-jpaig yvjxvdl,eLV Kol Kad'
dcxKelv
7j[ji€pav
rd
TTpos TToXejxov dvqKovra, KaraSel^aL 8e kol dvaias
pieyaXoTTpeTTels "Apet re kol 'Apre/xiSt rfi Trpoaa2 yopevo[xevr) TavpoTToXo)' arparevaaaav 8' els Tqv
TTepav rod TavdtSog TTorapLov ^(^(vpav KaraTToXefiijaai
ra
Trdvra
edvrj
rd
avve^cf]
QpaKrjS'
rrjs
/Lte;)^pt
dvaKdfJufjaaav Se jxerd ttoXXojv Xavyelv Ik ttjs TTarpiSos 8 to. TO jJLvaos. avp.pi.ax'qaaaav Se tols Tpcocrt [xera rrjv "E/cropo? reXevrrjV noXXovg aveXelv roJv '^XX'qvojv, dpiarevaaaav S' avrrjv ev TTJ TTapard^ei Karaarpei/jai rov ^lov rjpcoiKOJs VTT A^iXXecog dvaipedeXaau. rwv p.ev ovv 'A/zal,ovihcx)v iaxdrrjv Tavrrjv Xlyovaiv avSpeia SieveyKelv, Kat TO XoLTTOv dec to eOvog TaTieivovpevov aaOevrjaai TravreXchs' Sio Kat /cara rovs veojTepovs Kaipovs, eneLSdv TLves irepL Trjg avrajv dvSpeias Ste^tcuCTi, [JLvdovs rjyovvraL TreTrXaafievovs rag 7T€pL Tojv
Apiat,ovL8cov dp)(atoXoyLas.
47. 'H/xets- S' p^ep-q
TTJs
avoLKCLOv
Trpos
eTTel to.
Acrias'
dpKTOvs
'q^Livaap.ev
/ce/cAt/i,eVa
dvaypa(j)7]g,
ett'at vopiLl,op.ev to. Trept
ovk
tcov '^Trep^opiojv
p,v6oXoyovp.€va SceXdelv. rcov yap rds TraAatd? pivdoXoytas dvayeypacjiOToyv 'EKarato? Kat Tives erepoL TOTTOLs
^aaiv
iv
toIs
dvTLrrepag
Kara tov ajKeavov
eti^at
ttjs
vrjaov
KeArtKTy?
ovk eXdrroj
^ Quintus Smyrnaeus (1. 24 f.) says that she killed her sister Hippolyte on a hunt, whUe hurling her spear at a stag. ^ There seems good reason (see R. Hennig, " Die Anfange des kultxn-ellen und Handelsverkehr in der Mittelmeerwelt,"
Historische Zeitschrift, 139 (1928), 1-33) to see in this people who live " beyond the north wind," as their name signifies,
36
BOOK
II.
46. 4-47.
I
people and remembering against them their past injuries, waged continuous wars against the nation to such a degree that they left in existence not even the name of the race of the Amazons. For a few years after the campaign of Heracles against them, they say, during the time of the Trojan War, Penthesileia, the queen of the surviving Amazons, who was a daughter of Ares and had slain one of her kindred, fled from her native land because of the sacrilege.^ And fighting as an ally of the Trojans after the death of Hector she slew many of the Greeks, and after gaining distinction in the struggle she ended her hfe heroically at the hands of Achilles. Now they say that Penthesileia was the last of the Amazons to ^^in distinction for bravery and that for the future the race diminished more and more and then lost all its strength consequently in later times, whenever any writers recount their prowess, men consider the ancient stories about the Amazons this
;
be
to
fictitious tales.
47. Now for our part, since we have seen fit to make mention of the regions of Asia which he to the north, we feel that it ^vill not be foreign to our
purpose to discuss the legendary accounts of the Hyperboreans.^ Of those who have written about the ancient myths, Hecataeus and certain others say that in the regions beyond the land of the Celts ^ there Ues in the ocean an island no smaller an early acquaintance of the Greeks, through the medium of the Celts, with Britain and its inhabitants. In this chapter Apollo would be the Celtic sun-god Borvon, and the " sacred precinct of Apollo would be the famous Stone Age remains '
'
of Stonehenge. ^
i.e.
GauJ.
37
DIODORUS OF SICILY TavTTjv
St/ceAia?.
TTJs
VTrapxetv
Kara rag
fiev
apKTOUS, KaroLKetodai he vtto tojv ovojxa^oiJilvoiv '^Trep^opeoiV
^opeiov
Tjvorjs'
TTaiJL(f>opov,
2
tov TToppcoTepco Keladai. rrjs ovaav S' avrrjv evyecov re /cat S' evKpaaia SLa(f)epovaav, Slttovs
olTTO
eVt
pLvdoXoyovai 8 iv avrfi ttjv Arjrd) yeyovevaf Sto /vXXajv
SaKpvcov
oajxaZ'S
/cat
TTOt/ctAat?
tcov Stet-
T'^v Te yap ap.vpvav Kat tov 7Tpoav tcov toiovtcov ^opTOt Kat fjLOV ddfjivoL jSa^etat ToaavTai 7T€<j)VKaaLV cogtg Ta irapd hiaTTopLTTipLOV
Tols a'AAot? OTTavLcog em ^cofious Oecov TiOip^eva Trap cKetVot? Kat KXi^dvcov vTrdpx^LV eKKavpLaTa,
Kal
TO.
TTapd TOt? aAAot? puKpcp helyp-aTt V7Tdp)(ovTa
D
F, Vogel but cp. 19. 98. 4. TOVTOVS omitted by C dSpav Vogel, from 19. 98. 4 fiiKpav D, Bekker, who adds ov, XafiTTpav II, Dindorf. ^ aiTavTTjs Reiske 077' avT'^s al Tavr-qs^
*
;
:
:
1
The Jordan
valley at Jericho.
how the resin, perhaps the Biblical " balm of Gilead," was extracted from this tree. 2
46
Strabo
(16. 2. 41) briefly describes
BOOK
II.
48.
9-49. 3
is also found in these regions in a certain valley ^ the balsam tree, as it is called, from which they receive a substantial revenue, since this tree is
there
found nowhere else in the inhabited world and the use of it for medicinal pui*poses is most highly valued
by physicians.^ 49.^ That part of Arabia which borders upon the waterless and desert country is so different from it that, because both of the multitude of fruits which grow therein and of its other good things, it has been called Arabia Fehx. For the reed * and the rush ^ and every other growth that has a spicy scent are produced in great abundance, as is also, speaking generally, every kind of fragrant substance which is derived from leaves, and the land is distinguished in its several parts by the varied odours of the gums which drip from them for myrrh and that frankincense which is most dear to the gods and is ex;
ported throughout the entire inhabited world are pi'oduced in the farthest parts of this land. And kostos ^ and cassia ' and cinnamon and all other plants of this nature ^ grow there in fields and thickets of such depth that what all other peoples sparingly place upon the altars of the gods is actually used by them as fuel under their pots, and what is found among all other peoples in small speciChaps. 49-53 are commonly attributed to Posidonius Jacoby, FGE HIST., No. 87, F 114). * The " sweet reed " (sweet-flag) of Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, 9. 7. 1, 3 (Vol. 2, pp. 247 f. in L.C.L. tr. by Hort). *
(cp.
*
Ginger-grass; cp. ibid.
*
Saussurea Lappa; cp. ibid. Cinnamomum iners, idem,
'
9.
5.
3 (Vol.
2,
pp. 243
f.
in
L.G.L.). *
i.e.
aromatic plants.
47
DIODORUS OF SICILY eKeivois ari^dSag oiKeTiKag
Trap'
ro
TTapex^aOaL.
KaXovfxevov
re
cttl
tcov olklcov
KivayLajfJiov
8ta-
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