Color atlas and textbook of human anatomy

Contents Foreword

Ill IV

Preface General Anatomy

1

Parts of the Body General Terms Principal Axes Principal Planes Directions in Space . . Directions of Movement

2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 8

Cells Cytoplasm Cell Nucleus Vital Function of Cells

Tissues

8

Epithelial Tissue

10 10 12 14 16

Connective and Supporting Tissues Connective Tissue Cartilage

Bone Development of Bone Muscle

18

General Features of the Skeleton

20 22 22 24

Joints Between Bones Continuous Joints Between Bones Discontinuous Joints Between Bones General Myology Auxiliary Features of Muscles Investigation of Muscle Function

. .

Systematic Anatomy of the Locomotor Apparatus Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae Sacrum . . . . Coccyx Ossification of Vertebrae Intervertebral Disks Ligaments of the Vertebral Column Joints of the Vertebral Column Vertebral Column Considered as a Whole

30 32 32 35 36 36 4C 42 46 48 52 54 56 58 62

Thorax Ribs Sternum Joints of the Ribs Movements of the Thorax Intrinsic Muscles ot the Back Lateral Tract . Medial Tract Short Muscles of the Nape ot the Neck Body Wall Thoracolumbar Fascia Migrant Ventrolateral Muscles Prevertebral Muscles Scalene Muscles Muscles of the Thorax Intercostals Abdominal Wall Superficial Abdominal Muscles Function of the Superficial Abdominal Musculature Fasciae of Abdominal Wall Deep Abdominal Muscles Sites of Weakness in the Abdominal Wall Abdominal Wall from Inside Diaphragm Position and Function of the Diaphragm Sites of Diaphragmatic Hernias Pelvic Floor Pelvic Diaphragm Urogenital Diaphragm Bones. Ligaments. Joints Scapula Clavicle

Joints ot the Shoulder Girdle Humerus . Shoulder Joint Radius

Ulna Elbow Joint Distal Radioulnar Joint . . . Continuous Fibrous Joint Between Radius and Ulna Carpus Individual Bones of the Carpus Bones of the Metacarpus and Digits Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints Movements in the Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints

64 64 66 68 70 72 72 74 76 78 78 76 80 80 82 82 84 84 90 92 94 96 98 102 104 104 106 106 106 108 108 110 110 112 114 116 116 118 120 120 122 124 126 128 130

Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joints Intermetacarpal Joints Metacarpophalangeal and Digital Joints Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Arm Classification of the Muscles Shoulder Muscles Inserted on the Humerus Dorsal Muscle Group Ventral Muscle Group Immigrant Trunk Muscles Inserting on the Shoulder Girdle Dorsal Muscle Group Ventral Muscle Group Muscles ot the Shoulder Girdle . Classification According to Function Fascias and Spaces in the Shoulder Girdle Region Fascias Special Spaces in the Shoulder Region (Axillary Spaces and Axilla) Upper Arm Muscles Ventral Muscle Group Dorsal Muscle Group Forearm Muscles . • Classification of the Muscles Superficial Layer ot the Ventral Forearm Muscles Deep Layer of the Ventral Forearm Muscles Radial Group Includes three Muscles which Act as Flexors at the Elbow Joint Superficial (Ulnar) Layer of the Dorsal Forearm Muscles Deep Layer of Dorsal Forearm Muscles Muscles of the Elbow Joint and the Forearm Classification According to Function Muscles of the Hand Classification According to Function Intrinsic Musclesof the Hand Muscles of the Metacarpus Thenar Muscles Palmar Aponeurosis and Hypothenar Muscles Fascias and Special Features Fascias Tendon sheats

•

Bones, Ligaments, Joints Hip Bone Junctions Between the Bones of the Pelvis Morphology of the Bony Pelvis

132 132 132 132 134 134 136 136 140 142 142 144 146 146 150 150 150 152 152 154 156 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 168 170 170 172 172 174 176 178 178 180 182 182 184 184

Orientation of the Pelvis and Sex Differences Femur Patella Femur Hip Joint , Tibia Fibula Knee Joint Attidude of Lower Limb Connections Between the Tibia and the Fibula Bones of the Foot Bones at the Foot Joints of the Foot Morphology and Function of the Skeleton of the Foot Plantar A r c h

Foot Shapes Muscles of the Hip and Thigh Classification of the Muscles Hip Muscles Dorsal Hip Muscles Ventral Hip Muscles Thigh Muscles Adductors of the Thigh Hip Muscles Classification According to Function Thigh Muscles Anterior Thigh Muscles Postenor Thigh Muscles Muscles of the Knee Joint Classification According to Function . . Fascias of the Hip and Thigh Long Muscles of the Leg and the Foot Classification of the Muscles Leg Muscles Extensor Group Peroneal Group Posterior Leg Muscles. Superficial Layer Posterior Leg Muscles. Deep Layer Talocrural. Subtalar and Talocalcaneonavicular Joint Muscles Classification According to Function Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Muscles of the Dorsum of the Foot Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Fascias of the Leg

186 188 190 192 194 198 200 202 210 210 212 216 218 222 224 226 228 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 240 244 244 246 248 248 250 252 252 254 254 256 258 260 262 262 264 264 266 272

X

Contents

Tendon Sheaths in the Foot

274

Skull

276

Ossification of the Skull Special Features of Intramembranous Ossification Calvaria Lateral View of the Skull Posterior View of the Skull Anterior View of the Skull Inferior View of the Skull .. Interior View of the Base of the Skull Common Vanants of the Interior Surface of the Base of the Skull . Sites of Transmission for Vessels and Nerves Mandible Shape of Mandible Hyoid Bone Orbital Cavity Nasal Cavity Skull Shapes Special Skull Shapes and Sutures Accessory Bones of the Skull Temporomandibular Joint

276 278 280 282 284 286 288 290 292 294 296 298 298 300 302 304 306 308 310

Muscles of the Head Mimetic Muscles of the Scalp Mimetic Muscles in the Region of the Palpebral Fissure Mimetic Muscles in the Nasal Region Mimetic Muscles in the Region of the mouth Muscles of Mastication

312 312 314 314 316 318

Anterior Muscles of the Neck Infrahyoid Muscles

320 320

Muscles of the Head Attachment to the Shoulder Girdle

322 322

Fascias of the Neck

324

Topography of Peripheral Pathways Head and Neck Regions Anterior Facial Regions Orbital Region Lateral Facial Regions Infratemporal Fossa Superior View of the Orbit . Occipital and Nuchal Regions Suboccipital Triangle Parapharyngeal and Retropharyngeal Spaces Submandibular Triangle Retromandibular Fossa

327 328 328 330 332 334 336 338 340 340 342 344 346

Contents Middle Regionof the Neck Thyroid Region Ventrolateral Regionsof the Neck Scaleno vertebral Thangle

XI 348 350 352 360

Upper Limb Regions Deltopectoral Triangle Axillary Region Axillary Spaces Anterior Brachial Region Cubital Fossa Anterior Antebrachial Region Wrist, Palmar Surface Palm of the Hand Dorsum of the Hand Radial foveola

362 362 364 366 368 370 374 378 380 380 384 384

Lower Limb Regions Subinguinal Region Saphenous Hiatus Gluteal Region Anterior Femoral Region Postehor Femoral Region Popliteal Fossa Anterior Region of the Leg Posterior Region of the Leg Medial retromalleolar Region Dorsum of the Foot Sole of the Foot

386 386 388 390 392 396 400 402 406 408 410 412 414

Literature Index

418 426

Vol. 2: Internal Organs by H. Leonhardt Vol. 3: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs by W. Kahle