KARL MARX FREDERICK ENGELS COLLECTED WORKS VOLUME 47
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COLLECTED WO S
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Volume 47 ENGELS: 1 883-86
INTERNATIONAL P...
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KARL MARX FREDERICK ENGELS COLLECTED WORKS VOLUME 47
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COLLECTED WO S
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Volume 47 ENGELS: 1 883-86
INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS NEW YORK
INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS NEW YORK
T his volume has been prepared jointly b y Lawrence &
Wishart Ltd., London, International Publishers Co. Inc., New York, and Progress Publishing Group Corporation, Moscow,
in collaboration with the Russian Independent Institute of Social and National Problems (former Institute of Marxism· Leninism), Moscow. Editorial commissions: GREAT BRI TAIN: Eric Hobsbawm,John Hoffman, Nicholas Jacobs, Monty Johnstone, Jeff Skelley, Ernst Wangermann, Ben Fowkes. USA: Philip S. Foner, James E. Jackson, Victor Perlo, Betty Smith, Dirk]. Struik. RUSSIA: for Progress Publishing Group Corporation
Yu. V. Semyonov, Yeo N. Vladimirova; for the Russian
Contents
Independent Institute of Social and National Problems L . Colman. M.P. Mchedlov, V.N. Pospelova,G.L. Smi rnov
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Copyright © Progress Publishing Group Corporation, Moscow, 1995
Preface .
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© Lawrence & Wishart, L ondon, 1995 © International Publishers, New York, 1995
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1818-1883
Publication Data
Marx, Karl, Karl Marx, F rederick Engels: collected works.
1. Socialism - Collected works. 2. Economics Collected works. 1. Engels, Friedrich, 1820-1 895.
1975 . II. Title. HX 39.5 A 16 1975 335 .4.73-84671 ISBN 0-7178-0547-6 (v. 47)
Works, English.
April. . Lafargue. 11 April.
1. Engels to Pyotr Lavrov. 2 2. Engels to Laura
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April .
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3. Engels to Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis. 11
April . . Thomas James Knowles. 17 April . Philipp Van Patten. 18 April . Thomas James Knowles. 20 April . Eduard Bernstein. 23 April . . Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 24 April . Eduard Bernstein. 28 April . August Bebel. 30 April. . . Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 1 May Wilhelm Liebknecht. 10 May August Bebel. 10-11 May. . Achille Loria. 20 May . . . Johann Philipp Becker. 22 May
4. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 14 5. Engels to 6. Engels to 7. Engels to 8. Engels to 9. Engels to 10. Engels to 11. Engels to 12. Engels to 13. Engels to
Printed in 1M USA
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1883
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
Cataloging in
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April 1883-December 1886
part of this publication may b e reproduced, stored in a
permission of the copyright owner.
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L E TT E RS
purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, no
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the. prior
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F R E D E RI C K E N G E L S
All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the
means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical,
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14. Engels to 15. Engels to 16. Engels to
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3 4 6
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8 9 12 12 13 15 16 18 19 20 24 25
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VI
Contents
Contents
17. Engels to Ludwig Klopfer. 22 May.
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18. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 22 May .
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19. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 2 June .
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20. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 12-13 June
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21. Engels to Pasquale Martignetti. 19 June . .
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22. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 22 June
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23. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 24 June .
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39. Engels to Johann Philipp Becker. 30 November .
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24. Engels to Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 29 June . 25. Engels to Gabriel Deville. 12 August
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26. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 19 August
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27. Engels to Wilhelm Liebknecht. 21 August.
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28. Engels to Pasquale Martignetti. 22 August
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29. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 27 August. .
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30. Engels to August Bebel. 30 August
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31. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 18 September .
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32. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 19 September
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33. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 3 October
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34. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 15 October .
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35. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 8 November .
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36. Engels to Vera Zasulich . 13 November.
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37. Engels to Max Quarck. 13 November
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38. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 13 November .
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41. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 13 December
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42. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 22 December .
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40. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 1 December
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51. Engels to Pyotr Lavrov. 28 January. .
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52. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 4 February.
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53. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 5 February
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54. Engels to Pyotr Lavrov. 5 February.
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55. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 5 February .
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44. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 9 January .
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45. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 14 January. .
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46. Engels to August Bebel. 18 January. .
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48. Engels to Charles Fitzgerald. Between 26 and 28 January .
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47. Engels to August Bebel. 23 January.
49. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 28 January .
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50. Engels to Ludwik Krzywicki. 28 January .
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56. Engels to Heinrich Nonne. Between 9 and 21 February .
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57. Engels to Johann Philipp Becker. 14 February
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58. Engels to Pyotr Lavrov. 14 February
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59. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 16 February .
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60. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 16 February.
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61. Engels to John Darbyshire. Not earlier than /7 February .
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62. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 21 February.
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63. Engels to Heinrich Nonne. About 26 February
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64. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 3 March
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65. Engels to Pyotr Lavrov. 3 March
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66. Engels to Vera Zasulich. 6 March
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67. Engels to Friedrich Adolph Sorge . 7 March.
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68. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 11 and 15 March
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69. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 24 March . .
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70. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 24 March.
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71. Engels to Laura I.;afargue . 31 March . .
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72. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 11 April
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73. Engels to Eduard Bernstein . 11 April .
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74. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 18 April .
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75. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 18 April
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76. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 22 April
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77. Engels to' Karl Kautsky. 26 April
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78. Engels to Ludwig Kugelmann. 4 May.
1884 43. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 1 January.
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79. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 10 May
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80. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 17 May .
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81. Engels to Eduard Bernstein and Karl Kautsky. 22 May.
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85. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 5 June.
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86. Engels to August Bebel. 6 June .
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87 89 90 92 94 97 98 100 101 104 106 106 108 109 110 III 113 116 118 120 121 123 125 127 129 131 131 133 134 135 136 137 139 142 144 147
Contents
Contents
VIII
87. Engels to Johann Philipp Becker. 20
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June. . Karl Kautsky. 26 June . . Evgenia Papritz. 26 June. Eduard Bernstein. 29 June . Sarah Allen. About 6 July. Gabriel Deville. 8 July . Karl Kautsky. 11 July. . Karl Kautsky. 19 July. . Laura Lafargue. 22 July . Eduard Bernstein. Not earl i er than Laura Lafargue. 26 July . . . Hermann Schluter. 28 July . James Leigh Joynes. 30 July. Eduard Bernstein. July . Laura Lafargue. 1 August. Karl Kautsky. 1 August . Eduard Bernstein. 6 August . . Laura Lafargue. 6 August. . . Paul Lafargue. About 11 August.
88. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 21-22 89. Engels to 90. Engels to 91. Engels to 92. Engels to 93. Engels to 94. Engels to 95. Engels to 96. Engels to 97. Engels to 98. Engels to 99. Engels to 100. Engels to 101. Engels to 102. Engels to 103. Engels to 104. Engels to 105. Engels to 106. Engels to •
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August. . . Marya Jankowska (S. Leonowicz). Mi d-August Karl Kautsky. 22 August . . . . . . . Eduard Bernstein. 22 August. Karl Kautsky. 30 August . . Eduard Bernstein. 13-15 September . Karl Kautsky. 20 September . . . Hermann Schluter. 1 October Hermann Schluter. 3 October . . August Bebel. 11 October . . . . Karl Kautsky. 13 October. . . . Johann Philipp Becker. 15 October. Karl Kautsky. 15 October. . . . Karl Kautsky. 17 October. . . . Karl Kau tsky. 20 October. . . . Eduard Bernstein. 22 October
107. Engels to Georg Heinrich von Vollmar. 13 108. Engels to 109. Engels to 110. Engels to Il l . Engels to 112. Engels to 113. Engels to 114. Engels to 115. Engels to 116. Engels to 117. Engels to 118. Engels to 119. Engels to 120. Engels to 121. Engels to 122. Engels to
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IX
October August Bebel. 29 October . Karl Kautsky. 8 November Pasquale Martignetti. 8 November . Eduard Bernstein. 11 November . Hermann Engels. 11 November . August Bebel. 18 November . . . Laura Lafargue. 23 November . . John Lincoln Mahon. 28 November. Charlotte Engels. 1 December Karl Kautsky. 9 December . August Bebel. 11-12 December Paul Lafargue. Mi d-December . Eduard Bernstein. 29 December . Wilhelm Liebknecht. 29 December . August Bebel. 30 December . . . . Pasquale Martignetti. 30 December. . Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 31 December. Joseph Dietzgen. 31 December .
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123. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 23
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124. Engels to
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125. Engels to
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126. Engels to
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127. Engels to
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128. Engels to
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129. Engels to
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130. Engels to
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131. Engels to
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132. Engels to
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133. Engels to
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134. Engels to
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135. Engels to
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136. Engels to
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137. Engels to
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138. Engels to
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139. Engels to
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140. Engels to
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141. Engels to
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209 210 212 215 216 218 220 224 227 228 230 231 235 236 239 240 243 244 246
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142. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 1
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147. Engels to
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148. Engels to
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149. Engels to Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 4
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150. Engels to Wilhelm Liebknecht. 4
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151. Engels to Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 10
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152. Engels to Nikolai Danielson. 11
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153. Engels to
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154. Engels to
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155. Engels to
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156. Engels to
January . Hermann Schluter. 1 January . Karl Kautsky. 13 January. . Hermann Schluter. 13 January . Hermann Schluter. 17 January . August Bebel. 19 January . . . Paul Lafargue. About 25 January . •
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February.
February .
February . Pyotr Lavrov. 12 February . Karl Kautsky. 14 February . Hermann Schluter. 22 February . Laura Lafargue. 8 March. •
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247 248 250 251 252 253 255 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264
Contents
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157. Engels to Richard Stegemann. 26 158. Engels to Johann Philipp Becker. 159. Engels to August Bebel. 4
March . 2 April .
April .
160. Engels to Pasquale Martignetti. 11 16 l . Engels to Karl Kautsky. 16
April
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April . . . . . . Eduard Bernstein. After 16 April . . . . Nikolai Danielson. 23 April . . . . . . Vera Zasulich. 23 April . . . . . . . Richard Stegemann. 5 May . . . . . . Eduard Bernstein. 15 May . . . . . . Hermann Schluter. 15 May . . . . . . Paul Lafargue. 19 May . . . . . . . Pasquale Martignetti. 19 May . . . . . Laura Lafargue. 29 May . . . . . . . Nikolai Danielson. 3 June . . . . . . Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 3 June . . . . John Lincoln Mahon. Between 10 and 12 June Pasquale Martignetti. 13 June . . . . . Johann Philipp Becker. 15 June . . . . Eduard Bernstein. 16 June . . . . . . Laura Lafargue. 16 June. . . . . . . Hermann SchlUter. 16 June . . . . . . August, Bebel. 22-24 June. . . . . . . Hermann Schluter. 1 July . . . . . . Laura Lafargue. 4 July . . . . . . . Gertrud Guillaume-Schack. About 5 July . John Lincoln Mahon. Not earl i er th an 11 July Laura Lafargue. 23 July . . . . . . . August Bebel. 24 July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eduard Bernstein. 24 July Nikolai Danielson. 8 August . . . . . . Laura Lafargue. 8 August. . . . . . . Karl Kautsky. 16 August . . . . . . . Nikolai Danielson. 25 August. Hermann Schluter. 26 August . Karl Kautsky. 6 September .
162. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 16-17 163. Engels to 164. Engels to 165. Engels to 166. Engels to 167. Engels to 168. Engels to 169. Engels to 170. Engels to 171. Engels to 172. Engels to 173. E"ngels to 174. Engels to 175. Engels to 176. Engels to 177. Engels to 178. Engels to 179. Engels to 180. Engels to 18 l . Engels to 182. Engels to 183. Engels to 184. Engels to 185. Engels to 186. Engels to 187. Engels to 188. Engels to 189. Engels to 190. Engels to 19 l . Engels to 192. Engels to 193. Engels to
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266 267 269 272 272 273 276 277 279 282 283 286 288 291 292 294
XI
September. Karl Kautsky. 10 September . . Laura Lafargue. 22 September . Hermann SchlUter. 23 September
194. Engels to Hermann SchlUter. 9 195. Engels to 196. Engels to 197. Engels to
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October . Hermann Schluter. 9 October Laura Lafargue. 13 October . Karl Kautsky. 14 October. Pyotr Lavrov. 20 October' .
198. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 8 199. Engels to 200. Engels to 201. Engels to 202. Engels to
October . 28 October .
203. Engels to Salo Faerber. 22 204. Engels to August Bebel.
November. . Schluter. 11 November
205. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 7 206. Engels to Hermann
November. Paul Lafargue. 14 November . . August Bebel. 17 November . . Minna Kautsky. 26 November Paul Lavigne. 1 Dec�mber. . . Wilhelm Liebknecht. 1 December .
207. Engels to Nikolai Danielson. 13 208. Engels to
295
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211. Engels to
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213. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 2
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214. Engels to Johann Philipp Becker.
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219. Engels to Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis. 19
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220. Engels to Pasquale Martignetti. 21
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22 l . Engels to
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December
. . 5 December
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December . Eduard Bernstein. 7 December . Paul Lafargue. 7 December . Hermann Schluter. 7 December . •
324 325 325 327 329 331 333 334 337 337 340 344 346 347 350 352 355 358 359 362 363 365 366 368 371 •
December .
December. Hermann Schluter. 21 December. . Laura Lafargue. 22 December . . Wilhelm Liebknecht. 28 December . Johann Philipp Becker. 28 December .
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372 373 373 375 377 379
319 321 322 322 323
1886 225. Engels to Wilhelm Liebknecht. 2
January.
226. Engels to Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 7
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January .
380 382
XII
Contents
Contents
January. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 17 January. . Engels to August Bebel. 20-23 January. . Engels to Edward Pease. 27 January . . . Engels to Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 29 January . Engels to Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 3 February. Engels to Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis. 4 February Engels to Pyotr Lavrov. 7 February . Engels to Nikolai Danielson. 8 February . . Engels to Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 9 February . Engels to Laura Lafargue. 9 February. . . . . . Engels to August Bebel. 15 February . . . . . . . Engels to Paul Lafargue. 16 February . . . . . . Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 24 February . . . . . Engels to Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 25 February Engels to Wilhelm Licbknccht. 25 February . . . . Engels to Hermann Schluter. 3 March. . . . . Engels to Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 12 March . Engels to Pasquale Martignetti. 12 March Engels to Hermann Schluter. 12 March . Engels to Laura Lafargue. 15-16 March . Engels to August Bebel. 18 March . . Engels to Paul Lafargue. 20 March. . Engels to Vera Zasulich. 31 March. . Engels to August Bebel. 12 April. . . Engels to Philipp Victor Pauli. 12 April . Engels to Laura Lafargue. 28 April. . . Engels to Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 29 April . Engels to Paul Lafargue. 7 May. . . . Engels to Wilhelm Liebknecht. 12 May . Engels to F. H. Nestler & Melle's Verlag. 13 May. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 22 May . Engels to Laura Lafargue. 23 May. Engels to Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 3 June. Engels to Hermann Schluter. 3 June . Engels to Karl Kautsky. 2 July . .
227. Engels to Wilhelm Liebknecht. 7 228. 229. 230. 23 l . 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 24 l . 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 25 l . 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 26 l . 262.
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July. July.
XIII
383
263. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 4
384
264. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 8
386
265. Engels to Johann Philipp Becker. 9
392
266. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 26
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267. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 31
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268. Engels to Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 3
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269. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 6
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270. Engels to Karl Kautsky.
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271. Engels to Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 13-14
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272. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 14
403 406 410 414 415 417 418 419 420 421 423 426 430 432 433 436 436 439 444 445 447 448 450 451 453 454
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August . 11 August.
August. . . . . . . . 273. Engels to August Bebel. 18 August . . . . . . . . . 274. Engels to Karl Kau tsky. 20 August . . . . . . . . . 275. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 20 August. . . . . . . . 276. Engels to Hermann Schluter. 20 August . . . . . . . 277. Engels to Karl Kau tsky. 23 August . . . . . . . . . 278. Engels to Karl Kautsky. 24 August . . . . . . . . . 279. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 24 August . . . . . . . . 280. Engels to Karl Kau tsky. 25 August. . . . . . . . . 281. Engels to Karl Kau tsky. 26 August. . . . . . . . . 282. Engels to Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 6 September . . . . . 283. Engels to F. H. Nestler & Melle's Verlag. About 11 September 284. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 13 September . . . . . . . 285. Engels to August Bebel. 13-14 September . . . . . . . 286. Engels to Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 16-17 September . . . . 287. Engels to Pasquale Martignetti. 17 September. . . . . . 288. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 24 September . . . . . . . 289. Engels to Natalie Liebknecht. 25 September . . . . . . 290. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 2 October . . . . . . . . 291. Engels to August Bebel. 8 October . . . . . . . . . 292. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 9 October. 293. Engels to Eduard Bernstein. 22 October 294. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 23 October . . 295. Engels to August Bebel. 23 and 25 October. 296. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 25-26 October. . 297. �ngels to Laura Lafargue. 2 November. . 298. Engels to Nikolai Danielson. 9 November .
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454 455 456 458 459 460 460 462 463 466 468 472 473 474 476 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 485 490 493 494 495 496 498 500 504 506 509 512 521 522
XIV
Contents
November . Laura Lafargue. 23 November . . . Laura Lafargue. 24 November . . . Hermann Schluter. 26 November . . . . Karl Kautsky. 29 November . . Friedrich Adolph Sorge. 29 November. Hermann Schluter. 7 December . . . Halliday Sparling. 7 December . . . Laura Lafargue. 13 December Emil Engels Jun. 22 December . Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 28 December Eleanor Marx- Aveling. 25 March 1886 . .
299. Engels to E. T. 300. Engels to
30 I. Engels to 302. Engels to
303. Engels to 304. Engels to 305. Engels to 306. Engels to 307. Engels to
About
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523 524 524 528 530 531 535 535 536 538 540 543
A P P E NDIX 1. Eleanor Marx- Aveling to Horatio Bryan Donkin. 8
February
1886
547
NOT ES A ND I ND EX ES
Notes. Name Index. . '. Index oj Quoted and Index oj Peri odi cals Subject Index . . •
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551 638 668 695 701
Engels in his sickbed working on the manuscript of Volume II
Capi tal
Helene Demuth .
.
(October 1883-June 1884 ) . .
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Laura Lafargue. Latter half of the 1880s Engels'
correspondents:
Florence
Paul
Kelley-Wischnewetzky,
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64-65
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104-05
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176-77
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Lafargue,
Friedrich
Adolph
Sor
ge, Vera Zasulich, Nikolai Danielson and Pyotr Lavrov . Title page of the
first edition of
Marx's
P ET E R A ND B ETTY ROSS: Letters 3,4,8,9, 11-14, 16,17,20,22,24,27,29-31,35,37-40 42-44 46 47,49,50,52,53,56,57,59,63,64,67 69,70 72
:
Capi tal,
.
256-57
Volume II,
with Engels' dedication to Pyotr Lavrov .
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Miners on strike in Decazeville, January 1886 . Eleanor Marx- Aveling. 1886 . . . . . . .
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Eleanor Marx- Aveling and Wilhelm Liebknecht. 1886 .
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335
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440-41
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448-49
411
: :
73, 77, 78, 80-83, 85-89, 91, 94, 95, 97, 99, 10 1, 103, 104, 107, 109-25, 127-29, 132-34, 136-3 8, 140,141, 143-47, 150, 154, 155, 157-59, 161, 163, 166-68,173,176,187,179-81,183,187,190,192_ 95, 197-99, 201, 203, 204, 206, 209-10, 212-1 6, 218-19,221,223-24,227,229,231,233,236,23 8, 240, 242-43, 246, 248, 251, 254, 256-58, 261-70, 272-78,280-83, 285-87, 289,291-93 295 302-05 " , 308
ROD N EY LI VI N GSTO N E: Letters 1,25,36,51,54, 58, 65, 66, 68, 75, 79, 90, 93, 106, 108, 148, 153, 165, 169,202,208,211,217,220,225,234,239 '
249-50, 252, 255, 296
K. M. COO K: Letter 135 ST E P H EN S MIT H: Letters 10, 76
I LLUST R ATIO NS
of Marx's
T R A NS L ATO RS:
XVI I
Preface
Volume 47 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels contains Engels' letters dated from April 1 883 to December 1 886. The letters at the beginning of this volume to the participants of democratic and labour movements in Russia, Germany, Holland, Britain, the United States and I taly on Marx's death reflect the world-wide concern over this sad development. After Marx's death, the volume of Engels' correspondence increased considerably. The stream of letters from all over the world was evidence of growth of the workers' and democratic move ment in Europe and the United States, of Engels' influence on this process and his expanding ties with leaders of socialist parties. New names appeared among his correspondents, such as those of Hermann Schluter, John Lincoln Mahon, Pasquale Martignetti, and Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky. H e wrote not only to friends, com rades and followers, but also to strangers who turned to him for ad vice or with requests (see this volume, pp. 8, 2 7 , 66, 282-83) . For Engels maintaining and expanding his international contacts was a most demanding duty. He wrote to August Bebel on 30 April 1 883: 'For after all, we wish to maintain intact, in so far as it is in my po wer, the many threads from all over the world which spontaneously converged upon M arx's study' (p. 1 7 ) . Marx named Engels and Eleanor Marx his 'literary executors'. En gels concentrated on completing the publication of Marx's unfinished works, first of all volumes I I and I I I of Capital, which he had left in handwritten variants, and of new editions of Volume I of Capital
Preface
Preface
(p. 39) . Engels also intended to undertake, but unfortunately did not write, a full biography of Marx on the basis of the existing extensive correspondence and other material from Marx's archive, which would incorporate the history of the German socialist movement from 1 843 to 1 863 and of the International from 1 864 to 1 87 2 (pp. 1 7, 26) . I n his letters, Engels referred repeatedly to the history of the Inter national Working Men's Association, stressing the role Marx had played in it. 'Mohr's life without the International,' he wrote (in English) to Laura Lafargue on 24 June 1 883, 'would be a diamond ring with the diamond broken out' (p. 40) . Engels completed the preparation for the printer, begun by Marx, of the third German edition of Volume I of Capital before the end of 1 883. This involved much painstaking labour (as his letter to Fried rich Adolph Sorge of 29 June 1 883, among others, shows) . He also went out of his way to assure the appearance of Capital in other lan guages (p. 8 7 ) , choosing translators with great care, . and often helping to edit their translations. With Samuel Moore, Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx, he organised and edited the first English translation of Volume I of Capital (pp. 436-3 7 ) which took him 'the better part of a year' (p. 492 ) . Many of Engels' letters refer to his preparation for the printer of the second and third volumes of Marx's Capital. They are imbued with respect for his deceased friend and with the wish to make the works of Marx available to the working class and progressive intellec tuals. ' . . . Some labour when you're dealing with a man like Marx, who weighed every word,' Engels wrote to Johann Philipp Becker on 22 May 1 883. 'But to me it is a labour oflove; after all I shall be back again with my oid comrade' (p. 26) . Other letters on this score give a fairly good idea of how Engels la boured over Capital's economic manuscripts how he virtually de ciphered M arx's handwriting, how he determined the chronological framework, collated notes, compared separate variants, checked quo tations, and finally transcribed the entire volume in order to edit the clean copy (pp. 29, 33, 42-43, 53, 88-89 ) . He could not let anyone else do this because, as he put it, 'there is not another living soul who can decipher that writing and those abbreviations of words and style' (p. 93) . Preparation of Volume I I I dragged out and the volume did not appear in print until 1 894. I n his letters to Karl Kautsky of 2 1 -22 June 1 884 and Johann Philipp Becker of 2 April 1 885, and elsewhere,
E n gels emphasised the scientific significance of the second and third vol umes of Capital (pp. 1 54, 267 ) . Engels followed carefully the dissem inatio n of Marx's ideas . Of pa rticular intere st are his letters about the popular summ ary of Capi tal produced by the Frenc h socia list Gabriel Devil le. Enge ls was con cerned that the explic ation of Marxism's basic econo mic principles should be comprehensible to working people and not overly abstru se (p. 6 1 ) , and in his letter s to Flore nce Kelley-Wi schne wetzk y he re com mend ed publis hing the popularisations by Deville and Paul La fargue. This woul d, he argue d, intro duce Capital and its ideas into the Unite d State s (pp. 464-65 ) . Enge ls also welco med Kaut sky's book, Karl Marx's Oekonomische Lehren, whic h was well received by the public (p. 482 ) . In the l 880s, economic literature, notably by the so-called 'arm chair socialists' (Kathedersozialisten) , charged that Marx had bor rowed his theo ry of surplus value from Rodbertus (pp. 1 38-39) . This . . charge of piagiansm had to be refu ted once and for all owing to the influence the armchair socialists were gaining among some Social Democrats. Engels produced a critical analysis of the main works of Rodbertus, whom he vividly described as 'apostle of the careerists of Bismarckian socialism' (p. 1 39 ) in letters to Eduard Bernstein and Karl Kautsky (pp. 72, 1 25-26, 1 93-94) , whose content accords with ideas Engels originally expressed in his prefaces to the first Ger man edition of Marx's The Poverty oj Philosophy ('Marx and Rodber tus') and the first edition of Volume I I of Capital (see present edition, Vols. 26 and 36) . !he correspondence refers extensively to Engels' work on the trans latIOn and �epublication of a number of other important works by Marx and hImself. The letters show that, in choosing these works, En gels was above all guided by the needs of the workers' movement with an eye to the continuous entry into it of new people unversed i� theory . In son: e coun tries, the workers' move ment of the 1 880s was quite � tron�ly mfl� ence d by the anar chist s. The focal poin t of their polem ICS WIth SOC1a� Dem ocra ts w as the q��stio n of the State . On 1 8 April . 1 883, answenng the Ame ncan PhIh pp Van Patte n's ques tion on Marx 's attitu de to anarchists, Enge ls elaborated on the historical fu tu �e of the State . He descr ibed anar chist form ulae that the prole tanan revolution should begin by abolishing the State as 'anarchist ab s,:,rdities', because this would be tantamount to destroying 'the only orga nIsm by means of which the victorious working class can exert its
XVI I I
XIX
xx
Preface
Preface
newly conquered power' (p. 1 0) . Engels dwelt on the matter also in a letter to Bernstein, this time in connection with the latter's attack in the press on some American socialists who had also failed to under stand Marx's doctrine of the State. Engels referred Bernstein to Marx's The Civil War in France and cited extracts from The Poverty of Philosophy and the Manifesto of the Communist Party (pp. 7 3- 74, 86) . To bring the Marxist doctrine of the State to those who had newly joined the socialist movement, Engels republished these and other works (Marx's The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte and Engels' Anti Duhring and The Housing Qyestion) . Engels examined the nature and class essence of the State in his The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (see present edition, Vol. 26) . He noted that he wrote the book to fulfil Marx's wishes. Marx had read Ancient Society by the liberal American scholar, Lewis H. Morgan, and had himself planned to write on the subject (pp. l 03, 1 1 5- 1 6) . The correspondence of the l 880s lifts the veil on Engels' further elaboration of the theory of socialist revolution. H e was above all pre occupied by the question of tactics and, in particular, by what he saw as the incorrect evaluation by the German Social Democrats of the character of the expected revolution. Engels examined capitalist world development in the l 880s, and concluded that the socialist rev olution in countries with semi-absolutist political survivals and feu dal relations in agriculture (for instance, Germany) would necessarily be preceded by a bourgeois-democratic stage. ' . . . In our case . . . , ' he wrote to Bernstein in 1 883, 'the first, immediate result of the revolu tion can and must, so far as form is concerned, be nothing other than a bourgeois republic' (p. 5 1 ) . Then and only then would the struggle between the working class and the bourgeoisie follow classical lines, i. e. pave the way to 'direct, undisguised class struggle between prole tariat and bourgeoisie' (ibid. ) . At the same time, Engels warned against imagining 'the revolution as something that can be achieved overnight. I n fact it is a process of development on the part of the masses which takes several years even under conditions that tend to accelera te it' (p. 5 1 ) . All his life Engels examined the dynamics of capitalist economics. Like Marx, he noticed the modification of the economic cycle and the appearance of intermediate five-year crises. He associated this with the uneven development of the leading states and the gradual decline of Great Britain in the world market (pp. 23, 82) . To be sure, not all
of
XXI
Engels' predictions came true. Among others, this applies to the idea of an economic 'crisis without end' (p. 402 ) which he predicted in a letter to Nikolai Danielson of8 February 1 886 and Florence Kel ley- Wischn ewetzky of 3 February 1 886 (pp. 396-9 7 ) . I n the 1 890s, Engels would elaborate on his views, noting capitalism's considerable stab ility and expanding sphere of influence (see present edition, Vol. 37) . In many of his letters, Engels touched on various international problems of the mid- 1 880s which arose owing to the rivalry of the Eu ropean powers in the Balkans, Germany's aggressive policies, and the views of certain circles in France who wanted back the lands Prussia had seized in 1 8 7 1 (pp. 353, 483-84, 485-86, 5 1 0- 1 1 , 5 1 3- 1 4) . Exa mining the diplomatic games in Europe, the balance of power and the probable consequences of a military conflict, Engels helped Euro pean socialists to work out their tactics in questions of war and peace. In his letters to August Bebel, Johann Philipp Becker and Friedrich Adolph Sorge he stressed that workers of all countries should fight against the militarist system and the war danger. Though Engels ad mitted that war might create favourable conditions for the victory of the working class, he did not relate revolution and its victory directly to war. On the contrary, he was convinced war would take an incre dibly high toll and 'retard our movement' (pp. 353-54, 487 ) . Special mention should be made of letters to members of the So cialist Workers' Party of Germany which, as Engels put it, was at that time the leading European workers' party (p. 36) . The German labour movement in 1 883-86 was exposed to the ri gours of Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Law. By combining legal and ille gal methods, the party managed to win influence among the mass of the people by the mid- 1 880s. Engels described its success in Reichstag elections as a trial of strength (p. 1 98) . He believed that socialist parties should participate in election campaigns and parliamentary activity, but did not regard them as the only or main form of struggle. Looking into the experience of the German Social Democrats, he called their attention to the conditions on ,,: h� ch they might come forward with their own bills without preju dlcmg their principles. In a letter to Bernstein of 1 1 November 1 884, he said such bills could be formulated 'without regard for petty bourgeois prej udices' and could avoid being utopian (p. 2 1 7) . He elaborated on this in a letter to Bebel of 20-23 January 1 886 (pp. 388-89) .
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Engels helped the left wing of the German Social Democratic movement in its fight against reformi.s t elements who had a majority in the Social Democratic parliamentary group. He traced the spread of reformism to the influence of the petty bourgeoisie. 'In a philistine country like Germany,' he observed in a letter to Johann Philipp Becker of 1 5 June 1 885 'the party must also have a philistine "edu cated" right wing' (p. 300) . That most of the parliamentary group were men of petty-bourgeois background was traceable to the ab sence of deputies' salaries, which barred the doors to the Reichstag for many promising worker deputies. Reacting to differences within the Social Democratic parliamen tary group over the bill on State subsidies to shipping companies, En gels set forth his views on party unity in letters to Bebel and others (pp. 239, 269-7 1 , 284 et al) . Letting matters reach an open break with the right wing, he felt, was undesirable in the context of the Anti-Socialist Law, and would only weaken the party: in the ab sence of a forum for public discussion, the rank-and-file would hardly be able to understand the reasons for, and substance of, the split. En gels wrote to Bernstein on 5 June 1 884: 'We . . . must steer clear of any thi.ng that might lead to a breach, or rather might lay the blame for that breach at our door. That is the universal rule when there is a struggle within one's own party, and now it applies more than ever' (p. l 45 ) . We see from his correspondence that Engels was a faithful reader of Der Sozialdemokrat, the central organ of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany., and, indeed, was always ready to help its staff headed by Bernstein. His letters were often made the core of editorials, and thus came to be known to the German workers (pp. 1 39-42, 329-3 1 ) . Engels' letters to August Bebel, leader of the party's left wing, touched on an especially broad spectrum of problems. Engels wrote of Bebel: 'There is no more lucid mind in the whole of the German party, besides which he is utterly dependable and firm of purpose' (pp. 20 1 -02) . Engels' letter to Wilhelm Liebknecht of 2 January 1 886, first found in 1 983, is being published in English translation here for the first time, filling a gap in their correspondence which has reached us incomplete. During that period, Engels devoted much of his attention to the in dependent movement of the English working class, especially in con nection with 'the sudden emergence' of socialism in Britain (p. 82) . He saw the 'secret' of its revival (some decades after Owenism and
Ch artism had faded away) in the erosion of Britain's monopoly in the world market by American and German competition, and the impact of the economic depression which had dragged on and on since 1 873 (ibid . ) . More than ten years of slump had increased unemployment, ruined tenant farmers, and speeded up rural migration to the cities, adding to the number of homeless and jobless. The radical-minded intellectuals and politically active workers, disappointed in the Lib erals, turned to socialism for relief from economic strains and social contradictions. The word 'socialism' was on everybody's lips. I n a let ter to Laura Lafargue, who was in Paris, Engels referred to 'the new Socialist "rage" in London' (pp. 94-95) . Engels, as his letters show, was critical of the Democratic Federa tion formed and headed by Henry Mayers Hyndman in 1 88 1 and re named the Social Democratic Federation in 1 884. His guarded atti tude was due to its heterogeneous membership, the young people who had 'emerged from amongst the bourgeoisie'. These elements, he wrote, varied considerably 'morally and intellectually', and had no root in the working class (pp. 54, 82) . 'The elements presently active,' he wrote to Bebel on 30 August 1 883, 'might become important, now that they have accepted our theoretical programme and thus ac quired a basis, but only if a spontaneous movement broke out amongst the workers here and they succeeded in gaining control of it' (p. 54) . After reading the Federation's manifesto, Engels commented that 'these people have now at last been compelled publicly to proclaim our theory as their own, a theory which, at the time of the I nterna tional, seemed to them to have been imposed upon them from out side' (ibid . ) . But the incorporation in the programme of a Marxist provision the socialisation of the means of production did not mean a mass working-class political party had emerged. Engels, how ever, had urged English workers to set up such a party as early as 1 88 1 , in his contribution to The Labour Standard (see present edition, Vol. 24, pp. 404-06) . The trade union movement was far removed from socialist ideas. Yet the Social Democratic Federation's lead ership, notably Hyndman, renounced contacts with the organised workers. Engels wrote to Laura Lafargue in February 1 884: ' . . . The new "respectable" Socialist stir here does go on very nicely, the thing is becoming fashionable, but the working classes do not respond yet. Upon that everything depends' (p. 1 05 ) . Engels criticised Hyndman for his lack of scruples, his disregard of
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political principles, and chauvinism in regard to other nations. He called him to account, too, for his excessive ambition, and his ten dency towards political intrigue (pp. 1 1 8, 1 23 , 1 55, 1 65 , 236-3 7 , 247, 366-6 7 ) . The fact that Marx had broken off relations with Hyndman in 1 88 1 had, of course, contributed to Engels' guarded attitude (see present edition, Vol. 46, pp. 1 02-04) . Working jointly with Samuel Moore, Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx on the English translation of Volume I of Capital, Engels was sceptical of Hyndman's translation of some of its chapters (pp. 1 2 7, 3 1 3, 424) printed in To-Day. He criticised Hyndman's translation in an article, 'How Not to Translate Marx' (present edition, Vol. 26) . Nevertheless the appearance in the socialist press of large fragments of Capital before its publication under separate cover in 1 88 7 after Engels' editing had helped the spread of Marx's economic theory among workers and intellectuals. Engels' letters betray his good knowledge of such socialist periodi cals as Justice and To-Day from which he obtained an idea of the peo ple who had attached themselves to the socialist movement in the early half of the 1 880s (pp. 85-86, 1 1 4, 1 22, 424) . He was also briefed on the activity of the Social Democratic Federation by Eleanor MarX, Ed ward Aveling, William Morris, Belfort Bax, and other of its left leaning members. Towards the close of 1 884, Hyndman's sectarian tactics caused profound differences within the Federation, and led to the resignation of those on its left wing who formed a new organisa tion, the Socialist League. Engels set forth the history of that split in letters to Bernstein and Sorge (pp. 236-38, 245 ) . I n the years that fol lowed, he informed his correspondents in Germany and in the United States of the activity of those two socialist organisations. Although critical of the SDF leadership, Engels approved of its ac tions in defence of the unemployed (holding demonstrations, sending deputations to M Ps, and so forth) . However, he described its leaders' attempt at attracting the mass of workers with ultra-left slogans of 'social revolution' as reckless 'revolutionary ranting' (pp. 407-08, 427 ) . I n the autumn of 1 886 he admitted, however, that the 'Social Democratic Federation is beginning to be something ofa power, since the masses have absolutely no other organisation to which they can rally' (p. 529 ) . However, among the active socialists of the SDF, the Radical Clubs in the East End, and the Socialist League, he saw no one who could lead a mass movement of the unemployed (pp. 526, 534) . Engels had close contacts with members of the Socialist League and
supported their newspaper, The Commonweal, and was doubly upset by the symptoms in its ranks of 'teething troubles', sectarianism, and ana rchist influence (pp. 438, 446, 4 7 1 ) . Despite some successful actions, the socialist movement in Britain of the early half of the l 880s was divided and had no public backing to speak of. ' . . . The masses,' Engels wrote to Sorge, 'are still holding aloof, although here too beginnings of a movement are perceptible. But it will be some time before the masses are in full spate, which is a good thing because it means that there will be time for proper leaders to emerge' (p. 492 ) . In a series ofletters Engels referred to specific features in the history of France and its labour movement. Ever since 1 789, he pointed out, the political struggles in France had followed classical lines, with the governments that succeeded each other 'moving ever further to the Left' (pp. 1 49, 342 ) . I n 1 885 Engels welcomed the collapse of Jules Ferry's cabinet which had ruled on behalf of the big bourgeoisie and stock exchange speculators with a big stake in colonial conquest, and had predicted the imminent victory in elections of the Radicals. This, he hoped, would provide favourable conditions for class struggle (pp. 270, 364) . What might hamper the growth of the French labour move ment, he maintained, was its lo);\' theoretical level and the surviv ing influence of various types of pre-Marxian socialism (pp. 1 83, 342) . In his view, it had not yet fully recovered from the defeat of the Paris Commune (p. 2 1 1 ) . The correspondence is an important source of information about the processes that were underway in the French socialist movement of the early half of the 1 880s. I n 1 882 the movement broke up into se parate organisations of reformists (Possibilists) and collectivists, the latter comprising the Workers' Party, by and large an adherent of sci entific socialism. Engels' letters clarifY his outlook and that of the lead ers of the Workers' Party on two crucial issues that had a bearing on the party's future: the relationship with the Possibilists, and use of the bourgeois parliament in the workers' interests. At a complicated time, with the Workers' Party locked in struggle with the Possibilists, Engels urged its leaders to study theory. Some of his letters to Lafargue were printed as articles in the French socialist press (pp. 235-36, 255-56) . He commended Lafargue and Deville for lecturing on M arx's teaching in France and for coming to grips with the opponents of Marxism in the press (pp. 1 07, 1 34-35, 1 7 1 , 1 79-83 ) . Engels welcomed the independent labour faction in the Chamber
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of Deputies. For the first time, the voice oflabour resounded publicly in defence of the striking miners of Decazeville. The workers' deputies edged away from the Radicals, which Engels considered as 'a great event' (pp. 409, 4 1 4, 4 1 8, 44 1 -42 ) . Although the faction was small, the Workers' Party had now acquired a public political. tribune. Time and again, in letters to Bebel, Liebknecht, and Paul and Laura Lafargue, Engels offered his view of bourgeois radicalism in France whose influence had risen in the autumn of 1 885. Some of his statements were over-emphatic. This applied first of all to his ideas about the historical possibilities of the Radicals, and also to over optimistic predictions of the imminent emergence of the French socialists onto the political foreground (pp. 300, 3 1 4, 343, 470 ) . A conspicuous place in the volume is taken up by Engels' corre spondence with his old friend, the American socialist Friedrich Adolph Sorge, and with Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky, who trans lated some of Engels' works. His letters show how profoundly he understood the specificity of the United States, a country that had had no feudal past and was the 'ideal of all bourgeois: a country rich, vast, expanding, with purely bourgeois institutions unleavened by feudal remnants or monarchical traditions, and without a perma nent and hereditary proletariat' (p. 452 ) . Still, the emergence oflarge scal� industry there resulted in the appearance of an indigenous working class. A powerful workers' action for an eight-hour working day was mounted in 1 886, with 1 1 ,500 enterprises being engulfed in strikes. This and the success of the French socialists Engels described as 'the two events of world historic importance' of the year (p. 470) . The strikes demolished the image of a non-antagonistic America to which the European bourgeoisie had resorted in the election campaign. 'What has completely stunned these people is the fact that the movement is so strongly accentuated as a labour movement, and that it has sprung up so suddenly and with such force' (p. 533 ) . The socialist movement in 1 9th-century America was strongly in fluenced by German immigrants. Nor was this influence all positive. The Lassalleans, advocates of essentially political struggle, had all too often caused a weakening of local unions which confined them selves to economic demands only. The Socialist Labor Party founded in 1 876 consisted almost exclusively of German immigrants. I t had its newspapers, New- Yorker Volks;:;eitung and Der So;:;ialist, both of which appeared in German. At times, the German socialist move-
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ment in the United States was perceived by its membe rs as a branch of the German socialist moveme nt in Europe. Engels re �er�ed �cath . gly to the bookwormish dogmatism of the German SOCIalIsts m the SA (p. 53 1 ) . In a letter to Florenc� K.elley-Wischnewe�z � y i? D� cember 1 886, he deplored their sectanam sm and non-partIcIpatIOn m the 1 886 moveme nt of the American workers (pp. 5 4 1 -42 ) . He was troubled by the lack of cohesion and unity in the US labour move ment, and referred to the subject at length in his letters, emphasising its importance (p p. 47 0, 52 5 ) . The letters show that Engels saw the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor, an organisation of chiefly unskilled white an.d black worke�s, as the point of departure in the drive for a true workmg-class party m the USA. Not that he was blind to the mistakes of its leaders. He con sidered it a real force, stating in no uncertain terms that the Order should be revolutionised from within, that it was necessary 'to work in their midst, to form . . . a nucleus of men who know the movement and its aims' (pp. 532, 54 1 ) . Neither the Knights of Labor nor the United Labor Party, whose founding Engels welcomed in his letter to Laura Lafargue of 24 November 1 886, however, proved viable. When Kelley-Wischnewetzky asked for Engels' permission to translate and publish his book, The Condition of the Working-Class in England, he gave his consent and promised to edit the translation. � n lieu of a preface, he wrote an article, 'The Labour Movement m America' (see present edition, Vol. 26) , where he raised the problems he had discussed in his correspondence with Kelley-Wischnewetzky (pp. 82, 525, 530, 540-4 1 ) , and made an incisive analysis of the popu lar US economist Henry George. Engels' correspondence reflects his keen interest in the so�ial . economic and political history of Russia and the RUSSIan revolutIOn ary movement. His chief Russian correspondents in 1 883-86 were Nikolai Danielson, Pyotr Lavrov, and Vera Zasulich. Their l� t ters, along with the periodicals and other literature, were for hIm a continuous source of information about life in Russia. Engels saw the specificity of Russia in that there every degree of 'social development is represented, from the primitive comm� n� to modern big industry and high finance, and . . . all these contradIctIOns are forcibly pent up by an unheard-of despotism' (p. 28 1 ) . He predict ed an imminent financial crash and stressed the disaffection among all social groups over the internal situation. He observed that 'the so-called emancipation of the peasants' in 1 86 1 had not entirely
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liberated the peasants, with left-overs of feudal relations surviving in the countryside. As in the 1 8 70s, one of the central subjects in the correspondence between Engels and the Russian revolutionaries was that of the prospects for revolution in Russia. Engels clearly overestimated the revolutionary sentiment in Russia when he wrote that the Tsar's government was 'at bay' and that the country would soon have its own 1 789 (pp. 1 1 2, 338 ) . His optimism was partly sti mulated by the activity of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) revolu tionary organisation (pp. 256, 338 ) . His letter to Vera Zasulich of23 April 1 885 contains his conception of the character and motive forces of the impending revolution in Russia. He discusses possible revolutionary scenarios, from a palace coup to a people's revolution, which he compares to the Jacobinic dictatorship of 1 793 . When he gave both main dates of the French Revolution, 1 789 and 1 793, he evidently had in mind the succession of stages in the revolutionary cycle, from the bourgeois to the bour geois-democratic revolution (pp. 1 1 2, 28 1 ) . Like Marx, he was certain that the Russian revolution would tear down tsarism, that 'last stronghold of reaction' (pp. 488-89) , and thereby influence the political situation in the rest of Europe, ending tsarism's policy of conquests (pp. 338, 5 1 5- 1 6) . The letters show that Engels welcomed the growth of revolutionary forces in Russia and that he established close ties with the first Rus sian Marxists in the Emancipation of Labour group. Nor did he ever deny support to Russian socialists who had trans lated into Russian such works as: K. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy ( 1 886) , Volume I I of Capital ( 1 88 5 ) , and his Socialism: Utopian and Scientific ( 1 884) , and so forth. He cOIT,mended their professional skill. In a letter to Sorge of 29 June 1 883 ne wrote, 'Translating the Mani festo is awfully difficult; by far the best renderings I have seen are the Russian' (p. 42) . The correspondence of 1 883- 1 886 is a valuable source of inform a tion about Engels' life and offers evidence of his boundless respect for Marx. To perpetuate the memory of his friend, often to the detriment of his then shaky health, he worked from eight to ten hours at his desk, editing Marx's manuscripts (pp. 1 9 7 , 202, 456, 492 ) . Conscious of the pressure of his obligations, he wrote to Johann Philipp Becker on 1 5 October 1 884: ' . . . M y misfortune is that since we lost Marx I have been supposed to represent him. I have spent a lifetime doing what I was fitted for, namely playing second fiddle, and indeed I be-
lieve I acquitted myself reasonably well. And I was happy to have so plend id a first fiddle as Marx. But now that I am suddenly expected take Marx's place in matters of theory and play first fiddle, there i1l inevitably be blunders and no one is more aware of that than I ' (p. 202) . . The letters produce a vivid and most attractive portraIt of Engels, a revolutionary internationalist, theorist, sensitive and responsive friend, a man brimming with energy and optimism. They testify to his touching affection for Marx's daughters, and his warm concern for such veterans of the labour movement as Friedrich Lessner, Johann Philipp Becker, George Julian Harney, and others.
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Volume 4 7 contains 3 1 0 letters by Frederick Engels. Of these 1 80 are published in English for the first time; 1 30 letters have been published in English before, 65 of these in part only. All previous publications are indicated in the notes. Letter No. 3 1 0 of 25 March 1 886, the use of which was kindly granted by University College Library, London, shortly before the deadline, was included in the volume at the last moment on p. 543, so that the chronological order had to be disregarded. Eleanor Marx-Aveling's letter to Horatio Bryan Donkin of 8 Feb ruary 1 886, the use of which was kindly granted by University College Library, London, is included in the Appendix and is being published in English for the first time. Obvious errors in the text of the letters have been silently correct ed. Abbreviated proper and place names, and individual words are given in full, except when the abbreviations were made for reasons of secrecy or cannot be deciphered. Defects in the originals are indicated in the footnotes, and passages with lost or illegible words are denoted by omission marks. Wherever their hypothetical reconstruction was possib le, it is given in square brackets. Any text crossed out by the au thor is reproduced in footnotes only if it has a substantive bearing on the sense. The special nature of certain letters which were drafts or fragments reproduced in other documents is indicated either in the tex t itself or in the notes. Foreign words and expressions in the text of the letters are retainer!
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in the form in which they were used by the authors, with a translation where necessary in the footnotes and italicised (if they were under lined by the authors they are italicised and spaced out) . English words and expressions used by Engels in texts written in German and French are printed in small caps. Longer passages written in English in the original are placed in asterisks. The numbers of notes relating to the same facts and events in the texts of different letters, are repeated. The texts of letters and notes were prepared for publication by Irina Shikanyan (April 1 883 to November 1 885) , Yelena Kofanova {November 1 885 to January 1 886) , and Natalia Sayenko Uanuary to December 1 886) . The Preface was written by Irina Shikanyan. Edi tors of the volume are Valeria Kunina and Velta Pospelova. The name index and the index of periodicals are by Andrei Pozdnyakov with the assistance of Yelena Kofanova, and the index of quoted and mentioned literature is by Yelena Kofanova (Russian Independent Institute of Social and National Problems) . The transla tions were done by Peter and Betty Ross, and Rodney Livingstone ( Lawrence & Wishart), K. M. Cook ana Stephen Smith (Progress Publishing Group Corporation) and edited by K. M. Cook, Stephen Smith, Maria Shcheglova, Anna Vladimirova (Progress Pu blishing Group Corporation) and Vladimir Mosolov, scientific editor (RIISNP) . The volume was prepared for the press by Svetlana Gerasimenko ( Progress Publishing Group Corporation) .
KARL MARX FREDERICK ENGELS COLLECTED WORKS VOLUME 47
3
1 883
1 ENGELS TO PYOTR LAVROV 1 IN PARIS
London, 2 April 1 883 My dear Lavrov, I hasten to acknowledge receipt of your letter enclosing a postal order for 1 24.50 frs. I shall not be able to cash it until Wednesday a at the earliest, as tomorrow I have to examine the manuscripts left by Marx. 2 On completion of the commission I shall announce the fact in the Sozialdemokrat of Zurich, and shall ask the editorial department to send you one or two copies of that particular number. I t goes without saying that no mention will be made of Citizen Krantz'sb name. 3 I have found the manuscript of the Zirkulation des KapitalsC and of the third book: Die Gestaltungen des Gesammtprozesses d some 1 ,000 in-folio pages. 4 So far it's impossible for me to say whether the manu script as it stands is in a fit condition to go to press. In any case I shall have to copy it out as it is in rough draft. Tomorrow I shall at last have time enough to devote several hours to going through all the manuscripts that Moor has left us, in particular an outline of dialect ics which he had always intended to do. 5 But he always refrained from telling us how far his work had progressed, for he was aware that, once people realised something was ready, he would be pestered until he consented to its publication. All this is between you and me; I have no right to publish anything without Tussy who is my literary co-executnx. •
a 4 April - b a pen-name for /,yotr Lavrov -
cess of Capitalist Production as a Whole
'
Circulation of Capital - d The Pro
4
2. Engels to Laura Lafargue. I I April 1 883
2. Engels to Laura Lafargue. I I Ap ril 1 883
We were all delighted and surprised to hear that our good, brave to the point of madness Lopatin had so happily regained his freedom. 6 Let us hope that, while retaining his bravery, he has left his madness behind him in Russia. I hope to see him here one of these days. Please give him my warm regards.
is a week that Tussy sent him a very categorical letter: when is the boy a to come? Not a line in reply. It est toujours en train de riflechir. b Paul is sure of six months at least. 9 He was awfully funky about it when here, and amused Liebknecht out of all measure with his horror carceris. But if he does not now start in earnest to learn German, I shall consider him to be nothing but un enfant gate. d I magine he writes to me that he will learn it 'comme vous le dites t r e s b i e n (!) il pourra ( ! ) devenir necessaire que je le sache pour des traductions!' . As if the perfection of his own accomplishments, bright as they are, did not en tirely depend on his reading certain German things, published and unpu blished! He rejoices in the prospect of the 2nd volume [of] Capi tal being published, but will he ever be able to read it? If M-me Gendre will translate the Manijest f into French and let me revise the translation (it's no child's play, you know) I will write her a preface sufficient to explain the historical circumstances, etc. 1 0 But as I know nothing much of the lady, I am bound to say at present: no revision, no preface. A right to stop any proceedings of hers in that di rection I have not. This nota bene is for Paul. So is this: What speech of Giffen he writes about I don't know, nor where it was published. Pumps is still 'expectant', or was so at least last night. Percy's mother told him the other day that really he ought to be a little better informed in a case like that. Jollymeyer is here for a few days. Since then (as some days before he left 1 0 days ago) we have every evening a bobby promenading be 1 fore the house, when I let Carlo out about 1 2 . The imbeciles evidently think we are manufacturing dynamite, when in reality we are discuss ing whisky. Kind regards from him and myself to both of you.
Yours ever,
F. Engels
5
C
e
First published in: Marx and Engels , Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVII, Moscow, 1 935
Printed according to the original Translated from the French Published in English in full for the first time
2 ENGELS TO LAURA LAFARGUE IN PARIS
London, 1 1 April 1 883 My dear Laura, I do indeed think, along with you, that Paul ought to go and see his mother and I have told him so many a time and many a year ago. As to the extra expense, that will not be much and I can soon find you that, if informed in time. Only, if things are as you describe, it will re quire some considerable diplomacy on Paul's part, not to spoil his own game that Christian sister of charity ought not to be made an enemy 0[7 she is always there and Paul not, and if only her sus picions are aroused, be sure she will never cease to beguile the old woman isto a will as much in her favour as the law will permit. So that point I suppose is settled you'll have to look after the executlOn. We all of us have had a hearty laugh at your account of the Argen teuil adventures. 8 I t is so like him a from beginning to end. To-day it •
a Charles Longuet
Yours affectionately, First published, in the language of the original (English) , in: F. Engels, P. et L . Lafargue, Correspondance, t. I , Paris, 1 956
d
F . Engels
Reproduced from the original
aJean Longuet - b He is still thinking it over. fear of imprisonment a spoilt child - ' 'As you say very aptly (!) i t may ( ! ) prove necessary for me to know it for translations!' - f K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto oj the Communist Party. - C
3. Engels to Nieuwenhuis. I I April 1 883
6
3 ENGELS TO FERDINAND DOMELA N IEUWENHUIS 1
Excuse me dat ik niet op hollandsch schrijr; in recent years I have had no practice in the use of your language. Very sincerely yours,
IN THE HAGUE
London, 1 1 April 1 883 1 22 Regent's Park Road, N. W. Dear Comrade, You must understand that, since the death of my oid friend, I have been so taken up with correspondence, business matters, the perusal of his writings, etc . , that I have been able to attend only to what was absolutely imperative. 2 Today I have at last found a minute or two in which to thank you for your letter of condolence 1 1 and for your excellent obituary in Recht voor Allen. a That obituary was un doubtedly one of the best we have seen, and was unanimously ac claimed as such among our circle of intimates here. Many thanks, too, on behalf of his surviving daughters b and of my self, to the Dutch workers' party 1 2 for their participation, at least in spirit, in our friend's last rites. In this they were at one with our Ger man, French, Spanish, Russian and American comrades. Should fate or the urge to travel in our case sadly curbed bring me to Holland, I shall consider myself under an obligation to look you up, just as I would urge you to look me up should you come to England. Marx has left a great wad of manuscript for the second part of Capi tal, the whole of which I must first read (and what handwriting!) be fore I can tell to what extent it is printable and to what extent it re quires complementing from subsequent notebooks. 4 At all events, the main substance is there. Since I cannot as yet say anything more definite, however, I would ask you not to put anything in the papers about it just now, as this might lead to misunderstandings. Besides, Marx's youngest daughter Eleanor is my literary co-executrix, I can do noth ing without her and the ladies, as you know, are sticklers for form. a F. D. Nieuwenhuis, 'Karl Marx', Recht voor Allen, No. 4, 24 March b Laura Lafargue and Eleanor Marx
7
4. Engels to Bernstein. 1 4 April 1 883
F. Engels
I enclose my photograph and beg you to send me yours. As soon as we have got new ones of Marx I shall send you one. First published, in Russian, in Istorik marksist, No. 6, Moscow, 1 934
Printed according to the original Pu blished in English in ful l for the first time
4 ENGELS TO EDUARD BERNSTEI N IN ZURICH
London, 1 4 April 1 883 Dear Mr Bernstein, Dr Aveling, editor of Progress, wrote to The Republican with a view to purchasing the wood block of Marx's portrait which appeared in that paper. 1 3 Came the reply: THAT BLOCK HAS BEEN SENT TO G ERMANY FOR THE Sozialdemokrat, so IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR YOU TO HAVE IT. Aveling now en joins me to write forthwith, asking if he could have the block as soon as possible. If not, then perhaps a cliche of it. There may also be some misunderstanding, the block having, perhaps, gone to the Neue Welt. Please let me know at once by postcard. 1 4 The report of the Congress 1 5 most edifying. 1 6 In great haste, Yours,
1 883. a
for not writing in Dutch
F. E.
8
9
5. Engels to Knowles. 1 7 April 1 883
6. Engels to Van Patten. 1 8 April 1 883
The 2nd volume of Capital is there but I can't tell you what a state it's in 1 ,000 pages of ms. to go through. 1 7 However, don't put anything in the paper yet; as soon as I can say anything for sure, I 'll let you have something authoritative.
a reply a you t rx sen Ma ies. rac ccu ina and hs rut unt of full brim bu t you refus ed to insert it. s you view rx's Ma with f rsel you t uain acq to t wan you if id, afra am I iKap Das of ion edit nch Fre n or ssia Ru n, ma Ger the d rea to e hav will tal. I know but one living Eng lish man cap able of giving a correct acr. b este nch Ma er in rist bar is a t I . ital Kap Das of ts ten con the of unt co !fyou desire I shall be glad to ask him whe ther he is willing to und er take the task for you. Yours faithfully
First published, in Russian, in Marx Engels Archives, Book I, Moscow, 1 924
Printed according to the original Pu blished in English for the first tIme •
5 ENGELS TO THOMAS JAMES KNOWLES 1 8
Jos. Knowles Esq. the Hollies, Clapham Common S. W. First published in: Marx and Engels, Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVII, Moscow, 1 935
IN LONDON [Draft]
Reproduced from the original Published in English for the first time •
[London,] 1 7 April 1 883 Dear Sir, There exists a manuscript a critical resume of Das Kapital by me a among the papers of the late Dr Marx, but up to to-day we -have been unable to find it amongst the mass of papers left by him. However, even if found, I should hesitate to send it to you at least for the purpose you indicate. b I am not aware that it is usual, in the literature of this or any other country, for one author to lend his manu scripts to another. As to our experience of English review-writers it has not been very encouraging. With the exception of a few clergymen of the Church of England, they have invariably distorted our views and disfigured our actions. Their utter ignorance of our theory and practice has been equalled only by their presumption. The XIX Century I believe, in July 1 878, published an article of George Howell on the I nternational C a F. Engels, Synopsis of Volume One of 'Capital' by Karl Marx.
See this volume, p. 1 2. G. Howell, 'The History of the I nternational Association', The Nineteenth Century, No. XVII , July 1 878. - '
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b
6 ENGELS TO PHILIPP VAN PATTEN 1 9 IN NEW YORK [Draft]
London, 1 8 April 1 883 Philipp Van Patten, 5 7 2nd Avenue, New York Esteemed Comrade, My statement in reply to your inquiry of the 2nd April as to Karl Marx's position with regard to the Anarchists in general and Johann Most in particular shall be short and clear. K. Marx, 'Mr George Howell's History of the International Working-Men's Asso ciation' . b Samuel Moore a
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6. Engels to Van Patten. 1 8 April 1 883
6. Engels to Van Patten. 1 8 April 1 883
Marx and I , ever since 1 845, have held the view that one of the final results of the future proletarian revolution will be the gradual dissolu tion and ultimate disappearance of that political organisation called the State; an organisation the main object of which has ever been to �ec � re, by armed force, the economical subjection of the working ma JO�Ity :0 the wealthy minority. With the disappearance of a wealthy mmonty the necess� ty for an armed repressive State-force disappears also. At the same tIme we have always held, that in order to arrive at this and the other, far more important ends of the social revolu tion of the future, the proletarian class will first have to possess itself of the orga�ised political force of the State and with its aid stamp out t� e reSIstance of t � e Capitalist class and re-organise society. . ThIS IS stated already m the Communist Manifesto of 1 84 7 , end of Chapter I I . a The Anarchists reverse the matter. They say, that the Proletarian revolution has to begin by abolishing the political organisation of the State : Bu � after the victory of the Proletariat, the only organisation . the vIctonous workmg class finds ready-made for use, is that of the State. I t may require adaptation to the new functions. b But to de stroy that at such a moment, would be to destroy the only organism by means of which the victorious working class can exert its newly conquered power, keep down its capitalist enemies and carry out that economic� l revoluti�n of society without which the whole victory . must end m a defeat and m a massacre of the working class like that after the Paris Commune. Does it require my express assertion, that Marx opposed these anarchist absurdities from the very first day that they were started in their present form by Bakunin? The whole internal history of the International Working Men's Association is there to prove it. The Anarchists tried to obtain the lead of the International, by the foulest means, ever since 1 86 7 2 0 and the chief obstacle in their way was Marx. The result of the five years' struggle was the expulsion, at the Hague Congress, September 1 872, of the Anarchists from the Inter national, 2 I and the man who did most to procure that expulsion was Marx. Our old friend F. A. Sorge of Hoboken, who was present as a delegate, can give you further particulars if you desire. a See present edition, Vol. 6, pp. 505-06. - b I n Der Sozialdemokrat this sentence
reads: 'This State may require very important changes before it can fulfil its new functions.' - I n Der Sozialdemokrat: 'another defeat'. C
11
Now as to Johann Most. If any man asserts that Most, since he turned anarchist, has had any relations with, or support from Marx, he is either a dupe or a deliberate liar. After the first No. of the London Freiheit had been published, a Most did not call upon Marx and my self more than once, at most twice. Nor did we call on him or even meet him accidentally anywhere or at any time since his new-fangled anarchism had burst forth in that paper. b I ndeed, we at last ceased to take it in as there was absolutely 'nothing in it' . We had for his an archism and anarchist tactics the same contempt as for that of the people from whom he had learnt it. While still in Germany, Most published a 'popular' extract of Das Kapital. d Marx was requested to revise it for a second edition. I as sisted Marx in that work. We found it impossible to eradicate more than the very worst mistakes, unless we re-wrote the whole thing from beginning to end, and Marx consented his corrections being insert ed on the express condition only that his name was never in any way connected with even this revised form ofJohann Most's produc tion. You are perfectly at liberty to publish this letter in the Voice of the People, f if you like to do so. C
e
Yours fraternally, First published, slightly abridged, in Der Sozialdemokrat, Nr. 2 1 , 1 7 Mai 1 883 and in full, in Russian, in Marx-Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1 932
F. E.
Reproduced from the original, checked with the newspaper
bur st for th on 4 Jan uary 1 879 - b Th e words 'since his new-fangled anarchism had rx to Ma K. of ers lett See t. kra emo iald Soz Der in d itte om are in tha t paper' ofF . Engels and , 879 1 ber tem Sep 9 1 of ge Sor A. F. to and 879 1 y Jul ! of ker . Bec j. Ph i Kap st, Mo . J . 46) 45, ls. Vo , tion edi nt ese (pr 880 1 ril Ap 1 of to J. Ph . Bec ker nit z tal und Arbeit. Ein popularer Auszug aus 'Das Kapital' von Karl Marx, Chem 'in the rds wo the t, kra emo iald Soz n I Der f 4. 1 p. e, um vol this See [ 1 873 ] . Voice if the People' are omitted. a
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7 . Engels to Knowles. 20 April 1 883
9. Engels to Sorge. 24 April 1 883
7
The little piece about the good Marx being led astray by the evil Engels has been performed countless times since 1�44, alternating with the other little piece about Ormuzd-Engels bemg lured away from the path of virtue by Ahriman-Marx. Now, however, the eyes of the worthy Parisians will at last be opened.
ENGELS TO THOMAS JAMES KNOWLES 2 2 IN LONDON [Draft]
[London,]
Yours,
20 April 1883
Dear Sir, If we do find the ms. in question I shall be glad and give you the re fusal of it, on two self-understood conditions but which I may as well mention 1 ) that in case of refusal you do not communicate it to any body else, and 2) that in case you print it, it appears as a separate ar ticle out of all connection with any other. Yours faithfully,
First published, in Russian, in Marx Engels Archives, Book I, Moscow, 1 924
ENGELS TO FRIEDR I CH ADOLPH SORGE 2 7 IN HOBOKEN
London,
Reproduced from the original
8 ENGELS TO EDUARD BERNSTEIN 2 4 IN ZURICH
[London,]
23 April 1 883
Herewith also the proofs. 2 5 Your letter received; shall answer it this week with an article about Marx for the So:::,ialdemokrat. I still have all sorts of matters to deal with before I can finish it off proper ly. 2 6
Pu blished in English for the first time
9
F. E.
Published in English for the first time
Printed according to the original •
Allow me to say that I am no 'Dr' but a retired cotton spinner. 2 3 First published in: Marx and Engels, Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVII , Moscow, 1 935
F. E.
24 April 1883
Dear Sorge, Enclosed a line or two for Gartman from his friend Brocher, a mud dle-headed anarchist but a sterling chap. Perhaps you would be good enough to send it on. The Volkszeitung has perpetrated follies enough, though still not as ma ny as I expected. Nevertheless they have all contributed their share, Schewitsch, Cuno, Douai, Hepner. Here was a quartet performed by would-be know-aIls who, JOINTLY AND SEVERALLY, knew damned little. However I felt impelled to write a line to the editors, a pointing out that they had printed my telegram to you b as though it had been addressed to them and had, in my second to them, C inserted a false state ment to the effect that Marx had died in Argenteuil. d We did not, I told them, stand for that sort of thing over here; as a result they had
a F. Engels, 'To the Editors of the New Yorker Volkszeitung' ( 1 8 April 1 883) . b of 1 4
d
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March 1 883 - ' F. Engels, 'To the New Yorker Volkszeitung' ( 1 6 March 1 883) . Marx died in London.
14
10. Engels to Bernstein. 28 April 1 883
9. Engels to Sorge. 24 April 1 883
ma de it imp oss ible for me to send the m any further reports and , in the eve nt of the ir again ven tur ing to ma ke suc h mis use of my nam e, I should be compelled to ask you to announce at once in public that the wh ole thing was a falsification on the ir par t. Those gen tlem en ought to confine the ir Yankee HUM BUG to the ms elv es. Bes ide s, the Americans are far more honest; according to the Volkszeitung, I was sent a tele gram 2 8 which I never received and I was almost inc line d to believe that the gen tlem en on the Volkszeitung had pocketed the money for the ms el:es. Now Va n Pat ten writes to say tha t there had n't bee n any money m the first pla ce. I am now com pel led to ma ke this pu bli cly kno wn over her e, for otherwise it wo uld be sai d tha t I had wit hh eld the telegram fro m the Paris press and the So::,ialdemokrat. Th e answer re Mo st, wh ich I sent Va n Pa tte n in response to his enq uir y, a wil l dou btl ess hav e already bee n pu blis hed by him by the tim e this arrIves. At the Copenhagen Congress 1 5 it was resolved tha t Lie bk nec ht' s and Be bel 's trip to Am eri ca sho uld take pla ce nex t spring. 2 9 I t ha s to do wit h money for the ele ctio n cam pa ign in 1 884 -85 . (Al l this is be tween ourselves.) Lie bkn ech t has proposed to Tussy tha t she sho uld ac co�pany him as his secretary an d she is very kee n to go; so it mi gh t easIly be tha t you see her the re before lon g. Generally speaking we hav e no t ma de any pla ns yet . Th e literary work (third edi tio n, Vo lum e I of Capital, edi tin g of Vo lum e I I, the ms . of wh ich has bee n fou nd though as yet there is no knowing to wh at ext ent it is ready for pri nti ng or requires sup ple me nti ng , 1 7 biography based o n the e� ormou� correspo nd enc e, 3 0 etc .) takes up all my spare . tim e, beSides wh ich Tussy has a mass of literary ENGAGEMENTS to get through. You are , of course, ful ly ent itle d to print the passages on He nry George in Ma rx' s lett ers . 3 1 Th e qu est ion is, however, wh eth er it migh � not be bet ter to wa it un til I am abl e to sort ou t for you the margmal not es ma de by Ma rx in his copy of Ge org e's book and the n do the wh ole lot at one go. Re sum es of the kin d Ma rx provides, theo re tically acu te bu t brief and un acc om pa nie d by exa mp les , are surely . stIll above the hea d of your average Am eri can and after all there is no hurry. I shall take a closer look at the things as soon as I hav e tim e. If, in the me anw hile , you sen d me a copy of the relevant passage in Ma rx' s lett er, it wil l ma ke the job sim ple r. b •
a See this volume, pp. 9- 1 1 . b Ibid ., p. 42. _
15
e th f; sel my es pi co few a d ive ce re ly on ve I ha . th wi Pamph let here � 2 3 w. no h ' I 1S ng E ow kn r trye 2 em tryd W 5 Does . ess pr e th in is ' n tio I d e . d . n . 2 ' lcaIIy qU lte un Ist l sty d an y all tlc ma am gr re we s ion lat ns tra H I' S e arlier e th at . d an ses as g llin pa ap k loo us e ad m ve ha uld wo prill tabl e ', they Id l I' k e to se e ou I sh ow yh An le. icu rid to or th au e th same tim e exposed a sp eC im en . Your F. E. •
First published abridged in Briife und Ausziige aus Briifen von Joh. Phil. Becker, Jos. Dietzgen, Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx u. A. an F. A. Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart, 1 906 and in full in: Marx and Engels, Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVII, Moscow, 1 935
Printed according to the original
10 ENGELS TO EDUARD BERNSTEIN I N ZURICH
London, 28 April 1 883 Dear Bernstein,
of n ti ua in nt c he ) . ! r' M ' g rin bo e � th rd sca � di ld ou sh ( I th in k we 1 . a. W ith Am er Ica ns e, nc de on sp rre co me so ain nt co ll wh at fol low s wi over Most! . ' 3 3 I h d , on nd Lo Ia ng rm tu re t no e ar u yo at th le ab :r iv rg fo un t I is � 11 we d an er m m su m e m co l u'l yo s ap rh pe , qu ite co un ted on it. W ell at d be a of re su be s ay alw n ca u Yo . er th ge to sea e th in take a sw im my home. for rk wo to s ay alw er ph ra og ot ph on nd Lo ng di lea M ay al l, th e O S . PLE PEO NT INE EM OM FR Y NE MO KE TA T NO DO WE le: cip in M ar x has th e pr ex , ) ed dl ud m ly me tre ex is e (h es pi co for an m e th we ca�' t now press r, de or an m hi . en giv ve ha we e nc He e. ut ro ut bo da un ro a by ce pt a Ibid., pp. 9- 1 1 .
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I I . Engels to Bebel. 30 April 1 883
I I . Engels to Bebel. 30 April 1 883
claiming it was for a Ge rm an b 00k se II er, lOr r 1 , 000 cartes de visite (£ 1 2 M240 24d . eac h) �nd 200 CABINET PORTRAITS eh fig ure ) a £8 M l 6 0 �Od . eac h. I t IS the las t and bes t pic tur e to deP ict . ?or a hIS spnghtly Ol ym pia n ease, confident of victory. I am ofermg : em to yo u, and to Lie bkn ech t an d Sorge in Ne w York aft er ded�ctm g those we nee d ourselves. Ho w ma ny do you wa nt? Yo u . don t hav e to sell the m all at onc e. Th ey wil l be b e tter m an y cas e th an an y ma de th er e. =
� � =
_
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Yours, First published, in Russian, in Marx Engels A rchives, Book I, Moscow, 1 924
F. E .
Printed according to the original
�ublished
in English for the first
time
11
ENGELS TO AUGUST BEBEL IN BORSDORF NEAR LEIPZIG 3 4
London, 30 April 1 883 Dear Bebel, . There is a very simP1 e answer to your qu est IOn as to wh eth er . I mI�h t remove to Ge rm an y or Sw itz erl an d or somewhere els e on the Co ntm en t, na me ly tha t I s�all no t go to an y co un try fro m wh ich on e ca n be expelled. Bu t tha t IS som eth ing on e ca n only be safe from in . En�l�nd an d Amenc � . I sho uld at mo st go to the lat ter co un trY on . a VIS it, unless otherwIse com pel led . He nc e I sha11 rem aIn h ere o eover E �gland has an oth er great ad va nta ge . Sin ce the de·mi se f e nternatlOnal the re ha s be en no lab ou r mo ve me nt whatsoever ere , �av a� app� nd ag� to the bourgeoisie, the radicals and for the ur SUl t 0 Im Ite d aim s wz thin the capitalist sys tem . Th us, onl here O ?S ne have the pe ac e on e ne ed s if one is to go on wi th on e';the o retIc� �ork E �erywhere els e one would ha ve ha d to tak e part in : pr ac tIc a a�Ita tlO n an d wa ste an en or mo us am ou nt of tim e As gards practIcal agitation, I sh ou ld ha ve achieved no mo re th �n a �
� �
�; �
� ��
:�
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one else; as regards theoretical work, I cannot yet see who could take the place of Marx and myself. What younger men have attempted in this line is worth little, indeed, for the most part less than nothing. Kautsky, the only one who applies himself to study, has to write for a living and for that reason if no other can achieve nothing. And now, in my sixty-third year, up to my eyes in my own work and with the prospect of a year's work on the second volume of Capital and another year's work on M arx's biography, 3 0 along with the history of the German socialist movement from 1 843 to 1 863 and of the I nter na tional from 1 864-72, 3 5 it would be madness for me to exchange my peaceful retreat here for some place where one would have to take part in meetings and newspaper battles, which alone would be enough to blur, as it necessarily must, the clarity of one's vision. To be sure, if things were as they were in 1 848 and 1 849, I would again take to the saddle if need arose. But now strict division of labour. I must even withdraw as much as possible from the Sozialdemokrat. You have only to think of the enormous correspondence, formerly shared out between M arx and myself, which I have had to con duct on my own for over a year now. For after all, we wish to main tain intact, in so far as it is in my power, the many threads from all over the world which spontaneously converged upon Minx's study. As regards a monument to Marx, 3 6 I do not know what ought to be done. The family is against it. The simple headstone made for his wife, which now also bears his and his little grandson's a names, would be desecrated in their eyes if replaced by a monument which, here in London, would be scarcely distinguishable from the pretentious phil istine monuments surrounding it. A London cemetery of this kind looks quite different from a German one. The graves lie closely side by side, not room for a tree between them, and a monument is not al lowed to exceed the length and breadth of the small plot that has been bought. Liebknecht spoke of a complete edition of Marx's writings. All very well, but Dietz's plan for Volume I I has made people forget that that Volume was long since promised to Meissner and that an edition of the other, shorter works would likewise have to be offered to Meissner first, and then could only appear abroad. After all, even before the Anti-Socialist Law 3 7 it was always said that not even the Communist
a
Henri Longuet
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1 2. Engels to Sorge. I May 1 883
88 3 1 y a M 0 1 t. h c e n k b ie L to 1 3 . E n g el s
e d k ic u q a t u b , e r o m f o ld o h t e g to le b a e b ll a sh e w t su ff ic e , . n o d o u b . ClslOn IS necessary. Your F. Engels
Manifesto could be printed in GermanY save m the document read out at your trial. 3 8 . The manuscript of Volume I I was comp1e ted prIor to 1 873, prob . . 1 ' WrItten m German script '· after 1 8 7 3 ably even prior to 1 870 . 7 It IS M ar� never used anything but Latin characters. . . It IS too late for registration so this letter must go off as It IS; however, I shall seal it with my ;eal. A letter this evening to Liebknecht in Berlin. 3 9
.
Your
1
First published in: A. Bebel Aus meznem Leben, Th. I I I, Stuttgart, 1 9 4
F. E.
19
,
ls , e g n E d n a rx a M : in d F ir st p u b li sh e X V II , X l. o V , n io it d E n ia ss u R Works, First Moscow, 1 9 3 5
ginal Printed according to th e ori st ir f e th r fo sh li g n E in ed Publish time
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"
Printed according to the original
•
�ublished
in English for the first
13
tIme
,
it
T H C E N K B E I L M L E ENGELS TO W I L H
,,� o
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o
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34 IG Z IP E L R A E IN B O R S D O R F N
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L o n d o n , 1 0 M ay 1 8 8 3
ENGELS TO FRIEDRI CH ADOLPH SORGE Il'< HOBOKEN
London, 1 May 1 883 Dear Sorge, So as to obtain a good photograp h 0f M arx, we have ordered from Mayall, the leading photograp h er h ere, who took the last ones of him , 1 ,000 cartes de visite £12
1.
e. approx. 3d. apiece; 200 CABINET SIZE, 3 /4 figure, a £8 . 1 . e. approx. 9d. apiece of the last nice one. You can have some of these at cost ' c e I h ave also o�ered them to Liebknecht and Bernstein in Zuric . � f th e a bove quantIty does not
o
•
:�
a See this volume, pp. 1 5- 1 6.
. "' F 0' o
o
D e a r L ie b k n e c h t, e r u it d n e p x e y r a ss e c e n n u e m g n si u a c , y a w is th in n o c If you carry a d e r e d si n o c lil e th d n a g in h tc a h p e e k u o y s e m e ld u o o f in k b y th e sc h w e c n e d n o sp e r r o c r u o t, a b n w o r u o y ff o ti o n s you perform l a assuredly c e a se . g le y m t a h w e m g in ll te , ly p re a s a w y ll a in ig r o r fo d n A ll I asked y o u 2 a s e g a is v n e t c a tr n o c 5 4 8 1 e h T . d n a ig W to d r a p o si tion was in reg : 0 n io st e u Q .4 it r fo id a p e b to e fe e th n w o d s y edition and la ? is th y b d n u o b l il st I 1 . Am i d n o c e th n o n io it d e d n 2 a t in r p to s se fu e r d n a ig W if 2 . I f so, and t? h ig tr u o e m se a le e r t a th s e o d , d e e r g a t n e m y a p f o s n o le ti p m si se e th to u o y m o fr r e sw n a n a t e g to le b a n e e b er ly n I h a v e 'lev o n a c I , e m r fo e n o in ta b o to d e is m o r p u o y e c n si , q u e st io n s a n d . t' r a p r u o y n o t c le g e 'n ty r d e sc r ib e it as a p d ir th a ia v r o y ll a n so r e p r e h it e u o y d te c u r st u o Never have I in y t, n e m o m is th t a , y h w e iv e c n o c t o n n a c I d n a , lf t a b n to act on my b e h a w o r u o y ff o n o ti o m in g in th a h c su t se to d a u o y t took it in to y o u r h e a th t es u q re ly s s e r p x e ld ou w I . g n ti c e fl e r and w it h o u t e v e n
20
1 4. Engels to Bebel. 1 0- 1 1 May 1 883
ma ke no move wh ate ve r; I sho uld at once write to Wigand and dis clair.n eve�thing. M eis sne r ha s written tod ay ; ma ke s no me nti on at all of pu blication . ms tal me nts ! The contract does not en tit le us to interfere here. Bu t if Di etz ca n show Meissner tha t it is to his ow n ad va nta ge , he may do it . aft er all . Lafar gu e's address: 66 Bo ul?vard de Po rt- Ro ya l, Paris (cl ose to Ste - Pe lag ie, handy for a ch ap gomg to qu od ) . 9 Photographs will be delivered in ba tch es and sen t to Di etz as soon as po ssi ble . b First published, in Russian, in Marx Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI) , Moscow, 1 932
Printed according to the original Pu blished in English for the first time
14 ENGELS TO AUGUST BEBEL 4 1 IN BORSDORF NEAR LEIPZIG 3 4
London, 1 0- 1 1 May 1 883 Dear Bebel, That you would sooner not sit in the Reichstag, I am ready to be . heve. But you can see what your absence has made possible. Some years ago Bracke wrote to me saying: Bebel is, in fact, the only one of us possessed of real parliamentary tact.4 2 And I have found this con stantly confirmed. So there's probably no alternative but for you to return to your post at t �e first opportunity and I should be delighted were you to be elected m Hamburg so that necessity relieved you of your doubts. 4 3 Certainly, agitational and parliamentary work becomes very bora
This
refers probably to the third German edition of Volume I of Capital. _ b See thiS volume, pp. 1 5- 1 6.
1 4. Engels to Bebel. 1 0- 1 1 May 1 883
21
ing after a time. I t is much the same thing as advertising, puffing one's wares and travelling around are in business: success is slow in coming, and some never achieve it. But there's no other alternative, and once you are in it you've got to see the thing through to the end, if all your trouble is not to have been for nothing. And the Anti Socialist Law 3 7 means that this, the only course to have remained open, simply cannot be dispensed with. Despite the way it was written, the report on the Copenhagen Con gress 1 5 enabled me to read sufficiently between the lines to amend Liebknecht's, as always rosy, version of things: At all events I per ceived that the half-and-halfs 4 4 had suffered a severe defeat and this, I admit, led me to believe that they would now draw in their horns. Yet such does not seem to be the case, or not to that degree. We have never been under any illusions about these men. Neither Hasenclever nor, for that matter, Hasselmann, should ever have been admitted, but Liebknecht's undue haste over unification against which, at the time, we protested for all we were worth has landed us with a jackass and also, for a while, with a rascal. 4 5 In his day, BIos was a lively, courageous chap but after his marriage, etc., the stuffing was soon knocked out of him by the difficulty of making both ends meet. Geiser always was an indolent, self-opinionated fellow and Kayser a big-mouthed cor.nr.nis-voyageur.b Even in 1 848 Rittinghausen was a nonentity; he's only a socialist proforr.na, in order to enlist our help in achieving his direct government by the people. But we have better things to do. What you say about Liebknecht is something you have doubtless long been thinking.4 6 We have known him for many years. Popu larity is the very stuff of life to him. Hence he has got to conciliate and conceal in order to postpone the crisis. Besides, he's an optimist by nature and sees everything through rose-tinted spectacles. That's what keeps him so lively and is the main reason for his popularity, but it also has its disadvantages. So long as I corresponded only with him, not only did he report everything in accordance with his own rosy views, but also withheld everything that was unpleasant and, upon being questioned, replied in such an airy and off-hand way that, more than by anything else, one was unfailingly needled by the thought 'Can the man suppose us so stupid as to be taken in by it?'
a
Cf. this volume, pp. 7 and 32 ._b commercial traveller
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23
14. Engels to Bebel. 1 0- 1 1 May 1 883
1 4. Engels to Bebel. 1 0- 1 1 May 1 883
Add to that his incessant busyness, an undoubted asset in day-to-day agitation but involving us over here in a mass of useless letter-writing; a perpetual stream of projects whose only outcome was to burden other people with extra work in short, as you will understand, all this made a really businesslike and down-to-earth correspondence of the kind I have conducted for years with you as well as with Bernstein a sheer impossibility. Hence the constant bickering and the honorary title he once jokingly conferred upon me here of being the rudest man in Europe. My letters to him were, it is true, often rude, but the rude ness was conditioned by the contents of his own. No one knew that better than Marx. Again, for all his valuable qualities, Liebknecht is a born school master. If a working man in the Reichstag happens to say me instead of I , or pronounce a short Latin vowel as a long one, and the bour geois laugh, he's in despair. Hence he has to have 'eddicated' men like that weakling Viereck who, with a single speech, would make us look more foolish in the Reichstag than would two thousand wrong 'mes' . And then, he can' t wait. A momentary success, even if i t means the sacrifice of a subsequent, far greater one, takes precedence over everything else. You people will discover that i n America, when you go there in the wake of Fri tzsche and Viereck. 4 7 Their mission was a blunder as great as the over-hasty unification with the Lassalleans who, six months later, would have come to you of their own accord but as a disorganised gang without their bankrupt leaders. As you see, I speak to you quite frankly in confidence. But I also believe that you would do well firmly to resist Liebknecht's persuasive blandishments. Then he's bound to yield. If really confronted by a decision, he will certainly adopt the right course. But he would rather do so tomorrow than today, and in a year's time rather than tomorrow. If a few deputies were in fact to vote for Bismarck's Bills , 4 8 thus planting a kiss on his backside in return for having theirs kicked and if the parliamentary group 4 9 failed to expel these people, i too would, of course, be capable of publicly disassociating myself from a party prepared to tolerate such a thing. To the best of my knowledge, however, that would be impossible, having regard to existing party discipline whereby the minority has got to vote with the majority. But you are better informed than I . Any split that took place while the Anti-Socialist Law is in opera-
tion I should look upon as a misfortune, since all means of communi cating with the masses have been cut off. But it may be forced on us and then we shall have to look facts in the face. So if anything of the sort should happen no matter where you are I should be glad if you could inform me and do so at once, for my German papers al ways arrive very belatedly. Blos, when he went to Bremen after being expelled from Hamburg, did indeed write me a very plaintive letter 5 0 to which I sent a very firm reply. 3 9 Now, my papers have for years been in the most shock ing muddle, and finding this particular one would be a day's work. But some time I shall have to put them in order and, if needs be, shall send you the letter in the original. Yo ur view of the bus ine ss con diti ons is bei ng corroborated in Eng land, Fra nce and Am eric a. 5 1 I t is an inte rm edi ate crisis like tha t of 1 84 1 -42 , but on a mu ch vaster sca le. Generally spe aki ng, it is only since 1 847 (be cau se of Ca lifornian and Australian gold produc tion which resulted in the world ma rke t bec om ing fully esta blis hed ) tha t the ten-year cyc le has clearly eme rge d. No w, wh en Am eric a, Fra nce and Ger ma ny are beg inn ing to bre ak Eng lan d's monopoly of the world ma rke t and wh en, therefo re, overprodu ctio n is beg inn ing , as it did before 1 847 , to assert itse lf more rapidly, the qui nqu enn ial inte r media te crises are also recurring. Proof of this is the com ple te exh aus tion of the cap ital ist mo de of pro duc tion . Th e period of prosperity no longer reaches its full term ; overprodu ctio n recurs afte r only 5 years and, even during those 5 years, things in general go dow nhi ll. Wh ich , however, is very far from proving tha t, bet wee n 1 884 and 1 887 , we shan't hav e a period of pre tty brisk trade, as happened bet wee n 1 844 and 1 847 . But then the great crash will qui te surely com e. 1 1 May. I had wanted to write and tell you more about the general state of trade, but meanwhile it is time for the registered mail. Till next time, then.
,
Your
First published abridged in: A. Bebel, Aus meinem Leben, Th. I l l , Stuttgart, 1 9 1 4 and in full, in Russian, in Marx-Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI ) , Moscow, 1 932
F. E.
Printed according to the original Published in English in full for the first time
24
15 IN MANTUA
London, 20 May 1 883 1 22 Regent's Park Road, N. W. Dear Sir, I have received your pamphlet on Karl Marx. You are entitled to subject his doctrines to the most stringent criticism, indeed to misun derstand them; you are entitled to write a biography of Marx which is pure fiction. But what you are not entitled to do, and what I shall never permit anyone to do, is slander the character of my departed friend. Already in a previous work a you took the liberty of accusing M arx of quoting in bad faith. When Marx read this he checked his and your quotations against the originals and he told me that his were all correct and that if there was any bad faith it was on your part. And seeing how you quote Marx, how you have the audacity to make Marx speak of profit when he . speaks of Mehrwerth, b when he defends himself time and again against the error of identifYing the two (some thing which Mr Moore and I have repeated to you verbally here in London) I know whom to believe and where the bad faith lies. This however is a trifle compared to your 'deep and firm convic tion . . . that conscious sophistry pervades them all' (Marx's doctrines) ; that Marx 'did not baulk at paralogisms, while knowing them to be such', that 'he was often a sophist who wished to arrive, at the expense of the truth , at a negation of present-day society' and that, as Lamartine says, 'il jouait avec les mensonges et les verites comme les erifants avec les osselets'. c 5 3 In I taly, a country of ancient civilisation, this might perhaps be taken as a compliment, or it might be considered great praise among armchair socialists, 5 4 seeing that these venerable professors could never produce their innumerable systems except 'at the expense of the truth'. We revolutionary communists see things differently. We relies and truth like children with marbles'
ard such assertions as defamatory accusations and, knowing them to e lies, we turn them against their inventor who has defamed himself in thinking th e m u p . In my opinion, it should have been your duty to make known to the public this famous 'conscious sophistry' which pervades all of M arx's doctrines. But I look for it in vain! Nag 0 t tl a What a tiny mind one must have to imagine that a man like Marx could have 'always threatened his critics' with a second volume which he 'had not the slightest intention of writing', and that this sec ond volume was nothing but 'an ingenious pretext dreamed up by Marx in place of scientific arguments'. This second volume exists and it will shortly be published. Perhaps you will then learn to under stand the difference between Mehrwerth and profi t. A German translation of this letter will be published in the next issue of the Zurich Sozialdemokrat. I have the honour of saluting you with all the sentiments you de serve.
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ENGELS TO ACHILLE LORIA 5 2
a A. Loria, La teoria del valore negli economisti italiani. - b surplus value
25
1 6. Engels to Becker. 22 May 1 883
1 5. Engels to Loria. 20 May 1 883
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'he played with
F. E .
First published in Der So::;ialdemokrat, Nr. 2 1 , 1 7. Mai 1 883
Printed according to the original, checked with the newspaper Translated from the I talian Pu blished in English for the first time •
16 ENGELS TO JOHANN PHILIPP BECKER 5 5 IN GENEVA
London, 22 May
1 883
Dear Old Man, How can you suppose that I might somehow be able to find paid literary work for a young party member b? After all, it is years since a The following words were added in the newspaper: ( Lombardic swear-word for:
nothing at all) . - b Ludwig Klopfer; see next letter.
26
1 6 . Engels to Becker. 22 May 1 883
I had any sort of contact with German publishers apart from Meissner (on account of Capital) , let alone with newspapers and peri odicals. So what could I do? Even if the man could translate the other way round, from German into French or English, I should b Ii KailIiTaJl.l» , has also appeared under that title in this se ries. 2 5 7 I am exceedingly flattered by your suggestion that a translation of my Outlines etc. might prove useful. Although still a little proud of this, my first work on social science, I am all too aware that it is now completely out of date and replete, not only with mistakes, but also with 'howlers'. The misapprehensions it could hardly fail to engender would, I fear, quite outbalance such good as it might do. I shall be sending you by post a copy of Diihring's Revolution etc." As for our old newspaper articles, it would be difficult to lay hands on them just now. Most of them have little relevance today; as soon as the publication of the manuscripts left by Marx allows me sufficient leisure, I intend to bring them out as a collection with explanatory notes, etc. But that will not be for some time to come. I am not quite sure what you mean by the manifesto addressed to English working men. Might it be THE CiVIL WAR IN FRANCE, the International's manifesto on the Paris Commune b? That I could send you. If my health permi tted, I should ask your permission to come and call on you; unfortunately I am not allowed to go out and about, though I feel reasonably well when at home. Should you be willing
F. Engels, Anti-Diihring. Herr Eugen Diihring's Revolution in Science.- b K . Marx, The Civil War in France. Address if the General Council if the International Working Men's As sociation. •
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9 1 . Engels to Bernstein. 29 June 1 884
1 59
ays alw uld wo you e, her me on in ng ppi dro of our hon the o do me the k in loc o'c ht eig or en t sev ou ab nd rou e vic ser ur yo at n d me evening. , am ad M m, a I Yours very truly, F. Engels
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Firs t publish ed in: Marx and Engels, Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVII, MosCOW, 1 935
Printed according to the original Translated from the French
91 ENGELS TO EDUARD BERNSTEIN 6 1 IN ZURICH
London, 29 June 1 884 Dear Ede, 1 . I return Wage Labour and Capital a her ew ith . The Silesian edi tion has certainly required a great dea l of revision. 2 5 8 I did not , it is true, have tim e to compare it with the original thr oug hou t, but only those passages tha t worried me mo st. However, you cha ps have got it there and will be able to att end to tha t wh en correcting the proofs. 2. I shall get ano the r portrait of Marx don e by the sam e ma n who did min e, and let you have it. I t is not a cha lk drawing but an enlarged photograph. But how will a col our -pr int turn out if the chap has never see n Mo or and his singularly dar k complexion? 2 5 9 3. A parcel of 40 Revolutions b we nt off fro m her e yesterday ad dressed to Vol ksb uch han dlu ng, 3 Kas ino stra Be, Ho ttin gen -Zu rich , S witzerland , ' BOOKS, VALUE £3 CARRIAGE FORWARD ' (i. e. not prep aid) per CONTINENTAL PARCELS Express, which is the correspondent of the Ger Inan I mpe rial Pos t Offi ce and of the Swiss Post Offi ce, and likewise of e French parcels offices. Th e association stuff [ Vereinssachen] from . li nch also com es her e by the sam e rou te. Th ere is no parcel pos t be-
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:h?YVMOluarx me, -
IS
F. Eng els, Anti-Diihring. Herr Eugen Diihring's Revolution in Science; see p. 1 33 .
b
1 60
9 1 . Engels to Bernsteim . 29 June 1 884
tween England and the Continent, h,ence no 'postal packages a 5 ki. los', or not, at any rate, for this country; splitting them up would mean doubling the cost over here. Not splitting them up into 2 parcels surely wouldn't raise the cost of consiignment there as much as would splitting them up over here. ) 4. Schorlemmer writes to say that!: his brother Ludwig in Darm. stadt has not yet received a single: number of the Sozialdemokrat despite the fact that receipt of his siUbscription was acknowledged in the paper. Is this an isolated mis;fortune or general one? Please look into it. 5 . I can't get hold of any socialist!: poems specifically by Weerth. There are some in Moses Hess' old Gesellschaftsspiegel of 1 845, but I believe you have already seen those .. I once heard something about a collection of his verse but have: never set eyes on it. 2 6 0 In any, case, he never published such aJ. thing any more than we did. 6. The archivist will have to wait; I haven't the time to get my own things in order. If I do get roundl to it, you may be sure he won't be overlooked. 2 6 1 But now the prime consideration is the completion of the 2nd volume of Capital. The thimg's going swimmin gly, the pre· liminary edition of about 1 / 3 having been done, and is progressing by something like 1 /2 a printed sheet a day, or a little under. As soon as we get to the last part ( 'The Circulatiion of the Aggregate Social Ca pital ' ) : Eisengarten can, with my heJlp, copy out the existing ms. of 1 878, 1 7 while I can get on with the f mal editing of what has already been done. In this way we shall finish lbefore so very long, and then go on to the 3rd, most important book. Only then will it be possible to consiider putting the old pre-'48, mss. in order and preparing extracts thelieof for the press. It's not that I am unwilling, but this requires wo )rk, i. e. time. So you, too, have finally come rourud to the view that we shall end up by coping quite successfully with the 'Wise Men'. 2 1 9 I sent for a few nllmbers of the Neue Welt, so as lto meet the gentlemen chez eux b for once. So far have only read the co rrespondence column. German schoolboy cheek which presupposes at very tame readership. You should not, by the way, allow yourself to get worked up about pin-pricks; that is the golden rule in this struggle. And remember that See K. Marx, Capital, Vol. II, Part I I I : 'Th<e Reproduction and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital'. b on their own grattends encore, cette suite< which was to explain to me the many otherwise inexplicab le things in your last let-
This man will not go far; he does not know how to bide his time. - b See this volume, p. 236. Ibid., p. 1 63 . d I n the original: 'grauBen' (South German dialect) . 'More tomorrow!' . . . but I am still waiting for this continuation •
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die Sterne sind am schons ten in Paris We nn sie eines Wi nte rab end s Do rt im Str ass enk ot sic h spiege ln. '
b an d myself have , ay id Fr on me ca o wh ier me lly Jo d an m Ni Well to e m co ve � h w d an ion at er id n co s iou ser t os m r ou : r tte � given this ma em so at th n. SIO lu nc co ry cto fa tis sa ry ve t no r fa so t bu s, ou im the un an thing m us t be wrong somewhere. . e om all er aft iI :vI u yo pe ho I e, m co t n' � wo C ite Anyhow : As La Su for lt u wa yo If d. wm e th to go ns tio ra ide ns co ese th all yourself and let me co t no y ma or y a at th r, pe pa a rt sta to ux ea rd Bo to � ing s Paul' go s ' ce ne ely lut so ab IS It d an , go t no es do he If s. ar ye 00 off these ne xt 1 ll, we l, ya Ro rtPo d rd va ule Bo 66 m fro ve mo ld ou sh : u y yo at sar th see t no do I So g. vm mo e th do d an ts en tm ar ap then let him hu nt for what should stop yo u fr.om co mi ng over if only for 3 we ek s say e th e ak m ll wi we , ng mi co e ar u yo at th me l tel and as soon as you road as smooth for you as we can . dy ea alr ck ba t no if , I . No n oo ym ne ho on off e ar rd ssy Tu and Edwa again the grand honeymoon is to co me off ne xt Th ur sd ay . d Of C ourse, Nim, Jollymeier an d I ha ve be en fully aware of wh at was �o ing on for a considerable tim e and had a good lau gh at these p�or m nocen ts who tho ug ht all the tim e we had no ey es, and who. did no t approach the quart d'heure de Rabelais 2 6 9 wi tho ut a certam fun k. However we soon got the m over tha t. In fac t had Tussy asked my a� vice before she lea pe d, I might have considered it my du ty to expatl-
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T he stars Are at their prettiest in Paris, W hen they are reflected in the street filth On a wint er's evening . ngels qu ote s fro m memory He ine 's Alia Troll, Ch . I I . 3 1 July
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1 8 Ju ly - C con tin uat ion -
1 68
97. Engels to Bernstein. Not earlier than
96. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 22 July 1 884
ate upon the various possible and unavoidable consequences of their step but when it was all settled, the best thing was for them to have it out at once before other people could take advantage of its being kept in the dark. And that was one of the reasons why I was glad th at we knew all about it if any wise people had found it out and co me up to us with the grand news, we should have been prepared . I hope they will continue as happy as they seem now, I like Edward very much, and think it will be a good thing for him to come more into contact with other people besides the literary and lecturing circle in which he moved, he has a good foundation of solid studies, and felt himself out of place amongst that extremely superficial lot amongst whom fate had thrown him. Jollymeier is very well and lively now while I work he takes long walks he is off now on one of them. Pumps has at last got over her bronchitis, etc., and will move to-day into her new house in Kil burn beg pardon, 'West Hampstead' ( I never knew Hampstead to reach as far as Edgware Road, but so it seems) . Nim is very well and lively next week I suppose we shall have to move towards the sea, but where to? that grand question remains still to be solved . As to myself I am right enough on condition of keeping for the present within very narrow bounds both as to exercise, work and enjoyment I hope the change of air will final ly set me right. And now for 'La suite', and let it be a good one, a suite that brings you over! Paul's Etc has arrived this morning . What a pity he does not fol low the wise counsels of La redaction dua JournaL des economistes! 2 7 0 Very affectionately yours, First published, in the language of the original (English) , in: F. Engels, P. et L. Lafargue, Correspondance, t. I, Paris, 1 956
F. E
Reproduced from the original
25 July
1 69
1 884
97
ENGELS TO EDUARD BERNSTEIN I N ZURICH
•
[London, not earlier than 25 July 1 884] Dear Ede, You may send the enclosed to Auer if you wish; I have contrived it with that in v ie w . As regards the apportionment of constituencies, 2 7 1 I assure you that I, too, have often been annoyed about it, but it is due to the de sire to proceed, in purely tactical matters, in accordance with general principles and this always happens at congresses where everything is made to look so nice and simple. Dual candidatures are, of course, useless as a rule; but if you reckon that in the doubtful constituencies the best people are more likely to get in than the others and you therefore put them up there, you must either tolerate dual candida tures in their case or run the risk of their not being elected at all. So if you're totally opposed to dual candidatures, you must put up the best people in the safest constituencies . But then it is odd that this relega tion to doubtful constituencies never happens to Liebknecht but only to Bebel, and that e . g . at the last election Liebknecht had, if ! am not mistaken, two quite good constituencies." Erifinb such things cannot be avoided . Nor must one forget that a battle always has its ups and downs ' and hence not be pu t ou t if the downs sometimes tend to pre domina te . At all events, this much is certain: so long as we have the SoziaLde r:zokrat, their worships the opportunists may do as they wish; and even If th ey gained control of the parliamentary group (which is after all �nly possible if Bebel is not re-elected) , they wouldn't have won, not y a long chalk. What are their intentions towards the masses? The I atter kee p pressi ng these same people onwards whether they like it or �t. An.d if the Wise M en 2 1 9 also succeeded in gaining command of e So;;,zaLdemokrat, this would be of shorter duration than the So;;,iaL d ernokrat's first weak-kneed period which at the outset also met with
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a
a
the edi torial board of
b
SWee E ngeIs' letter to Bernstein of 30 November 1 88 1 ell
( present edition, Vol. 46) . -
1 70
171
98. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 26 July 1 884
99. Engels to Schluter. 28 July 1 884
support, even among the better of the 'leader s', but was utterly reo jected by the masses. As to the Vast Erudit ion of the celebrated non-a theist, 2 7 2 I shal l b highly delighted if it takes every possible opportuni ty to 'parade i tser An equall y myste�ious savant" crops up in Paul de Kock' s Amant de la lune; when , h �vmg g:>?e to the � tmost troub le, peopl e finally ge t the measu re of hIS erudI tIOn, they discover that it consists in a couple of conju ring tricks with corks. Think of all the troub le we went to b e. fore this celeb rated man finally conse nted to provide us with j ust afew samp les of his erud ition ! And how pretty they are! And he has actually got as far as clairvoyance. 2 6 6 Wha t more could we want? cela marche!b Regards to Karl Kautsky, also from Schorlemmer.
t bu e icl s art ul' Pa ise rev to ly on t no d gla y ver be ll sha I t tha say to . t f . Ie 2 7 3 Bu t for tha t I mu st k. ac att of s mt po to as s On stI ge sug er off . also to I ea se I et p l e ' ttt ct exa e h t ow kn st mu I It t ge to d an a ok bo . hav e the r It. de or n ca I at th so ce on at at th e av me h ' thou t �ou at WI d 0 to ve ha ll sha we all er aft t tha n, the rs, It appea es, mu nt co er ath we s thi if ow kn n't 8 6 do 2 I , ell W e. the seasid 7° ly 1 rd ha , . m p. 5 , w no ve e ha . W le ab er ef t pr no is ce an Fr hether en be t no s ha ier me lly Jo or po t tha so n rai of nty ple d an entigrade able to ta ke h is w al k. e. lud nc co st mu I so r ne din for in ng mi co t jus are rcy Pe Pumps an d Love from all . Yours affectionately, F. E.
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Your
F. E .
Tell Man z, who has written to me, that a portrait just like mine is now being done for him and that he shall have it as soon as it is ready,'
The reference is to Engels' The Condition of the Working-Class in England. From Per sonal Observation and Authentic Sources (see present edition, Vol. 4) which was put out in early 1 845 by Otto Wigand's publishing house in Leipzig. In 1 872-73 Engels dis cussed with Liebknecht the plan for a second edition of his book since the latter was planning to publish i t in a socio-political literature series with the participation of the editorial board of Der Volksstaat (see present edition, Vol. 44, pp. 375, 4 7 7 ) . It is clear from the letters which Wilhelm Liebknecht and Adolf Hepner wrote to En gels in early 1 8 7 3 that they helped to sort out Engels' legal relations with the Leip zig publishing house. However, this matter was not clarified for the next 1 2 years (see Engels' letter of 1 9 January 1 885 to August Bebel, this volume, p. 253 ) . The second authorised edition of The Condition of the Working-Class in England was not published until 1 892 by Dietz.- 1 9, 248, 25 1 , 253, 263 A short quote from this letter was first published in English in: R. H. Dominick I I I , Wilhelm Liebknecht and the Founding �f the German Social Democratic Party, The U ni versity of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1 982.- 20 On 6 June 1 879 Wilhelm Bracke wrote to Engels, 'I admire Bebel; he is the only one among us with the skills for life in parliament. '- 20 August Bebel failed to obtain election to the Reichstag at the 1 88 1 poll. I n April 1 883 Social Democrats in Hamburg nominated Bebel as a candidate at the addi tional elections being held then. On 2 May 1 883 Bebel wrote to Engels that, given the relatively poor effect of campaigning and particularly parliamentary work against the background of the Anti-Socialist Law, he had requested the voters in Hamburg not to nominate him as a candidate. However, this letter did not arrive until after he had been elected to the Reichstag on 29 J une.- 20 The half-and-halfs - representatives of the Right wing of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany grouped at that time around Wilhelm BIos and Bruno Geiser. The decision of the Copenhagen Congress (see ]\"ote 1 5 ) of Social-Democra tic can didates nominated for the elections to the Reichstag was directed against them. It stated that the candidates should fully endorse the party programme, observe party discipline and help implement party decisions (sec Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 1 7, 1 9 April 1 883 ) .- 2 I When the question of the merger of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Eise nachers) and the Lassallean General Association of German Workers was being dis cussed in the early 1 8 70s, Marx and Engels considered this step to be premature. They believed that joint political activity 'against the common foe' should precede the establishment of a united party and the elaboration of its programme (see K. Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme, F. Engels to A. Bebel, 1 8-28 March 1 875, present edition, Vol. 24, p. 78) . At the Gotha Unity Congress (22-27 May 1 875) the Lassallean \Vilhelm Hasenclever was elected a co-chairman of the party Executive Committee, and in June 1 875 Wilhelm Hasselmann joined the board of the party-
558
Notes
Notes
owned national German co-operative printing office in Berlin which had been formed by decision of the Congress.-- 2 1 46
54
On 2 May 1 883, Bebel wrote to Engels that 'Liebknecht, instead of showing the toughness [against Right-wing and the half-and-half members of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany] he ought, is doing his utmost to blur and hush up the conflicts. He has the half-and-halfs for protection.' On the ha(f-and-halfs, see Note 44.- 2 1
4 7 The reference is to Friedrich Wilhelm Fritzsche's and Louis Viereck's journey around the USA from February to May 1 8 8 1 on an assignment for the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany. The purpose of the journey was to engage in propa ganda work and collect money for the election campaign to the Reichstag. The elections were due to take place that autumn. On Wilhelm Liebknecht's and Au gust Bebel's trip to the USA planned for 1 884, see Note 29.- 22, 80 48
49
50
5 1
52
53
55
56
In the latter half of April and early May 1 883 the Reichstag discussed a bill on workers' health insurance and one providing for changes in trade regulations; the two bills were part of Bismarck's so-called social reform (see Note 3 1 2 ) . On 2 May 1 883 Bebel informed Engels that some of the Social-Democratic deputies including Moritz Rittingshausen and Max Kayser - had intended to vote in fa vour of these bills. However, they had submitted to party discipline and voted against them along with the remainder of the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag on 3 1 May and 2 June 1 883, respectively.- 22 The reference is to the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag which in 1 880 was officially recognised as the party centre at the illegal congress in Wyden, Switzer land, against the background of the Anti-Socialist Law (see Note 3 7 ) . Prior to that the party centre was in fact the Relief Committee for the repressed Social Democrats set up in 1 878.- 22, 1 45, 381
The armchair socialists - representatives of a trend in German bourgeois political economy which emerged in the last third of the 1 9 th cen tury in response to the growth of the workers' movement and the spread within it of the ideas of scientific socialism. They preached bourgeois reformism at universities, passing i t off as so cialism. They alleged that the state, specifically the German Empire, was above all classes and could help achieve improvements in the condition of the working class by way of social reforms.- 24, 1 38, 1 84, 226, 348, 385, 390, 4 1 7 A fragment from this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx and F. Engels, Correspondence. 1846-1895, Martin Lawrence, London, 1 934.-- 25, 98 The idea of translating Capital into English occurred to Marx as early as 1 865, when he was working on the manuscript (see Marx's letter to Engels of 3 1 July 1 865, present edition, VoL 42 ) . The British journalist and member of the Interna tional's General Council, Peter Fox, was to help Marx find a publisher. However, this matter was not settled due to Fox's death in 1 869. The English translation of the first volume of Capital, edited by Engels, did not appear until after Marx's death, in January 1 887, and was published by Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co., London. The translation was done by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling between mid- 1 883 and March 1 886. Eleanor Marx-Aveling took part in the preparatory work for the edition (see also this volume, pp. 33 and 1 27-28) .- 29, 3 1 , 33, 52, 83, 1 22, 1 24, 1 30, 1 33, 1 43, 1 53, 202, 245, 26 1 , 29 1 , 306, 3 1 3, 348, 400, 40 1 , 404, 4 1 6, 4 1 9, 42 1 , 423, 426, 434, 436, 447 , 449-50, 453, 456, 460-63, 468, 47 1 , 474, 480, 482, 493-94, 506, 509, 522, 527-28
5 7 Engels is referring to the extracts from statistical reports and specialised studies of the various forms ofland ownership and the history of the village commune in Rus sia which Marx wrote down in the 1 870s. He intended to use this material for the section on ground rent in Book I I I of Capital. However, this plan did not materi alise (see Engels' Preface to Volume III of Capital, present edition, VoL 3 7 ) .- 29, 88
Wilhelm BIos was expelled from Hamburg in late 1 880 in connection with the intro duction of a so-called local state of siege (see Note 67) in some places in Germany. His letter to Engels from Bremen of 4 February 1 88 1 showed that he was disturbed at the reaction which had ensued and was in a liquidationist mood, which was man ifested in particular by his proposal to dissolve the Socialist Workers' Party of Ger many.- 23 On 2 May 1 883 Bebel wrote to Engels that symptoms were apparent in various branches of the German economy which suggested the approach of a crisis.23 This letter by Engels is his reply to the I tali an economist Achille Loria whose article 'Karl Marx' had been carried by the journal Nuova antologia di scienze, lettere ed arti, ser. 2, VoL 38, fas. 7, Rome, 1 883, pp. 509-42. Engels' letter was published i n German by Der So;:ialdemokrat, No. 2 1 , 1 7 May 1 883 in the article 'On the Death of Karl Marx' (see present edition, VoL 24) . For a critique of Loria's article, sec also Engels' Preface to Volume I I I of Capital (present edition, VoL 3 7 ) .- 24 Engels is referring to Loria's quotation in his article 'Karl Marx' of the expression Alphonse de Lamartine used with regard to Proudhon in his work Histoire de la re volution de 1848, Brussels, 1 849, VoL 1 , Book VII, Ch. 5.-24
559
58
59
.
ti (J
The reference is to Marx's economic manuscripts: I ) Outlines if the Critique if Politi cal Economy (Rough Draft if 1857-58) , and 2 ) the Manuscripts of 1 86 1 -63, which Marx entitled A Contribution to the Critique if Political Economy (see present edition, Vols. 28-29 and 30-34).- 29
The first volume of Capital was translated into French in full by Joseph Roy and appeared in Paris in 1 872-75 as individual instalments which were then put to gether to form a book. Marx gave an assessment of the translation and the work which had been done in connection with it in the Preface and Afterword to the French edition (see present edition, VoL 35) and also in his letter to Nikolai Daniel son of 28 May 1 872 (present edition, VoL 44) . The changes and additions which Engels made to the third German edition of Volume I of Capital ( 1 883) on the basis of the French edition were pointed out by him in the Preface to the said edi tion (see present edition, VoL 3 5 ) .- 29, 33, 4 1 , 42, 385 c l-he relerence is to Marx's and Engels' joint work on the manuscript of The German Ideology and to Engels' work The True Socialists (see present edition, VoL 5) between 1 845 and 1 847. Not long before his death Engels dictated to Eduard Bernstein a list
560
Notes
Notes
of manuscripts from his own and Marx's literary legacy and of other material stored in his archives. The list contained the following note, ' ... manuscript of TIu! man Ideology' ('Stirner, 1 845/46, Moor and 1', 'Feuerbach and Bauer, 1 846/47 ' Moor and I', ' True Socialism, 1 847, Moor and 1 ' ) .-- 3 1
Ger�
6 1
which ended in the defeat of the monarchy and the victory of Parliament relying on the support of the big, middle and petty bourgeoisie and the new nobility. The years 1 789 to 1 793 cover the three periods of the French revolution when power was transferred from the hands of the big bourgeoisie and the liberal nobility (Feuillants) to the commercial, industrial and landowning bourgeoisie (Girondists) and finally to the Jacobins who expressed the interests of the revolu tionary-democratic petty bourgeoisie that had allied themselves with the peasantry and the lower urban strata.� 35
('r
"� An excerpt from this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx, F. Engels , On r ',' it> ,":f' ,:'1> ",.
c
_
Literature and Art, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1 976.-- 32, 90, 1 59, 498 62
63
64
65
66
6
7
68
The surviving page of the draft manuscript of chapter two of the Manifesto of the Communist Party is reproduced in the present edition, Vol. 6, p. 579.� 34
-, , f, •
69
On 7 June Der So;;.ialdemokrat, No. 24 carried a biographical outline of Georg Weerth written by Engels and accompanied by Weerth's poem 'Song of the Ap prentices' (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 1 08- 1 1 ) . Weerth's poem referred to in this letter, namely 'Die rheinischen Weinba uern', was published in Der So;;.ialdemokrat, No. 29, 1 2 July 1 883.� 34 Following the assassination of Alexander I I by members of the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) group on 1 March 1 88 1 , liberal reforms were expected in Russia; however, in a manifesto published on 29 April 1 8 8 1 Alexander I I I stated that he in tended to strengthen autocratic rule. When King Frederick William IV of Prussia ascended the throne in 1 840 the Prussian liberal bourgeoisie had hoped he would carry out the constitutional re forms promised by his father, Frederick William I I I . However, these hopes proved to be unfounded, and the judicial persecution of liberal bourgeois writers and officials was begun as early as 1 84 1 .� 34 In the 1 870s and 1 880s the French government pursued an active colonialist policy: in 1 876 Franco-British financial control had been established in Egypt, and inter": ference in the country's internal affairs continued until 1 882, in 1 88 1 -83 a French protectorate was established in Tunisia. I n 1 882 came the provocation of an armed conflict in Madagascar and the beginning of a colonial war in North Vietnam (Tongking) which grew to become a war with China and led to the setting up of a French protectorate in Vietnam in J une 1 884.� 34, 57 Here Engels quotes a thesis from the Programme of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany adopted at the Gotha Congress in 1 875 (see Note 45) . I t read, 'The eman cipation of labour must be the work of the working class, in relation to which all other classes are only one reactionary mass. ' For comment of this thesis see Marx's Cri tique of the Gotha Programme (present edition, Vol. 24, p. 88) .� 35 The reference is to the 'local (lesser) state of siege' envisaged by paragraph 28 of the Anti-Socialist Law (see Note 3 7 ) ; in certain districts and places, usually centres , of the labour movement, a state of siege was introduced, as a rule, for a year. Dur ing this period meetings were allowed only with police permission, the distribution of printed material in public places was prohibited and persons considered 'politically unreliable were expelled from the places concerned. However, the implementation of these measures led to a growth in the influence of the Socialist Wo ikers' Par ty and increased activity on the part of the workers' and Social-Democratic move ment in parts of Germany that were well away from its traditional centres.- 35, 8 1 , 98 Engels is referring to the English Revolution in the 1 7th century and the French ", ar w civil Revolution of 1 789. Between 1 642 and 1 646 England witnessed its first
70
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561
7 1
7 2
73
74
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Engels is referring to Volume I I of The German Ideology (present edition, Vol. 5; see also Note 60) .� 37, 38 On 1 2 June 1 883 Pasquale Martignetti wrote to tell Engels that he had read his work Socialism: Utopian and Scientific and intended to publicise it in Italy. With this in mind, Martignetti made an I talian translation from the French one by Paul La fargue and sent it to Engels for the latter to look through. Apart from minor inser tions, E ngels made major additions to the text which had not featured in the French version.� 3 7 On 2 0 J une 1 883 Laura Lafargue wrote to Engels reminding him that, during her stay with Marx at the Swiss spa town of Vevey in August-September 1 882 he had informed her of his plans for future work and promised to give her all the docu ments and papers she required to write a history of the International Working Men's Association. He further requested her to start work on an English translation of the first volume of Capital.� 39 As he was sorting through Marx's literary legacy, Engels found a number of works relating to Marx's preoccupation with mathematics. Marx's interest in mathemat ics had emerged in the early 1 850s and had grown as he worked on Capital (see Marx's letter to Engels of I I January 1 858, present edition, Vol. 40) . The first signs of Marx's mathematical endeavours date back to 1 846 and are to be found in his ini tial notebooks on political economy. In the 1 850s and 1 860s this work was of an auxi liary nature and connected with his studies of political economy, but in the latter half of the 1 870s it became systematic and more independent. Marx's most com plete mathematical manuscripts were first published in full in the language of the original (German) with a parallel Russian translation in: K. MapKc, MameMamu 'ieCKUe pYKonucu, Nauka, Moscow, 1 968 (see Note 79) .�39 In his article 'On the Death of Karl Marx' carried by Der So;;.ialdemokrat in May 1 883 (see present edition, Vol. 24, p. 476) Engels announced that Marx's works would be published by his literary executors, Marx's youngest daughter Eleanor and Engels himself.� 39 Louise Michel, a French revolutionary and participant in the Paris Commune, was sentenced in June 1 883 to six years' imprisonment and ten years' stringent police surveillance for taking part in a Paris unemployed demonstration in March 1 883. She was amnestied in January 1 886.� 4 1 , 404 The reference is to Marx's surviving personal copy of the first volume of the second German edition of Capital (Hamburg, 1 872) . All the changes and additions which Marx made to the text are given in .11arx/Engels Gesammtausgabe (MEGA 2 ) , Abt. II, Bd. 8, Berlin, 1 988.� 4 1 , 42
562 76
7 7
This letter was first published in English with minor abridgements in Science and oS0ciety, Vol. 2 , New York, 1 938, No. 2 . - 42
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The Manifesto if the Communist Party appeared twice in Russian in Geneva: in 1 869 :' it was published by the Volnaya russkaya tipografiya publishin g house and issue fo � a second ti �e in 1 8 2. I : is not qu te certain whether the first translation was by . . t· Mikhail Bakunlll or Nikolai Lyubavill. The second Russian edition, supplied with . a preface specially written by Marx and Engels (see present edition, Vol. 24, pp. 425-26) , was prepared by Georgi Plekhanov and appeared in the Russian So cial-Revolutionary Library series.- 42, 89
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Engels learned rom Adolf Hepner, editor of the New- Yorker Volkszeitung, that an E n�hsh translatIOn of the Manifesto of the Commumst Party was being prepared in the U, lllte Stat�s. On 7- 1 2 May 1 88 3 Hepner wrote to Engels, The Mostians and . Schewltsch, 1 . e. the Marx Memona l Committee, organised an English transla tion L of the ommumst Manifesto . . . naturally, without asking you or showing you the . ,, � translatIOn . . . A ew days ago I happened to go to the print shop and saw the proofs ' of the Introduc tIOn. They included the words, "I t was written by K. Marx, assisted " :' by Fr. Engels . . . " . '- 42
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78
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This appa ��ntly refers to Marx's mathematical manuscripts which he sent to Engels III 1881 ('Uber den Begriff der Abgeleiteten Funktion' and ' U ber das Differential' ) (see Engels' letters to Marx of 1 8 August 1 88 1 and 2 1 November 1 882, present edi tion, Vol. 46; see also Note 72) .- 43 From the late 1 860s Marx studied agrarian relations in the United States, Belgium and Russia in the intention of using this material in the third book ( Volume II) of Capital when examining the emergence of ground rent. I t is clear from Marx's cor� respondence that he obtained some of the materials he used on agrarian relations in the United States from his friends there (see Marx's letters to Sigfrid Meyer of 4 July and 1 4 September 1 868, and to George Julian Harney of 2 1 January 1 87 1 ; present edition, Vols. 43 and 44) . On Marx's notes from Russian sources see Note 57.- 43, 88, 264 Following the appearance in 1 875 of the French edition of Volume I of Capital (see Note 59), the French socialist Gabriel Deville considered issuing a short conspectus " of this work (see Marx's letter to Deville of 23 January 1 877, present edition, Vol. 45). On 2 August 1882 he met Marx in Paris where the latter looked through part of his manuscrip t. On 1 0 August 1 883 Deville wrote to Engels that Paul Lafargue had told him he (Engels) was willing to read the rest of the work. He sent E ngels the manuscrip t with the request that he make the necessary corrections. Deville' s book was published that year under the title Le Capital de Karl Marx. Resume et accom pagne d'un aperfu sur Ie socialisme scientifique. In the Preface the author wrote that he . , had done the work 'at the courteous request and ben'evolent encouragement of Karl Marx'. Deville sent Engels a copy with his own dedication. For Engels' assessment of the book see this volume, pp. 6 1 , 76- 77.- 44, 50, 52, 59, 6 1 , 63, 94, 1 1 2, 385 Between 1 7 August and 1 4 September 1 883 Engels was on holiday in Eastbourne .... '. on the south coast of England .-44, 45, 47, 50, 58 Engels is referring to his previous stay in Eastbourne from 5 to 27 August 1 879.- 46 The reference is to a winning lottery ticket (see this volume, p. 1 78 ) .- 46
88
6
9
90
9 J
92
93
563
In his letter of 1 0 August 1883 Wilhelm Liebknecht asked Engels to let him have the exact dates of death of Marx's wife and eldest daughter. He further enquired about Heinrich Heine's links with the Paris Vorwiirts! as well as Marx's cooperation with the same newspaper and the Deutsche-Briisseler-.0 been c editIOn, VoI. I O) which had g. Po � . lztlsch-okonomlsche Revue under the title 'Von 1 848 bis 1 849' . Lavrov asked E ngeIs for more detailed information about this work.- 93, 26 1 1 5 7
The reference is to the propaganda trip Paul Lafargue, Jules Guesde, Simon Dere_ ure and Jean Dormoy made around the northern districts of France in connect'ion . . wit h the Iiort hcommg congress of the French Workers' Party in Roub . (29 March to 7 April 1 884) (see Note 195) . On 27 January 1 884 Lafargue, Guesde D ereure ad� ressed a I �rge ra�ly in St Quentin. On 28 January they spoke in St . . Pierre-Calais, not havmg arnved until ten o'clock in the evening since they had been forced to wait 31/2 hours for ;t train to Calais. The meeting had nevertheless passed off successfully, as Lafargue informed Engels on 6 February 1 884.- 94, 96 Engels is referring to a series of articles carried on 23 December 1 883, 1 3 January and 3 February 1 884 by the London weekly The National Reformer published by . Charles Bradlaugh and Anme Besant. The author of the first and third articles which appeared in the 'Daybreak' column was Annie Besant, whilst the second was unsigned and published in the 'Crowded Table' column.- 95
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1 5 8
I 59
From March 1 864 to his death Marx lived with his family in North West London first at I Modena Villas (renamed I Maitland Park Road in 1 868 ) , then in M arch 1 875 they moved to 4 1 Maitland Park Road.- 95, 1 04, 1 1 8 , 1 2 1
I 60
Using the pseudonym 'Deux amis de la liberte' (Two friends of freedom) , F. M . Kerverseau and G. Clavelin published a work i n several volumes entitled Histoire de la revolution de 1789 . . . in Paris between 1 790 and 1 803.- 95
1 6 1
Blue Books collected documents of the British Parliament and Foreign Office published since the 1 7th century.- 95, 1 28
I 62
The refe:ence is probably to the German Workers' Educational Society formed in London m 1 840 by Karl Schapper,Johann Moll, Heinrich Bauer, and other mem bers of the League of the Just. Marx and Engels took part in its activities in 1 847 and 1 849-50. �he name of the society was changed in the following years, and fr�� the 1 870s It was called Commumst Workers' Educational Society (Kommu mstJscher Arbelterbildungsverein ) . Soon after the introduction of the Anti Socialist Law (see Note 3 7 ) , a group of extremist-minded members gained the up per hand in the society. They opposed the tactics employed by the German Social Democrats against the background of the Anti-Socialist Law, came out against a combination of legal and illegal methods of struggle, against the Social Demo crats working in Parliament and for individual acts of terrorism. In March 1 880 � conside.r�ble number of members left the society and formed their own organisa tIOn retammg the previous name. The refounded society announced that it in tended to act in accord with the principles and tactics of the German Social Demo crats. The remaining members, including the supporters of Most, continued to ad here to Leftist views and were active under the same name.- 95, 1 1 9, 2 1 0, 263
I 63
-
The Cercle international of the fifth arrondissement was a workers' association in Paris belonging to the Federation of the Centre ( the Paris association of the Possi bilists) (see Note 237 ) . The secretary of the association, Henri Leclere, was one of the Possibilist leaders; it included among its members a number of German and Russian emigres.- 96
1 6 4
1 65
I 66
I 6 7
I 68
I 6 9
1 70
1 7 1
573
I t seems likely that the French journalist Paule Mink ( Pauline A. M�karska) went on a trip to the South of France, where she engaged in propaganda work. It is clear from Paul Lafargue's letter to Engels of 1 0 April 1 884 that she later joined La fargue and Jules Guesde (see l'0
On 9January 1 885 Kautsky wrote to Engels to say that the German Social Demo. crat Louis Viereck had offered him a temporary or permanent post with one of the newspapers he published.- 250
353
.Nihilists- a term used in the 1 8605 to describe the progressive-minded Russian
The r:ference is to the �anuscript of the English translation of Engels' book Tiu Condltzon of the Workzng-Class zn England (present edition, Vol. 4) prepared by the Amencan soclaltst Florence Kelley-Wlschnewetzky for publication in the United States (see also Note 360) .- 248, 257, 373, 382, 4 1 9
3 5 1
:1 5 7
The series of explosions which Engels is writing about took place on Saturday, 24 January 1885. The investigation showed that the man responsible for the explosion in the Tower was the same one who had organised the explosion on the under ground railway two years previously, when bombs had been placed at Charing Cross and Praed Street stations. He was sentenced to 1 4 years' imprisonment and hard labour. See also Note 25 1 .- 256
3 .) 9
The reference is to Engels' preface to the first edition of his work The Condition if the Working-Class in England (see present edition, Vol. 4, pp. 302-04) and his dedica tion of this book 'to the Working-Classes of Great-Britain' (ibid., pp. 297 -30 I ) . The preface and dedication were not included in the edition of this work which ap peared in the United States (see Note 349) .- 257, 420
360
In February 1886 Engels wrote an article as a preface or epilogue to the American edition of The Condition of the Working-Class in England (see present edition, Vol. 26) . When publication was delayed, Engels considered it essential to write another preface in January 1 887 (ibid.) . The first article was included as an ap pendix in the American edition.- 257, 259, 4 1 5
:1 6 1
To speed up the Russian translation of the second volume of Capital Engels sent Nikolai Danielson the proofs of the German edition as they were printed. The volume appeared in January 1 886.- 260, 265, 278, 289, 294, 303, 3 1 1
Reptiles (grovellers) is a term which became widespread after Bismarck used it in
his speech before the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 January 1 869 to describe the government's opponents. The left-wing press took up this expression and began to describe as reptilian the semi-official press which was in the pay of the govern ment, labelling the relevant category of journalists as reptiles.- 253 Engels' negative attitude to Franz Mehring which he expresses in this letter had to do with the fact that from the mid- 1 870s Mehring started to criticise Social Democratic theory and tactics in the bourgeois-democratic press. His position was summarised in the pamphlet Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie, ihre Geschichte und ihre Lehre; eine historisch-kritische Darstellung, three editions of which were issued in 1 87 7 , 1878 and 1 879, respectively, by the publishing house belonging to the Weser Zeitung, a National-Liberal (see Note 243 ) newspaper based in Barmen. Captivated . by the Kantian philosophy, Mehring believed that the history was made by the 'strong personalities', while the workers' movement and, consequently, Social Democracy were not the natural result of the social development. In the early 1 880s Mehring had been revising his views on the socialis t mo�e ment. Having joined the Socialist Party of Germany in 1 89 1 he became one of Its o t righ � left-wing leaders. Engels' attitude to Mehring changed accordingly; his death in 1 895 Engels repeatedly praised Mehring's journalistic and academIc endeavours.- 253, 3 1 6 This letter, which Paul Lafargue passed on to Jules Guesde, formed the basis fOf Guesde's leading article in the newspaper Le Cri du Peuple, No. 46 1 , 3 1 J anuarY 1 885. The excerpt published here was included in the article in full, where it was
up
.
On 13 ( I ) January 1885 Russia and Prussia exchanged notes on the extradition of persons accused of criminal offences against the monarchs of the contracting par ties or members of their families, as well as of persons found guilty of manufactur ing or storing explosives. This was the subject of a report in The Times, 24 January 1885 (No. 31352) entitled 'Extradition by Russia and Prussia. Berlin, Jan. 23'.256
358
• .
355
59 7
Hermann Lopatin was arrested in St Petersburg on 6 October 1 884 and was under investigation up to May 1 887; on 4 June 1 887 he was sentenced to death, later commuted to life imprisonment in Schlisselburg fortress. Lopatin was released on 28 October 1905.- 260, 3 1 9, 349, 40 I , 525 Engels' pseudonym in his correspondence with Nikolai Danielson; Engels used the
Notes
Notes
598
name of the husband of his wife's niece - Percy White Rosher.- 2 6 0, 27 8, 294 3 1 9, 322, 350, 402, 523
3
3
64
6
5
6 36
,
Pyotr Lavrov enquired as to whether the information about M arx COnta . l Ued in G roB' pamph let was correct (see Note 350) and whether Engels. had made any a . d. d'ItIOns or changes to the 1 885 German edition of Marx's The Poverry of Pililos. ophy.- 26 1
Karl Kautsky lived in London from early 1 885 to June 1 888.- 2 6 2 26 5 .. ' . T. 0 E ngel s ' enqUiry about the rumours regarding the prohibition in G er an his work The Origin if the Family, Private Properry and the State (see thI· S m y of . p. 252), Hermann Schluter replied that, according to his information the work .•�. ' nO t been officially banned, but there had been a case of a large n u m ber ofcop . . . . lea ' ' belUg con fiIscated m Lelpzlg. Although they had all been returned b O ksellers refused to stock the book any longer and from that time it was being' d Istn ? . buted elir. z unch ' rect Iy .rom on advance order only.- 263
volume. · . . � .
In a letter published in Der So;::ialdemokrat, No. 9, 26 February 1 88 5 K arI fVaren holz, a member of the Social Democratic Federation, came out in defc'ence 0 Henry . H ynd man ' s pohcy a�d attempted to disprove the reasons for the spli t i n the Social . . Democratic FederatIOn reported by the same newspaper' No . 3 , 1 5 Ja nuary 1 885th e report reflected En?"els' views (see this volume, pp. 236-38) . Bernstein's etter Engels of I January gIVes re�so to believe that the report was wri tten by Eleanor � Marx-Avelmg. Edward Avelmg s reply to Varenholz was carried by Der Sozial" demokrat, No. 1 3, 26 arch 1 885. Aveling exposed Hyndman's activities in . his intrigues against Andreas Scheu take over the presidency of the FederatIOn, to and ot? er members ofth� Feder� tion and the authoritarian practices e mp yed by t? e editors of JustIce, which carned material for the most part reflecting the posi tIOn of Hyndman and his supporters.- 265 68 3 The reference is to Maitland Park Crescent, which led into Maitland Park Road. ". ' In the 1 870s, this street, together with Modena Villas, Maitland Park Villas . Maitland Park Road was given the single name Maitland Park Road (see alS(t. '· Note 1 59 ) . Eleanor Marx-Aveling lived at 67, Maitland Park Road.- 265 '· 6 e aJsq' . 3 9 Jenny and Karl Marx were buried at Highgate Cemetery in London (se Note 36) . 1 4 March 1 885 was the second anniversary of Marx's d e a th.- 265 es coal 3 7 0 The reference is to the group of French workers in the Montceau-Ies- Min in , field ,: ho were arrested in N�vemb � r 1 884 on a charge of organising e xp si� s the mme and the t� wn. The Immediate reason for their arrest was the explOSion of 7 November or�amsed b� the age nt p rovocateur Claude Brenin, who was . , pay of I cal pohce commissar Thevenm. Those arrested included a c ti vists JJ1 .: � workers movement who had no connection with these explosions. Th e . . du ri C by Brenm as a provocateur was exposed by the socialist newspaper Le pef pIe, 1 6 February 1 885. At the trial in late May the accused were sente n ced to ous terms of imprisonment.- 265 e 3 7 1 On 2 1 M �rch 1 885 Richard Stegemann asked Engels to let him k noW wh re s e w h cou! d obtam personal information about Marx for inclusion in a work panng for the press about the latter's economic doctrine. Stegema n n req 367
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.
599
Engels, in the absence of printed sources for a biography of M arx, to send him his own though ts about M arx as a man.-- 266 French government under the leader of the moderate Republicans Jules , 7 2 The Ferry, who had held the post since 1 883, resigned on 30 March 1 885 due to an un su ccessful colonial adventure in Indochina.- 267, 270 ocratic group in the em l-D cia So , the ) 6 30 te No e (se 4 88 1 in s on cti ele Foll owing the 37 3 o Gei un Br , os Bi elm ilh W by led ity jor ma ng wi htrig a of Reich stag was made up nority led mi ing t-w lef d a an , ers oth d an r ve cle sen Ha elm ilh W ser , Karl Fr oh me , Li eb kn ec ht .- 26 8, 30 0 elm ilh W d an l be Be st gu Au by g, consisting sta ich Re an rm Ge the in p ou gr tic ra oc em l-D cia So the majority of 3 7 ' Th e mo lde zia So r De r pe pa ws ne rty pa the of ht rig the te of reformists, tried to dispu s the ard tow de itu att d its an up gro ry nta me rlia pa the of ion kra t- to criticise the act ies (se e No te 34 2) . an mp co ip sh am ste to ies sid sub of t en ym pa the bill envisaging t, No . 1 4, 2 April kra mo lde zia So r De in t ec eff s thi to t en tem sta a d They publishe 1885. ons resolutely ati nis ga or tic ra oc em l-D cia So al loc the of ity jor ma However, the ounce their objec ren to ced for lly tua vir re we sts mi or ref e Th rs. ito ed supported the d on she bli pu t kra mo lde zia So r De of rs ito ed the th wi t en tions and, in a jo int sta tem ole party' wh the of an 'org the as tus sta r's pe pa ws ne the ed nis 23 April, they recog 30 0, 3 1 3, 32 3 (see also notes 380 and 390) .- 26 8, 26 9, 27 5, 29 0, g one repre din sen ch ea ', ies nc ue tit ns co all 'sm o int d ide div s wa 3 7 5 Un til 1 88 5, Fr an ce der mo the of e tiv tia ini the on 5, 88 1 ne Ju n I s. tie pu De sentative to the Chamber of duced. ro int s wa ts lis t en rtm pa de by g tin vo of tem sys a s, ate bourgeois republican were combined s cie en itu nst co all sm 9, 88 1 til un ted era op ich wh , Under this system ed eiv rec ter vo a w No t. en rtm pa de a to ing nd spo rre to form larger ones each co obliged s wa he t bu es, rti pa t en fer dif m fro tes ida nd ca of s a ballot paper with name pu ty for every de e on th wi d, cte ele be to tes ida nd ca of er mb nu al to vote for the t9t he d ide ov pr t llo ba st r fi the in d cte ele red de nsi co s 70,000 people. A deputy wa t in the ien ffic su s wa ity jor ma ve ati rel ; a tes vo of ity jor ma had received an absolute second ballot.- 270 , 3 1 4, 3 1 7 , 320 , 326 , 330 , 489, 508 d th e 37 6 E ngels is referring to Gladstone's Li beral administration wh ich had forme gove rnment in Britain fro m 1 88 0 (se e No te 4 1 4) .- 2 70 377 D 1 88 5 ry ua br Fe 12 d an y ar nu Ja 29 d an 5 1 8, of 7 d an er Sozialdemokrat, Nos. 2, 3, 5 pubiis hed articles a,nd editorial co mm en ts criticising th e att itu de taken by th e ma anies jori ty of th e parliamentary group to th e bill on subsidies to steamship comp ( see Note 34 2 ) . The first article was signed 'W . L. ', the second was wi th ou t a signa tu re, the third carried the initials 'J . A. ' and the fou rth , 'H . R . ' .- 2 7 1 , 28 4 378 In M arch and April 1 88 5 there was a conflict between Britain and Ru ssi a caused by thei r rivalry over the area around the No rth -W est frontier of Afgh an ist an . Fol. lOWing the annexation of Southern Turkestan by Russia there was a clash between Russia n and Afghan forces, the latter supported by Britain, wh ich threatened to :scala te into an armed conflict between the two powers. However, the diplomatic IS�l ation of Britain due to the position taken by Germany, forced the Gladstone ad ml tlistrati on to step down in its dis pu te wi th Ru ssi a ab ou t the division of spheres of InflUence in Central Asia. onweal The April issue of the organ of the Socialist Le ag ue - The Comm
600
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(No. 3) - carried an article by Ernest Belfort Bax entitled 'At Bay!' in which he set · out his views on the foreign policies pursued by Britain and Russia, includlU g those on the Anglo-Russian confli ct.- 275 379
In his letter to Engels of 2 7 March 1 885 Paul Lafargue asked what the former thought of his hypothesis about the origin of certain legal terms.- 275
380
With regard to the conflict between the Social-Democratic group in the Reichsta (see Note 49) and the editors of Der So;::ialdemokrat (see Note 374) August Beb sent the parliamentary group a note of protest on 5 April 1 885 in which he r served the right to appeal to the party should the parliamentary group conti nue to suppress the freedom of opinion. The parliamentary group completed three days of debates on 1 5 April 1 885.- 27 7
38
Nikolai Danielson provided Engels with some figures about the length of the work ing day and the wages paid to workers in Russia as well as about the extent to which peasants had joined the ranks of the proletariat. He also was ready to send Engels the following books by Russian economists: H. 11. 3n:6ep, .l{a8uo PUICapoo U Kapll MapICc 8 ux o6w,ecm8e1JIiO-flICOlioMu'IeclCux UCClle006aliURX (2nd edition, St Peters burg, 1 885) , 11. 11. RHJKy.l\, ([Ja6pU'IliblU 6blm MOCK08C1COU cy6epliuu (Moscow, 1 882 ) and IT. A. ITecKoB, Caliumaplioe ucclleoo8aliue rfia6puK no o6pa6omKe 60110ICliucmblX 8ew,eCmB 8 c. MOCl(8e (Moscow, 1 882) .- 277
I
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1:
A draft of this letter in Engels' handwriting has survived. All substantial variations are given in footnotes.- 279 The reference is to the first Russian Marxist organisation, the Emancipation of Labour group (see Note 1 24).- 279 .. In his book HalUu pa31JOcllaciR ( Our Differences) , Geneva, 1 884, Plekhanov re peatedly used the expression 'unstable balance' to describe relations in the Russian village commune.-280 The reference is to the following passage in Plekhanov's letter to Pyotr Lavrov of 22 July 1 884, which appeared in place of a preface in Plekhanov's book Our Differ enres: 'I think that the Russian revolution has an enormous, invincible potential energy, and that reaction is raising its head only because we are unable to trans form that energy from potential into kinetic.'- 280 Here, Engels quotes Hegel from the second volume of his work Vorlesungen iiber die Geschichte der Philosophie (see Werke, Bd. XIV, Berlin, 1 833, S. 62) . Explaining the expression 'Socratic irony', Hegel wrote: 'All dialectics regard as valid what should be valid, as if it were valid, hav.e the inner destruction develop of its own accord on this account - general irony of the world.' - 2 8 1 , 348 This letter is Engels' reply to Richard Stegemann's second request (see Note 37 1 ) that he write a short personal description of Marx for a work Stegemann was pre paring on the latter's economic doctrine. Stegemann justified his request with a need to reply to the efforts being made by bourgeois authors in various countries to distort Marx's· personality.- 282 Tuileries documents is the name Engels gives to the lists of agents in the pay of Napoleon III found in the Tuileries in 1 870 and published by the government of the Third Republic in September 1 87 1 . Under the letter 'V' was the note ' Vogt �
60 1
is bore out Ma rx's Th cs.' fran 00 40,0 of nce itta rem a t sen n bee has 859 1 st u 1. 0 Aug Herr Vog t; rx, Ma K (see nt age t rtis apa Bon a was gt Vo rl Ka t tha : assum ption . the ent I um doc this ut abo te wro els 90, 2 1 2 ) . �ng . �. present edition, Vol. 1 7, pp. 1 " published III May 1 8 7 1 (see present editIOn, t' og r V er in "H ga A e nc 'O article Vol. 22, p. 303 ) .- 282 and the editorial board, see up gro ary ent liam par the n wee bet ct i fl con the On 885 1 rch Ma 0 of2 n isio dec s up' gro ary ent liam par the of text inal orig The Note 374 . liamentary group par the t tha ing say se clau a ed tain con rat mok alde i : So;: Der by d carrie t wit h objections is me Th ts. ten con 's per spa new the for ity' ibil ons resp ral 'mo bore e Th in. nste Ber ard Edu ing lud inc rd, boa al tori edi the of ers mb me of t on the par ce of pub lic� pla the , ich Zur to t ech bkn Lie lm lhe Wi t sen had up gro ry nta me parlia . Der So;::zaldemokrat on 2 Apnl by ed lish pub t tex The t. flic con the le sett to tion, organ mu st ty par : 'the ark rem ing ow foll the gs, thin er oth ong am ed, tain con 1885 ich bears wh up, gro ary ent liam par the to d ose opp e om bec ces stan um circ no under ed, 'It is not the tinu con and e', sam the of ts ten con the for ity ibil ons resp ral mo the the par but up, gro ary ent liam par the of ce stan the ine erm det to has ich wh paper liamentary group which has to monitor the stance of the pap er.' - 284 The reference is to the statement by the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag and the editors of the paper carried by Der So;::ialdemokrat, No. 1 7, 23 April 1 885, in which it was stated that any attempt to limit criticism in the party would be a violation of party principles and would shake it to the foundations. As for the re lations between the parliamentary group and the editorial board, the statement represented a compromise. It pointed out, on the one hand, that Der So;::ialdemok rat was the organ of the party as a whole but that, on the other hand, the parlia mentary group was the party's representative body and had a right to monitor the work of the editorial board. On the parliamentary group's first statement, see Note 374. - 284 The protective tariffs system was introduced by Bismarck in 1 879 in the interest of the landowners and large industrialists and remained in force throughout the 1 880s (in 1885 and 1 887 it was supplemented by further rises in the duties payable on import ed agricultural produc e) . To a certain extent it promoted the growth of Ger ma n industry, but brought a major deterioration in the situ atio n of the masses. This led to major discontent, not only among the proletariat, but also the middle and petty bourgeoisie.- 285 '" This letter was first published in English in an abridged form in Science and So ciety, New York, 1 938, Vol. 2, No. 3.- 286 In a letter of 1 3 May 1 885 Hermann Schliiter asked Engels to help him select revo lutionary poems and songs for inclusion in a collection from a series of poems for workers which he was preparing for the press. Among other things, Schliiter was interested in songs and poems originating from the period of peasant uprisings in the 15th and 1 6th centuries, the revolution of 1 848 in Germany and the time of the English Chartists which had been in general circulation. (The collec tion appeared in Zurich in 1 886 under the title Vorwiirts! Eine Sammlung von Gedich ten fiir das arbeitende Volk. ) In the same letter Schliiter informed Engels of his inten tion to publish a number of minor works and articles by Marx, including some documents from the International, within the framework of the Sozialdemokrati sche Bibliothek series (see also Note 352) .- 286 •
,89
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391
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395
396
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Notes
Engels is referring to Luther's choral 'Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott' ('God is OUr firm stronghold' ) , which Heine, in his Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland, called the 'Marseillaise of the Reformation' (Der Salon, Vol. 2, Ham burg, 1 835, p. 80) . In the Introduction to his Dialectics if Nature Engels calls this choral the 'Mar seillaise of the sixteenth century' (see present edition, Vol. 25, p. 3 1 9) .- 286 The reference is to a song written in 1 844 by Matthaus Friedrich Chemnitz and beginning with the words 'Schleswig-Holstein, meerumschlungen' (Schleswig Holstein, surrounded by the sea) . It was particularly popular in 1 848-50, during the struggle for Schleswig-Holstein's liberation from Danish rule. The Heckerlied is a revolutionary song about the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1 848 led, among others, by Friedrich Hecker, a prominent figure among the South German petty bourgeoisie. Engels gave the version of the chorus cited below in his work The Campaign for the German Imperial Constitution (present edition, Vol. 1 0, p. 1 49) .- 287 The Marseillaise - a French. revolutionary song. The words and music were written in Strasbourg in 1 792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle. I ts original title . was 'Chant du guerre pour I'armee du Rhin' ('War chant for the Rhine army') . Having become widespread in the Republican army, it made its way to Marseilles, thus receiving the name 'Marseilles March' or 'Marseillaise', and later became popular in Paris.- 287 A conl1ict arose between Prosper Lissagaray, editor-in-chief of La Bataille and its publisher Perinet. With assistance from Paul Brousse and his supporters, Perinet staged an abortive attempt to gain control of the editorship and pocket 1 0,000 francs donated to the newspaper by Capoul, a former singer.- 288 The article by Louis-Edouard Grimaux referred to below ('Les substances collol dales et la coagulation', Revue scientific, Vol. XXXV, 1 885) contains the follow ing quote from Carl Schorlemmer, 'If chemists ever succeed in artificially obtain ing proteins, they will be in the form of living protoplasm.' And later on, 'The enigma of life can only be resolved by protein synthesis.' - 289
399
The reference is to sections 5 and 6 of Volume III of Capital (see present edition, Vol. 3 7 ) .- 290
400
An incomplete copy of this letter signed by Engels is to be found at the Interna tional Institute of Social History in Amsterdam. The copy carries the address of the sender and the date of writing ('London, 1 9 May 1 885, 1 22 , Regent's Park Road, N. W . ' ) , the first paragraph of the draft and the following note by Engels: The original of this letter was sent to Nitti in Naples on 26.5.92. ' - 29 1 Engels wrote the note on Mark (see present edition, Vol. 26, p. 236) for Chapter VII (The Gens Among the Celts and Germans') of the Italian translation of his work The Origin if the Family, Private Property and the State.- 29 1 On 2 1 May 1 885 Paul Lafargue was sent to Ste Pelagie prison, Paris, for twO months for failing to pay a fine of 1 00 francs imposed on him in April ·1 883 by a jury in Moulins as punishment for his public speeches (see Note 9) . To begin with, Lafargue was kept in the cell reserved for criminals, but later transferred to
401
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the part of the prison where the political detainees were kept.- 292, 297, 30 I , 303,
3 1 0, 495 403
404
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406
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409
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Paul Lafargue intended to translate Engels' The Origin of the Family, Private Prop erty and the State into French, but failed to carry out this plan. The French transla tion was done by Henri Rave from the fourth German edition edited by Laura La fargue and looked through by Engels; it appeared in Paris in 1 893.- 2 9 3 , 3 94 On 24 May 1 885 a demonstration was organised in Paris in memory of the mem bers of the Paris Commune. Carrying red flags, the demonstrators made their way to the Mur des Federes in Pere-Lachaise cemetery where 200 members of the Com mune had been shot on 2 7 May 1 87 1 . The police attacked the demonstrators on the pretext that it was forbidden to carry red flags on demonstrations in Paris. A clash ensued in which a number of people were killed and injured. Engels expected that the police would try to organise a similar act of provoca tion on I June during the funeral of Victor Hugo who had died on 22 May 1 885.293, 297 This letter was first published in English in: K. Marx and F. Engels, Letters on 'Capital', New Park Publications, London, 1 983.- 2 94 Between 1 869 and 1873 Marx maintained regular correspondence with Nikolai Danielson, who systematically sent him Russian books and articles in journals dealing with the agrarian question in Russia. In his letter of 24 April (6 May) 1 885, Danielson enquired of Engels whether the statistics on the Russian econo my had been included in the third volume of Capital. The chapter on ground rent to which Engels refers forms part of Section 6 of Volume I I I of Capital (see present edition, Vol. 3 7 ) .- 294 A fragment from this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx and F. En gels, Letters to Americans. 1848-1895. A Selection, International Publishers, New York, 1 953.- 295 Here, Engels uses an expression from the speech made by the Prussian officer Prince Lichnowski in the Frankfurt Assembly on 3 1 August 1 848. Lichnowski used a double negative ( ,With regard to historical right there does not exist no date') . See also present edition, Vol. 7, p. 369.- 2 96 The reference is to the work De origine actibusque Getarum by the Gothic historian Jordanes. I t is a short conspectus of Historia Gothorum by Cassiodorus, which is not extant, and to which Jordanes added surviving oral pieces, legends of the Ger manic tribes and material from other sources.- 296 This letter has survived in the form of an excerpt (the beginning of the letter and name of the addressee are missing) . According to the International Institute of So cial History in Amsterdam, where the original is kept, it was written on the letter which A. N. Davisson sent to Engels on 1 0 June 1 885. The note 'Soc. League' on Engels' letter suggests that the addressee was John Lincoln Mahon, the secretary of the said organisation (see Note 346) .- 298 Frederick Charles, Prince of Prussia and inspector-general of the cavalry, died on 1 5 June 1 885.- 300, 302, 304 Der So;:ialdemokrat, No. 1 7, 23 April 1 885 published a statement adopted by a meeting of Social Democrats in Frankfurt-am-Main and sharply criticising the
604
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position of the majority of the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag and its a t. tempts to impose this position on the party as a whole (see Note 3 74). On 7 M:a 1 885 Karl Frohme, one of the leaders of the parliamentary group, publish ed a Ie ter attacking this statement in response to this in the bourgeois Frankfurter Journal. The editorial board of Der Sozialdemokrat reprinted Frohme's letter (No. 20 1 4 May 1 885) and in the next issue, 2 1 May 1 885 published August Bebel's artic!; in reply called 'Auch "ein Protest'" in which he criticised Frohme's position._ 302, 307
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The Hamburg party organisation, which supported the Social-Democratic group i n the Reichstag in its conflict with the editorial board of Der So;:;ialdemokrat (see Note 3 74), donated 1 ,000 francs to the French socialists' election fund.- 303 Engels is referring to the resignation in June 1 885 of the Liberal cabinet under Gladstone due to the refusal of the majority in parliament (Conservatives and Irish members) to vote for the government proposal to increase taxes on spirits. The real reasons for the resignation were the fail ures in colonial policy - the concessions to . Russia when it came to dividing up spheres of influence in Central Asia (see Note 378) and the major defeats inflicted on the British forces by rebels in the Suo dan - as well as the government's refusal to grant Irish self-administration in the framework of the British Empire.- 303 Tories- traditional name of the Conservative Party. The Whigs were the right wing of the Liberal Party, and the Radicals its left wing. The Whigs expressed the interests of the landed, and in part, financial aris tocracy, of the big and medium capitalist farmers, whilst the Radicals were the representatives oflarge sections of the trading and industrial bourgeoisie, the bour geois intelligentsia and the rich trade unions. The Liberal Party exerted an influ ence on the trade unions through the Radicals, who recognised the need for demo cratic social reforms. The differences between the Whigs and the Radicals became particularly clear during the preparations for the electoral reform of 1 884, when the Whigs opposed the extension of the suffrage to Irish peasants and the establisq ment of constituencies of equal size, thus backing the Conservatives. Most of the Radicals favoured Home Rule and improvements in the agrarian law. However some of them, headed by J. Chamberlain, wanted to keep the Union of 1 80 1 in tact. The rivalry between the Whigs and the Radicals became aggravated on the eve of the 1 885 general election which the Radicals expected would bring them victory in the party and the country as a whole (see notes 299 and 487) . I t was at this time that the political outlook of the Radical movement took its final shape, as expressed in 'The Radical Programme with a Preface of J. Chamberlain', London, 1 885 (see also Note 430).- 304, 326, 345, 367, 369, 389
The trials of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung and the Rhenish district committee pf Democrats took place in Cologne on 7 and 8 February 1 849. The accused at the first trial were Karl M arx as editor-in-chief, Frederick Engels as co-editor and Hermann Korff as responsible publisher. Those indicted at the second trial were Marx, Karl Schapper and the lawyer Schneider I I . The trials ended with the ac cused being acquitted. They were reported in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung- the firs t on 1 4 February and the second on 1 9 , 25, 2 7 and 28 February 1 849. In October 1 885 the report on the trial of the Rhenish district committee of Democrats was published as a separate pamphlet in the Sozialdemokratische Bibliothek series i n
n den ge ge 4J o;:; Pr n. ne or hw sc Ge r . ne iil K n de r vo x H ottlllgen-Z un' ch . E ntl'tle d Karl Mar " IllIt d z er 'd W ten ne f f a w be m zu fs u fr u A gen ' AusschujJ der rheinischen Demokraten we 4) .30 . p , 26 . ol , Y on iti ed t en es pr ee (s s cluded a preface by E ngel e h ut a � le tic ar ls' ge En d an s x' ar ition of M ed ed ct lle co te ra pa se no as w re he T 7 1 + g 3 5 . 4) -6 " 30 1 8, -2 23 , 1 1 2 1 . pp ol . 7, Ju ne insurrection (see present ed iti on , Y 33 2 . on t�e le uc ar of es ri se s ff ol W m � el ilh W of edition 4 1 H T he refe re nc e is to a se pa ra te lllted III pr d an e rd ia ill M he isc es hl sc . ie D d lle sl tu a t'Ion 0f the SI'le si an peasants ca 22 April d an h ar M 22 n ee w t be g un ezt Z e ch � is . nu m be r of issues of the Neue Rhein III 1 88 6. I ts fi IrS t t ou m ca ch hI w , on iti ed is th � 84 9. E nge1s in cl ud ed a preface in III 1 87 6 (se e F. En ge ls, ck ba n tte ri . w d ha he ch hi w . sectIOn was a b'IOgraph y ofW ol ff t s 'l I h w , rm lo e te d Ia eV br ab h uc m a . in t 24 ) bu 'W II heI m W oIff. ' presen t edition ' Yol ro nt I . ts an as Pe n sia us Pr e th of y or ist H � the . th e second sectIOn was th e art'ICIe 'O laII y eC sp ) 26 . ol (Y rrf ia ill M n . ia les Si he T le t du ct lO n to WI'lheI m Wolffs pa m ph 346 2, 33 8, 32 4, 32 9, 30 . .on iti ed at th for . r� ne ss el M at th s el ng E ed m fo in er ut hl n Sc � . 4 1 9 I n his letter of 24 Ju ne 1 885 H er m an pu t ra ok m de al ;:;z S e D ng n fe of as w l, ta pi : � whose pu bl is hi ng ho us e had issued Ca s e rm te on te bu n st dl to l ta pi Ca of e m lu vo lishers in Z ur ic h copies of the second . considered unfavour ab le .- 309 r he . is bl pu e th at th 5 88 1 ne Ju 6 73 N tz ce, � 420 ' Engels is referring to th e report III Jus Karl de l ta pi Ca Le ok b 0 ' � e 11 ' I eV D I e n b a t G W ill ia m Reeves intended to pu t ou adhous e ro B hn Jo by n Io at sl an tr h lis ng E . (see N ot e 8 1 ) in an Mar R' me pu bl ls h e th th i w g tin tia go ne as w s el ng E e . (HY d m 's �eu do nym ) . A t th at ti m th e first of n tIO sla an tr h lis ng E e th ng hi is bl ers K egan P auI and Co . ab ou t pu 's x ar M s. es cc su t ou ' th I W d de en ns tio I me of Capital (see Note 56 ). These negotia pear ap t no d di ok bo s e' ill ev D d an e us ho o k was pu t ou t by another pu bl is hi ng in En gl ish .- 3 1 0, 3 1 3 r be em pt Se 4 1 to t us ug A 4 1 om fr ey ofjers 4 2 1 Engels sp en t hi s holidays on the island . 1 88 5. - 3 1 0, 3 1 5, 3 2 1 -2 5, 32 8, 35 8 g an a rucl. in ar ep pr as w ho w , ck ha Sc eum lla 422 T he German socialist Gertrud G ui I er th e h w k as to I 5 88 1 y ul J on Is e ng te to E on th e lim it at io n of fe m al e la bo ur , wro 0f th e e m ra og pr e th up g in aw dr � in ed volv was tr ue th at he and Marx had been in gIven for be y pa l ua eq at th d an m de e th d ne French Workers' Party, w hi ch contai . eq ua l work. in s es gr on c a t a ty ar P ' s er k or W h Frenc Following the establishment of th e he k o w an g be de es u G s le Ju t is al ch soci Marseilles in October 1 87 9, th e Fren h lp s e ng E d an x ar M d te es qu re I ue rg fa L h ou h P o he or� cal e h . ty ar P ' rs ke or W ch � e Fr he a � fest or I t� r arx, ee (s e sd ue G to ed " at ct di d an x introduction was formulated by Mar yoI . , ' , on IU d e t en es , pr y' rt Pa s' er rk 0 neh W I 24d am bl e to th e Programme 0f t h e F re Y e se e, m m ra og pr um im m e (m in m ra og pr e th of rt pa al tic ac pr he T P 34 0) as en orse w e m m ra og pr he T e. gu ar af � d an Note 384) was compiled by GueesdHe avre III 1 88 0. at th e party congress held in L . 311 .\ 20 e ot N e se , ts ls sd ue G e th or , O n th e R ou en tendency . letter e th of ft ra d e h T n. w no k t no e ar er 4 outs of the original of thIs lett 2 3 T he w he re ab
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606
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Notes
Notes
was written by Engels on a letter which John Lincoln Mahon had w n'tten to h ' lltl ( on paper used by t he ed·Itorial board of The Commonweal) on I I July 1 885
3 1 Under the heading 'The Parting of the Waters' The Edinburgh Review, N'- 2 . 3 J uIy 1 885 ' contamed � summary of the parliamentary debates for 1 884-85. It �h 3 1 ' . . . . Iy cntlclsed the policies pursued by the Radical wing of the Liberal Part arp (s�e Note 4 1 5) . The author of the summary called on the Whigs to split with the �adl_ '
0
cal wing, describing this act as a 'watershed'.� 3 1 4
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I n a letter of 1 0 July 1 885 to the German Workers' Educational Society in L d (see Not: 1 62) Wilhelm Liebknecht objected to the Society's proposal t . extraordmary party congress be held due to the conflict between the re""ormist ma. ' . ' . Jonty III the SOCial-Democratic group in the Reichstag and the editorial board of . Der Sozza ' 1demokrat. He supposed that the disagreements, including that be tw�n . the Frankfurt organisation and Karl Frohme (see Note 4 1 2) were not of a major . ' nature and could thus qUickly be settled with his mediation.� 3 1 5
:� ��
On 1 4 July 1 885 Wilhelm Liebknecht spoke to a meeting of Social Democrats . O �enbach and critici �ed the letter by the group of Frankfurt Social Democr which �ad been pubhshed in Der Sozialdemokral (see Note 4 1 2 ) . His words ap peared m the Berlmer �olksblatt, 1 8 July 1 885. The dissatisfaction his speech created III the Frankfurt SOCial-Democratic organisation led to Liebknecht publish'lng ' Der Sozzaldemokral, No. 32, 6 August 1 885, claiming that his critia statement m CIS � only relate� to the tone of the letter and that he rated highly the fight waged . the agaillst Antl-SOCiahst Law by the Social Democrats in Frankfurt.� 3 1 5
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Engels is evidently referring to Karl Kautsky's book Der Einfluss der Volksvermeh run� auf den F�rtschritt der Gesel/schaft, Vienna, 1 880, which he sharply criticised f?r Its MalthUSian errors in a letter to Kautsky of I February 1 88 1 (see present edi tI �n, Vol. 46) and also to a series of articles about marriage in primitive society with the general heading 'Die Entstehung der Ehe und Familie' published in Kos mos, Jg. VI, Stuttgart, 1 882-83 (see Engels' letters to Laura Lafargue of · 1 6- 1 7 February and to August Bebel of 7 March 1 883; present edition, Vol. 46 , and also this volume, p. 56) .� 3 1 6 Maybe this refers to Franz Mehring's articles on Rodbertus in Demokratische BUtt ter, Nos. 1 9, 20 and 2 1 , 1 3, 20 and 28 May 1 885, or his article 'Der soziale Berufdes Adels ' in Volks-Zeitung, Nos. 1 55 and 1 56, 7 and 8 July 1 885.� 3 1 6 The Radicals � in the 1 880s and 1 890s a parliamentary group which had split away from the par�y of moderate republicans in France ( ,Opportunists', see N ?te 236) . The �adlcals had their main base in the petty and, to some extent, the . middle bourgeolSle and continued to press for a number of bourgeois-democratic . demands: a smgle-chamberparliamentary system, the separation of the Church from the State, the introduction of a system of progressive income taxes the limitation of the working day and settlement of a number of other social issu�s. The leader of the Radicals ,:as Clemenceau. The group formed officially as the Republican Party of Radicals and Radical Socialists (Parti republicain radical . el radical socialisle) in 1 90 1 .� 3 1 7, 326, 330, 343, 354, 409- 10, 4 1 4, 4 1 8, 424, 428 430, 43 8, ' 44 1 , 445, 470, 489, 493, 497, 508 Engels is referring to the disagreements within the Liberal Party (see Note 4 15) and the noticeable rapprochement between its right wing � the Whigs � and the
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self h Iris of ng nti gra the d ose opp ich wh g, win s thi 886 1 In Conservatives. ber am Ch eph Jos by ded hea c blo t nis nio l-U era Lib a and off it spl n, tio administra Great Britain; the h wit d lan Ire of ion Un 1 80 1 the of s ter por sup of d me for s wa lain uted a po Liberal-Unionists backed the Conservatives on most issues. They constit ni sig and sses cla ing rul tish Bri the ong am g pin rou reg jor ma a of n sio res litical exp fied a shift to the right.� 3 1 7 , 3 9 1 ange) Or (of I I I m llia t Wi ugh bro ich wh tat d'e p cou the of ult res a as , In 1 688-89 and re nt me ern gov of m for the as ed lish abo s wa tism olu abs nd, gla En in er to pow e organ of placed by a constitutional monarchy. Parliament became the suprem 7 1 3 y.� ilit nob new the and sie eoi urg bo the of l wil the out ng ryi state power, car n lso nie Da F. 'N. ng riti dw han s' gel En in s rie car and ed viv sur The envelope has see res add the of and et stre the of e nam e Th '. ssia Ru , urg ersb Pet St. 27, Esq ., Mo ika 8 have been written by an un kn ow n hand in Cyrillic script.� 3 1 second the of on ati nsl tra n ssia Ru the for e fac pre l cia spe a ite wr t no Engels did of his pre sion ver d iate rev abb an ed tain con tion edi n ssia Ru e Th . ital Cap of e volum pre the of f hal ond sec e Th e. um vol ond sec the of n tio edi an rm face to the first Ge fac e, inc lud ing the criticism of Rodbertus, was om itte d.� 3 1 8 Pa ul Lafargue was planning to visit his mo the r in Bordeaux.� 320 De of nd gla En in ion cat bli pu ed nn pla the t ou ab rs fea s' gel En I n connection with gue far La ura La , ) 420 tc No e . (se . . ume Res rx. Ma rl Ka de ital Cap ville's book Le nri Oriol He r she bli pu nch Fre the t tha ing say 5 88 1 st gu Au 7 on s gel En wrote to sh.� 320 had said he could prevent the book being translated int o Engli to d ute rib att and XV uis Lo to d ere utt rds wo � ' ! uge del Ie s) 'Apres mo i (or nou Mm e Du Barry or to Mm le Pompadour.� 320 , 354 hand in his ss dre ad ing low fol the s rie car t I . ard stc po a on ter let s thi Engels wrote ' , ad Ro en md Ca , use Ho w De s ett gg Hu s Mr of e car ., writing: 'K . Kautsky Esq Eas tbo urn e.'� 3 2 1 l nie Da ai kol Ni of e vic ad the on n itte wr ) 26 l. Vo n, tio edi t sen pre I n this let ter (see rx' s un pu b Ma nt pri y the t tha tnik ves er,!), Sev of rs ito ed the to ted ges sug s son, Engel n itte wr d ha he ich wh i isk zap e nniy stve che Ote of ard bo ial tor edi lished letter to the CYAOM'b b eA' rrep C'b pK Ma 'b pA 'Ka icle art 's sky ov ail kh Mi ai kol Ni to in response r. 10. iKYKoBcKaro' (se e Note 1 90 ).� 322 , 347 ss in his hand dre ad ing low fol the ng ryi car ard stc po a on ter let s thi ote wr s Engel irich, -Zi gen ttin Ho 3, r. ost sin Ka , ng dlu an chh bu lks Vo er, lut Sch H. writing: 'Herrn Switzerland .'� 322 , 324 lliam I of Ger Wi ror pe Em of son ate im git ille the s wa ck ere Vi uis Lo t tha t A hin in ng eti me rs' rke wo a at st gu Au 8 on ech spe s ck' ere Vi to ing err ref ma ny . Engels is ch more ifh e mu rs rke wo the e giv uld wo or per em the t tha d sai he ich wh in h Mu nic ck's ere Vi at ted tes pro ts cra mo De l cia So h nic Mu e Th ed. liv y the y knew ho w poorl in d she bli pu ly, rep his In . 5) 88 1 st gu Au , 20 34 . No at, okr speech (see Der Sozialdem emok iald Soz r De d an st gu Au 30 30, . No , att nbl che Wo s che uts De the M un ich-based Bis d rte po sup , scs rpo pu d an s ent int all to ck, ere Vi 5, 88 1 rat, No . 36, 3 September ma rck 's social reform (se e No te 3 1 2) .� 324 , 328 Spain in d an y an rm Ge en we bet ed erg em ich wh t flic con the to ing Engels is referr isine rol Ca the ze sei to pts em att y's an rm Ge of ult res a as 5 August-September 1 88
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lands to which Spain laid claim. The German government sent a gunboat tO o e of This led to tension in the rela� the islands, where the German flag was raised. bons . between the two states. Pope Leo XIII, who acted as arbitrator, supported the Spanish claims.- 324 442
On 20 September 1 885 in Paris, during the funeral of Antoine Jules Arna ud . . a member of the Pans Commune, the police used the excuse that processions Ith red banners were prohibited to attempt to seize the red cover which had ee n placed over the deceased and attacked those attending the funeral.- 326
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At the elections held on 4 October 1 885 to the French Chamber of Deputies, nu merous candidates failed to receive the number of votes required for election, so that a second ballot was scheduled for 1 8 October. This ballot brought a republi can majority, comprising representatives of the party of moderate republicans (,Opportunists') and the party of Radicals (see notes 236 and 429) . The Chamber of Deputies was made up of 382 republicans (including 1 80 Radicals) and 202 monarchists.- 330, 364, 430
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The reference is to the English socialists' free speech struggles against the po!"Ice . . suppressIOn 0f outdoor meetmgs. B etween July and September 1 885 the London police on several occasions arrested socialist speakers at meetings in the East End ' One of them, John E. Williams, a member of the Social Democratic Federation was sentenced to a month's hard labour. This prompted the Social Democrati� Federation, the Socialist League, the Labour Emancipation League and the London Radical Clubs (see Note 659) to organise a joint meeting on 20 September in the area of Dod Street, which was attended by several thousand people. The police tried to arrest the speakers, but met with resistance. Several people were detained, but released the next day. This was reported in The Daily News of 2 1 and 22 Sep tember.- 326 Laura Lafargue's French translation of the Manifesto of the Communist Party was published in Le Socialiste, Nos. I - I I , from late August to early November 1885. It was published with -Engels' changes as an appendix to Mermeix (pseudonym), La France Socialiste, Paris, 1 886.- 326, 328, 333, 342 The reference is to the so-called Bulgarian crisis which began in September 1885. In the night of 5-6 September an uprising of Bulgarian patriots occurred in Plovdiv; the capital of Eastern Roumelia (Southern Bulgaria), which, according to the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, was under the control of Turkey (see present edition, Vol. 45, Note 430). The Turkish governor was overthrown. Roumelia was reunited with Bulgaria and Grand Duke (formerly Prince) Alexander Battenberg of Bulgaria proclaimed himself ruler of the united Bulgaria on 8 September. Russia, showing its displeasure at the rapprochement between Battenberg and Austria-Hungary which had begun some time previously, recalled its officers from the Bulgarian army. Reports on this were carried by the Kblnische Zeitung, Nos. 276, 277, 278 and 279, 5, 6, 7 and 8 October 1 885. On the subsequent course of the Bulgarian crisis, see Engels' article 'The Po litical Situation in Europe' (present edition, Vol. 26, and also this volume, pp. 5 1 2-20 and notes 478 and 634) .- 329, 364, 3 78-79, 4 1 7, 485, 488 The reference is to the trial of a group of German Social Democrats at the Saxon provincial court in Chemnitz between 28 and 30 September 1 885. Auer, Behel, Dietz, Muller, Ulrich, Viereck, Vollmar, Frohme and Heinzel were charged with belonging to a secret society seeking by illegal means to hinder the implementation of laws and regulations issued by the authorities. The reason for the indictment was their participation in the 1 883 congress of the Socialist Workers' Party ofGer many in Copenhagen (see Note 1 5) . In tht; absence of proof of their guilt, the court acquitted them. The government appealed to the imperial court which passed on the case for re-examination at the provincial court in Freiberg, Saxony ( see Note 602 ) .- 330
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The views about the elections in France which Engels sets out in this letter were re flected in the leading article in Der So;;ialdemokrat, No. 42, 1 5 October 1 885.- 330 The results of the first ballot gave rise tO' particular disappointment among the French socialists. This prompted Engels to explain to Paul Lafargue the essence of the situation in France. An excerpt from his letter was printed in Le Socialiste with the title 'The Situation' (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 33 1 -32) . The whereabouts of the full text of the letter are not known.- 3 3 1 Apart from the works mentioned in the text, Engels also included in the new edi tion of Marx's pamphlet Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne a fourth appendix - 'The Communist Trial in Cologne' - to Marx's work Herr Vogt (see present edition, Vol. 1 7, pp. 305- 1 1 ) and his afterword to the second Ger man edition of the pamphlet (see present edition, Vol. 24, pp. 5 1 -54) .- 332 This letter was written on a postcard and carries the following address in Engels' handwriting: 'Monsieur P. Lavroff, 328 rue St. Jacques, Paris, France.'- 337 In a letter of 19 October 1 885 Pyotr Lavrov asked Engels to let him know what materials he might use for a work he was planning to write on Chartism.- 337
453
Engels attached great importance to publicising the experience of Chartisrri as the first political movement of the British working class. I t is thought that in the 1 880s he wrote special notes for inclusion in Die Chartistenbewegung in England by the German democrat Sigismund Borkheim, although Engels' text has not yet been found. Die Chartistenbewegung in England (Zurich, 1 887) by the German social ist Hermann Schluter was based on a chronology of Chartism compiled in August 1 886 by Engels at the request of the author (see present edition, Vol. 26) .- 337
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The Social Democrat Salo Faerber from Breslau suggested that Engels write an ar ticle on the financial position of Russia in the Volks-Zeitung, Berlin, with a view to hindering subscriptions to Russian loan bonds in Germany.- 337
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Here, Engels is aUuding to the following statement in the Reichstag by Heinrich von Stephan, head of the postal and telegraph service: 'The secrecy of the mail rests just as firmly on the conscience of the German Empire's postal officials as the Bible does on the altar.'- 337, 36 1
456
The reference is to the Russo-Turkish war of 1 87 7-78 which was caused by a growth in the activities of the national liberation movement in the Balkans and the exacerbation of international conflicts in the Middle East. The war ended in victory for Russia. In 1 806, Prussia joined the fourth anti-French coalition, and its army was soon routed by the Napoleonic forces at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt.- 339 The reference is to Wilhelm Liebknecht's reply to Salo Faerber's letter requesting him to shed light on the state of Russian finances in his Reichstag speech during
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the third reading of the budget. In the letter Liebknecht explained the reason hy . sW he had not made any speech.- 339
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At the elections to the Saxon Provincial Diet on 1 5 September 1 885 Lle · bk h who was standing for the rural district around Leipzig, lost at the handS of nec t, a ca . . . d·d I ate JomtIy nommated by the Conservatives (see Note 230) and the N ational �LIberals (see Note 243 ) . The poll was held i n line with the electoral qualifications set out in the law o 1 868; the vote extended to persons of 25 and over who had paid at Ieast thre f . e mark s m d·Irect taxes, Wh·1 i St to stand as a candidate it was necessary to be not I ss e I ·d · h f than 31\. ave pal at east 30 marks i n direct taxes and have been v years 0 age, to a Saxon citizen for a minimum of three years.- 340
The French utopian socialist E tienne Cabet tried to organise a communi st coIony . . m North Amenca made up 0f several hundred of his followers drawn from amon g the French workers. The colony existed from 1 848 to 1 856. The last commumst . . . commum ty I n th e U mted States, which had been formed by . adherents of Cabet . . ceased to eXist m 1 895.- 342 .
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I n 1 88 9, �t the request of Paul L �fargue, E �gels transformed three chapters of his Antz-Duhrzng (Chapte � .1 of the IntroductIOn' and Chapters I and I I of Part �hree - s.ee presen.t edItIOn? ':'01. 25, pp. 1 6-27 and 244-7 1 ) into a popular work in Its o �n r:ght : �ntltled So�zaizsm: Utopian and Scientific, it was published under the headmg S�clalisme utoplque et socialisme scientifique' in the French journal La . Revue soczaizste, Nos. 3, 4 and 5, 20 March, 20 April and 5 May 1 880, and later that year under the same heading as a separate pamphlet in Paris.-342
46 1
The words by Reichstag deputy Ludwig Bamberger which became a standard phrase were uttered at one of the 1 876 sittings to describe the manner in which Bis marck dealt with the National Liberals.- 342
462
Engels is referring to the KulturkampJ, a word which has come to describe the meas ures taken by the Bismarck government in the 1 8 70s against the Catholic Church and the Party of the Centre, which was closely associated with it (see Note 229). Between 1 8 7 1 and 1 875 a number of laws were passed which were designed to weaken the Party of the Centre and the Catholic clergy who supported it. How ever, th � Church refused to submit. I n the latter half of the 1 870s and the early 1 880s, given the growth of the labour movement, Bismarck sought to rally all reac . tIOnary forces and steered a course of reconciliation with the Catholic Church, as a result of which most of these laws were repealed.- 343, 434, 5 1 1
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The referen
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