CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Emissions De CO2 Dues a La Combustion D?energie: 2008 Edition Edition 2008 (International Energy Agency Agence Internationale De L'energie)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION In recognition of fundamental changes in the way governments approach energy-related environmental issues, the IEA has prepared this publication on CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. This annual publication was first published in 1997 and has become an essential tool for analysts and policy makers in many international fora such as the Conference of the Parties. The fourteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Climate Change Convention (COP 14), in conjunction with the fourth meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 4), will be meeting in Poland from 1 to 12 December 2008. The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of the emissions of CO2 from 1971 to 2006 for more than 140 countries and regions by sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

ÉMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES À LA COMBUSTION D’ÉNERGIE Prenant acte des changements fondamentaux qui ont affecté l’approche des gouvernements face aux problèmes d’environnement liés à l’énergie, l’AIE a préparé ce document présentant les émissions de CO2 liées à la combustion d’énergie fossile. Ce document, publié pour la première fois en 1997, est devenu un outil essentiel pour les analystes et décideurs politiques de nombreux forums tels que les Conférences des Parties. La quatorzième Conférence des Parties à la Convention sur le Changement Climatique (COP 14), en conjonction avec la quatrième Rencontre des Parties au Protocole de Kyoto (CMP 4), se tiendra en Pologne du 1 au 12 décembre 2008. Les données présentées dans ce document ont été structurées afin d’aider à mieux comprendre l’évolution des émissions de CO2 de plus de 140 pays et régions, par secteur d’activité et par combustible, pour la période de 1971 à 2006. Les émissions calculées se fondent sur les bases de données de l’AIE ainsi que sur les méthodes et les facteurs d’émission définies dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996.

-:HSTCQE=UYWX]Y:

(61 2008 12 3 P1) e150 ISBN 978-92-64-04238-4

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION ÉMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES À LA COMBUSTION D’ÉNERGIE

2008 E D I T I O N

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous body which was established in November 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme. It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among twenty-eight of the OECD thirty member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are: n To maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions. n To promote rational energy policies in a global context through co-operative relations with non-member countries, industry and international organisations. n To operate a permanent information system on the international oil market. n To improve the world’s energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative energy sources and increasing the efficiency of energy use. n To promote international collaboration on energy technology. n To assist in the integration of environmental and energy policies. The IEA member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States. The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA.

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of thirty democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD.

© OECD/IEA, 2008 International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Communication and Information Office, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France.

AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ÉNERGIE L’Agence Internationale de l’Énergie (AIE) est un organe autonome institué en novembre 1974 dans le cadre de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) afin de mettre en œuvre un programme international de l’énergie. Elle applique un programme général de coopération dans le domaine de l’énergie entre vingthuit des trente pays membres de l’OCDE. Les objectifs fondamentaux de l’AIE sont les suivants : n Tenir à jour et améliorer des systèmes permettant de faire face à des perturbations des approvisionnements pétroliers. Œuvrer en faveur de politiques énergétiques rationnelles dans un contexte mondial grâce n à des relations de coopération avec les pays non membres, l’industrie et les organisations internationales. n Gérer un système d’information continue sur le marché international du pétrole. n Améliorer la structure de l’offre et de la demande mondiales d’énergie en favorisant la mise en valeur de sources d’énergie de substitution et une utilisation plus rationnelle de l’énergie. n Promouvoir la collaboration internationale dans le domaine de la technologie énergétique. n Contribuer à l’intégration des politiques d’énergie et d’environnement. Les pays membres de l’AIE sont : Allemagne, Australie, Autriche, Belgique, Canada, Danemark, Espagne, États-Unis, Finlande, France, Grèce, Hongrie, Irlande, Italie, Japon, Luxembourg, Norvège, Nouvelle-Zélande, Pays-Bas, Pologne, Portugal, République de Corée, République Slovaque, République Tchèque, Royaume-Uni, Suède, Suisse et Turquie. La Commission Européenne participe également aux travaux de l’AIE.

ORGANISATION DE COOPÉRATION ET DE DÉVELOPPEMENT ÉCONOMIQUES L’OCDE est un forum unique en son genre où les gouvernements de trente démocraties œuvrent ensemble pour relever les défis économiques, sociaux et environnementaux que pose la mondialisation. L’OCDE est aussi à l’avant-garde des efforts entrepris pour comprendre les évolutions du monde actuel et les préoccupations qu’elles font naître. Elle aide les gouvernements à faire face à des situations nouvelles en examinant des thèmes tels que le gouvernement d’entreprise, l’économie de l’information et les défis posés par le vieillissement de la population. L’Organisation offre aux gouvernements un cadre leur permettant de comparer leurs expériences en matière de politiques, de chercher des réponses à des problèmes communs, d’identifier les bonnes pratiques et de travailler à la coordination des politiques nationales et internationales. Les pays membres de l’OCDE sont : Allemagne, Australie, Autriche, Belgique, Canada, Danemark, Espagne, États-Unis, Finlande, France, Grèce, Hongrie, Irlande, Islande, Italie, Japon, Luxembourg, Mexique, Norvège, Nouvelle Zélande, Pays-Bas, Pologne, Portugal, République de Corée, République slovaque, République tchèque, Royaume-Uni, Suède, Suisse et Turquie. La Commission européenne participe aux travaux de l’OCDE.

© OCDE/AIE, 2008 Agence Internationale de l’Énergie (AIE), Direction du Service de la communication et de l’information, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France.

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FOREWORD Recent years have witnessed a fundamental change in the way governments approach energy-related environmental issues. Promoting sustainable development and combating climate change have become integral aspects of energy planning, analysis and policy making in many countries, including all IEA member states. In recognition of the importance attached to the environmental aspects of energy, the IEA has prepared this edition of its published statistics on CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion. These data are also available on CDROM and on the Internet. The purpose of this volume is to put our best and most current information in the hands of those who need it, including in particular the participants in the UNFCCC process. The IEA is a contributor to the official Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies for estimating greenhouse gas emissions. The IEA’s basic energy balance data are the figures most often cited in the field. For these reasons, we felt it appropriate to publish this information in a comprehensive form. It is our hope that this book will assist the reader in better understanding the evolution of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion from 1971 to 2006 for more than 140 countries and regions, by sector and by fuel. This publication incorporates comments and suggestions received since the first edition in November 1997. Most of the data presented in this publication are only for energy-related CO2. Thus they may differ from countries' official submissions of emissions inventories to the UNFCCC Secretariat. In addition, summary data for CO2 from non-energy-related sources and gas flaring, and emissions of CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC and SF6 are shown in Part III in cooperation with the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL). The publication also includes information on “Key Sources” from fuel combustion, as developed in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. This report is published under my responsibility as Executive Director of the IEA and does not necessarily reflect the views of IEA member countries. Nobuo Tanaka Executive Director

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AVANT-PROPOS Ces dernières années, l’attitude des gouvernements à l’égard des problèmes d’environnement liés à l’énergie a radicalement changé. L’action en faveur du développement durable et la lutte contre le changement climatique sont désormais des aspects intégrés à la planification, l’analyse et la prise de décisions dans le domaine de l’énergie dans nombre de pays, et notamment dans tous les pays Membres de l’AIE. Reconnaissant l’importance attachée aux aspects environnementaux de l’énergie, l’AIE a préparé cette édition de ses statistiques sur les émissions de CO2 imputables à la combustion de combustibles fossiles. Ces données sont également disponibles sous forme de CD-ROM et sur Internet. Le présent ouvrage a pour objet de mettre nos informations les meilleures et les plus récentes à la disposition de ceux qui en ont besoin, et tout particulièrement des participants aux travaux relatifs à la CCNUCC. L’AIE contribue à l’élaboration des méthodologies officielles du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) pour l’estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les données de base des bilans énergétiques de l’AIE sont les chiffres les plus fréquemment cités dans ce domaine. Il nous a donc semblé opportun, pour ces motifs, de publier ces informations de manière très complète. Nous avons bon espoir que le présent ouvrage aidera le lecteur à mieux appréhender l’évolution des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie entre 1971 et 2006 dans plus de 140 pays et régions, par secteur et par combustible. Cette publication tient compte des observations et suggestions qui nous ont été communiquées depuis la première édition de novembre 1997. La majorité des données concernent seulement les émissions de CO2 liées à l’énergie. Elles peuvent donc différer des données figurant dans les communications nationales officielles des inventaires des émissions transmises au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC. De plus, des données synthétiques relatives aux émissions de CO2 liées à des sources non-énergétiques et au gaz brûlé à la torche, et aux émissions de CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC et SF6 figurent dans la Partie III en coopération avec la Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL). La publication comprend aussi des informations sur les « sources principales » dues à la combustion d’énergie, comme l’indique le IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre) du GIEC. Le présent rapport est publié sous ma responsabilité, en qualité de Directeur exécutif de l’AIE, et ne traduit pas nécessairement les points de vue des pays Membres de l’AIE. Nobuo Tanaka Directeur exécutif

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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION The energy - climate challenge ..............................................................................................................................xvii

PART I: 1. 2. 3.

METHODOLOGY

IEA emissions estimates................................... I.3 Units and conversions .................................... I.11 Indicators........................................................ I.13

PART II:

4. 5.

Geographical coverage ...................................I.17 IPCC methodologies.......................................I.21

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION

SUMMARY TABLES CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach ......................... II.4 CO2 emissions: Reference Approach .................... II.16 CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers ........................................................... II.19 CO2 emissions from international aviation ........... II.22 Total primary energy supply ................................. II.25 GDP ...................................................................... II.31 Population ............................................................. II.37 CO2 emissions / TPES........................................... II.40

CO2 emissions / GDP.............................................II.43 CO2 emissions / population....................................II.49 Per capita emissions by sector in 2006 ..................II.52 Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2006 ..........II.55 Electricity and heat output.....................................II.58 CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation .........................................II.61

GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TOTALS World .................................................................... II.74 Annex 1 Parties ................................................. II.76 Annex II Parties ............................................ II.78 North America........................................... II.80 Europe....................................................... II.82 Pacific ....................................................... II.84 Economies in Transition ............................... II.86 Non-Annex 1 Parties ......................................... II.88 Annex I Kyoto Parties ....................................... II.90 OECD Total .......................................................... II.92 OECD North America........................................... II.94

OECD Pacific ........................................................II.96 OECD Europe .......................................................II.98 European Union - 27 ...........................................II.100 Africa...................................................................II.102 Middle East..........................................................II.104 Non-OECD Europe .............................................II.106 Former USSR ......................................................II.108 Latin America ......................................................II.110 Asia (excluding China)........................................II.112 China ...................................................................II.114

COUNTRY TABLES Albania ................................................................ II.118 Algeria................................................................. II.120 Angola................................................................. II.122 Argentina............................................................. II.124 Armenia............................................................... II.126

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Australia ..............................................................II.128 Austria .................................................................II.130 Azerbaijan ...........................................................II.132 Bahrain ................................................................II.134 Bangladesh ..........................................................II.136

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Belarus ................................................................ II.138 Belgium............................................................... II.140 Benin ................................................................... II.142 Bolivia................................................................. II.144 Bosnia and Herzegovina ..................................... II.146 Botswana............................................................. II.148 Brazil................................................................... II.150 Brunei Darussalam.............................................. II.152 Bulgaria............................................................... II.154 Cambodia ............................................................ II.156 Cameroon ............................................................ II.158 Canada................................................................. II.160 Chile .................................................................... II.162 People’s Republic of China................................. II.164 Chinese Taipei..................................................... II.166 Colombia............................................................. II.168 Congo.................................................................. II.170 Democratic Republic of Congo........................... II.172 Costa Rica ........................................................... II.174 Côte d’Ivoire ....................................................... II.176 Croatia................................................................. II.178 Cuba .................................................................... II.180 Cyprus ................................................................. II.182 Czech Republic ................................................... II.184 Denmark.............................................................. II.186 Dominican Republic ........................................... II.188 Ecuador ............................................................... II.190 Egypt ................................................................... II.192 El Salvador.......................................................... II.194 Eritrea.................................................................. II.196 Estonia................................................................. II.198 Ethiopia ............................................................... II.200 Finland ................................................................ II.202 France.................................................................. II.204 Gabon.................................................................. II.206 Georgia................................................................ II.208 Germany.............................................................. II.210 Ghana .................................................................. II.212 Gibraltar .............................................................. II.214 Greece ................................................................. II.216 Guatemala ........................................................... II.218 Haiti..................................................................... II.220 Honduras ............................................................. II.222 Hong Kong, China .............................................. II.224 Hungary............................................................... II.226 Iceland................................................................. II.228 India .................................................................... II.230 Indonesia ............................................................. II.232 Islamic Republic of Iran...................................... II.234 Iraq ...................................................................... II.236 Ireland ................................................................. II.238

Israel ....................................................................II.240 Italy......................................................................II.242 Jamaica ................................................................II.244 Japan....................................................................II.246 Jordan ..................................................................II.248 Kazakhstan ..........................................................II.250 Kenya...................................................................II.252 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea .............II.254 Korea ...................................................................II.256 Kuwait .................................................................II.258 Kyrgyzstan...........................................................II.260 Latvia ...................................................................II.262 Lebanon ...............................................................II.264 Libya....................................................................II.266 Lithuania..............................................................II.268 Luxembourg ........................................................II.270 Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia..................II.272 Malaysia ..............................................................II.274 Malta....................................................................II.276 Mexico.................................................................II.278 Republic of Moldova...........................................II.280 Mongolia .............................................................II.282 Morocco...............................................................II.284 Mozambique ........................................................II.286 Myanmar..............................................................II.288 Namibia ...............................................................II.290 Nepal ...................................................................II.292 Netherlands..........................................................II.294 Netherlands Antilles ............................................II.296 New Zealand........................................................II.298 Nicaragua.............................................................II.300 Nigeria .................................................................II.302 Norway ................................................................II.304 Oman ...................................................................II.306 Pakistan ...............................................................II.308 Panama ................................................................II.310 Paraguay ..............................................................II.312 Peru......................................................................II.314 Philippines ...........................................................II.316 Poland..................................................................II.318 Portugal ...............................................................II.320 Qatar ....................................................................II.322 Romania...............................................................II.324 Russia ..................................................................II.326 Saudi Arabia ........................................................II.328 Senegal ................................................................II.330 Serbia...................................................................II.332 Singapore.............................................................II.334 Slovak Republic...................................................II.336 Slovenia ...............................................................II.338 South Africa ........................................................II.340

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Spain ................................................................... II.342 Sri Lanka ............................................................. II.344 Sudan................................................................... II.346 Sweden ................................................................ II.348 Switzerland.......................................................... II.350 Syria .................................................................... II.352 Tajikistan............................................................. II.354 United Republic of Tanzania .............................. II.356 Thailand .............................................................. II.358 Togo .................................................................... II.360 Trinidad and Tobago........................................... II.362 Tunisia................................................................. II.364 Turkey ................................................................. II.366

PART III: 1. 2.

Turkmenistan.......................................................II.368 Ukraine ................................................................II.370 United Arab Emirates ..........................................II.372 United Kingdom ..................................................II.374 United States........................................................II.376 Uruguay ...............................................................II.378 Uzbekistan ...........................................................II.380 Venezuela ............................................................II.382 Vietnam ...............................................................II.384 Yemen .................................................................II.386 Zambia.................................................................II.388 Zimbabwe ............................................................II.390

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Shares and trends in GHG emissions .............III.3 Sources and methods....................................III.11

3.

Total greenhouse gas emissions .................. III.23

Kyoto Protocol base years The year 1990 should be the base year for the estimation and reporting of inventories. According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/ CP.2 and 11/CP.4, the following Annex I Parties that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy, are allowed to use a base year or a period of years other than 1990, as follows: Bulgaria: Hungary: Poland: Romania: Slovenia:

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to use 1988 to use the average of the years 1985 to 1987 to use 1988 to use 1989 to use 1986

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TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION Energie et climat : le défi (non-disponible en français) .........................................................................................xvii

PARTIE I: METHODOLOGIE 1. 2. 3.

Estimation des émissions de l’AIE................. I.39 Unités et coefficients de conversion .............. I.49 Indicateurs...................................................... I.51

4. 5.

Couverture géographique ...............................I.55 Méthodologies GIEC......................................I.59

PARTIE II : EMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE TABLEAUX RECAPITULATIFS Emissions de CO2 : Méthode sectorielle ................. II.4 Emissions de CO2 : Méthode de référence ............ II.16 Emissions de CO2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales................................ II.19 Emissions de CO2 imputables à l’aviation internationale .................................................. II.22 Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire .............................................. II.25 PIB ........................................................................ II.31 Population ............................................................. II.37

Emissions de CO2 / ATEP .....................................II.40 Emissions de CO2 / PIB .........................................II.43 Emissions de CO2 / population................................II.49 Emissions 2006 par habitant ventilées par secteur.......II.52 Emissions 2006 par habitant avec allocation de l’électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation ..............................II.55 Production d’électricité et de chaleur ....................II.58 Emissions de CO2 par kWh pour le secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur ........................II.61

TOTAUX MONDIAUX ET REGIONAUX Monde ................................................................... II.74 Parties de l’Annexe I......................................... II.76 Parties de l’Annexe II ................................... II.78 Amérique du Nord..................................... II.80 Europe....................................................... II.82 Pacifique ................................................... II.84 Economies en transition................................ II.86 Parties ne figurant pas à l’Annexe I ................. II.88 Parties avec objectifs dans Kyoto ..................... II.90 Total OCDE .......................................................... II.92 OCDE Amérique du Nord .................................... II.94

OCDE Pacifique ....................................................II.96 OCDE Europe .......................................................II.98 Union européenne - 27 ........................................II.100 Afrique.................................................................II.102 Moyen-Orient ......................................................II.104 Europe Non-OCDE .............................................II.106 Ex-URSS .............................................................II.108 Amérique latine ...................................................II.110 Asie (Chine non incluse) .....................................II.112 Chine ...................................................................II.114

TABLEAUX PAR PAYS Afrique du Sud .................................................... II.340 Albanie ................................................................ II.118 Algérie................................................................. II.120 Allemagne ........................................................... II.210

Angola .................................................................II.122 Antilles néerlandaises..........................................II.296 Arabie saoudite....................................................II.328 Argentine .............................................................II.124

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Arménie............................................................... II.126 Australie .............................................................. II.128 Autriche............................................................... II.130 Azerbaïdjan ......................................................... II.132 Bahreïn ................................................................ II.134 Bangladesh .......................................................... II.136 Bélarus ................................................................ II.138 Belgique .............................................................. II.140 Bénin ................................................................... II.142 Bolivie................................................................. II.144 Bosnie-Herzégovine............................................ II.146 Botswana............................................................. II.148 Brésil ................................................................... II.150 Brunei Darussalam.............................................. II.152 Bulgarie............................................................... II.154 Cambodge ........................................................... II.156 Cameroun ............................................................ II.158 Canada................................................................. II.160 Chili..................................................................... II.162 République populaire de Chine........................... II.164 Chypre................................................................. II.182 Colombie ............................................................ II.168 Congo.................................................................. II.170 République démocratique du Congo................... II.172 Corée ................................................................... II.256 République populaire dém. de Corée .................. II.254 Costa Rica ........................................................... II.174 Côte d'Ivoire ........................................................ II.176 Croatie................................................................. II.178 Cuba .................................................................... II.180 Danemark ............................................................ II.186 République dominicaine...................................... II.188 Egypte ................................................................. II.192 El Salvador.......................................................... II.194 Emirats arabes unis ............................................. II.374 Equateur .............................................................. II.190 Erythrée ............................................................... II.196 Espagne ............................................................... II.342 Estonie................................................................. II.198 Etats-Unis............................................................ II.376 Ethiopie ............................................................... II.200 Finlande............................................................... II.202 France.................................................................. II.204 Gabon.................................................................. II.206 Géorgie................................................................ II.208 Ghana .................................................................. II.212 Gibraltar .............................................................. II.214 Grèce ................................................................... II.216 Guatemala ........................................................... II.218 Haïti..................................................................... II.220 Honduras ............................................................. II.222

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Hong Kong, Chine...............................................II.224 Hongrie................................................................II.226 Inde ......................................................................II.230 Indonésie..............................................................II.232 Irak ......................................................................II.236 République islamique d’Iran ...............................II.234 Irlande..................................................................II.238 Islande..................................................................II.228 Israël ....................................................................II.240 Italie.....................................................................II.242 Jamaïque ..............................................................II.244 Japon....................................................................II.246 Jordanie ...............................................................II.248 Kazakhstan ..........................................................II.250 Kenya...................................................................II.252 Kirghizistan .........................................................II.260 Koweït .................................................................II.258 Lettonie................................................................II.262 Liban....................................................................II.264 Libye....................................................................II.266 Lituanie................................................................II.268 Luxembourg ........................................................II.270 Ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine ..........II.272 Malaisie ...............................................................II.274 Malte....................................................................II.276 Maroc...................................................................II.284 Mexique...............................................................II.278 République de Moldova ......................................II.280 Mongolie .............................................................II.282 Mozambique ........................................................II.286 Myanmar..............................................................II.288 Namibie ...............................................................II.290 Népal ...................................................................II.292 Nicaragua.............................................................II.300 Nigéria .................................................................II.302 Norvège ...............................................................II.304 Nouvelle-Zélande ................................................II.298 Oman ...................................................................II.306 Ouzbékistan .........................................................II.380 Pakistan ...............................................................II.308 Panama ................................................................II.310 Paraguay ..............................................................II.312 Pays-Bas ..............................................................II.294 Pérou....................................................................II.314 Philippines ...........................................................II.316 Pologne................................................................II.318 Portugal ...............................................................II.320 Qatar ....................................................................II.322 Roumanie.............................................................II.324 Royaume-Uni.......................................................II.374 Russie ..................................................................II.326

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Sénégal................................................................ II.330 Serbie .................................................................. II.332 Singapour ............................................................ II.334 République slovaque ........................................... II.336 Slovénie............................................................... II.338 Soudan................................................................. II.346 Sri Lanka ............................................................. II.344 Suède................................................................... II.348 Suisse .................................................................. II.350 Syrie .................................................................... II.352 Tadjikistan........................................................... II.354 Taipei chinois...................................................... II.166 République unie de Tanzanie.............................. II.356 République tchèque............................................. II.184

Thaïlande .............................................................II.358 Togo.....................................................................II.360 Trinité-et-Tobago.................................................II.362 Tunisie .................................................................II.364 Turkménistan.......................................................II.368 Turquie ................................................................II.366 Ukraine ................................................................II.370 Uruguay ...............................................................II.378 Vénézuela ............................................................II.382 Viêt-Nam .............................................................II.384 Yémen .................................................................II.386 Zambie.................................................................II.388 Zimbabwe ............................................................II.390

PARTIE III : EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE 1. 2.

Parts et tendances des gaz à effet de serre......III.3 Sources et méthodes.....................................III.11

3.

Total des émissions de gaz à effet de serre ........................................................ III.23

Années de référence du Protocole de Kyoto L’année de référence pour l’estimation et la notification des inventaires devrait être 1990. En application des dispositions de l’article 4.6 de la Convention et des Décisions 9/CP.2 et 11/CP.4, les Parties de l’Annexe I citées ci-après qui sont en transition vers une économie de marché sont autorisées à utiliser une année ou période d’années de référence autre que 1990, à savoir : Bulgarie : Hongrie : Pologne : Roumanie : Slovénie :

1988 moyenne des années 1985 à 1987 1988 1989 1986

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Important cautionary notes •

•

•

The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion presented in this publication are calculated using the IEA energy balances and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. There are many reasons why the IEA estimates may not be the same as the numbers that a country submits to the UNFCCC, even if a country has accounted for all of its energy use and correctly applied the IPCC Guidelines. In this publication, the IEA presents CO2 emissions calculated using both the IPCC Reference Approach and the IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach. In some of the Non-OECD countries, there can be large differences between the two sets of calculations due to various problems in some energy data. As a consequence, this can lead to different emission trends between 1990 and 2006 for certain countries. Please see Chapter 1, “IEA emissions estimates” for further details. Information on “key sources” from fuel combustion, as developed in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, are only given for combustion sources and will not include key sources from fugitive emissions, industrial processes, solvents, agriculture and waste. Please see Chapter 1, “IEA emissions estimates” and Chapter 5, “IPCC methodologies” for further information.

Energy data on OECD and Non-OECD countries are collected by the Energy Statistics Division (ESD) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Mr. Jean-Yves Garnier. Ms. Karen Tréanton, with the assistance of Ms. Ana Padilla and Mr. Stève Gervais, is responsible for the estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. Secretarial support was supplied by Ms. Sharon Burghgraeve. CO2 emission estimates from 1960 to 2006 for the Annex II countries and from 1971 to 2006 for all other countries are available on CD-ROM suitable for use on IBM-compatible personal computers. To order, please see the information provided at the end of this publication.

Note Attention Achtung Attenzione ᵈᗧ੐㗄 Nota ¯ÐÈÌÅ×

In addition, a data service is available on the Internet. It includes unlimited access through an annual subscription as well as the possibility to obtain data on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at http:\\www.iea.org. Enquiries about data or methodology should be addressed to: Ms. Karen Tréanton: Telephone: (+33-1) 40-57-66-33, Fax: (+33-1) 40-57-66-49, E-mail: [email protected].

See multilingual glossary at the end of the publication. Voir le glossaire en plusieurs langues à la fin du présent recueil. Deutsches GLOSSAR auf der letzten Umschlagseite. Riferirsi al glossario multilingue alla fine del libro. Ꮞᧃߩᣣᧄ⺆↪⺆㓸ࠍෳᾖ

Véase el glosario plurilingüe al final del libro. ±ÌÎÒÐÈÒÅÌÍÎÃÎßÇÛ×ÍÛÉÑËÎÂÀÐÜÂÊÎÍÖÅÊÍÈÃÈ

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Avertissement important •

•

•

Les estimations des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie présentées dans cette publication sont calculées à partir des bilans énergétiques de l’AIE ainsi qu’à l’aide des méthodes et des coefficients d’émission par défaut des Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996. Pour de nombreuses raisons, les estimations de l’AIE peuvent différer des chiffres communiqués par un pays à la CCNUCC, même si ce pays a rendu compte de la totalité de sa consommation d’énergie et correctement appliqué les Lignes directrices du GIEC. Dans cette publication, l’AIE présente les émissions de CO2 calculées selon deux méthodes : la méthode de référence du GIEC et la méthode sectorielle du niveau 1 du GIEC. Dans certains pays non-membres de l’OCDE, d’importantes différences entre les deux méthodes peuvent apparaître suite à des problèmes dans les données énergétiques. En conséquence, la tendance pour certains pays entre 1990 et 2006 peut différer selon la méthode de calcul choisie. Le lecteur est invité à se reporter au chapitre 1, “Estimations des émissions de l’AIE”, pour plus de détails. Des informations sur les sources principales dues à la combustion d’énergie, selon la méthodologie développée dans le Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre), concernent uniquement les sources de combustion et ne comprennent pas les émissions fugitives, ainsi que les émissions liées aux procédés industriels, aux solvants, à l’agriculture et aux déchets. Pour plus d’informations, consultez le chapitre 1, « Estimations des émissions de l’AIE » et le chapitre 5, « Méthodologies GIEC ».

Les données énergétiques concernant les pays Membres et non membres de l’OCDE sont recueillies par la Division des statistiques de l’énergie (ESD) du Secrétariat de l’AIE, dirigée par M. Jean-Yves Garnier. Mme Karen Tréanton, avec l’assistance de Mme Ana Padilla et M. Stève Gervais, est responsable des estimations des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie. Les travaux de secrétariat ont été assurés par Mme Sharon Burghgraeve. Les estimations des émissions de CO2 entre 1960 et 2006 pour les pays de l’Annexe II et entre 1971 et 2006 pour tous les autres pays sont disponibles sur CDROM utilisables sur ordinateur personnel compatible

Attention Attention Achtung Attenzione ᵈᗧ੐㗄 Nota ¯ÐÈÌÅ×

IBM. Pour les commander, on trouvera des informations à la fin de la présente publication. En outre, un service de données est disponible sur Internet. Ce service comprend un abonnement annuel pour un accès illimité ou bien la possibilité de payer uniquement pour des données sélectionnées. Pour plus de détails, veuillez consulter http://www.iea.org. Les demandes d’information sur les données ou la méthodologie doivent être adressées à : Mme Karen Tréanton: Téléphone: (+33-1) 40-57-66-33, Fax: (+33-1) 40-57-66-49, E-mail: [email protected].

See multilingual glossary at the end of the publication. Voir le glossaire en plusieurs langues à la fin du présent recueil. Deutsches GLOSSAR auf der letzten Umschlagseite. Riferirsi al glossario multilingue alla fine del libro. Ꮞᧃߩᣣᧄ⺆↪⺆㓸ࠍෳᾖ

Véase el glosario plurilingüe al final del libro. ±ÌÎÒÐÈÒÅÌÍÎÃÎßÇÛ×ÍÛÉÑËÎÂÀÐÜÂÊÎÍÖÅÊÍÈÃÈ

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xiv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

ABBREVIATIONS Btu: GJ: Gt C: GWh: J: kcal: kg: kt: ktoe: kWh: MJ: Mt: Mtoe: m3: PJ: t: t C: Tcal: TJ: toe:

British thermal unit gigajoule gigatonnes of carbon gigawatt hour joule kilocalorie kilogramme thousand tonnes thousand tonnes of oil equivalent kilowatt hour megajoule million tonnes million tonnes of oil equivalent cubic metre petajoule metric ton = tonne = 1 000 kg tonne of carbon teracalorie terajoule tonne of oil equivalent = 107 kcal

CEF: CHP: GCV: GDP: HHV: LHV: NCV: PPP: TPES:

carbon emission factor combined heat and power gross calorific value gross domestic product higher heating value = GCV lower heating value = NCV net calorific value purchasing power parity total primary energy supply

AGBM:

Annex I: Annex II: CDM: Convention: COP: EITs: IEA: IPCC: OECD: OLADE: SBI: SBSTA: TCA: UN: UNECE: UNFCCC:

Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Activities Implemented Jointly under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change See Chapter 4, Geographical coverage See Chapter 4, Geographical coverage Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties to the Convention Economies in Transition (see Chapter 4, Geographical coverage) International Energy Agency Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Organización Latino Americana De Energía Subsidiary Body for Implementation Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice Technology Co-operation Agreement United Nations United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

.. x +

not available nil not applicable growth greater than 1 000%

AIJ:

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ABREVIATIONS Btu: GJ: Gt C: GWh: J: kcal: kg: kt: ktep: kWh: m3: MJ: Mt: Mtep: PJ: t: t C: Tcal: tep: TJ:

unité thermique britannique gigajoule gigatonne de carbone gigawattheure joule kilocalorie kilogramme millier de tonnes millier de tonnes d’équivalent pétrole kilowattheure mètre cube mégajoule million de tonnes million de tonnes d’équivalent pétrole pétajoule tonne = 1 000 kg tonne de carbone téracalorie tonne d’équivalent pétrole = 107 kcal térajoule

ATEP: CEC: PCI: PCS: PIB: PPA:

approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire coefficient d’émission de carbone pouvoir calorifique inférieur pouvoir calorifique supérieur produit intérieur brut parité de pouvoir d’achat

AGBM:

Groupe spécial du Mandat de Berlin sous couvert de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques AIE: Agence internationale de l’énergie AIJ: Activités exécutées conjointement en application de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques Annexe I: Voir chapitre 4, couverture géographique Annexe II: Voir chapitre 4, couverture géographique CCNUCC: Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques CEE(ONU): Commission économique pour l’Europe des Nations Unies Convention: Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques COP: Conférence des Parties à la Convention EET: Economies en transition (voir chapitre 4, couverture géographique) GIEC: Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat OCDE: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques OLADE: Organización Latino Americana D’Energía ONU: Organisation des Nations Unies SBI: Organe subsidiaire de mise en œuvre SBSTA: Organe subsidiaire de conseil scientifique et technologique .. x +

non disponible néant sans objet croissance de plus de 1 000%

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THE ENERGY - CLIMATE CHALLENGE Energy and climate change In the Fourth Assessment Report1, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)2 concluded, “Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations”. The language “very likely” has been upgraded from the “likely” that was referred to in the Third Assessment Report, thus confirming the increasing acceptance by scientists of the link between GHG emissions and global climate change. Energy production and use has various environmental implications. In particular, fuel combustion is responsible for the largest share of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.

Greenhouse gases and global warming The increased concentrations of key greenhouse gases are a direct consequence of human activities. Since anthropogenic greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere, they produce net warming by strengthening the natural “greenhouse effect”.

1. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2007, available at http://www.ipcc.ch. In the summary for Policymakers, the following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood, using expert judgement, of an outcome or a result: Virtually certain > 99% probability of occurrence, Extremely likely > 95%, Very likely > 90%, Likely > 66%, More likely than not > 50%, Unlikely < 33%, Very unlikely < 10%, Extremely unlikely < 5%. 2. The IPCC was created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts, and options for adaptation and mitigation.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been increasing compared to the rather steady level of the pre-industrial era (about 280 parts per million in volume, or ppmv). The 2005 concentration of CO2 (379 ppmv) was about 35% higher than a century and a half ago, with the fastest growth occurring in the last ten years (1.9 ppmv/year in the period 1995-2005). Comparable growth has occurred in levels of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Some impacts of the increased greenhouse gas concentrations may be slow to become apparent since stability is an inherent characteristic of the interacting climate, ecological, and socio-economic systems. Even after stabilization of the atmospheric concentration of CO2, anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks. Some changes in the climate system would be effectively irreversible. Given the long lifetime of CO2 in the atmosphere, stabilizing concentrations of greenhouse gases at any level would require large reductions of global CO2 emissions from current levels. The lower the chosen level for stabilization, the sooner the decline in global CO2 emissions would need to begin, or the deeper the emission reduction would need to be on the longer term. The 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)3 sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate change. The Convention’s ultimate objective is to stabilise GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. This would require significant reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions.

3. See http://unfccc.int.

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Energy use and greenhouse gases Among the many human activities that produce greenhouse gases the use of energy represents by far the largest source of emissions. As seen in Figure 1, energy accounts for over 80% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases in Annex I countries, with emissions resulting from the production, transformation, handling and consumption of all kinds of energy commodities. Smaller shares correspond to agriculture, producing mainly CH4 and N2O from domestic livestock and rice cultivation, and to industrial processes not related to energy, producing mainly fluorinated gases and N2O. Figure 1. Shares of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in Annex I countries, 2005*

countries5 and about 60% of global emissions. This percentage varies greatly by country, due to diverse national energy structures. Worldwide economic stability and development require energy. As illustrated in Figure 2, the total primary energy supply (TPES) of the world doubled between 1971 and 2006, mainly relying on fossil fuels. Figure 2. World primary energy supply* Gigatonnes of oil equivalent 12 19%

10 8 6

14%

4 2

81%

86%

0 1971 Waste 3% Agriculture 8%

2006

Fossil Energy 82%

CO2 94%

* World primary energy supply includes international bunkers.

Key point: Fossil fuels still satisfy most of the world energy supply.

Industrial processes 7% CH4 5% N2O 1%

Source: UNFCCC. * Based on Annex I data for 2005; without Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry, and with Solvent Use included in Industrial Processes.

Key point: Accounting for the largest share of global greenhouse gas emissions, energy emissions are predominently CO2. The energy sector is dominated by the direct combustion of fuels4, a process leading to large emissions of CO2. A by-product of fuel combustion, CO2 results from the oxidation of carbon in fuels (in perfect combustion conditions, the total carbon content of fuels would be converted to CO2). CO2 from energy represents about 80% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions for the Annex I

4. Energy includes emissions from “fuel combustion” (the large majority) and “fugitive emissions”, which are intentional or unintentional releases of gases resulting from production, processes, transmission, storage and use of fuels (e.g. CH4 emissions from coal mining or oil and gas systems).

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Non fossil

Despite the growth of non-fossil energy (such as nuclear and hydropower) considered as non-emitting6, fossil fuels have maintained their shares of the world energy supply relatively unchanged over the course of the past 35 years. In 2006, fossil sources accounted for 81% of the global TPES. Still dependent upon fossil fuels, the growing world energy demand clearly plays a key role in the observed upward trends in CO2 emissions illustrated in Figure 3. Since the industrial revolution, annual CO2 emissions from fuel combustion dramatically increased from near zero to 28 Gt CO2 in 2006.

5. Based on Annex I countries. The Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC are: Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Economic Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lichtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States. 6. Excluding the life cycle of all non-emitting sources and excluding combustion of biomass (considered as non-emitting CO2, based on the assumption that the released carbon will be reabsorbed by biomass regrowth, under balanced conditions).

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - xix

Figure 3. Trend in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion

on the industrialised nations, with the highest per capita incomes and that are responsible for the bulk of cumulative emissions. However, with the rapidly growing energy demand of developing countries, it is important that they also strive to use energy in a rational way. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 shows that enhancing energy efficiency and reducing the carbon intensity of a supply largely reliant on fossil fuels are fundamental steps towards a global lowcarbon energy system.

Gigatonnes of CO2 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 1870

Annual snapshot: 2005-2006 1890

1910

1930

1950

1970

1990

2005

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., United States.

Key point: Since 1870, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion have risen exponentially. The World Energy Outlook7 projects that world energy supply will rise by 45% between 2006 and 2030. With fossil fuels remaining at 80% of TPES, CO2 emissions are consequently expected to continue their growth unabated, reaching 40.6 Gt CO2 by 2030.

The most recent annual changes in CO2 emissions by fuel type are illustrated in Figure 4. The global increase between 2005 and 2006 was 0.9 Gt CO2 and was primarily due to an increase in the coal demand of developing countries (Non-Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC). This represented a growth rate of 3% in CO2 emissions, identical to that of the previous year. Figure 4. Global change in CO2 emissions (2005-2006) Million tonnes of CO2 900

IPCC projections of climate impacts are consistent with this growth in energy demand. Based on the IPCC report8, by 2100, temperatures are projected to rise by between 1.8 and 4.0°C, depending on the scenario.

800

The link between climate change and energy is a part of the larger challenge of sustainable development. The socio-economic and technological characteristics of development paths will strongly affect emissions, the rate and magnitude of climate change, climate change impacts, the capability to adapt, and the capacity to mitigate the emissions themselves.

300

Scrutinizing the sources of CO2 emissions Trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion illustrate the need for the global economy to shape a more sustainable energy future, with special emphasis first

7. Unless otherwise specified, projections from the World Energy Outlook refer to the Reference Scenario from the 2008 edition. 8. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2007.

700 600 500 400 200 100 0 -100 Coal

Oil

Gas

Annex I

Other

Total

Non-Annex I

Key point: Combustion of coal in developing countries drove the growth in global emissions between 2005 and 2006. In the future, coal is expected to satisfy much of the growing energy demand of those developing countries, such as China and India, where energy-intensive industrial production is growing rapidly and large coal reserves exist with limited reserves of other energy sources. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 shows that intensified use of coal would substantially increase the emissions of CO2 unless there was very widespread deployment of carbon capture and storage.

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Fuel contribution to CO2 emissions

Emissions by region

Though coal represented only a quarter of the world TPES in 2006, as shown in Figure 5, it accounted for 42% of the global CO2 emissions due to its heavy carbon content per unit of energy released. As compared to gas, coal is on average nearly twice as emission intensive9. Without additional measures, the World Energy Outlook projects that coal supply will grow from 3 053 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2006 to 4 908 Mtoe in 2030.

The dramatic increase of Non-Annex I emissions between 2005 and 2006, seen in Figure 4 above, corroborated the growth already observed over the last decade. Figure 6 shows trends over the period 1971-2006, highlighting changes in the relative contributions from major world regions. Figure 6. Trends in regional CO2 emissions Gigatonnes of CO2 30

Figure 5. World primary energy supply and CO2 emissions: shares by fuel in 2006

25

Percent share 20 15 34%

TPES*

21%

26%

19%

10 5 0

39%

CO2

42%

1971

19%

Annex II

0%

20%

40%

Oil

Coal

60%

Gas

80%

100%

Other**

* TPES includes international bunkers. ** Other includes nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, tide, wind, combustible renewables and waste.

Key point: Coal generates about twice the CO2 emissions of gas, despite having a comparable share in the world energy supply. Oil still dominates TPES, with a share of 34% in 2006. However, the share of oil in TPES decreased by about ten percentage points since 1971, largely counterbalanced by the penetration of gas. The supply of gas in 2006 was more than two and a half times higher than in 1971 and its share in emissions increased by five percentage points over that period. Observed and projected trends in TPES and CO2 emissions vary greatly by country, depending on stages of economic development and related energy choices, as illustrated in the next section.

9. IPCC default carbon emission factors from the 1996 IPCC Guidelines: 15.3 t C/TJ for gas, 16.8 to 27.5 t C/TJ for oil products, 25.8 to 29.1 t C/TJ for primary coal products.

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1990

Annex I EIT

2006

Asia*

Other**

* Asia includes Korea and excludes Japan (which is included in Annex II). ** Other includes Africa, Latin America, Middle East, Non-Annex I EIT, Turkey, international bunkers, and, for 1971, Annex I EIT.

Key point: Asian emissions will soon rival those of Annex II. Between 1971 and 2006, global emissions nearly doubled, with industrialized countries (Annex II Parties to the UNFCCC10) dominating historical totals. However, the share of Annex II progressively shrank (61% in 1971, 47% in 1990 and 40% in 2006), as developing countries, led by Asia, increased at a much faster rate. Between 1990 and 2006, CO2 emissions rose by 95% for Non-Annex I countries as a whole and more than doubled for Asia. This is in contrast to the 14% growth which occurred in the Annex II countries. The growth in Asian emissions reflects a striking rate of economic development, particularly within China and India.

10. The original Annex II Parties to the UNFCCC are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, European Economic Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States. Turkey was removed from Annex II on 28 June 2002.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - xxi

Emissions from the group of countries with economies in transition (Annex I EIT11) followed a peculiar path due to a rapid decline in industrial productivity subsequent to the 1989 collapse of their centrally planned economies. Between 1990 and 2000, the EIT emissions declined by 36%. Emissions in the former USSR alone fell by over 1.4 Gt CO2, or 39%, between 1990 and 2000. However, this trend was reversed in recent years. Regional differences in contributions to global emissions conceal even larger differences among individual countries, as illustrated in Figure 7. Twothirds of world emissions for 2006 originated from just ten countries, with the shares of the United States and China far surpassing those of all others. Combined, these two countries alone produced 11.3 Gt CO2, about 40% of 2006 world CO2 emissions.

In 2006, the United States, China, Russia, India and Japan, the largest five emitters, produced together 55% of the global CO2 emissions, 50% of the world GDP and comprised 46% of the total population. However, for all three variables, the relative shares of these five countries within the subtotal of the group were very diverse, as illustrated in Figure 8. Figure 8. Top-5 emitting countries: relative shares in 2006 Percent share 100% 80% 60%

Figure 7. Top-10 emitting countries in 2006

40%

Gigatonnes of CO2 0

Coupling emissions with socio-economic indicators13

1

2

3

4

5

6

United States

20% 0% CO2

China

United States

GDP*

China

Russia

Population

India

Japan

Russia

* GDP using purchasing power parities. India

Note: this is not “world shares”, but “relative shares” within the top-five.

Japan

Key point: Within the top-5 emitting countries, the relative share of CO2 emissions does not necessarily follow those of GDP and population.

Germany Canada United Kingdom Korea Italy

Top-10 total: 18.2 Gt CO2 World total: 28.0 Gt CO2

Key point: The top-10 emitting countries account for about two-thirds of the world CO2 emissions. This top-ten group, which includes countries of very diverse economic structures, also produced 63% of the global GDP12. As detailed in the following section, economic output and CO2 emissions are generally strongly linked.

11. Annex I EIT Parties include: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia and Ukraine. 12. In this discussion, GDP refers to GDP using purchasing power parities.

In 2006, the United States alone generated 20% of world CO2 emissions, despite a population of less than 5% of the global total. Conversely, China and India together, contributing to a comparable share of world emissions (20% and 4%), accounted for almost 40% of the world population. Thus, the levels of per capita emissions were very diverse, ranging from 1 tonne of CO2 per capita for India and 4 for China to 19 for the United States. In the United States, the large share of global emissions is associated with a commensurate share of economic output (GDP), the largest in the world. While the high per capita emissions of the United

13. No single indicator can provide a complete picture of a country’s CO2 emissions performance or its relative capacity to reduce emissions. The indicators discussed here provide some guidance but are certainly incomplete.

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States in 2006 were comparable to those of 1971, its emissions intensity in terms of economic output (CO2/GDP) was about half, due to energy efficiency improvements and to economic growth in less-CO2intensive sectors over the 35-year period. With a GDP about two and a half times larger than that of Russia, Japan emits 24% less. As illustrated for major world regions in Figure 9, economies can achieve quite diverse emission efficiencies. Figure 9. CO2 emissions per GDP* by major world regions in 2006 Kilogrammes of CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP

The ratio of CO2 emissions per GDP responds to changes in energy intensity (energy per unit of GDP) and in the CO2 intensity of the fuel mix (CO2 per unit of energy)15. For example, industrialized countries witnessed a rapid reduction in emissions per unit of GDP between 1973 and 1990, following the oil price shocks of the 1970s, through a decline in their energy intensity. On the contrary, even on a global scale, the CO2 intensity of the fuel mix (as measured for example by the ratio of CO2/TPES) has remained rather constant between 1971 and 2006 as fossil fuels continued to dominate the global energy supply. As compared to emissions per unit of GDP, the range of per capita emissions levels across the world is even larger, highlighting wide divergences between living standards of different regions, as illustrated in Figure 10.

World

Middle East

Figure 10. CO2 emissions per population by major world regions in 2006

Annex I EIT China** Other Non-Annex I

Tonnes of CO2 per capita

Annex II North America

World

Africa Annex II Pacific Asia excluding China

Annex II North America

Annex II Europe

Annex II Pacific

Latin America

Annex I EIT 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

* GDP using purchasing power parities. ** China includes Hong Kong.

Key point: Emissions intensity in economic terms varies greatly around the world.

Annex II Europe Middle East Other Non-Annex I China* Latin America Asia excluding China

Worldwide, the highest levels of emissions per GDP are observed for the oil and gas exporting region of the Middle East, for the relatively energy-intensive EITs and for China. The rapid decoupling of emissions from economic growth that characterized the Chinese economy during the 1980s and 1990s has recently slowed and reversed, as noted in subsequent sections. Relatively high values of emissions per GDP indicate a potential for decoupling CO2 emissions from economic growth. Possible improvements can derive from fuel switching away from carbon-intensive sources or from energy efficiency at all stages of the energy supply chain (from fuel extraction to energy end-use)14. 14. Since 1999, the IEA has collected and classified energy efficiency policies and measures of its member countries. The online database is available at: http://www.iea.org/textbase/effi/index.asp.

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Africa 0

5

10

15

20

* China includes Hong Kong.

Key point: Emissions per capita vary even more widely across world regions than GDP per capita. Industrialized countries emit far larger amounts of CO2 per capita than the world average. However, some rapidly expanding economies are significantly increasing their emissions per capita. For example, between 1990 and 2006, China more than doubled its per capita emissions and India increased them by almost two-thirds. Clearly, these two countries contributed much to the 7% increase of global per capita emissions over the period. 15. See discussion in Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, IEA, 2008, p. 71.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - xxiii

Indicators such as those briefly discussed in this section strongly reflect energy constraints and choices made to supply the economic activities of each country. They also reflect the sectors that predominate in different countries’ economies. The major sectors driving the observed growth in global emissions are discussed in the next section.

Emissions by sector In 2006, two sectors, electricity and heat generation and transport, produced nearly two-thirds of the global CO2 emissions, as illustrated in Figure 11. The emissions of these same sectors also increased at faster rates than global emissions (53% and 41%, respectively, versus the average 33%, between 1990 and 2006). Figure 11. World CO2 emissions by sector

Other* 16%

1971 Total emissions: 14.1 Gt CO2 Electricity and Heat 27%

Residential 10%

Transport 20%

Industry 27%

2006 Total emissions: 28.0 Gt CO2

Residential 7%

Other* 10%

Electricity and Heat 41%

Outlook projects that demand for electricity will be almost twice as high as in 2006, driven by rapid growth in population and income in developing countries, by the continuing increase in the number of electrical devices used in homes and commercial buildings, and by the growth in electrically-driven industrial processes. Worldwide, the generation of electricity and heat relies heavily on coal, amplifying the sector’s share in global emissions. Countries such as Australia, China, India, Poland and South Africa produce between 68% and 94% of their electricity and heat through the combustion of coal. As illustrated in Figure 12, fossil fuels provide over 70% of the world electricity and heat generation. Coal, the dominant source, supplied 40% of the generation in 2006. In Non-Annex I countries, the share of coal in electricity and heat generation increased from 43% in 1992 to 52% in 2006. On the contrary, the share of oil generally decreased across the world (from 12% in 1992 to 6% in 2006 globally). Gas grew significantly in industrialized countries as a result of their fuel switching efforts: Annex II countries increased the share of gas in electricity and heat generation from 12% in 1992 to 21% in 2006. The future development of the emissions intensity of this sector depends strongly on the fuels that are used to generate the electricity. As an indication, Box 1 presents productspecific implied emission factors per unit of electricity produced. Figure 12. Coal, oil and gas: shares in world electricity and heat generation* 80% 70%

Industry 19%

60%

Transport 23%

* Other includes commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat generation, and other emissions not specified elsewhere.

Key point: Between 1971 and 2006, the combined share of electricity and heat generation and transport shifted from one-half to two-thirds of global emissions. Generation of electricity and heat was responsible in 2006 for 41% of the world total CO2 emissions, as compared to 27% in 1971. By 2030, the World Energy

50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1992

2006

Coal

Oil

Gas

* Refers to main activity producers and autoproducers of electricity and heat.

Key point: World electricity and heat generation increasingly rely on coal.

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xxiv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Box 1: Implied emission factors from electricity and heat generation Summary tables presenting CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation by country are presented in Part II. However, these values will vary enormously depending on the fuel mix of individual countries. Average implied emission factors by individual product for this sector are presented below. These values represent the average grammes of CO2 per kWh of electricity and heat produced in the OECD countries between 2004 and 2006. These figures will reflect any problems that may occur in net calorific values or in input/output efficiencies. Consequently, these values are given as an approximation and actual values may vary considerably.

Figure 13. CO2 emissions from oil Gigatonnes of CO2 12 10

13% 6%

8

14%

21%

4

920

Coking Coal *

680

Other Bituminous Coal

830

Sub-Bituminous Coal

930

Lignite/Brown Coal

950

Patent Fuel

870

Coke Oven Coke * BKB/Peat Briquettes * Gas Works Gas *

500 720-1200

0 1971 Transport

Electricity and Heat

2006 Industry

Residential

Other*

* Other includes commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat generation, and other emissions not specified elsewhere.

Key point: With a share that increased by about 50% since 1971, transport dominates emissions from oil.

400

Coke Oven Gas *

370

Blast Furnace Gas *

2200

Oxygen Steel Furnace Gas *

1900

Natural Gas

390

Crude Oil *

630

Natural Gas Liquids *

540

Liquefied Petroleum Gases *

470

Kerosene *

580

Gas/Diesel Oil *

750

Residual Fuel Oil

650

Petroleum Coke *

950

Peat *

570

Industrial Waste *

450-1600

Municipal Waste (Non-Renewable) *

450-1900

* These fuels represent less than 1% of electricity and heat output in the OECD. Values will be less reliable and should be used with caution.

While electricity and heat generation draws from various energy sources, the transport sector relies almost entirely on oil (95% of the energy used for transport came from oil in 2006). The share of transport in global oil emissions was close to 60% in 2006, as shown in Figure 13. While CO2 emissions from oil consumption in most sectors remained nearly steady in absolute terms since 1971, those of transport more than doubled. Dominated by road traffic, this end-use sector is the strongest driver of world dependence on oil.

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39%

Grammes CO2 / kWh

Anthracite *

58%

13% 2

Fuel

8%

17% 10%

6

Economic growth contributes to the increasing demand for transport, both for personal mobility and for shipping goods. For example, the United States has the highest level of travel per capita in the world (more than 25 000 kilometres per person per year). In addition, larger incomes favour the switch to faster modes: air travel is the most rapidly growing mode of transport in industrialized countries, while growth in car travel is first in developing countries. Car ownership generally grows with increasing income per capita. As for energy intensity and consequent emissions, relatively high fuel prices provide an incentive for more efficient vehicles. In the United States (until recently), lower fuel prices have contributed to a trend towards the use of larger vehicles, while in Europe higher fuel prices have helped encourage improved fuel economy (along with the EU voluntary agreement with manufacturers). As a result, there is more than a 50% variation in the average fuel consumption of new light-duty vehicles across OECD countries16. Global demand for transport appears unlikely to decrease in the foreseeable future; the World Energy Outlook projects that transport will grow by 42% by 2030. To limit the emissions from this sector, policy

16. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, IEA, 2008, p. 435.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - xxv

Box 2: Biofuels* Compatible with many conventional engines and blendable with current transport fuels, biofuels have the potential to contribute to energy security by diversifying supply sources for transport, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the economic, environmental and social benefits of the current generation of biofuels vary enormously. Though there are important uncertainties about their efficacy in reducing GHG emissions, biofuels can be classified on the basis of their well-to-wheel performance with respect to conventional fossil fuels. When ethanol is derived from corn, the well-to-wheel greenhouse gas reduction with respect to conventional gasoline is typically in the range of 10 to 30%. The reduction is much higher for sugarcane-based ethanol from Brazil, reaching an estimated 90%. Similarly, oilseed-derived biodiesel leads to greenhouse gas reductions, on a well-to-wheel basis, of 40% to 60% when compared to conventional petroleum diesel. “Second generation” biofuels, derived from non-food crops such as trees and perennial grasses, have the potential to dramatically expand the scope for very low CO2 biofuels production. However these biofuels are still under development. None of these estimates takes into account the possibility that changes in land use from starting biofuels production can result in one-time releases of CO2 that could be quite large; more research is needed into the impacts of both direct and indirect land use change and how to minimize adverse impacts. For both current and second generation biofuels, production cost is the main barrier to a larger penetration of biofuels in the transport fuel mix. Without subsidies, only ethanol from sugarcane produced in Brazil has been competitive with petroleum fuels, although this may change with the higher oil prices occurring recently. The cost barrier is such that market introduction of biofuels has typically required substantial regulatory intervention and governmental support. Currently, several countries have mandated or promoted biofuel blending standards to displace oil in domestic transport supply. In Brazil, gasoline contains 20-25% ethanol. Furthermore, 70% of the cars now purchased in Brazil can run on either 100% ethanol or on the gasoline/ethanol blend. With recent high oil prices, most drivers are choosing to operate these vehicles mainly on ethanol. In 2006, the United States introduced mandatory standards and these were extended in 2007 under the EISA law. Blending requirements will reach 9 billion gallons in 2008 and will reach 36 billion gallons by 2022 (of which more than half will be required to be second generation biofuels). Several years ago the European Union introduced a target for biofuel use equivalent to 2% of the market share of motor fuel by 2005 (although it was not reached) and 5.75% by the end of 2010, while the target for 2020 is now set at 10%. The current legislation also requires "sustainability criteria" in order to prevent mass investment in potentially environmentally harmful biofuels. Australia (New South Wales and Queensland) and Canada are also mandating the use of biofuels, as are a number of non-OECD countries. For the future, it is crucial that policies foster innovation and support the most sustainable biofuels only, through a continuous monitoring and assessment of their effectiveness in reducing GHG emissions and in providing benefits for rural workers. Suitable land availability and potential influence of biofuel production on global food prices also need to be carefully monitored, taking into account all global food, fibre and energy needs for the growing world population out to 2100. However, barriers to the commercial viability of biofuels shrink as technologies evolve and as prices of conventional fossil fuels remain high. * See discussions in Biofuels for Transport, IEA, 2004; Focus on Biofuels, IEA Governing Board and Management Committee, June 2006 (IEA/GB(2006)10/REV1) and Energy Technology Perspectives, IEA, 2008.

makers first and foremost should consider measures to encourage or require improved vehicle efficiency, as the United States has recently done and the European Union is currently doing as a follow-up to the voluntary agreement. Policies that encourage a shift from cars to public transportation and to lower-emission modes of transportation can also help. Finally, policies can encourage a shift to new, preferably low CO2 fuels. These include electricity (e.g. electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles), hydrogen (e.g. through the introduction of fuel cell vehicles) and greater use of biofuels (e.g. as a blend in gasoline and diesel fuel – see Box 2). These policies would both reduce the environmental impact of transport and help to secure domestic fuel supplies sometimes unsettled by the geopolitics of oil trade. As they will ease demand growth, these policies

are also likely to help reduce oil prices below what they otherwise might be. The importance of electricity generation and transport in shaping global CO2 emissions is apparent in Figures 14 and 15, which detail the contributions from individual sectors to trends of the socio-economic indicators discussed in previous sections such as CO2 emissions per GDP and CO2 emissions per capita. The world average per capita carbon intensity increased marginally since 1971. However, this nearly flat growth concealed a significant rise in the emissions per capita of electricity generation and transport. Between 1971 and 2006, the emissions per capita for these two sectors grew by 77% and 30%, respectively. The growth in the number of people accessing electricity and the growth in electricity infrastructure contributed significantly to this rise.

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xxvi - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Figure 14. Per capita emissions by sector

Figure 15. Per GDP* emissions by sector

1971=100

1971 = 100

200

120

175

100

150

80 125

60 100

40

75 50

20 1971

1977

Elec.+ Heat Residential

1983

1989

1995

2001

Transport Total

2006

Industry

Key point: Relative to the almost-stable average emissions per capita, those of power generation and transport have grown markedly since 1971. Overall, the emissions intensity of the world economy, in terms of CO2 per GDP, declined by almost 40% between 1971 and 2006. However, the electricity and heat sector slowed the global decoupling between emissions and economic growth with a decrease in emissions per global unit of GDP of only 7% over that period. Power generation and transport challenge the sustainability of both the global economy and the environment. This is particularly pronounced for developing countries that increased their emissions from these two sectors, respectively, by three and a half times and by two times faster than the global average between 1990 and 2006. Access to modern energy services is crucial to eradicating poverty and for economic development of these countries and the challenge will be to help developing countries use energy in a rational way. Strong energy efficiency gains, the increased use of new technologies for road transport and the decarbonisation of electricity supply (both through a shift toward less carbon-intensive fuels such as natural gas and renewables and through the introduction of CO2 capture and storage) are some of the potential means to achieve a more sustainable energy path17. Investment decisions taken over the next few years will have a huge long-term impact, since energy systems could be locked into a fuel mix for about 50 years, and consequently into a CO2 emissions trajectory, that may be difficult to change. 17. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, IEA, 2008.

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1971

1977

Elec.+ Heat Residential

1983

1989

1995

Transport Total

2001

2006

Industry

* GDP using purchasing power parities.

Key point: Generation of electricity and heat and to a lesser extent transport have slowed down the global decoupling of emissions from economic growth.

The BRICS countries One of the most important recent developments in the world economy is the increasing economic integration of large non-OECD countries, in particular Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the so-called BRICS countries. Already, the BRICS represent over one fourth of world GDP, up from 18% in 1990. In 2006, these five countries represented 30% of global energy use and 33% of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (see Figure 16). These shares are likely to rise further in coming years, if the ongoing strong economic performance currently enjoyed by most of these countries continues, as many commentators expect. In fact, China, Russia and India are already three of the four countries that emit the most CO2 emissions in absolute terms. This brief discussion focuses on the BRICS countries, of which only Russia is a member of Annex I. Each of these countries has very different endemic resources, energy supply constraints and sectoral consumption patterns. Consequently, the issues relating to CO2 emissions that these five countries are facing are quite different.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - xxvii

Figure 16. The growing importance of the BRICS countries Gigatonnes of CO2

2000 Annex I

Annex I

NonAnnex I

1500

12

1000 Other NonAnnex I

10

8

Million tonnes of CO2 2500

16

14

Figure 17. Russia: CO2 emissions by sector

Other Annex I

Other Annex I

NonAnnex I

500

Brazil South Africa India

6

Other NonAnnex I

4

India

Brazil South Africa

China

2 Russia

China Bunkers

Bunkers

Russia

0 1990

0 1990 1992 1994 1996

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other energy industries Transport Other

Key point: CO2 emissions in Russia increased in 2006, after having remained fairly constant for the previous five years.

2006

Key point: With the exception of Russia, the BRICS countries represent a growing share of CO2 emissions in the world.

Russia Russia is the only one of the BRICS countries where CO2 emissions fell between 1990 and 2006, with a 27% drop over the period. The economic downturn after the break-up of the former USSR caused emissions to fall by 34% between 1990 and 1998. CO2 emissions grew in 1999 and 2000 (3% a year) due to Russia’s strong economic recovery, stimulated by the increase in world energy prices. CO2 emissions remained fairly constant for the next five years. However, this temporary levelling off stopped in 2006 when CO2 emissions grew by 4%. The World Energy Outlook projects Russian CO2 emissions will continue to increase steadily, and in 2015 will represent about 86% of the estimated 1990 level. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Russia have stabilised following the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, other sources of greenhouse gases, in particular CH4 emissions from leaks in the oil and gas transmission/distribution system and CO2 emissions from flaring of associated gas, represent an important share of the Russian GHG emissions. To effectively reduce GHG emissions from energy, these two problems would also need to be addressed18. 18. Optimising Russian Natural Gas: Reform and Climate Policy, IEA, 2006.

In 2006, the electricity and heat generation sector represented 58% of Russian CO2 emissions, compared to a global average of 41%. Within this sector, 46% of the electricity was generated by natural gas, 18% by coal and only 2% by oil. Figure 18. Russia: Electricity generation by fuel Terawatt hour 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

Oil

1998

Gas

2000

Nuclear

2002 Hydro

2004

2006

Other

Key point: A large portion of Russia’s electricity and heat generation come from non-emitting (nuclear and hydro) or low-emitting (natural gas) sources. Of the BRICS countries, in 2006, Russia had the highest CO2 emissions per capita (11.1 t CO2), which put it close to the average of OECD countries (10.9 t CO2). In terms of CO2/GDP, Russia’s economy remains CO2 intensive with 1.1 kg CO2 per unit of GDP, more than 2.5 times higher than the OECD average.

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xxviii - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Canada, whose geography and natural resources are comparable to those of Russia, has a carbon intensity of 0.5 kg CO2/US$ – half of Russia’s level. However, IEA statistics show a reduction of Russia’s energy intensity of GDP of about 5% per year since 1998. It is not clear how much this can be attributed to energy efficiency improvements as opposed to the dramatic increase in GDP due to Russia’s much higher oil and gas-based export earnings.

China

Terawatt hour 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

With 5.6 billion tonnes of CO2 in 2006 (20% of global emissions), Chinese emissions surpass by far those of the other BRICS countries – in fact, China overtook the United States in 2007 as the world’s largest emitter of energy-related CO2. Chinese CO2 emissions have more than doubled between 1990 and 2006. The increase was especially large in the last four years (16% in 2003, 19% in 2004 and 11% in both 2005 and 2006). The World Energy Outlook Reference Scenario projects that the growth in Chinese emissions will slow down to 3.1% per year up to 2030. Even with this slower growth, emissions in 2030 will be twice those in 2006. Figure 19. China: CO2 emissions by sector Million tonnes of CO2 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1990

Figure 20. China: Electricity generation by fuel

1992 1994

1996

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1998 2000

2002 2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Key point: For the last four years, China showed dramatic growth in CO2 emissions from electricity and heat generation. Since 1990, the electricity and heat generation sector grew the most, representing 50% of Chinese CO2 emissions in 2006. The transport sector also grew rapidly, but from a much smaller base. The World Energy Outlook projects that the transport sector will continue to grow and will go from 7% of the energy demand in 2006 to 12% in 2030.

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0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

Oil

1996 Gas

1998

2000

Nuclear

2002 Hydro

2004

2006

Other

Key point: Coal dominates China’s electricity generation, and its very fast growth. Chinese demand for electricity was the largest driver of the rise in emissions. Increasing capacity at the rate of two large power plants (2 000 MW) per week19, in 2006 alone China added almost the equivalent of the entire generating capacity of France. Figure 20 illustrates the growing demand for electricity generation and the large role played by coal. Nearly all (99%) of the 1990-2006 emissions growth from power generation derived from coal. In the past few decades, China had experienced a rapid decoupling of energy consumption and CO2 emissions from economic growth. During the 1980s, the central government in China could influence industrial energy intensity by establishing standards and quotas for the energy supplied to firms and by simply shutting off the power supply when enterprises exceeded their limits20. However, as the Chinese economy has moved towards an open-market operation, investment in energy conservation as a percentage of total energy investment has gradually declined (from 13% in 1983 to 7% in 1995 to 4% in 2003)21. More importantly, rapid expansion of heavy industrial sectors to serve huge infrastructure investments and burgeoning demand for Chinese products from domestic and overseas consumers made the Chinese economy less, not more, emissions efficient from 2002 to 2006. 19. China Electricity Council, Annual Report of Electricity Sector Statistics, CEC, Beijing, 2007. 20. See the complete discussion in Trends in Energy Efficiency Investments in China and the US, Jiang Lin, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 2005. 21. For a discussion on China’s electricity sector, see also China’s Power Sector Reforms, IEA, 2006.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - xxix

Despite this recent trend, the 2006 TPES/GDP is 54% less than in 1990, and a recent push by the government to reduce energy intensity has helped to resume the long-term intensity decline, albeit at a much slower rate than in the past. The increasing share of coal in power generation, however, means that a small decline in energy intensity may still be paired with an increase in emissions intensity, as was the case in 2005 and 2006. Although per capita emissions in China in 2006 were only about one third that of the OECD average, they have doubled since 1990, with the largest increases occurring in the last four years.

increased during this period, the share fell from 25% in 1990 to 15% in 2006. India is promoting the installation of other renewable power sources into its generation mix. With an installed wind capacity of 9 GW in March 200822, India has the fourth largest installed capacity of wind power in the world. Figure 22. India: Electricity generation by fuel Terawatt hour 800 700 600

India

500

India emits 4% of global CO2 emissions, and continues to grow. As with China, CO2 emissions have doubled between 1990 and 2006 and the World Energy Outlook is projecting that CO2 emissions in India will almost triple between 2006 and 2030 (increasing by 4.1% per year). A large share of these emissions is produced by the electricity and heat sector, which represented 56% of CO2 in 2006, up from 42% in 1990. The transport sector, which was only 8% of CO2 emissions in 2006, is growing relatively slowly compared to other sectors of the economy. Figure 21. India: CO2 emissions by sector Million tonnes of CO2 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1990 1992

1994 1996

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1998 2000 2002

2004 2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Key point: The bulk of CO2 emissions in India come from the electricity and heat generation sector, and its share is continuing to grow. In 2006, 68% of electricity came from coal, another 8% from natural gas and 4% from oil. The share of fossil fuels in the generation mix grew from 73% in 1990 to 85% in 2002. Since then the share of fossil fuels has declined steadily, falling to 81% in 2006. Although electricity produced from hydro has actually

400 300 200 100 0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

Oil

1996 Gas

1998

2000

Nuclear

2002 Hydro

2004

2006

Other

Key point: About two thirds of India’s electricity comes from coal. Of the BRICS countries, India has the lowest CO2 emissions per capita (1.1 t CO2 in 2006), about one fourth that of the world average. However, due to the recent large increases in emissions, the ratio is more than one and a half times that of 1990 and will continue to grow. But India’s per capita emissions in 2030 will still be well below those in the OECD countries today. In terms of CO2/GDP, India has continuously improved the efficiency of its economy and reduced the CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 19% between 1990 and 2006.

Brazil Brazil is the fifth largest emitter of GHGs in the world, with the particularity that the country’s energy system has a relatively minor impact on GHG emissions (only 19%). The bulk of Brazilian GHG emissions (81%) come, instead, from agriculture, land-use and forestry activities, mainly through the expansion of agricultural frontiers in the Amazon region.

22. According to the website of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy of the Government of India (http://mnes.nic.in).

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xxx - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Figure 23. Brazil: CO2 emissions by sector

Figure 24. Brazil: Electricity generation by fuel

Million tonnes of CO2

Terawatt hour

350

500

300 400

250 200

300

150 200

100 50

100

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Key point: The transport sector produces the largest share of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Brazil. Compared to Russia, China and India, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Brazil are small, representing only 1.2% of global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. Within the energy sector, the sub-sectors that contribute the most to total GHG emissions - the transport sector (42% in 2006) and the industrial sector (30%) - are also the ones that are likely to grow the most over the next years.

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

Oil

1996 Gas

1998

2000

Nuclear

2002 Hydro

2004

2006

Other

Key point: Brazilian electricity generation draws heavily on hydropower. As Figure 25 illustrates, biofuels supply a comparatively significant share of the energy consumed for road transport. As such, Brazilian transport has a relatively low CO2 emissions intensity23. CO2 emissions per unit of fuel consumed in road traffic are 10% lower than the world average (2.6 versus 2.9 t CO2 per toe). Figure 25: Share of biofuels energy in road transport (2006) 15%

Electricity generation relies heavily on hydropower, as illustrated in Figure 24. Over the last three decades, the number of major dams has grown steadily and hydropower accounted for 83% of the total in 2006. Droughts in recent years have led to a wider diversification in the electricity production mix, increasing the use of gas. However, lack of investment in electricity infrastructure and unclear regulation of the power sector remain an issue. Among the smaller sources of electricity generation, the share of biomass is larger than that of coal. Indeed, the overall energy supply of Brazil is remarkable for the prominence of renewable sources in both electricity generation and transport. In 2007, the Brazilian government announced the development of five new nuclear power plants amid concerns about the risk of power-supply shortages beyond 2012 unless Brazil builds new capacity. The government's 2030 National Energy Plan anticipates 5 300 MW of additional installed generation capacity from new nuclear plants (Angra 3 and four other plants) by 2030.

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12% 9% 6% 3% 0% United States

European Union

Brazil

Key point: Brazil’s relative consumption of biofuels far outstrips that of any other country. Brazil is the world’s largest exporter and consumer of fuel ethanol from sugarcane24, which substituted 230 billion litres of gasoline between 1975 and 2004. 23. Box 2 provides a more complete discussion on the advantages and limitations of using biofuels to replace oil. Note: CO2 emissions intensity considers the tank-to-wheel emissions and assumes that the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of biomass are zero. 24. In 2005, the United States displaced Brazil as the largest ethanol producer, although mainly derived from corn and not sugarcane.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - xxxi

Currently, cars that can run on either 100% ethanol or a gasoline-anhydrous ethanol blend represent more than 80% of the new cars purchased in Brazil (an estimated 1.3 million in 2006) and cost the same as cars that can only run on conventional fuel. The commercial viability of biofuels in Brazil reflects both an economy well-suited to large-scale sugarcane production and several decades of government intervention through the Brazilian Alcohol Programme (Proalcool) launched in the 1970s. The government offered a variety of incentives, including low-interest loans to build distilleries and favourable pricing relative to gasoline. Mandatory ethanol blending targets were set up for 1977 (4.5% of the gasoline, by volume) and during the 1980s (20-25%). After experiencing severe problems in the 1990s25, the program has now become the largest commercial application of biomass for energy production and use in the world.

South Africa South Africa currently relies almost completely on fossil fuels as a primary energy source (87% in 2006); with coal providing most of that. Although South Africa accounted for 40% of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Africa in 2006, it represented only 1.2% of the global total. The electricity and heat sector produced 64% of South Africa’s CO2 emissions in 2006. Coal dominates the South African energy system, accounting for more than 72% of primary energy supply and nearly a quarter of final energy consumption. In 2006, South Africa generated 94% of its electricity using coal. It follows that the major climate change issue facing South Africa is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, primarily by reducing its reliance on fossil fuels.

Figure 26. South Africa: CO2 emissions by sector Million tonnes of CO2 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Key point: The largest share of CO2 emissions in South Africa comes from the electricity and heat sector, but growth remains moderate compared to some of the other BRICS countries. Prices of commercial forms of energy in South Africa are in general quite low by international standards. Given the relatively lower rate of electrification (about 66%), the direct use of commercial forms of energy by households is more limited. Biomass, and especially wood, dominates energy use by rural households, generating health and safety problems as well as concerns about the sustainability of wood supplies. Over the last 16 years, per capita CO2 emissions in South Africa have remained fairly constant while emissions per unit of GDP have decreased by 12%. Figure 27. South Africa: Electricity generation by fuel Terawatt hour 300 250 200

25. By the mid-1980s more than three quarters of the 800 000 cars could run on ethanol. However, when sugar prices rose sharply in 1989, sugarcane growers diverted crops to the export market, and a severe shortage of ethanol occurred in the second quarter of 1989. This shortage resulted in a loss of consumer confidence in the security of ethanol supply and discredited ProAlcool. In response, the government authorized ethanol imports, and Brazil became the world’s largest importer of ethanol. Brazilian drivers as well as Brazilian car makers were left in disarray for lack of fuel and, as a result, ethanol fell into discredit for some time. By the end of the 1990s, the sales of ethanolfuelled cars amounted to less than 1% of total annual auto sales because fuel manufacturers could not assure hydrous-ethanol consumers security of supply. The turning point took place in 2003 when car manufacturers, beginning with Volkswagen, introduced the “flex fuel” car, which gave consumers the choice and resilience to buy any combination of the cheapest fuel while protecting them from any fuel shortages.

150 100 50 0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Nuclear

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

2006

Other

Key point: South Africa relies almost solely on coal to produce its electricity.

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Development of a carbonconstrained world Until now, industrialized countries have emitted the large majority of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. However, shares of developing countries are rising very rapidly and are projected to continue to do so. To shift towards a carbon-constrained world, mitigation measures now taking shape within industrialized countries will need to be refined and complemented by comprehensive efforts worldwide.

International mitigation measures Complementing various national policies and measures26, the Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC is by far the most comprehensive multinational effort to mitigate climate change, both politically and geographically. Having entered into force in February 2005, the Protocol commits industrialized countries to curb domestic emissions by about 5% as a group relative to 1990 by the 2008-2012 first commitment period. The Protocol also creates “flexible mechanisms” by which industrialized countries can transfer emission allowances among themselves and earn emission credits from emissions reductions of developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Despite its possible worldwide influence, the Protocol is limited in its potential to address global emissions since not all the major emitters are included. The United States remains outside of its jurisdiction and though most of the developing countries (i.e. nonAnnex I countries) signed the Protocol, they committed to no emissions targets. As illustrated in Table 1, the Kyoto Protocol implies action on less than a third of global CO2 emissions (as measured in 2006). The Protocol’s quantitative emissions reductions further engendered a commoditisation of carbon, as detailed in the following examination of emissions trading schemes.

Emissions trading schemes Emissions trading schemes are developing or being proposed in several regions and countries around the world. While some have definite and defined rules in

26. Since 1999, the IEA has collected and classified information on the climate change policies and measures of its member countries. The database is available at: http://www.iea.org/textbase/envissu/pamsdb/ index.html.

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the short term (e.g. EU ETS, 10 Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic US states, Norway), others have not yet finalised their precise rules of functioning (e.g. Australia, Canada, New Zealand). Nonetheless, even for those schemes in which trading has commenced, policy makers have allowed flexibility in the changing design options over the longer term. Indeed, lessons from the first years of existing schemes are helping the elaboration of others27. In the European Union, the largest scheme in operation, the ETS, is learning the lessons from its first phase to shape the scheme’s post-2012 design28. Reviews of the first trading period have led to a growing consensus on key strategic issues such as: •

the need for establishing a stable carbon regime for a longer period to provide visibility for investors and set investment incentives for lowcarbon technologies;

•

an allocation approach based on more auctioning, particularly for power generation, to send a strong economic signal to carbon-intensive generators, and prevent the use of allocation to meet other policy purposes;

•

further harmonisation of the cap-setting approach on a sectoral level;

•

harmonisation of new entrants/closures provisions.

In addition, since December 2006, the Commission has adopted legislation to broaden the scheme to the aviation sector. In July 2008, the European Parliament backed the proposal to include aviation in the EU ETS from January 2012, based on a deal struck by negotiators from the European Council and the European Parliament in June 2008. Several other ETS are being developed, including in countries that are not Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. In the United States, the first regional scheme (i.e. in the North Eastern States) is set to start in the fourth quarter of 2008. Others may follow. Further, the U.S. Congress is considering a set of bills designed to limit the nation’s GHG emissions, whereby several of these proposals call for adoption of some form of a cap-andtrade system.

27. Reinaud, J. and C. Philibert, 2007: Emissions Trading: Updates and Trends, OECD/IEA information paper. 28. Convery, F., Ellerman, A.D. and C. de Perthuis. 2008: The European Carbon Market in Action: Lessons from the First Trading Period, APREC research program on the ex-post evaluation of the European CO2 market, Paris. Downloadable at www.aprec.net

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - xxxiii

Table 1. World CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and Kyoto targets Million tonnes of CO2 % change Kyoto 90-06 Target (1)

1990

2006

8 802.1

8 157.5

-7.3%

432.2 432.2

538.8 538.8

24.7% 24.7%

3 161.6 56.6 110.3 50.4 54.4 352.1 950.4 70.1 1.9 30.6 397.8 10.5 156.6 28.4 39.3 205.8 52.8 40.7 553.0

3 341.3 72.8 117.2 55.2 66.8 377.5 823.5 94.0 2.2 44.9 448.0 11.2 178.3 36.8 56.3 327.6 48.3 44.1 536.5

5.7% 28.8% 6.3% 9.5% 22.9% 7.2% -13.4% 34.0% 16.1% 46.7% 12.6% 6.8% 13.9% 29.5% 43.4% 59.2% -8.5% 8.2% -3.0%

-8% -12.5%

Pacific Australia Japan New Zealand

1 352.6 259.8 1 071.4 21.4

1 643.9 394.4 1 212.7 36.8

21.5% 51.8% 13.2% 72.2%

+8% -6% 0%

Economies in Transition Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Russia Slovak Republic Slovenia Ukraine

3 855.7 74.9 21.6 155.1 36.2 68.5 18.4 33.1 343.9 167.1 2 179.9 56.7 12.5 687.9

2 633.5 47.5 20.7 121.0 15.1 56.4 8.0 13.7 306.0 94.7 1 587.2 37.5 15.5 310.3

-31.7% -36.6% -4.1% -22.0% -58.2% -17.7% -56.3% -58.7% -11.0% -43.3% -27.2% -34.0% 24.4% -54.9%

-8% -5% -8% -8% -6% -8% -8% -6% -8% 0% -8% -8% 0%

KYOTO PARTIES

North America Canada Europe Austria Belgium Denmark Finland (2) France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom

-4.7% e NON-KYOTO PARTIES

-6%

-13% -7.5% -21% 0% 0% -21% +25% +10% +13% -6.5%

Non-participating Annex I Parties Belarus Turkey United States Other Regions Africa Middle East (3) Non-OECD Europe (3) Other Former USSR (3) Latin America (3) Asia (excl. China) China

% change Kyoto 90-06 Target (1)

1990

2006

11 572.2

18 865.6

63.0%

5 105.0 114.8 126.9 4 863.3

6 000.6 64.1 239.7 5 696.8

17.5% -44.2%

none

88.9%

none

17.1%

-7%

6 467.2 549.3 587.9 106.7 579.3 896.1 1 503.9 2 244.0

12 865.0 854.2 1 291.0 92.8 396.2 1 388.4 3 193.9 5 648.5

98.9% 55.5% 119.6% -13.0% -31.6% 54.9% 112.4% 151.7%

357.9 255.4

582.6 397.1

62.8% 55.5%

20 987.6

28 002.7

33.4%

none none none none none none none

-28% -6% +1% +27% +15%

INTL. MARINE BUNKERS INTL. AVIATION WORLD

+4%

Gigatonnes CO2 30

25

International Bunkers

20 Non-Annex I Parties

15

10

5

Non-Participating Annex I Parties

Kyoto target (4)

Kyoto Parties

0 1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

Note: Changes made this year to the net calorific values used for coal and petroleum products will affect the emissions estimates for the entire time series, including the base year. More information on the changes to the net calorific values are available in Chapter 1. (1) The targets apply to a basket of six greenhouse gases and take sinks into account. The overall EU target under the Protocol is 8%, but the member countries have agreed on a burden-sharing arrangement as listed. Because of lack of data and information on base years and gases, an overall "Kyoto target" cannot be precisely calculated for total Kyoto Parties: estimates applying the targets to IEA energy data suggest the target is equivalent to about 4.7% on an aggregate basis for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. (2) Emissions from Monaco are included with France. (3) Composition of regions differs from elsewhere in this publication to take into account countries that are not Kyoto Parties. (4) The Kyoto target is calculated as percentage of the 1990 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only, therefore it does not represent the total target for the six-gas basket. This assumes that the reduction targets are spread equally across all gases.

Key point: The Kyoto Protocol is limited in its potential to reduce emissions as not all major emitters are included.

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xxxiv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

In New Zealand, the government announced an emission trading system (NZ ETS) in September 2007, proposing a staged introduction with the aim of having all the major sectors included in the scheme by 2013. In addition, unlimited use of Kyoto Protocol project credits is foreseen. Only recently, in September 2008, the parliament passed legislation to enact the NZ ETS. In Australia, the federal government published its revised climate change policy in July 2007, announcing a plan to establish an emission trading scheme (the socalled “Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme”) as part of an effective framework for meeting the climate change challenge. Details of this envisaged emissions trading scheme, which is scheduled to start in 2010, have recently been revealed by the government in a Green Paper, and are currently under discussion. The proposal includes broad coverage of GHG emissions and sectors and assistance to help households and business adjust. In April 2007, the new Canadian government presented its “Regulatory Framework for Air Emissions”, announcing that emissions trading will be one of the instruments permitted to comply with this regulation. The proposal includes a cap-and-trade scheme based on intensity targets for large emitters, who will have the ability to trade emissions through three channels: internal abatements29 beyond the baseline; a domestic offsets system; and Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs) from projects under the Clean Development Mechanisms (CDMs) to meet 10% of their compliance obligation. In September 2008, Japan unveiled an outline of a GHG emissions trading scheme to be launched on a trial basis in October 2008. Initially, the system will be voluntary and Japanese companies will be allowed to set their own emission reduction targets. In addition to allowance trading, companies will be able to use CDM credits, national offset credits and credits from Japan’s voluntary emissions trading scheme.

Steps for future action Held in late 2005, the first Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP1) witnessed the official opening of talks on post-2012 climate change

29. Internal abatement means that emitters reduce their GHG emissions through in-house measures, e.g. by making changes to improve the functioning of their plants.

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policy. Parties organized two official fora: the Ad Hoc Working Group (AWG) on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties and the UNFCCC “Dialogue on longterm cooperative action to address climate change by enhancing implementation of the Convention” (UNFCCC Dialogue). The AWG focuses on the design of post-2012 commitments for Annex I Parties under the Protocol. Ideally, it would also provide some certainty to carbonconstrained investments in infrastructure and to the carbon market itself. However, the AWG has no mandate to encourage participation from Non-Annex I Parties or from non-participating Annex I Parties. The broader UNFCCC Dialogue was instead designed to explore worldwide climate change mitigation and adaptation through an “open and non-binding exchange of views, information and ideas”. Participants in its first meeting discussed strategic adaptation to climate change, sustainable development, and the mitigation potential of technology and market mechanisms. The Bali Road Map adopted at COP/MOP3 in Bali established a two-track process, i.e. both for the Convention and Kyoto Protocol strands, aiming at the identification of a post-2012 global climate regime to be adopted by COP15 and COP/MOP5 in Copenhagen in 2009. While the Bali Action Plan, adopted under the Convention track, did not introduce binding commitments to reduce GHG emissions, it included the request for developed countries to contribute to the mitigation of global warming in the context of sustainable development. In addition, the plan envisaged enhanced actions on adaptation, technology development and on the provision financial resources, as well as measures against deforestation. The challenge of post-2012 discussions is the need to engage developing countries with approaches, possibly including the carbon market, that suit their capacity and their legitimate aspiration for economic and social development. Both the Asia Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate (APP or AP6) and the G8 2005 Gleneagles Plan of Action seek to involve developed and developing nations in common measures to address climate change. The AP6, which groups Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea and the United States, is one of many initiatives. AP6 focuses on the emissions of specific sectors: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, mining, buildings and appliances; and the methods of clean

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - xxxv

fossil energy use, renewable energy generation, and more efficient power generation and transmission. Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States launched the July 2005 Gleneagles Plan of Action to, in part, promote clean energy and sustainable development while mitigating climate change. Through the Plan of Action the G8 members committed to: 1) transform the way they use energy, namely through means of energy efficiency; 2) foster research and development of lower-emission technology; 3) finance the economic transition to cleaner energy and 4) manage the effects of climate change. The IEA was tasked under the Plan of Action to develop concrete recommendations to help the G8 achieve these four objectives. Additionally, the G8 sought to engage South Africa, India, Brazil, China and Mexico in an official Dialogue to address climate change, clean energy, and sustainable development worldwide. This commitment by the G8 was reiterated at the St. Petersburg summit in July 2006 and subsequently at the 2007 summit in Heiligendamm and the 2008 summit in Hokkaido. In all these efforts, timely and accurate CO2 and other GHG statistics will prove essential to ascertain compliance to international agreements and to inform carbon market participants. The ability of countries to monitor and review emissions from their sources is essential in their engagement towards global GHG mitigation.

Conclusion Fossil fuel combustion is the single largest human influence on climate. Over the past two decades, the global community has recognized the pressing need to address and reduce CO2 emissions from fuel combustion that enter the atmosphere. Two sectors, both growing rapidly, represent the bulk of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: the electricity and heat generation sector and the transport sector. Improving the energy efficiency and reducing the carbon intensity of both sectors could significantly diminish their contribution to global climate change. Since the industrial revolution, most of the CO2 emissions have originated from the industrialized countries. However, this dominance appears short-lived due to the size of some of the developing economies and the growth in their energy needs. Effective emissions mitigation will require all countries, regardless of energy demand and infrastructure, to use energy in a sustainable manner. This analysis is based on energy statistics collected from various sources. Although quality and completeness of these statistics have increased over the last years, up-to-date and accurate information on energy use and GHG emissions will be more and more essential for monitoring progress towards addressing the energy-climate challenge.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.1

PART I: METHODOLOGY

PARTIE I : METHODOLOGIE

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.3

1. IEA EMISSIONS ESTIMATES The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion presented in this publication are calculated using the IEA energy data1 and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC/ OECD/IEA Paris, 1997 (1996 IPCC Guidelines). Although the IPCC approved the 2006 Guidelines at the 25th session of the IPCC in April 2006 in Mauritius, most countries (as well as the IEA) are still calculating their inventories using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The IEA Secretariat reviews its energy databases each year. In the light of new assessments, important revisions may be made to the time series of individual countries. Therefore, certain data in this publication may have been revised with respect to previous editions. Changes made this year to the net calorific values used for coal and petroleum products will affect the emissions estimates for the entire time series, including the base year. More information on the changes to the net calorific values are available in Energy Balances of OECD Countries. Up until this year, petroleum products have been converted using a single set of net calorific values for all countries. This year the IEA has decided to apply regional conversion factors (in conjunction with Eurostat for the European countries) for the petroleum products. In prior years the inputs of coal to main activity electricity, CHP and heat only plants were converted to energy units using an average net calorific value from the Annual Coal Questionnaire. Coal inputs to auto1. Published in Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, Energy Balances of OECD Countries, Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA/OECD Paris, 2008.

producer plants were converted to energy units using the same value as coal used in industry. Starting this year, coal inputs to each type of plant (i.e. main activity electricity plant, autoproducer electricity plant, main activity CHP plant, autoproducer CHP plant, main activity heat plant, autoproducer heat plant) are converted to energy units using average factors calculated from the Annual Electricity Questionnaire.

Inventory quality The IPCC Guidelines allow Parties under the UNFCCC to prepare and periodically update national inventories that are accurate, complete, comparable and transparent. Inventory quality is an important issue since countries are now implementing legallybinding commitments. One way to assess inventory quality is to do comparisons among inventories, methodologies and input data. The IPCC Guidelines recommend that countries which have used a detailed Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from energy combustion also use the Reference Approach for verification purposes. This will identify areas where a full accounting of emissions may not have been made (see Chapter 5, IPCC methodologies).

Reference Approach vs. Sectoral Approach The Reference Approach and the Sectoral Approach often give different results because the Reference Approach is a top-down approach using a country’s energy supply data and has no detailed information on how the individual fuels are used in each sector.

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I.4 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

The Reference Approach provides estimates of CO2 to compare with estimates derived using a Sectoral Approach. Theoretically, it indicates an upper bound to the Sectoral Approach “1A fuel combustion”, because some of the carbon in the fuel is not combusted but will be emitted as fugitive emissions (as leakage or evaporation in the production and/or transformation stage). Calculating CO2 emissions inventories with the two approaches can lead to different results for some countries. In general the gap between the two approaches is relatively small (5 per cent or less) when compared to the total carbon flows involved. In cases where 1) fugitive emissions are proportional to the mass flows entering production and/or transformation processes, 2) stock changes at the level of the final consumer are not significant and 3) statistical differences in the energy data are limited, the Reference Approach and the Sectoral Approach should lead to similar evaluations of the CO2 emissions trends. When significant discrepancies and/or large timeseries deviations do occur, they may be due to various reasons such as: Large statistical differences between the energy supply and the energy consumption in the basic energy data. Statistical differences arise from the collection of data from different parts of the fuel flow from its supply origins to the various stages of downstream conversion and use. They are a normal part of a fuel balance. Large random statistical differences must always be examined to determine the reason for the difference, but equally importantly smaller statistical differences which systematically show an excess of supply over demand (or vice versa) should be pursued. Significant mass imbalances between crude oil and other feedstock entering refineries and the (gross) petroleum products manufactured. The use of aggregate net calorific and carbon content values for primary fuels which are converted rather than combusted. For example, it may appear that there is not conservation of energy or carbon depending on the calorific value and/or the carbon content chosen for the crude oil entering refineries and for the mix of products produced from the refinery for a particular year. This may cause an overestimation or underestimation of the emissions associated with the Reference Approach.

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The misallocation of the quantities of fuels used for conversion into derived products (other than power or heat) or quantities combusted in the energy sector. When reconciling differences between the Reference Approach and a Sectoral Approach it is important to ensure that the quantities reported in the transformation and energy sectors (e.g. for coke ovens) reflect correctly the quantities used for conversion and for fuel use, respectively, and that no misallocation has occurred. Note that the quantities of fuels converted to derived products should have been reported in the transformation sector of the energy balance. If any derived products are used to fuel the conversion process, the amounts involved should have been reported in the energy sector of the energy balance. In a Sectoral Approach the inputs to the transformation sector should not be included in the activity data used to estimate emissions. Missing information on certain transformation outputs. Emissions from combustion of secondary fuels produced in integrated processes (for example, coke oven gas) may be overlooked in a Tier 1 Sectoral Approach if data are poor or unavailable. The use of secondary fuels (the output from the transformation process) should be included in the Sectoral Approach. Failure to do so will result in an underestimation of the Sectoral Approach. Simplifications in the Reference Approach. Certain quantities of carbon should be included in the Reference Approach because their emissions fall under fuel combustion. These quantities have been excluded where the flows are small or not represented by a major statistic available within energy data. Examples of quantities not accounted for in the Reference Approach include lubricants used in twostroke engines, blast furnace and other by-product gases which are used for fuel combustion outside their source category of production and combustion of waxed products in waste plants with heat recovery. On the other hand, certain flows of carbon should be excluded from the Reference Approach, but for reasons similar to the above no practical means can be found to exclude them without over complicating the calculations. These include coals and other hydrocarbons injected into blast furnaces as well as cokes used as reductants in the manufacture of inorganic chemicals. These simplifications will determine discrepancies between the Reference Approach and a Sectoral Approach. If data are available, the magnitudes of these effects can be estimated.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.5

Missing information on stock changes that may occur at the final consumer level. The relevance of consumer stocks depends on the method used for the Sectoral Approach. If delivery figures are used (this is often the case) then changes in consumers’ stocks are irrelevant. If, however, the Sectoral Approach is using actual consumption of the fuel, then this could cause either an overestimation or an underestimation of the Reference Approach. High distribution losses or unrecorded consumption for gas may mean that the emissions are overestimated by the Reference Approach or underestimated by the Sectoral Approach. The treatment of transfers and reclassifications of energy products may cause a difference in the Sectoral Approach estimation since different net calorific values and emission factors may be used depending on how the fuel is classified.

Differences between IEA estimates and UNFCCC submissions

would allow countries to verify their calculations and produce more internationally comparable inventories. In addition, the main bias in the energy data and emission factors will probably be systematic and not random. This means that the emission trends will usually be more reliable than the absolute emission levels. By comparing trends in the IEA estimates with trends in emissions as reported to the UNFCCC, it should be possible to identify definition problems or changes in the calculations, which were not reflected in the base year. For many reasons the IEA estimates may differ from the numbers that a country submits to the UNFCCC, even if a country has accounted for all of its energy use and correctly applied the IPCC Guidelines. No attempt has been made to quantify the effects of these differences. In most cases these differences will be relatively small. Some of the reasons for these differences are: • The IEA uses a Tier 1 method. The IEA uses a Tier 1 Sectoral Approach based on the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Countries may be using a Tier 2 or Tier 3 method that takes into account different technologies.

It is possible to use the IEA CO2 estimates for comparison with the greenhouse gas inventories reported by countries to the UNFCCC Secretariat. In this way, problems in methods, input data or emission factors may become apparent. However, care should be used in interpreting the results of any comparison since the IEA estimates may differ from a country’s official submission for many reasons.

• The IEA is using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines.

A recent comparison of the IEA estimates with the inventories submitted to the UNFCCC showed that for most Annex II countries, the two calculations were within 5%. For some EIT and Non-Annex I countries, differences between the IEA estimates and national inventories were larger. In some of the countries the underlying energy data were different; suggesting that more work is needed on the collecting and reporting of energy statistics for those countries.

Countries often have several “official” sources of data such as a Ministry, a Central Bureau of Statistics, a nationalised electricity company, etc. Data can also be collected from the energy suppliers, the energy consumers or customs statistics. The IEA tries to collect the most accurate data, but does not necessarily have access to the complete data set that may be available to national experts calculating emission inventories for the UNFCCC. In addition to different sources, the methodology used by the national bodies providing the data to the IEA and to the UNFCCC may differ. For example, general surveys, specific surveys, questionnaires, estimations, combined methods and classifications of data used in national statistics and in their subsequent reclassification according to international standards may result in different series.

Some countries have incorrectly defined bunkers as fuel used abroad by their own ships and planes. Still other countries have made calculation errors for carbon oxidation or have included international bunkers in their totals. Since all of the above will affect the national totals of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, a systematic comparison with the IEA estimates

The IEA is still using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Some countries may have already started using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. • Energy activity data are extracted from the IEA energy balances and may differ from those used for the UNFCCC calculations.

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I.6 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

• The IEA uses average net calorific values. The IEA uses an average net calorific value (NCV) for each secondary oil product. These NCVs are region-specific and constant over time. Country-specific NCVs that can vary over time are used for NGL, refinery feedstocks and additives. Crude oil NCVs are further split into production, imports, exports and average. Different coal types have specific NCVs for production, imports, exports, inputs to public power plants and coal used in coke ovens, blast furnaces and industry, and can vary over time for each country. Country experts may have the possibility of going into much more detail when calculating the heat content of the fuels. This in turn could produce different values than the IEA. • The IEA uses average emission factors. The IEA uses the default emission factors which are given in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Country experts may have better information available. • The IEA does not have detailed information for the stored carbon calculation. The IEA does not have complete information on the non-energy use of fuels. The amount of carbon stored is estimated using the default values given in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. For “other products” in the stored carbon calculation, the IEA assumes that 100% of kerosene, white spirit and petroleum coke that is reported as non-energy use in the energy balance is also stored. Country experts calculating the inventories may have more detailed information. • The IEA cannot allocate emissions from autoproducers into the end-use sectors. The 1996 IPCC Guidelines recommend that emissions from autoproduction should be included with emissions from other fuel use by end-consumers. At the same time, the emissions from the autoproduction of electricity and heat should be excluded from the energy transformation source category to avoid double counting. The IEA is not able to allocate the fuel use from autoproducers between the industrial and “other” sectors. Therefore, this publication shows a category called “Unallocated autoproducers”. However, this should not affect the total emissions for a country. • Military emissions may be treated differently. According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, military emissions should be reported in Source/Sink Category 1 A 5, Other (not elsewhere specified). Before

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last year, the IEA questionnaires requested that warships be included in international marine bunkers and that the military use of aviation fuels be included in domestic air. All other military use should have been reported in non-specified other sector. At the IEA/Eurostat/UNECE Energy Statistics Working Group meeting (Paris, November 2004), participants decided to harmonise the definitions used to collect energy data on the joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE questionnaires with those used by the IPCC to report greenhouse gas inventories. As a result, starting in the 2006 edition of this publication, all military consumption should be reported in non-specified other sectors. Sea-going versus coastal is no longer a criterion for splitting international and domestic navigation. For more information on the changes, please consult the Energy Statistics Working Group meeting report on our website at http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/ questionnaire/index.asp. However, it is not clear whether countries are reporting on the new basis, and if they are, whether they will be able to revise their historical data. The IEA has found that in practice most countries consider information on military consumption as confidential and therefore either combine it with other information or do not include it at all. • The IEA estimates include emissions from coke inputs into blast furnaces. Countries may have included these emissions in the IPCC category Industrial processes. National greenhouse gas inventories submitted to the UNFCCC divide emissions according to source categories. Two of these IPCC Source/Sink Categories are energy and industrial processes. The IPCC Reference Approach estimates national emissions from fuel combustion based on the supply of fuel to a country and by implication includes emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces in the energy sector. However, within detailed sectoral calculations certain nonenergy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both energy and industrial processes. The IEA estimates of emissions from fuel combustion in this publication include the coke inputs to blast furnaces.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.7

• The units may be different. The 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories both ask that CO2 emissions be reported in Gg of CO2. A million tonnes of CO2 is equal to 1 000 Gg of CO2, so to compare the numbers in this publication with national inventories expressed in Gg, the IEA emissions must be multiplied by 1 000.

Key sources In May 2000, the IPCC Plenary accepted the report on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The report provides good practice guidance to assist countries in determining their key source categories. By identifying these key sources in the national inventory, inventory agencies can prioritise their efforts and improve their overall estimates. The Good Practice Guidance identifies a key source category as one that is prioritised within the national inventory system because its estimate has a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of direct greenhouse gases in terms of the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both. For a more complete description of the IPCC methodology for determining key sources, see Chapter 5, IPCC methodologies. In the Good Practice Guidance, the recommendation for choosing the level of the key source analysis is to “disaggregate to the level where emission factors are distinguished. In most inventories, this will be the main fuel types. If emission factors are determined independently for some sub-source categories, these should be distinguished in the analysis.” Since the emission estimates in this publication were produced using the default emission factors from the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, this means that the fuel combustion categories would have been divided into: stationary combustion – coal stationary combustion – oil stationary combustion – gas mobile combustion – coal mobile combustion – oil mobile combustion – gas

Clearly this level of aggregation is not particularly useful in identifying where additional work is needed in refining the inventory. It does not take into account the possibility of improving data collection methods, improving emission factors or using a higher tier calculation for certain key sectors within the energy from fuel combustion source category. For this reason the IEA has disaggregated the key source analysis to the same level of detail presented in the country tables of this publication. For each country, the 11 largest sources, split by coal, oil, gas and other, are shown in the key sources table. To calculate the level assessment, the IEA has started with the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated by the IEA. To supplement this, where possible, the IEA has used the emissions that were submitted by the Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC in the 2008 submission of the Common Reporting Format for CO2 (only fugitive), CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6, not taking into account CO2 emissions/removals from land use, land use change and forestry2. This was possible for Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. At the time of preparation of this book, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine had not yet submitted their 2008 inventories to the UNFCCC. Therefore, non-CO2 data for those countries were taken from the inventories submitted previously. For the Non-Annex I Parties, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion were from the IEA and the rest of the 2006 emissions were estimated by PBL. The cumulative contribution only includes the 11 largest key sources of CO2 from fuel combustion. As a result, in most cases the cumulative contribution will not be 95% as recommended in the Good Practice Guidance and key sources from fugitive emissions, industrial processes, solvents, agriculture and waste will not be shown. The percentage of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in total GHG emissions has been included as a memo item at the bottom of the table. 2. As recommended in the Good Practice Guidance.

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I.8 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Notes on tables and graphs Table of CO2 emissions by sector Row 1: Sectoral Approach contains total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated using the IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach and corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A. Emissions calculated using a Sectoral Approach include emissions only when the fuel is actually combusted. Row 2: Main activity producer electricity and heat contains the sum of emissions from main activity producer electricity generation, combined heat and power generation and heat plants. Main activity producers (formerly known as public utilities) are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be publicly or privately owned. Emissions from own on-site use of fuel are included. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a. Row 3: Unallocated autoproducers contains the emissions from the generation of electricity and/or heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers are defined as undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and “other” sectors. Row 4: Other energy industries contains emissions from fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b and 1 A 1 c. According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces can either be counted here or in the industrial processes source/sink category. Within detailed sectoral calculations, certain non-energy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both energy and industrial processes. In the IEA estimations, these emissions have been included in this category.

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Row 5: Manufacturing industries and construction contains the emissions from combustion of fuels in industry. The IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 2 includes these emissions. However, in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the IPCC category also includes emissions from industry autoproducers that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, this publication shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated autoproducers. Manufacturing industries and construction also includes emissions from coke inputs into blast furnaces, which may be reported either in the transformation sector, the industry sector or the separate IPCC Source/Sink Category 2, Industrial processes. Row 6: Transport contains emissions from the combustion of fuel for all transport activity, regardless of the sector, except for international marine bunkers and international aviation. This includes domestic aviation, domestic navigation, road, rail and pipeline transport, and corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3. In addition, the IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the autoproducer consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, this publication shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated autoproducers. Note: Starting in the 2006 edition, military consumption previously included in domestic aviation and in road should be in non-specified other sectors. See the section on Differences between IEA estimates and UNFCCC submissions, for further details.

Row 7: Road contains the emissions arising from fuel use in road vehicles, including the use of agricultural vehicles on highways. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 b. Row 8: Other Sectors contains the emissions from commercial/institutional activities, agriculture/forestry, fishing, residential and other emissions not specified elsewhere that are included in the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 4 and 1 A 5. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the category also includes emissions from autoproducers in the commercial/residential/agricultural sectors that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, this publication shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated autoproducers.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.9

Row 9: Residential contains all emissions from fuel combustion in households. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 4 b. Row 10: Reference Approach contains total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated using the IPCC Reference Approach. The Reference Approach is based on the supply of energy in a country and as a result, all inventories calculated using this method include fugitive emissions from energy transformation (e.g. from oil refineries) which are normally included in Category 1 B. For this reason, Reference Approach estimates are likely to overestimate national CO2 emissions. In these tables, the difference between the Sectoral Approach and the Reference Approach includes statistical differences, product transfers, transformation losses and distribution losses. Row 11: Differences due to losses and/or transformation contains emissions that result from the transformation of energy from a primary fuel to a secondary or tertiary fuel. Included here are solid fuel transformation, oil refineries, gas works and other fuel transformation industries. These emissions are normally reported as fugitive emissions in the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 B, but will be included in 1 A in inventories that are calculated using the IPCC Reference Approach. Theoretically, this category should show relatively small emissions representing the loss of carbon by other ways than combustion, such as evaporation or leakage. Negative emissions for one product and positive emissions for another product would imply a change in the classification of the emission source as a result of an energy transformation between coal and gas, between coal and oil, etc. In practice, however, it often proves difficult to correctly account for all inputs and outputs in energy transformation industries, and to separate energy that is transformed from energy that is combusted. Therefore, the row Differences due to losses and/or transformation sometimes shows quite large positive emissions or even negative ones due to problems in the underlying energy data.

Row 12: Statistical differences can be due to unexplained discrepancies in the underlying energy data. They can also be caused by differences between emissions calculated using the Reference Approach and the Sectoral Approach. Row 13: International marine bunkers contains emissions from fuels burned by ships of all flags that are

engaged in international navigation. The international navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split is determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing vessels and by military forces is also excluded. Emissions from international marine bunkers should be excluded from the national totals. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 d i.

Row 14: International aviation contains emissions from fuels used by aircraft for international aviation. Fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles are excluded. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline. Emissions from international aviation should be excluded from the national totals. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 a i.

Figures 2 and 3: Emissions by sector The sector Other includes emissions from commercial and public services, agriculture/forestry and fishing. Emissions from unallocated autoproducers are included in Electricity and heat.

Figure 5: Electricity generation by fuel The product Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables and waste, etc. Electricity generation includes both main activity producer and autoproducer electricity.

Country notes Belgium In this edition, the increases in CO2 emissions are largely due to the revision of the industrial waste time series back to 1990. The revisions concern production and consumption in the chemical sector.

Cuba International marine bunkers for residual fuel oil in the period 1971-1983 were estimated on the basis of 1984 figures and the data reported as domestic navigation in the energy balance.

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I.10 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Cyprus Note by Turkey: With respect to Cyprus, Turkey reserves its position as stated in its declaration of 1 May 2004. The information in the report under the heading Cyprus relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Commission: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this report relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

rates. For example, the sectoral approach CO2 emissions for 1990 were 4.6% higher than those calculated for the 2005 edition while the 2003 emissions were 1.1% higher than those of the previous edition. Due to the impact these successive revisions have had on the final energy balance as well as on CO2 emissions, the IEA was in close contact with the Japanese Administration to better understand the reasons be-hind these changes. These changes are mainly due to the Government of Japan's efforts to improve the inputoutput balances in the production of oil products and coal products in response to inquiries from the UNFCCC Secretariat. To cope with this issue, the Japanese Administration established a working group in March 2004. The working group completed its work in April 2006. Many of its conclusions were incorporated in the 2006 edition but some further revisions to the time series (especially in industry and other sectors) were submitted for the 2007 edition.

Estonia The data reported as lignite in the energy balance have been considered as oil shale for the calculation of CO2 emissions.

Netherlands Antilles Prior to 1992, the Reference Approach overstates emissions since data for lubricants and bitumen (which store carbon) are not available.

France The methodology for calculating main activity electricity and heat production from gas changed in 2000.

Italy Prior to 1990, gas use in commercial/public services was included in residential.

Norway Discrepancies between Reference and Sectoral Approach estimates and the difference in the resulting growth rates arise from statistical differences between supply and consumption data for oil and natural gas. For Norway, supply of these fuels is the residual of two very large and opposite terms, production and exports.

Japan For four consecutive years, the IEA has received revisions from the Japanese Administration. The first set of revisions received in 2004 increased the 1990 supply by 5% for coal, 2% for natural gas and 0.7% for oil compared to the previous data. This led to an increase of 2.5% in 1990 CO2 emissions calculated using the Reference Approach while the Sectoral Approach remained fairly constant. For the 2006 edition, the IEA received revisions to the coal and oil data which had a significant impact on both the energy data and the CO2 emissions. The most significant revisions occurred for coke oven coke, naphtha, blast furnace gas and petroleum coke. These revisions affected consumption rather than supply in the years concerned. As a result, the sectoral approach CO2 emissions increased for all the years, however at different

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Switzerland The sectoral breakdown for gas/diesel oil used in the residential sector before 1978 was estimated on the basis of commercial and residential consumption in 1978 and the data reported as commercial consumption in the energy balance in previous years.

United Kingdom For reasons of confidentiality, gas for main activity electricity is included in autoproducers for 1990.

Vietnam A detailed sectoral breakdown is available starting in 1980.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.11

2. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS General conversion factors for energy To: From:

TJ

Gcal

Mtoe

MBtu

GWh

238.8

2.388 x 10-5

947.8

0.2778

1

10-7

3.968

1.163 x 10-3

107

1

3.968 x 107

11630

1

2.931 x 10-4

3412

1

multiply by:

TJ

1 -3

Gcal

4.1868 x 10

Mtoe

4.1868 x 104

MBtu

-3

0.252

1.0551 x 10

GWh

3.6

2.52 x

10-8

8.6 x 10-5

860

Conversion factors for mass To:

T

Lt

st

lb

1

0.001

9.84 x 10-4

1.102 x 10-3

2.2046

tonne (t)

1000

1

0.984

1.1023

2204.6

long ton (lt)

1016

1.016

1

1.120

2240.0

short ton (st)

907.2

0.9072

0.893

1

2000.0

pound (lb)

0.454

4.54 x 10-4

4.46 x 10-4

5.0 x 10-4

1

From:

kg multiply by:

kilogramme (kg)

Conversion factors for volume To: From:

gal U.S.

gal U.K.

bbl

ft3

l

m3

multiply by:

U.S. gallon (gal)

1

0.8327

0.02381

0.1337

3.785

0.0038

U.K. gallon (gal)

1.201

1

0.02859

0.1605

4.546

0.0045

Barrel (bbl)

42.0

34.97

1

5.615

159.0

0.159

7.48

6.229

0.1781

1

28.3

0.0283

0.2642

0.220

0.0063

0.0353

1

0.001

264.2

220.0

6.289

35.3147

1000.0

1

3

Cubic foot (ft ) Litre (l) 3

Cubic metre (m )

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I.12 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Decimal prefixes

Tonne of CO2

101

deca (da)

10-1

deci (d)

102

hecto (h)

10-2

centi (c)

103

kilo (k)

10-3

milli (m)

106

mega (M)

10-6

micro (μ)

109

giga (G)

10-9

nano (n)

1012

tera (T)

10-12

pico (p)

1015

peta (P)

10-15

femto (f)

1018

exa (E)

10-18

atto (a)

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The 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories both ask that CO2 emissions be reported in Gg of CO2. A million tonnes of CO2 is equal to 1 000 Gg of CO2, so to compare the numbers in this publication with national inventories expressed in Gg, multiply the IEA emissions by 1 000. Other organisations may present CO2 emissions in tonnes of carbon instead of tonnes of CO2. To convert from tonnes of carbon, multiply by 44/12, which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.13

3. INDICATORS Population The main source of the 1970 to 2006 population data for the OECD countries is National Accounts of OECD Countries, Volume 1, OECD Paris, 2008. Data for 1960 to 1969 have been estimated using the growth rates from the population series published in the OECD Economic Outlook No. 76. For the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland (1960 to 1969) and Mexico (1960 to 1962), the data are estimated using the growth rates from the population series from the World Bank published in the World Development Indicators CD-ROM. For the Slovak Republic, population data for 1960 to 1989 are from the Demographic Research Centre, Infostat, Slovak Republic. The main source of the population data for the NonOECD countries is World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington D.C., 2008. Population data for Chinese Taipei, Gibraltar, Iraq and a few countries within the regions3 Other Africa, Other Latin America and Other Asia are based on the CHELEMCEPII online database, 2008.

GDP The main source of the 1970 to 2006 GDP series for the OECD countries is National Accounts of OECD Countries, Volume 1, 2008. GDP data for 1960 to 1969 have been estimated using the growth rates from

3. Due to lack of complete time series, figures for population and for GDP of Other Latin America do not include British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Martinique, Montserrat, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Turks and Caicos Islands; and figures for population and GDP of Other Asia do not include Cook Islands.

the series in the OECD Economic Outlook No 76 and data previously published by the OECD. Data prior to 1990 for the Czech Republic and Poland, prior to 1991 for Hungary, and prior to 1992 for the Slovak Republic are IEA Secretariat estimates based on GDP growth rates from the World Bank. The main source of the GDP series for the NonOECD countries is World Development Indicators, World Bank Washington D.C., 2008. GDP figures for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Chinese Taipei, Cuba, Gibraltar, Iraq, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Libya, Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles (available from 1980), Qatar, Former USSR (before 1990), Former Yugoslavia (before 1990) and a few countries within the regions Other Africa, Other Latin America and Other Asia are from the CHELEM-CEPII online database, 2008. GDP figures for Albania (1971-1979), Angola (1971-1979), Bahrain (1971-1979), Bulgaria (19711979), Cyprus (2005-2006), Ethiopia (1971-1980), Israel (2006), Jordan (1971-1974), Kuwait (2006), Lebanon (1971-1987), Malta (2006), Mongolia (1985-1995), Mozambique (1971-1979), Namibia (1971-1979), Oman (2005-2006), Romania (19711979), Saudi Arabia (2006), Serbia4 (1990-1998), Slovenia (1992), United Republic of Tanzania (1971-1987), the United Arab Emirates (1971-1972 and 2006), Vietnam (1971-1983) and Yemen (19711989) have been estimated based on the growth rates of the CHELEM-CEPII online database, 2008. The GDP data have been compiled for individual countries at market prices in local currency and annual rates. These data have been scaled up/down to the price levels of 2000 and then converted to US dollars

4. Data for GDP for Serbia include Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.

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I.14 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

using the yearly average 2000 exchange rates or purchasing power parities (PPPs). Purchasing power parities are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. A given sum of money, when converted into different currencies at the PPP rates, buys the same basket of goods and services in all countries. In other words, PPPs are the rates of currency conversion which eliminate the differences in price levels between different countries. For the OECD countries, the PPPs selected to convert the GDP from national currencies to US dollars come from the OECD and were aggregated using the Geary-Khamis (GK) method and rebased on the United States. For a more detailed description of the methodology please see Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures, GK Results, Volume II, 1990, OECD 1993. The PPPs for the other countries come from the World Bank and CHELEM-CEPII. Note that GDP and GDP PPP time series were significantly revised compared to last year’s edition for the following countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cuba, Gibraltar, Libya, Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles and Qatar. These time series should be used with special caution.

CO2 emissions The estimates of CO2 emissions in this publication are based on the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and represent the total emissions from fuel combustion. Emissions have been calculated using both the IPCC Reference Approach and the IPCC Sectoral Approach (which corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A). Reference Approach totals may include certain fugitive emissions from energy transformation which should normally be included in Category 1 B. National totals do not include emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation. See Chapter 1, IEA emissions estimates for further details.

Electricity and heat output Total output (shown in the summary tables section) includes electricity and heat generated in the transformation sector using fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, biomass, etc.

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Both main activity5 producer (formerly known as public) and autoproducer6 plants have been included where available. For electricity, data include the total number of TWh generated by both electricity plants and CHP plants. For heat, data include the total amount of TJ generated by both CHP plants and heat plants. To calculate the total electricity and heat output, the heat generated in TJ has been converted to TWh using the relationship 1 TWh = 3 600 TJ and added to electricity generated.

Ratios CO2 / TPES: This ratio is expressed in tonnes of CO2 per terajoule. It has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions and total primary energy supply (including biomass and other non-fossil forms of energy). CO2 / GDP: This ratio is expressed in kilogrammes of CO2 per 2000 US dollar. It has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions and is shown with both GDP calculated using exchange rates and GDP calculated using purchasing power parities. CO2 / population: This ratio is expressed in tonnes of CO2 per capita. It has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions. Per capita CO2 emissions by sector: These ratios are expressed in kilogrammes of CO2 per capita. They have been calculated in two different ways. In the first ratio, the emissions from electricity and heat production are shown separately. In the second ratio, the emissions from electricity and heat have been allocated to final consuming sectors in proportion to the electricity and heat consumed by those sectors.

CO2 emissions per kWh: These ratios are expressed in grammes of CO2 per kWh. They have been calculated using CO2 emissions from electricity and heat as shown in the country tables in the rows “main activity producer 5. Main activity producers (formerly known as public supply undertakings) generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid. 6. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.15

electricity and heat” and “unallocated autoproducers”, and electricity and heat output as described above. In the first table on CO2 emissions per kWh, the CO2 emissions include emissions from fossil fuels, industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste that are consumed for electricity and heat generation in the transformation sector and output includes electricity and heat generated from fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, biomass, etc. As a result, the emissions per kWh can vary from year to year depending on the generation mix.

In the ratios of CO2 emissions per kWh by fuel: • Coal includes primary and secondary coal, peat and manufactured gases (excluding gas works gas). • Oil includes petroleum products (and small amounts of crude oil for some countries). • Gas includes natural gas and gas works gas. Note: Emissions per kWh should be used with caution due to data quality problems relating to electricity efficiencies for some countries.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.17

4. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE Africa includes Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana (from 1981), Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia (from 1991), Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Other Africa. Other Africa includes Botswana (until 1980), Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Namibia (until 1990), Niger, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Swaziland and Uganda. Middle East includes Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Non-OECD Europe includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus7, Gibraltar, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Malta, Romania, Serbia8, and Slovenia. Former USSR includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Latin America includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua,

Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela and Other Latin America. Other Latin America includes Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Falkland Islands, French Guyana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Turks/Caicos Islands. China includes the People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong (China). Asia includes Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (from 1995), Chinese Taipei, India, Indonesia, DPR of Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia (from 1985), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and Other Asia. Other Asia includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Laos, Macau, Maldives, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Within OECD: Australia excludes the overseas territories.

7. See the note concerning Cyprus in Chapter 1. 8. Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.

Denmark excludes Greenland and the Danish Faroes, except prior to 1990, where data on oil for Greenland

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I.18 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

were included with the Danish statistics. The Administration is planning to revise the series back to 1974 to exclude these amounts. France includes Monaco, and excludes the following overseas departments and territories (Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Reunion and St.-Pierre and Miquelon). Germany includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970 onwards. Italy includes San Marino and the Vatican. Japan includes Okinawa. The Netherlands excludes Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. Portugal includes the Azores and Madeira. Spain includes the Canary Islands. Switzerland does not include Liechtenstein. United States includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics also include Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Midway Islands, Wake Island and the Northern Mariana Islands. The European Union - 27 (EU-27) includes Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The International Energy Agency (IEA) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Annex I Parties include Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic9, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein (not available in this publication),

9. Czechoslovakia was in the original list of Annex I countries.

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Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, the Slovak Republic9, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States. The countries that are listed above are included in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as amended on 11 December 1997 by the 12th Plenary meeting of the Third Conference of the Parties in Decision 4/CP.3. This includes the countries that were members of the OECD at the time of the signing of the Convention, the EEC, and fourteen countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former USSR that are undergoing the process of transition to market economies. Annex II Parties include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein (not available in this publication), Luxembourg, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. According to Decision 26/CP.7 in document FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.4, Turkey has been deleted from the list of Annex II countries to the Convention. This amendment entered into force on 28 June 2002. Economies in Transition (EITs) are those countries in Annex I that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy. This includes Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic9, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, the Slovak Republic9, Slovenia and Ukraine. Annex I Kyoto Parties include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein (not available in this publication), Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. Membership in the Kyoto Protocol is almost identical to that of Annex I, except for Turkey and Belarus which did not agree to a target under the Protocol and the United States which has expressed the intention

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.19

not to ratify the Protocol. Australia ratified the Protocol on 12 December 2007 and has been included in the Kyoto aggregate in this edition. Please note that the following countries have not been considered due to lack of data:

Africa: Saint Helena and Western Sahara. America: Anguilla. Asia and Oceania: Christmas Island, Nauru, Niue and Palau. Non-OECD Europe: Montenegro10 (after 2004).

10. Data for Montenegro are included under Serbia until 2004.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.21

5. IPCC METHODOLOGIES General notes The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC (the Convention) is the stabilisation of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Convention also calls for all Parties to commit themselves to the following objectives: • to develop, update periodically, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties (COP) their national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks, of all GHGs not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. • to use comparable methodologies for inventories of GHG emissions and removals, to be agreed upon by the COP. As a response to the objectives of the UNFCCC, the IEA, together with the IPCC, the OECD and numerous international experts, has helped to develop and refine an internationally-agreed methodology for the calculation and reporting of national GHG emissions from fuel combustion. This methodology was published in 1995 in the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. After the initial dissemination of the methodology, revisions were added to several chapters, and published as the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (1996 IPCC Guidelines). In April 2006, the IPCC approved the 2006 Guidelines at the 25th session of the IPCC in Mauritius. For now, most countries (as well as the IEA) are still calculating their inventories using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines11.

11. Both the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines are available from the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

Since the IPCC methodology for fuel combustion is largely based on energy balances, the IEA estimates for CO2 from fuel combustion published in this document have been calculated using the IEA energy balances and the default IPCC methodology. However, other possibly more detailed methodologies may be used by Parties to calculate their inventories. This may lead to different estimates of emissions. See Chapter 1, IEA emissions estimates, for further details. The calculation of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion may be done at three different levels referred to as Tiers 1, 2 and 3. The Tier 1 methods estimate the emissions from the carbon content of fuels supplied to the country as a whole (the Reference Approach) or to the main fuel combustion activities (Sectoral Approach). The following chapter summarises the IPCC Tier 1 methodology from the 1996 IPCC Guidelines.

Reference Approach Introduction Carbon dioxide emissions are produced when carbonbased fuels are burned. National emissions estimates are based on the amounts of fuels used and on the carbon content of fuels. Fuel combustion is widely dispersed throughout most activities in national economies and a complete record of the quantities of each fuel type consumed in each end-use activity is a considerable task, which some countries have not undertaken. Fortunately, it is possible to obtain a relatively accurate estimate of national CO2 emissions by accounting for the carbon in fuels supplied to the economy. The supply of fuels

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.22 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

is simple to record and the statistics are more likely to be available in many countries. In accounting for fuels supplied12 it is important to distinguish between primary fuels (i.e. fuels which are found in nature such as coal, crude oil, natural gas), and secondary fuels or fuel products, such as gasoline and lubricants, which are derived from primary fuels. Accounting for carbon is based mainly on the supply of primary fuels and the net quantities of secondary fuels brought into the country. To calculate supply of fuels to the country necessitates the following data for each fuel and year chosen: • the amounts of primary fuels produced (production of secondary fuels is excluded); • the amounts of primary and secondary fuels imported; • the amounts of primary and secondary fuels exported; • the amounts of fuel used for international marine bunkers and international aviation (hereafter referred to as bunkers); • the net increases or decreases in stocks of the fuels. For each fuel, the production (where appropriate) and imports are added together and the exports, bunkers, and stock changes are subtracted to calculate the apparent consumption of the fuels. In cases where exports of secondary fuels exceed imports or stock increases exceed net imports, negative numbers will result.

• Stored carbon Not all fuel supplied to an economy is burned for heat energy. Some is used as a raw material (or feedstock) for manufacture of products such as plastics or in a non-energy use (e.g. bitumen for road construction), without oxidation (emissions) of the carbon. This is called stored carbon, and is deducted from the carbon emissions calculation. Estimation of the stored carbon requires data for fuel use by activities using the fuel as raw material. • International bunker fuels The procedures given for calculating emissions ensure that emissions from the use of fuels for international marine and air transport are excluded from national emissions totals. However, for information purposes, the quantities and types of fuels delivered and the corresponding emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation should be separately reported. • Biomass fuels In the IPCC methodology, biomass fuels are not included in the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and are only shown for informational purposes. This is because for CO2 emissions, biomass consumption for fuel is assumed to equal its regrowth. Any departures from this hypothesis are counted within the land use, land use change and forestry module of the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. For this reason, emissions from the burning of biomass for energy are not included in the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in this publication.

Methodology

The manufacture of secondary fuels is ignored in the main calculation, as the carbon in these fuels has already been accounted for in the supply of primary fuels from which they are derived. However, information on production of some secondary fuel products is required to adjust for carbon stored in these products.

The IPCC methodology breaks the calculation of carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion into six steps:

Three other important points influence the accounting methodology:

Step 3: Multiply by emission factors to compute the carbon content

Step 1: Estimate apparent fuel consumption in original units Step 2: Convert to a common energy unit

Step 4: Compute carbon stored Step 5: Correct for carbon unoxidised 12. The following discussion excludes all non-carbon energy sources such as nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, etc.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Step 6: Convert carbon oxidised to CO2 emissions

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.23

Completing Worksheet 1 This section is from the Workbook of the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and provides step-by-step instructions for calculating emissions at the detailed fuels and fuel products level. Worksheet 1 can be consulted at the end of this chapter. NOTE: The main worksheet allows CO2 emissions from biomass fuels to be calculated but it does not include them in the national total.

Step 1

Estimating apparent fuel consumption

1 Apparent consumption is the basis for calculating the carbon supply for the country. To calculate apparent consumption (or total fuel supplied) for each fuel, the following data for primary fuels are entered:

Quantities are expressed in terms of the net calorific values (NCV) of the fuels concerned. NCV is sometimes referred to as the lower heating value (LHV). NCVs are approximately 95% of the gross calorific value (GCV) for liquid fossil, solid fossil and biomass fuels, and 90% of the GCV for natural gas. 2 Apparent consumption is calculated for each fuel using this formula: Apparent consumption = Production + Imports - Exports - International bunkers - stock Change The results are entered in Column F. Particular attention is given to the algebraic sign of “stock change” as it is entered in Column E. When more fuel is added to stock than is taken from it during the year there is a net stock build and the quantity is entered in Column E with a plus sign. In the converse case (a stock draw) the quantity is entered in Column E with a minus sign.

• Production (Column A) • Imports (Column B)

Step 2

• Exports (Column C)

Converting to a common energy unit (TJ)

• International bunkers (Column D) • Stock change (Column E) For secondary fuels and products, the only figures entered are: • Imports (Column B) • Exports (Column C)

1 The conversion factor used for each fuel is entered in Column G. 2 The Apparent consumption is multiplied by the relevant conversion factor (NCV or scaling factor) to give apparent consumption in terajoules. The result is entered in Column H.

• International bunkers (Column D)

TABLE 1 CONVERSION FACTORS

• Stock change (Column E) These allow the overall calculation to account for all consumption. Amounts of all fuels can be expressed in joules (J), megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), terajoules (TJ) or thousands of tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe). Solid or liquid fuels can be expressed as thousands of tonnes (kt) and dry natural gas can be expressed as teracalories (Tcal) or cubic metres (m3). NOTE: The figure for production of natural gas, used in Worksheet 1, does not include quantities of gas vented, flared or re-injected into the well.

Unit

Conversion factor

J, MJ or GJ

Number is divided by the appropriate factor, 1012, 106 or 103 respectively, to convert to TJ.

106 toe

Number is multiplied by the conversion factor, 41868 TJ/106 toe, to convert to TJ.

Tcal

Number is multiplied by the conversion factor, 4.1868 TJ/Tcal.

103 t

The net calorific value of each fuel is used (see Table 2).

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I.24 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

TABLE 3

TABLE 2

CARBON EMISSION FACTORS (CEF)

SELECTED NET CALORIFIC VALUES 3

Factors (TJ/10 tonnes) Refined petroleum products

Fuel

Carbon emission factor (t C/TJ)

LIQUID FOSSIL

Gasoline

44.80

Jet kerosene

44.59

Other kerosene

44.75

Shale oil

36.00

Gas/diesel oil

43.33

Residual fuel oil

40.19

LPG

47.31

Jet kerosene

19.5

Ethane

47.49

Other kerosene

19.6

Naphtha

45.01

Shale oil

20.0

Bitumen

40.19

Gas/diesel oil

20.2

Lubricants

40.19

Residual fuel oil

21.1

Petroleum coke

31.00

LPG

17.2

Refinery feedstocks

44.80

Ethane

Refinery gas

48.15

Naphtha

Other oil products

40.19

Bitumen

Other products Coal oils and tars derived from coking coals Oil shale

Crude oil

20.0

Orimulsion

22.0

Natural gas liquids

17.2

Secondary fuels/products Gasoline

Lubricants 28.00 9.40

Orimulsion

Primary fuels

27.50

NOTE: When converting from 103 t, for anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal and lignite, separate country specific net calorific values are used for production (Column A), imports (Column B), and exports (Column C). For these fuels, apparent consumption is calculated by converting production, imports, exports, and stock changes to TJ first. For international bunkers (Column D) and stock change (Column E), either a weighted average net calorific value or a factor appropriate to the dominant source of supply is used.

Petroleum coke

Multiplying by carbon emission factors

16.8 (20.0) (a) 22.0 (20.0) (a) 27.5

Refinery feedstocks

(20.0) (a)

Refinery gas

18.2 (b)

Other oil

(20.0) (a)

SOLID FOSSIL Primary fuels Anthracite

26.8

Coking coal

25.8

Other bituminous coal

25.8

Sub-bituminous coal

26.2

Lignite

27.6

Oil shale

29.1

Peat

28.9

Secondary fuels/products BKB & patent fuel Coke oven / gas coke

Step 3

18.9

(25.8) (a) 29.5

Coke oven gas

13.0 (b)

Blast furnace gas

66.0 (b)

GASEOUS FOSSIL

1 The carbon emission factor (CEF) used to convert apparent consumption into carbon content is entered in Column I. Table 3 shows the default values used in this publication.

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Natural gas (dry)

15.3

BIOMASS (c) Solid biomass

29.9

Liquid biomass

(20.0) (a)

Gas biomass

(30.6) (a)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.25

Notes to Table 3 (a) This value is a default value until a fuel specific CEF is determined. For gas biomass, the CEF is based on the assumption that 50% of the carbon in the biomass is converted to methane and 50% is emitted as CO2. The CO2 emissions from biogas should not be included in national inventories. If biogas is released and not combusted 50% of the carbon content should be included as methane. (b) For use in the sectoral calculations. (c) Emissions from the use of biomass for fuel are not shown in this publication.

2 The apparent consumption in TJ (in Column H) is multiplied by the carbon emission factor (in Column I) to give the carbon content in tonnes of C. The result is entered in Column J. 3 The carbon content in tonnes C is divided by 103 to give gigagrammes of carbon. The result is entered in Column K.

Step 4

Calculating carbon stored

1 Estimating fuel quantities Bitumen and lubricants Domestic production for bitumen and lubricants is added to the apparent consumption (shown in Column F of the main Worksheet 1) for these products and the sum is entered in Column A of Auxiliary Worksheet 1. Coal oils and tars For coking coal, the default assumption is that 6% of the carbon in coking coal consumed is converted to oils and tars. The apparent consumption for coking coal (from Worksheet 1, Column F) is multiplied by 0.06. Starting with the 2006 edition, the IEA has requested coal tar data on its annual coal questionnaire. In cases where this information has been provided, to be consistent with the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, 75% of the part reported as nonenergy was considered to be stored and the default 6% of coking coal was not applied. Natural gas, LPG, ethane, naphtha and gas/diesel oil The amount of these fuels used as a feedstock for non-energy purposes is entered in Column A.

2 Converting to TJ The appropriate conversion factors are inserted in Column B of Auxiliary Worksheet 1. The estimated fuel quantities (Column A) are multiplied by the relevant conversion factor to give the estimated fuel quantities in TJ. The result is entered in Column C. 3 Calculating carbon content The estimated fuel quantities in TJ (Column C of Auxiliary Worksheet 1) are multiplied by the emission factor in tonnes of carbon per terajoule (Column D) to give the carbon content in tonnes of C (Column E). The figures are divided by 103 to express the amount as gigagrammes of carbon. The results are entered in Column F. 4 Calculating actual carbon stored The carbon content (Column F of Auxiliary Worksheet 1) is multiplied by the fraction of carbon stored (Column G) to give the carbon stored. The result is entered in Column H. When Auxiliary Worksheet 1 is completed 5 The values for carbon stored for the relevant fuels/ products are entered in Column L of the main Worksheet 1. 6 The values for carbon stored (Column L) are subtracted from carbon content (Column K) to give net carbon emissions. The results are entered in Column M.

Step 5

Correcting for carbon unoxidised

1 The values for fraction of carbon oxidised are entered in Column N of Worksheet 1. Table 4 provides information on typical values measured from various facilities and suggests global default values for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. 2 Net carbon emissions (Column M) are multiplied by the fraction of carbon oxidised (Column N) and the results are entered in Column O, actual carbon emissions. TABLE 4 FRACTION OF CARBON OXIDISED Coal1

0.98

Oil and oil products

0.99

Gas

0.995

Peat for electricity generation2

0.99

1 This figure is a global average but varies for different types of coal, and can be as low as 0.91. 2 The fraction for peat used in households may be much lower.

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I.26 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Step 6

Converting to CO2 emissions

1 Actual carbon emissions (Column O) are multiplied by 44/12 (which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C) to find total carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from fuel combustion. The results are entered in Column P. 2 The sum is total national emissions of carbon dioxide from fuel combustion. These are the numbers shown for total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in this publication.

Sectoral Approach Introduction A sectoral breakdown of national CO2 emissions using the defined IPCC Source/Sink Categories is needed for monitoring and abatement policy discussions. The IPCC Reference Approach provides a rapid estimate of the total CO2 emissions from fuels supplied to the country but it does not break down the emissions by sector. The more detailed calculations used for the Sectoral Approach are essentially similar in content to those used for the Reference Approach.

Completing Worksheet 2 This section is from the Workbook of the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and provides step-by-step instructions for calculating emissions by fuels for each of the main source categories using the IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach. A sample sheet of Worksheet 2 can be consulted at the end of this chapter.

Step 1

Estimating sectoral fuel consumption

The amount of each fuel consumed by sector is entered in Column A. Energy and transformation sector Special care needs to be taken when considering the fuel use of the energy and transformation sector so that double counting is avoided. Fuel use in the energy and transformation sector can be divided into three groups:

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Transformation sector 1 Fuels transformed into secondary fuels by physical or chemical processes not involving combustion (e.g. crude oil to petroleum products in refineries, coal to coke and coke oven gas in coke ovens); 2 Fuels combusted to generate electricity and/or heat (excluding fuels used for autoproduction of electricity and heat, which are reported in the sector where they are used); Energy sector 3 Fuels combusted by the energy (energy extraction and transformation) industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes (e.g. refinery gas for heating distillation columns, use of colliery methane at mines for heating purposes). In this worksheet, only fuel use by Groups 2 and 3 (fuels that are combusted) is included. However, see Step 4 for the reporting of lubricants used by the energy industries. For emissions resulting from fuel use by Group 1, no worksheets are available. They should be reported under the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1B: Fugitive emissions from fuels. It is most important that this distinction be appreciated. The quantities of primary fuels reported in Column A will understate the quantities used for Group 1 activities. The reported quantities cover only the combustion needs of these industries.

Step 2

Converting to a common energy unit (TJ)

1 The conversion factor (NCV or scaling factor) to convert to terajoules is entered in Column B. 2 The consumption is multiplied by the relevant conversion factor to give consumption in terajoules. The result is entered in Column C.

Step 3

Multiplying by carbon emission factors

1 The carbon emission factor used to convert consumption into carbon content is entered in Column D. 2 The consumption in TJ (in Column C) is multiplied by the carbon emission factor (in Column D) to give the carbon content in tonnes of carbon. The result is entered in Column E.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.27

3 The carbon content in tonnes of carbon is divided by 103 to be expressed as gigagrammes of carbon. The result is entered in Column F.

Step 4

Calculating carbon stored

For the calculation of carbon stored, fuels are distinguished into four groups: • Fuels used as feedstocks, such as naphtha, natural gas, gas/diesel oil, LPG or ethane; • Lubricants; • Bitumen and coal tars; • Fuels for which no carbon is stored. Fuels used as feedstocks, such as naphtha, natural gas, gas/diesel oil, LPG or ethane: This subsection on feedstocks applies only to the industry source category. 1 Estimating fuel quantities The amount of fuel used as a feedstock for nonenergy purposes is entered in Column A of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. 2 Converting to TJ The appropriate conversion factor is inserted in Column B. Feedstock use (Column A) is multiplied by the relevant conversion factor to give the feedstock use in TJ. The result is entered in Column C of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. 3 Calculating carbon content The feedstock use in TJ (Column C) is multiplied by the emission factor in tonnes of carbon per terajoule (Column D) to give the carbon content in tonnes C (Column E). The figures are divided by 103 to express the amount as gigagrammes of carbon. The results are entered in Column F of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. 4 Calculating actual carbon stored The carbon content (Column F) is multiplied by the fraction of carbon stored (Column G) to give the carbon stored. The result is entered in Column H of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. After completion of Auxiliary Worksheet 2 5 The amount of carbon stored for the relevant fuel/ product is entered in Column H of Worksheet 2 for the industry source category. 6 The amount of carbon stored (Column H) is subtracted from the carbon content (Column F) to give net carbon emissions. The results are entered in Column I.

Lubricants: It has been estimated that during the first use, recycling and final disappearance of lubricants, approximately half of the production is oxidised as CO2. 1 For each sector where lubricants are used, the fraction of carbon stored for lubricants is entered in Column G. The default value of 0.5 is used for this publication. 2 The carbon content (Column F) is multiplied by the fraction of carbon stored (Column G) to obtain the amount of carbon stored. The result is entered in Column H. 3 The amount of carbon stored (Column H) is subtracted from the carbon content (Column F) to obtain the net carbon emissions. The result is entered in Column I. Bitumen and coal tars: Bitumen and coal tars are usually not combusted but used in a manner that stores almost all of the carbon. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from the use of bitumen for road paving are estimated in the industrial processes chapter. Fuels for which no carbon is stored: Step 4 is skipped and the values from Column F are entered in Column I before continuing with Step 5.

Step 5

Correcting for carbon unoxidised

1 Values for fraction of carbon oxidised are entered in Column J of Worksheet 2. Table 4 provides information on typical values measured from coal facilities and suggests global default values for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. 2 Net carbon emissions (Column I) are multiplied by fraction of carbon oxidised (Column J) and the results are entered in Column K, actual carbon emissions.

Step 6

Converting to CO2 emissions

1 Actual carbon emissions (Column K) are multiplied by 44/12 (which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C) to find actual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results are entered in Column L and correspond to the sectoral emissions included in the present publication.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.28 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

1 OF 5 STEP 1 A

B

C

D

E

F

Production

Imports

Exports

International Bunkers

Stock Change

Apparent Consumption

FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite(a) Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal Sub-Bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat

Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) If anthracite is not separately available, include with other bituminous coal.

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F=(A+B -C-D-E)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.29

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

2 OF 5 STEP 2 H

Conversion Factor (TJ/Unit)

Apparent Consumption (TJ)

Carbon Carbon Content Carbon Content Emission Factor (t C/TJ) (t C) (Gg C)

H=(FxG)

J=(HxI)

FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil

Primary Fuels

STEP 3

G(a)

I

J

K

K=(Jx10-3)

Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite(b) Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal Sub-Bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat

Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) Please specify units. (b) If anthracite is not separately available, include with other bituminous coal.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.30 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

3 OF 5 STEP 4

STEP 5 M

N

O

P

Carbon Stored

Net Carbon Emissions

Fraction of Carbon Oxidised

Actual Carbon Emissions

Actual CO2 Emissions

(Gg C)

(Gg CO2)

O=(MxN)

P=(Ox[44/12])

(Gg C)

(Gg C) M=(K-L)

FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels

Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil

Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite(a) Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal Sub-Bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat

Secondary Fuels

BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke

Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) If anthracite is not separately available, include with other bituminous coal.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

STEP 6

L

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.31

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

4 OF 5 EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS (INTERNATIONAL MARINE AND AIR TRANSPORT) STEP 1

STEP 2

A

B

C

D

E

F

Quantities Delivered(a)

Conversion Factor (TJ/unit)

Quantities Delivered (TJ)

Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ)

Carbon Content (t C)

Carbon Content (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

C=(AxB)

FUEL TYPES Solid Fossil

STEP 3

Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal

Liquid Fossil

Gasoline Jet Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Lubricants Total

(a) Enter the quantities from Worksheet 1, Sheet 1, Column D: “International Bunkers”.

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

5 OF 5 EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS (INTERNATIONAL MARINE AND AIR TRANSPORT) STEP 4

Liquid Fossil

Other Bituminous Coal

G

H

I

J

K

L

Carbon Stored (Gg C)

Net Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Fraction of Carbon Oxidised

Actual Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Actual CO2 Emissions (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(Kx44/12)

0

0

Sub-Bituminous Coal

0

0

Gasoline

0

0

Jet Kerosene

0

0

Gas/Diesel Oil

0

0

Residual Fuel Oil

0

0

Lubricants

STEP 6

Fraction of Carbon Stored FUEL TYPES Solid Fossil

STEP 5

0.5 Total(a)

(a) The bunker emissions are not to be added to national totals.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.32 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY

WORKSHEET

AUXILIARY WORKSHEET 1: ESTIMATING CARBON STORED IN PRODUCTS

SHEET

1 OF 1 A

B

Estimated Fuel Quantities

Conversion Factor (TJ/Units)

FUEL TYPES

C

D

Estimated Fuel Carbon Quantities Emission Factor (TJ) (t C/TJ)

C=(AxB)

E

F

Carbon Content (t C)

Carbon Content (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

G

H=(FxG)

Naphtha(a)

0.80

Lubricants

0.50

Bitumen

1.0

Coal Oils and Tars (from Coking Coal)

0.75

Natural Gas(a)

0.33

Gas/Diesel Oil(a)

0.50

LPG(a)

0.80

Ethane(a)

0.80

Other fuels(b)

(a) Enter these fuels when they are used as feedstocks. (b) Use the other fuels rows to enter any other products in which carbon may be stored.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

H

Fraction of Carbon Stored Carbon (Gg C) Stored

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.33

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (TIER I SECTORAL APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONS

SHEET

SAMPLE SHEET - FILLED OUT FOR EACH SECTOR

STEP 1 Energy Industries

STEP 2

STEP 3

A

B

C

D

E

F

Consumption

Conversion Factor (TJ/unit)

Consumption (TJ)

Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ)

Carbon Content (t C)

Carbon Content (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

specific fuels listed for each sector (a)

C=(AxB)

Total Memo items: Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) Certain sectors have specific calculations for some products. See the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for further details.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.34 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (TIER I SECTORAL APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONS

SHEET

SAMPLE SHEET - FILLED OUT FOR EACH SECTOR

STEP 4 Energy Industries

STEP 5

STEP 6

G

H

I

J

K

L

Fraction of Carbon Stored

Carbon Stored (Gg C)

Net Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Fraction of Carbon Oxidised

Actual Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Actual CO2 Emissions (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(K x [44/12])

specific fuels listed for each sector (a)

Total Memo items: Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) Certain sectors have specific calculations for some products. See the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for further details.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.35

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION BY (TIER I SECTORAL APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

AUXILIARY WORKSHEET 2: ESTIMATING CARBON STORED IN PRODUCTS

SHEET

FUEL TYPES

1 A

B

Feedstock Use

Conversion Factor (TJ/Units)

C

D

Feedstock Use Carbon (TJ) Emission Factor (t C/TJ)

C=(AxB)

E

F

G

H

Carbon Content (t C)

Carbon Content (Gg C)

Fraction of Carbon Stored

Carbon Stored(a)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

(Gg C) H=(FxG)

Gas/Diesel Oil

0.5

LPG

0.8

Ethane

0.8

Naphtha

0.8

Natural Gas

0.33

Other Fuels(b)

(a) Enter the result of this calculation in Worksheet 2 Step by Step Calculation, in the manufacturing industries and construction sector. (b) Please specify.

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I.36 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Key sources In May 2000, the IPCC Plenary, at its 16th session held in Montreal, accepted the report on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories13. The report provides good practice guidance to assist countries in producing inventories that are neither over nor underestimates so far as can be judged, and in which uncertainties are reduced as far as practicable. It supports the development of inventories that are transparent, documented, consistent over time, complete, comparable, assessed for uncertainties, subject to quality control and quality assurance, and efficient in the use of resources. The report does not revise or replace the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, but provides a reference that complements and is consistent with those guidelines. Methodological choice for individual source categories is important in managing overall inventory uncertainty. Generally, inventory uncertainty is lower when emissions are estimated using the most rigorous methods, but due to finite resources, this may not be feasible for every source category. To make the most efficient use of available resources, it is good practice to identify those source categories that have the greatest contribution to overall inventory uncertainty. By identifying these key source categories in the national inventory, inventory agencies can prioritise their efforts and improve their overall estimates. Such a process will lead to improved inventory quality, as well as greater confidence in the resulting emissions estimates. It is good practice for each inventory agency to identify its national key source categories in a systematic and objective manner.

in terms of their contribution to the absolute level of national emissions. For those inventory agencies that have prepared a time series, the quantitative determination of key source categories should include evaluation of both the absolute level and the trend in emissions. Evaluating only the influence of a source category on the overall level of emissions provides limited information about why the source category is key. Some key source categories may not be identified if the influence of their trend is not taken into account. The Good Practice Guidance describes both a basic Tier 1 approach and a Tier 2 approach. The basic difference between the two approaches is that the Tier 2 approach accounts for uncertainty. In each country’s national inventory, certain source categories are particularly significant in terms of their contribution to the overall uncertainty of the inventory. It is important to identify these key source categories so that the resources available for inventory preparation may be prioritised and the best possible estimates prepared for the most significant source categories. The results of the key source category determination will be most useful if the analysis is done at the appropriate level of detail. The Good Practice Guidance suggests at which levels of details the various IPCC Source Categories should be analysed. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels is a large emission source category that can be broken down into subsource categories, and even to the level of individual plants or boilers. The following guidance describes good practice in determining the appropriate level of analysis to identify key source categories:

Any inventory agency that has prepared an emissions inventory will be able to identify key source categories

• The analysis should be performed at the level of IPCC source categories (i.e. at the level at which the IPCC methods are described). The analysis should be performed using CO2-equivalent emissions calculated using the global warming potentials (GWPs) specified for the preparation of national greenhouse gas inventories by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part I: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories (UNFCCC Guidelines).

13. The report on IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is available from the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

• Each greenhouse gas emitted from a single source category should be considered separately, unless there are specific methodological reasons for treating gases collectively. For example, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are

A key source category is one that is prioritised within the national inventory system because its estimate has a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of direct greenhouse gases in terms of the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both.

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emitted from mobile sources. The key source category evaluation should be performed for each of these gases separately because methods, emission factors and related uncertainties differ for each gas. In contrast, a collective evaluation of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) may be appropriate for some source categories, such as emissions from substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS substitutes). • Source categories that use the same emission factors based on common assumptions should be aggregated before analysis. This approach can also help deal with cross-correlations between source categories in the uncertainty analysis. The same pattern of aggregation should be used both to quantify uncertainties and to identify key source categories unless the associated activity data uncertainties are very different.

Quantitative approaches to identify key source categories It is good practice for each inventory agency to identify its national key source categories in a systematic and objective manner, by performing a quantitative analysis of the relationships between the level and the trend of each source category’s emissions and total national emissions. Any inventory agency that has developed an emissions inventory will be able to perform the Tier 1 Level Assessment and identify the source categories whose level has a significant effect on total national emissions. Those inventory agencies that have developed emissions inventories for more than one year will also be able to perform the Tier 1 Trend Assessment and identify sources that are key because of their contribution to the total trend of national emissions. Both assessments are described in detail in the Good Practice Guidance. For CO2 emissions from stationary combustion, the Good Practice Guidance suggests that the emissions be disaggregated to the level where emission factors are distinguished. In most inventories, this will be the main fuel types. If emission factors are determined independently for some sub-source categories, these should be distinguished in the analysis. When using the Tier 1 approach, key source categories are identified using a pre-determined cumulative emissions threshold. The pre-determined threshold is

based on an evaluation of several inventories, and is aimed at establishing a general level where 90% of inventory uncertainty will be covered by key source categories. The Tier 1 method to identify key source categories of the national emissions inventory assesses the impacts of various source categories on the level and, if possible, on the trend. When national inventory estimates are available for several years, it is good practice to assess the contribution of each source category to both the level and trend of the national inventory. If only a single year’s inventory is available, only a Level Assessment can be performed. For the Tier 1 Level Assessment, the contribution of each source category to the total national inventory level is calculated according to Equation 1: EQUATION 1 Source Category Level Assessment = Source Category Estimate / Total Estimate Lx,t = Ex,t / Et

Where: Lx,t is the Level Assessment for source x in year t Source category estimate (Ex,t) is the emission estimate of source category x in year t Total estimate (Et) is the total inventory estimate in year t The value of the source category Level Assessment should be calculated separately for each source category, and the cumulative sum of all the entries is calculated. Key source categories are those that, when summed together in descending order of magnitude, add up to over 95% of the total. Any source category that meets the 95% threshold in any year should be identified as a key source category. The Tier 1 Trend Assessment calculates the contribution of each source category trend to the trend in the total national inventory. This assessment will identify source categories that have a different trend to the trend of the overall inventory. As differences in trend are more significant to the overall inventory level for larger source categories, the result of the trend difference (i.e. the source category trend minus total trend)

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is multiplied by the result of the level assessment (Lx,t from Equation 1) to provide appropriate weighting. Thus, key source categories will be those where the source category trend diverges significantly from the total trend, weighted by the emission level of the source category. If nationally derived source-level uncertainties are available, inventory agencies can use Tier 2 to identify

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key source categories. The Tier 2 approach is a more detailed analysis that builds on the Tier 1 approach, and it is likely to reduce the number of key source categories. Under Tier 2, the results of the Tier 1 analysis are multiplied by the relative uncertainty of each source category. In this case, the pre-determined threshold applies to the cumulative uncertainty and not to the cumulative emissions. Key source categories are those that together represent 90% of total uncertainty.

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1. ESTIMATION DES EMISSIONS DE L’AIE Les estimations des émissions de CO2 imputables à la combustion d’énergie qui figurent dans la présente publication sont calculées en utilisant les données énergétiques de l’AIE1 ainsi que les méthodes et les coefficients d’émission par défaut tirés des Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996, GIEC/ OCDE/AIE Paris, 1997 (Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC). Bien que le GIEC ait adopté les Lignes directrices de 2006 lors de sa 25ème session en avril 2006 à l'Ile Maurice, de nombreux pays (ainsi que l'AIE) utilisent encore les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC pour calculer leurs inventaires. Le Secrétariat de l’AIE réexamine ses bases de données sur l’énergie chaque année. A la lumière des nouvelles évaluations, d’importantes révisions peuvent être apportées aux séries chronologiques des pays. En conséquence, certaines données de la présente publication ont été révisées par rapport aux éditions précédentes. Cette année, des changements concernant les pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs relatifs au charbon et aux produits pétroliers ont des conséquences sur les estimations des émissions pour toute la série temporelle, y compris l'année de référence. Toutes les informations sur ces modifications sont disponibles dans la publication Bilans énergétiques des pays de l'OCDE.

1. Publiées dans les Statistiques de l’énergie des pays de l’OCDE, les Bilans énergétiques des pays de l’OCDE, les Statistiques énergétiques des pays non-membres et les Bilans énergétiques des pays nonmembres, AIE/OCDE Paris, 2008.

Jusqu’à cette année, les données sur les produits pétroliers étaient converties en appliquant, pour tous les pays, le même ensemble d’unités de pouvoir calorifique inférieur. Cette année, l’AIE a décidé d’utiliser des facteurs de conversion spécifiques à chaque région (conjointement avec Eurostat pour les pays européens) pour les produits pétroliers. Dans les années antérieures, les quantités de charbon consommées dans les centrales ayant comme activité principale la production d’électricité, les centrales de cogénération et les centrales exclusivement calogènes étaient converties en unités énergétiques en appliquant une moyenne du pouvoir calorifique inférieur tirée du questionnaire annuel sur le charbon. La conversion des quantités de charbon consommées dans les installations des autoproducteurs était effectuée en utilisant la même valeur que pour l’industrie. A partir de cette année, pour chaque type d’installation (centrales électriques, de cogénération et calogènes, autoproductrices ou dont c’est l’activité principale), la consommation de charbon est convertie en unités énergétiques à l’aide d’un coefficient moyen calculé sur la base du questionnaire annuel sur l’électricité.

Qualité des inventaires Conformément aux Lignes directrices du GIEC, les Parties à la CCNUCC doivent préparer et mettre à jour périodiquement des inventaires nationaux précis, exhaustifs, comparables et transparents. La qualité des inventaires est un aspect important depuis que les pays ont commencé à mettre en application les engagements juridiquement contraignants.

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Pour évaluer la qualité des inventaires, on peut notamment effectuer des comparaisons entre inventaires, méthodologies et données d’entrée. Les Lignes directrices du GIEC recommandent aux pays qui ont utilisé une méthode sectorielle détaillée pour comptabiliser les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie de recourir également à la méthode de référence à des fins de vérification. Cette démarche permet d’identifier les domaines dans lesquels les émissions risquent de ne pas avoir été comptabilisées intégralement (voir chapitre 5, Méthodologies GIEC).

Méthode de référence et méthode sectorielle La méthode de référence et la méthode sectorielle donnent souvent des résultats différents car la première est une approche « top-down » utilisant les données sur l’approvisionnement énergétique d’un pays alors que la seconde utilise des données détaillées sur l’emploi des différents combustibles dans chaque secteur. Les estimations des émissions de CO2 fournies par les deux méthodes peuvent être comparées. Théoriquement, les chiffres de la méthode de référence sont supérieurs à ceux de la méthode sectorielle « 1A Combustion » car une partie du carbone contenu dans le combustible n’est pas brûlée mais est considérée comme émission fugace (en tant que fuite ou évaporation lors du processus de production et/ou de transformation). Le calcul des inventaires des émissions de CO2 avec les deux méthodes peut donner des résultats différents, comme on le constate pour certains pays. D’une manière générale, l’écart entre les résultats obtenus en appliquant les deux méthodes est relativement faible (5% ou moins) par rapport aux flux totaux de carbone concernés. Lorsque 1) les émissions fugaces sont proportionnelles aux flux massiques entrant dans les processus de transformation, 2) que les variations de stocks au niveau du consommateur final ne sont pas significatives et 3) que les écarts statistiques des données énergétiques sont faibles, on devrait obtenir, avec la méthode de référence et la méthode sectorielle, des évaluations similaires des tendances des émissions de CO2. Des divergences importantes dans les données et/ou les déviations dans les séries chronologiques peuvent s’expliquer par plusieurs raisons, notamment :

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Des écarts statistiques importants entre les approvisionnements énergétiques et la demande d’énergie dans les données énergétiques de référence. Les écarts statistiques proviennent de la collecte des données en différents points du flux de combustible allant de l’approvisionnement aux diverses transformations et utilisations. Ils font partie intégrante d’un bilan énergétique. Il convient alors de rechercher la raison de l’existence de toutes valeurs aléatoires élevées, mais aussi de valeurs plus petites montrant systématiquement un excès d’approvisionnement par rapport à la demande (ou vice-versa). Des déséquilibres significatifs entre la masse des produits destinés à être raffinés (pétrole brut et autres produits d’alimentation des raffineries) et la masse des produits raffinés. L’utilisation de pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs et de contenus en carbone agrégés pour les produits primaires qui sont transformés et non brûlés. Par exemple, il peut apparaître qu’il n’y a pas de conservation de l’énergie ou du carbone en fonction des pouvoirs calorifiques et/ou des contenus en carbone du pétrole brut entrant dans les raffineries et du mélange de produits sortant des raffineries pour une certaine année. Il peut se produire avec la méthode de référence une surestimation ou une sous-estimation des émissions qui y sont associées. L’affectation des quantités de combustibles utilisées dans le secteur de la transformation (à l’exclusion de la production de chaleur et d’électricité) ou dans le secteur énergie. Lorsque l’on rapproche la méthode de référence et la méthode sectorielle, il est important de s’assurer que les quantités reportées dans les secteurs transformation et énergie (par exemple pour les cokeries) reflètent correctement les quantités transformées et les quantités utilisées pour la consommation propre. Il convient de noter que les quantités de combustibles transformés en produits dérivés doivent avoir été reportées dans le secteur transformation du bilan énergétique ; si des produits dérivés sont utilisés pour alimenter le processus de transformation, ces derniers doivent être reportés dans le secteur énergie du bilan énergétique. Dans la méthode sectorielle, les entrants du secteur transformation ne doivent pas être inclus dans les données sur les activités énergétiques utilisées pour estimer les émissions. Des informations manquantes sur certains produits issus de la transformation. Les émissions issues de la combustion de produits secondaires fabriqués dans des processus intégrés (par exemple le gaz de cokerie)

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peuvent être négligées dans la méthode sectorielle de type 1 si les données sont de mauvaise qualité ou non disponibles. L’utilisation de combustibles secondaires (produits issus du processus de transformation) doit être prise en compte dans la méthode sectorielle. Si ce n’est pas le cas, la méthode sectorielle sous-estimera les émissions. Des simplifications dans l’approche de référence. De petites quantités de carbone doivent être incluses dans la méthode de référence car leurs émissions sont classées comme combustion. Ces quantités ont été exclues quand les flux sont trop petits ou quand les données correspondantes ne sont pas disponibles. Des exemples de quantités non prises en compte dans la méthode de référence incluent les lubrifiants utilisés dans les moteurs à deux temps, le gaz de hautfourneau et les autres gaz dérivés qui sont brûlés dans un autre secteur que celui où ils ont été produits, et la combustion de produits paraffinés dans des incinérateurs avec récupération de chaleur. D’un autre côté, des flux de carbone doivent être exclus de la méthode de référence, mais pour des raisons similaires à celles mentionnées ci-dessus, il n’est pas possible de les exclure sans compliquer exagérément les calculs. Ces flux comprennent les injections de charbon et autres hydrocarbures dans les hauts-fourneaux ainsi que le coke utilisé comme réducteur lors de la fabrication de produits chimiques inorganiques. Les effets de ces simplifications se retrouveront dans la différence entre la méthode de référence et la méthode sectorielle, et si les données sont disponibles, ces différences pourront être quantifiées. Des informations manquantes sur les variations de stocks au niveau du consommateur final. L’importance des données sur les stocks détenus par les consommateurs dépend de l’approche retenue dans la méthode sectorielle. Si l’on utilise des données sur les livraisons (ceci est souvent le cas), les variations des stocks détenus par les consommateurs n’ont pas d’importance. Si au contraire la méthode sectorielle utilise la consommation réelle des combustibles, il peut alors se produire avec la méthode de référence une surestimation ou une sous-estimation des émissions qui y sont associées. Des pertes de distribution élevées ou une consommation non reportée de gaz naturel risquent d’entraîner une surestimation de la méthode de référence ou une sous-estimation des émissions calculées à l’aide de la méthode sectorielle.

Le traitement des transferts et les reclassements de produits énergétiques peuvent entraîner une différence dans l’estimation de la méthode sectorielle étant donné que différents pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs et facteurs d’émissions sont utilisés en fonction de la classification choisie pour le combustible.

Ecarts par rapport aux communications destinées à la CCNUCC Il est possible également de se servir des estimations des émissions de CO2 établies par l’AIE pour les comparer aux inventaires de gaz à effet de serre adressés au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC, ce qui peut faire ressortir des problèmes concernant les méthodes, les données d’entrée ou les coefficients d’émission. Il faudrait toutefois interpréter avec prudence les résultats des comparaisons quelles qu’elles soient, car les estimations de l’AIE risquent, pour plusieurs raisons, de différer des chiffres indiqués dans les communications nationales officielles. Une comparaison récente entre les estimations de l’AIE et les inventaires soumis à la CCNUCC a révélé que, pour la plupart des pays de l’Annexe II, l’écart entre les deux calculs ne dépassait pas 5%. Pour certains pays EET et certains pays non visés par l’Annexe I, les écarts entre les estimations de l’AIE et les inventaires nationaux sont plus grands. Dans certains de ces pays, les données énergétiques fondamentales étaient différentes ; il y a donc lieu de penser que des travaux plus poussés doivent être réalisés sur la collecte et publication des statistiques de l’énergie. Certains pays (figurant ou non à l’Annexe I) ont incorrectement défini les soutes, considérant qu’il s’agissait du carburant utilisé à l’étranger par les navires et avions de leurs flottes nationales. En outre, d’autres pays ont fait des erreurs de calcul de l’oxydation du carbone, ou ont inclus dans leurs totaux les soutes internationales. Etant donné que tout ce qui précède influe sur les totaux nationaux des émissions de CO2 imputables à la combustion d’énergie, une comparaison systématique avec les estimations de l’AIE permettrait aux pays de vérifier leurs calculs et de produire des inventaires se prêtant davantage aux comparaisons internationales.

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De surcroît, les erreurs sur les données énergétiques et les coefficients d’émission sont probablement plus systématiques qu’aléatoires. De ce fait, les tendances des émissions seront généralement plus fiables que les niveaux absolus de ces émissions. En comparant les tendances qui se dégagent des estimations de l’AIE aux tendances des émissions reportées à la CCNUCC, on devrait pouvoir identifier des problèmes de définition ou des changements dans les calculs qui n’apparaissaient pas dans l’année de référence. Pour de nombreuses raisons, il se peut que les estimations de l’AIE diffèrent des chiffres qu’un pays communique à la CCNUCC, même si celui-ci a rendu compte de la totalité de sa consommation d’énergie et appliqué correctement les Lignes directrices du GIEC. On n’a pas encore chiffré l’impact de ces différences. Dans la plupart des cas, ce sont des écarts relativement faibles. Certaines des causes de ces différences sont les suivantes : • L’AIE utilise une méthode du niveau 1. L’AIE utilise une méthode de niveau 1 avec une approche sectorielle suivant les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. Les pays peuvent utiliser une méthode de niveau 2 ou 3 qui prenne en compte des technologies différentes. • L’AIE utilise les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. L'AIE utilise toujours les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. Cependant, quelques pays peuvent déjà avoir commencé à utiliser celles de 2006. • Les données sur les activités énergétiques sont extraites des bilans énergétiques de l’AIE et peuvent différer de celles utilisées pour les calculs destinés à la CCNUCC. Les pays disposent fréquemment de plusieurs sources « officielles » de données, par exemple un ministère, un bureau central de statistiques, une entreprise d’électricité nationalisée, etc. Les données peuvent aussi être recueillies en s’adressant aux fournisseurs et aux consommateurs d’énergie, ou en puisant dans les statistiques douanières. L’AIE s’efforce de rassembler les données les plus exactes, mais elle n’a pas toujours accès à la série complète de données dont peuvent disposer les experts nationaux chargés de calculer les inventaires des émissions pour la CCNUCC. Outre le fait que les données émanent de différentes sources, les organismes nationaux qui communiquent des données à l’AIE et à la CCNUCC emploient leur

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propre méthodologie (par exemple, enquêtes de caractère général, enquêtes spécifiques, questionnaires, estimations, méthodes associées) et les données utilisées dans les statistiques nationales ne sont pas classées suivant les mêmes critères ; ces données sont ensuite soumises à une nouvelle classification selon des normes internationales : cela explique les éventuelles différences entre les données communiquées à l’AIE et à la CCNUCC. • L’AIE utilise les pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs moyens. L’AIE applique à chacun des produits pétroliers secondaires un pouvoir calorifique inférieur (PCI) moyen. Ces PCI sont différenciés par région et constants au fil du temps. Des PCI propres aux différents pays qui peuvent varier dans le temps sont utilisés pour les LGN, les produits d’alimentation des raffineries et les additifs. Les PCI du pétrole brut sont subdivisés en production, importations, exportations et moyenne. Les différents types de charbon ont des PCI spécifiques pour la production, les importations, les exportations et les apports dans les centrales électriques publiques, de même que le charbon utilisé dans les fours à coke, les hauts fourneaux et l’industrie, lesquels peuvent varier dans la durée et par pays. Les experts nationaux ont parfois la possibilité de procéder à des calculs beaucoup plus détaillés des pouvoirs calorifiques des combustibles, ce qui peut donner des valeurs différentes de celles de l’AIE. • L’AIE utilise des coefficients d’émission moyens. L’AIE utilise les coefficients d’émission par défaut qui sont indiqués dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. Les experts nationaux peuvent disposer d’informations plus précises. • L’AIE ne dispose pas d’informations détaillées pour le calcul du carbone stocké. L’AIE n’a pas accès à des données complètes sur les utilisations non énergétiques des combustibles. La quantité de carbone stocké est estimée à partir des valeurs données par défaut dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. S’agissant des « autres produits », pour calculer le carbone stocké, l’AIE table sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle 100 pour cent du carbone contenu dans les kérosènes, le white spirit et le coke de pétrole figurant à la rubrique des utilisations non énergétiques du bilan énergétique sont également stockés. Les experts nationaux qui calculent les

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.43

inventaires peuvent être à même de procéder de façon beaucoup plus détaillée. • L’AIE ne peut pas imputer les émissions produites par les autoproducteurs aux différents secteurs d’utilisation finale. Dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, il est recommandé de comptabiliser les émissions dues à l’autoproduction avec les émissions attribuables à l’utilisation d’autres combustibles par les consommateurs finaux. Dans le même temps, les émissions résultant de l’autoproduction de chaleur et d’électricité devraient être exclues de la catégorie de source « Transformation de l’énergie » afin d’éviter une double comptabilisation. L’AIE n’est pas en mesure de répartir entre l’industrie et les « autres secteurs » la consommation de combustibles des autoproducteurs. Par conséquent, la présente publication prévoit une ligne dénommée « Autoproducteurs non spécifiés ». Toutefois, le total des émissions au niveau national ne devrait pas s’en trouver modifié. • Les émissions imputables à la consommation à des fins militaires peuvent faire l’objet d’un traitement différent. Dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, les émissions liées à la consommation à des fins militaires devraient être indiquées dans la catégorie 1 A 5 de sources et puits, Autres (non spécifié ailleurs). Avant l’année dernière, les questionnaires de l’AIE demandaient que la consommation des navires de guerre soit prise en compte dans la rubrique des soutes maritimes internationales et que la consommation de carburants dans l’aviation à des fins militaires soit comptabilisée dans la rubrique du transport aérien intérieur. Toutes les autres consommations à des fins militaires devaient être indiquées dans la rubrique autres secteurs non spécifiés. A la réunion du Groupe de travail AIE/EUROSTAT/ CEE-ONU (Paris, novembre 2004) sur les statistiques de l’énergie, les participants ont décidé d’harmoniser les définitions employées pour la collecte de données sur l’énergie dans les questionnaires communs AIE/ EUROSTAT/CEE-ONU avec celles qu’applique le GIEC pour communiquer les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre. En conséquence, à partir de l’édition 2006 de cette publication, toute la consommation liée aux activités militaires devrait être comptabilisée dans les Autres secteurs non spécifiés. La répartition entre navigation internationale et navigation intérieure n’obéit plus au critère qui distingue navigation en haute mer et navigation côtière. Pour de plus amples renseignements sur les changements, veuillez consulter

le compte rendu de la réunion du Groupe de travail (Energy Statistics Working Group) sur notre site Web : http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/questionnaire/ index.asp. Cependant, on ne sait pas si les pays ont indiqué les données sur la nouvelle base, et si oui, s'ils pourront mettre à jour leurs données historiques. L’AIE a toutefois constaté, dans la pratique, que la plupart des pays considèrent qu’il s’agit de données confidentielles et, par conséquent, soit ils les regroupent avec d’autres informations, soit ils s’abstiennent de les communiquer. • Les estimations de l’AIE tiennent compte des émissions liées à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux. Il est possible que des pays aient inclus ces émissions dans la catégorie « Procédés industriels » du GIEC. Les inventaires nationaux des émissions de gaz à effet de serre communiqués à la CCNUCC répartissent ces émissions par catégories de sources. Deux de ces catégories de sources/puits s’intitulent « Energie » et « Procédés industriels ». En appliquant la méthode de référence du GIEC, on estime les émissions nationales dues à la combustion d’énergie sur la base des approvisionnements énergétiques d’un pays, ce qui sousentend que les émissions dues à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux sont comptabilisées dans le secteur de l’énergie. Cependant, si l’on procède à des calculs sectoriels détaillés, il est possible de distinguer certains procédés non énergétiques. Lors de la réduction du fer dans un haut fourneau par combustion de coke, l’oxydation du coke a pour principal objectif de produire de la fonte brute et les émissions correspondantes peuvent être considérées comme imputables à un procédé industriel. Il faut veiller alors à ne pas compter en double ces émissions dans les catégories « Energie » et « Procédés industriels ». Les estimations des émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie qui figurent dans la présente publication comprennent les émissions associées à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux. • Les unités peuvent être différentes. Dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC aussi bien que dans les CCNUCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories, il est demandé que les émissions de CO2 soient indiquées en Gg de CO2. Un million de tonnes de CO2 étant égal à 1 000 Gg de CO2, pour comparer les chiffres de la présente publication avec les données des inventaires nationaux exprimées en Gg, il faut multiplier par 1 000 les émissions calculées par l’AIE.

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Sources principales En mai 2000, la Session plénière du GIEC a accepté le rapport intitulé Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre), qui indique les bonnes pratiques pour aider les pays à définir leurs catégories de sources principales. En identifiant ces sources principales dans leur inventaire national, les entités responsables des inventaires peuvent hiérarchiser les priorités de leurs travaux et améliorer leurs estimations globales. Dans le Good Practice Guidance, l’expression catégorie de sources principales désigne une catégorie de sources qui bénéficie d’un rang de priorité élevé dans l’inventaire national car les estimations la concernant influent beaucoup sur l’inventaire total des émissions directes de gaz à effet de serre du pays, que cette influence s’exerce sur le niveau absolu des émissions ou sur l’évolution des émissions ou sur les deux. Pour une description plus complète de la méthodologie employée par le GIEC pour définir les sources principales, se reporter au chapitre 5, Méthodologies GIEC. Dans le Good Practice Guidance, il est recommandé, pour choisir le niveau d’analyse des sources principales, de procéder à une désagrégation jusqu’au niveau où les coefficients d’émission sont discernables. Dans la plupart des inventaires, il s’agira des principaux types de combustibles. Si les coefficients d’émission sont déterminés de manière indépendante pour certaines sous-catégories, il faudrait que cela apparaisse dans l’analyse. Etant donné que les estimations des émissions dans cette publication ont été calculées en utilisant les coefficients d’émission par défaut des Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, les catégories de combustion d’énergie devraient se subdiviser en: combustion, sources fixes – charbon combustion, sources fixes – pétrole combustion, sources fixes – gaz combustion, sources mobiles – charbon combustion, sources mobiles – pétrole combustion, sources mobiles – gaz. A l’évidence, ce niveau d’agrégation n’est pas particulièrement utile pour déceler sur quoi doivent porter les travaux complémentaires nécessaires pour affiner l’inventaire. Il ne tient pas compte de la possibilité

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d’améliorer les méthodes de collecte de données, d’affiner les coefficients d’émission ou d’utiliser un calcul à un niveau supérieur pour certains secteurs principales dans la catégorie d’activités de combustion de combustibles. C’est pourquoi l’AIE présente l’analyse des sources principales au même niveau de détail des tableaux par pays de cette publication. Pour chaque pays, les 11 sources les plus importantes, ventilées entre charbon, pétrole, gaz et autres, sont indiquées dans le tableau des sources principales. Pour calculer l’évaluation du niveau, l’AIE a commencé par les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie calculées d’après sa propre méthode. En complément, lorsqu’il en existait la possibilité, l’AIE a utilisé les émissions communiquées par les Parties visées à l’Annexe I à la CCNUCC dans la soumission de 2008 du cadre uniformisé de présentation concernant le CO2 (émissions fugaces uniquement), le CH4, le N2O, les HFC, les PFC et le SF6, sans tenir compte des émissions/absorptions de CO2 dues à l’affectation de terres, au changement d’affectation de terres et à la sylviculture2. Elle a pu le faire pour l’Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, le Bélarus, la Belgique, la Bulgarie, le Canada, la Croatie, le Danemark, l’Espagne, l’Estonie, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Japon, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, le Luxembourg, la Norvège, la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la Roumanie, le RoyaumeUni, la République slovaque, la Slovénie, la Suède, la Suisse et la République tchèque. Au moment de préparer ce livre, la Russie, la Turquie et l’Ukraine n'avaient pas encore soumis leurs inventaires de 2008 à la CCNUCC. En conséquence, les données des gaz hors CO2 pour ces pays ont été tirées des inventaires soumis précédemment. Pour les Parties non visées à l'Annexe I, les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie ont été calculées par l'AIE tandis que le reste des émissions pour 2006 ont été estimées par le PBL. Parmi les principales sources d'émission dues à la combustion d'énergie, seules les 11 plus importantes ont été prises en compte dans le calcul cumulé des émissions. De ce fait, dans la plupart des cas, la contribution cumulée ne représentera pas 95% comme le préconise le Good Practice Guidance, et les sources principales d’émissions fugitives, ainsi que d’émissions liées aux procédés industriels, aux

2. Comme le préconise le Good Practice Guidance.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.45

solvants, à l’agriculture et aux déchets, ne seront pas indiquées. Le pourcentage d’émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie dans les émissions totales de GES a été précisé pour mémoire dans le bas du tableau.

Notes concernant les tableaux et graphiques Tableau sur les émissions de CO2 par secteur Ligne 1 : La rubrique intitulée méthode sectorielle indique les émissions totales de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie calculées en appliquant la méthode sectorielle de niveau 1 du GIEC et correspondent à la catégorie 1 A des sources/puits du GIEC. Les émissions calculées à l’aide de la méthode sectorielle ne tiennent compte des émissions que lorsqu’il y a combustion effective de l’énergie. Ligne 2 : La rubrique production d’électricité et de chaleur (activité principale) représente la somme des émissions imputables à la production d’électricité, à la cogénération et aux centrales calogènes des producteurs dont c’est l’activité principale. Ces producteurs (précédemment appelés entreprises de service public) sont, par définition, ceux dont l’activité principale est d’approvisionner le public. Ils peuvent être publics ou privés. Il conviendrait de tenir compte des émissions associées à la consommation propre d’énergie sur site, qui correspondent à la catégorie 1 A 1 a des sources/ puits du GIEC. Ligne 3 : La rubrique autoproducteurs non spécifiés présente les émissions liées à la production de chaleur et/ou d’électricité assurée par des autoproducteurs. On entend par autoproducteurs des entreprises qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur, en totalité ou en partie pour leur consommation propre, en tant qu’activité venant à l’appui de leur activité principale. Ces entreprises peuvent être publiques ou privées. Selon les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, ces émissions devraient normalement être réparties entre les secteurs industrie, transports et « autres ». Ligne 4 : La rubrique autres industries de l’énergie comprend les émissions dues à la consommation propre dans le raffinage du pétrole, l’élaboration de combustibles solides, l’extraction du charbon, l’extraction du pétrole et du gaz ainsi que dans d’autres industries productrices d’énergie. Elle correspond aux catégories 1 A 1 b et 1 A 1 c des sources/puits du GIEC. Selon les Lignes directrices

de 1996 du GIEC, les émissions liées à la consommation de coke des hauts fourneaux peuvent être comptabilisées dans cette ligne ou dans la catégorie de sources et puits intitulée « Procédés industriels ». Si l’on procède à des calculs sectoriels détaillés, il est possible de distinguer certains procédés non énergétiques. Lors de la réduction du fer dans un haut fourneau par combustion de coke, l’oxydation du coke a pour principal objectif de produire de la fonte brute et les émissions correspondantes peuvent être considérées comme imputables à un procédé industriel. Il faut veiller à ne pas compter en double ces émissions dans les catégories « Énergie » et « Procédés industriels ». Dans les estimations de l’AIE, ces émissions ont été prises en compte dans cette catégorie.

Ligne 5 : La rubrique industries manufacturières et construction représente les émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie dans l’industrie, qui sont comptabilisées dans la catégorie 1 A 2 des sources/ puits du GIEC. Cependant, dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, cette catégorie du GIEC comprend également les émissions des autoproducteurs de l’industrie qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur. Les données de l’AIE ne sont pas recueillies de manière à permettre la répartition de la consommation d’énergie par utilisation finale spécifique, de sorte que les autoproducteurs figurent dans une rubrique à part dans la présente publication. A cet égard, le lecteur devra se reporter à la ligne 3, autoproducteurs non spécifiés. La rubrique industries manufacturières et construction comprend aussi les émissions imputables à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux, qui peuvent être comptabilisées dans le secteur de la transformation, dans celui de l’industrie ou dans la catégorie distincte 2 des sources/ puits du GIEC, correspondant aux procédés industriels. Ligne 6 : La rubrique transport fait état des émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie dans toutes les activités de transport, quel que soit le secteur, à l’exception des émissions liées à l’utilisation du carburant dans les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales. Elle comprend l’aviation intérieure, la navigation intérieure, le transport routier, ferroviaire et par conduits, et correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 des sources/puits du GIEC. D’autre part, le mode de collecte des données de l’AIE ne permet pas de répartir par utilisation finale spécifique la consommation des autoproducteurs, c’est pourquoi ils figurent dans une rubrique à part dans la présente publication. A cet égard, le lecteur devra se reporter à la ligne 3, autoproducteurs non spécifiés. Note : A partir de l’édition de 2006, la consommation pour les activités militaires, comptabilisée auparavant

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dans les rubriques aviation intérieure et transport routier, devrait être prise en compte dans les autres secteurs non spécifiés. Pour plus de détails, se reporter à la section sur les Ecarts par rapport aux communications destinées à la CCNUCC

Ligne 7 : La rubrique transport routier présente les émissions découlant de la consommation de carburant des véhicules routiers, y compris celle des véhicules agricoles sur route. Elle correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 b des sources/puits du GIEC. Ligne 8 : La rubrique autres secteurs indique les émissions imputables aux activités commerciales et institutionnelles, à l’agriculture/sylviculture, à la pêche, au secteur résidentiel et d’autres émissions non spécifiées ailleurs qui sont incluses dans les catégories 1 A 4 et 1 A 5 des sources/puits du GIEC. Dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, dans cette catégorie sont comptabilisées aussi les émissions rejetées par les autoproducteurs des secteurs commercial, résidentiel ou agricole qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur. Le mode de collecte des données de l’AIE ne permet pas de répartir par utilisation finale spécifique la consommation des autoproducteurs, c’est pourquoi ils figurent dans une rubrique à part dans la présente publication. A cet égard, le lecteur devra se reporter à la ligne 3, autoproducteurs non spécifiés.

d’autres industries de transformation de combustibles. Ces émissions entrent normalement dans la catégorie 1 B des sources/puits du GIEC en tant qu’émissions fugitives, mais elles figureront à la catégorie 1 A dans les inventaires calculés exclusivement avec la méthode de référence du GIEC. Théoriquement, les émissions correspondantes devraient être relativement faibles et représenter le carbone émis autrement que par la combustion, par exemple par évaporation ou fuites. Des émissions négatives pour un produit et des émissions positives pour un autre produit implique un changement de classification de la source d’émissions par suite de la transformation de l’énergie de charbon en gaz, de gaz en huiles, etc. Toutefois, dans la pratique, il est souvent difficile de comptabiliser correctement tous les intrants et les extrants dans les industries de transformation de l’énergie et de faire la distinction entre l’énergie transformée et l’énergie brûlée. Par conséquent, la ligne écarts dus aux pertes et/ou aux transformations présente parfois des émissions positives très importantes, voire des émissions négatives, en raison des problèmes que posent les données énergétiques de base.

Ligne 9 : La rubrique résidentiel fait état de toutes les émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie dans le secteur des ménages. Elle correspond à la catégorie 1 A 4 b des sources/puits du GIEC.

Ligne 12 : Les écarts statistiques peuvent provenir d’anomalies inexpliquées dans les données énergétiques de base. Elles peuvent aussi avoir pour origine des écarts dus aux différences entre les émissions calculées au moyen de la méthode de référence et de la méthode sectorielle.

Ligne 10 : La rubrique intitulée méthode de référence indique les émissions totales de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie calculées en appliquant la méthode de référence du GIEC. La méthode de référence est basée sur les approvisionnements d’énergie d’un pays, donc, tous les inventaires calculés selon cette méthode de référence comprennent les émissions fugitives dues à la transformation de l’énergie qui entrent normalement dans la catégorie 1 B. En conséquence, il est probable que les chiffres de cette méthode surestiment les émissions nationales de CO2. Dans ces tableaux, la différence entre les données obtenues au moyen de la méthode sectorielle et de la méthode de référence s’explique notamment par les écarts statistiques, les transferts de produits, les pertes de transformation et les pertes de distribution.

Ligne 13 : La rubrique soutes maritimes internationales fait état des émissions dues à l’utilisation de combustibles de soute par des navires engagés dans la navigation internationale. La navigation internationale peut intervenir en mer, sur des lacs et des cours d’eau, ainsi que dans les eaux côtières. La consommation des navires engagés dans la navigation intérieure n’est pas prise en compte. La différenciation entre navigation intérieure et internationale est fonction du port de départ et du port d’arrivée, et non du pavillon ou de la nationalité du navire. La consommation des navires de pêche et des forces militaires n'est pas prise en compte non plus. Il convient d’exclure les émissions de soutes maritimes internationales des totaux nationaux. Cette rubrique correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 d i des sources/puits du GIEC.

Ligne 11 : La rubrique écarts dus aux pertes et/ou aux transformations correspond aux émissions découlant de la transformation de l’énergie pour faire d’un combustible primaire un combustible secondaire ou tertiaire. Elle recouvre la transformation de combustibles solides, les raffineries de pétrole, les usines à gaz et

Ligne 14 : A la rubrique de l’aviation internationale figurent les émissions dues à l’utilisation de carburants aviation pour les aéronefs utilisés dans l'aviation internationale. Les carburants utilisés par les compagnies aériennes pour leurs véhicules routiers ne sont pas prises en considération. La différenciation entre

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aviation intérieure et internationale devrait être établie en fonction des aéroports de départ et d’arrivée, et non de la nationalité de la compagnie aérienne. Les émissions de l’aviation internationale devraient être exclues des totaux nationaux. Cette ligne correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 a i de sources et puits du GIEC.

Graphiques 2 et 3 : Emissions par secteur Le secteur Autres comprend les émissions des secteurs commerce/services publics, agriculture/sylviculture et pêche. Les émissions des autoproducteurs non spécifiés sont comprises dans la catégorie électricité et chaleur.

Figure 5 : Production d’électricité par source d’énergie Le produit Autres comprend les énergies géothermique, solaire et éolienne, les énergies renouvelables combustibles et les déchets, etc. La production d’électricité inclut la génération des centrales dont c’est l’activité principale ainsi que des installations des autoproducteurs.

Notes concernant les différents pays

Note de tous les pays de l’OCDE membres de l’Union européenne et de la Commission européenne : La République de Chypre est reconnue par tous les pays membres des Nations Unies, à l’exception de la Turquie. Les informations présentées dans ce rapport concernent la région qui se trouve sous l’autorité effective du Gouvernement de la République de Chypre.

Cuba Les soutes maritimes internationales correspondant aux huiles lourdes dans la période 1971-1983 ont été estimées sur la base des données de 1984 et de celles figurant à la rubrique navigation intérieure dans le bilan énergétique.

Estonie Les données indiquées à la rubrique lignite dans le bilan énergétique ont entièrement été considérées en tant que schistes bitumineux pour le calcul des émissions de CO2.

France La méthode de calcul de la production d’électricité et de chaleur à partir de gaz par des installations dont c’est l’activité principale a changé en 2000.

Italie Antilles néerlandaises Avant 1992, la méthode de référence surestime les émissions, les données sur les lubrifiants et le bitume (qui stockent du carbone) n’étant pas disponibles.

Belgique Dans cette édition, l’augmentation des émissions de CO2 depuis 1990 résulte d’une révision des données relatives aux déchets industriels. Ces révisions concernent la production et la consommation de l’industrie chimique.

Chypre Note de la Turquie : S’agissant de Chypre, la Turquie réserve sa position, comme elle l’a indiqué dans sa déclaration du 1er mai 2004. Les informations figurant dans le rapport au titre de Chypre concernent la partie méridionale de l’île. Aucune autorité ne représente à la fois les Chypriotes turcs et grecs. La Turquie reconnaît la République turque de Chypre du Nord (RTCN).

Avant 1990, l’utilisation de gaz dans le secteur commercial/services publics était comptabilisée avec celle du secteur résidentiel.

Japon Pendant quatre années consécutives, l'AIE a reçu des révisions de la part de l'administration japonaise. La première série de révisions reçue en 2004 montre pour les approvisionnements de 1990 une augmentation de 5% dans le cas du charbon, de 2% dans celui du gaz naturel et de 0,7% dans celui des produits pétroliers par rapport aux données antérieures, ce qui entraîne une hausse de 2,5% des émissions de CO2 en 1990 lorsqu'elles sont calculées avec la méthode de référence, tandis qu'elles restent relativement constantes avec la méthode sectorielle. Pour l'édition 2006, l'AIE a reçu des données révisées concernant le charbon et le pétrole qui ont un impact significatif sur les bilans énergétiques et les émissions de CO2. Les modifications les plus importantes concernent le coke de cokerie, le naphta, le gaz de haut fourneau et le coke de pétrole, et ce plutôt du côté de la consommation que des approvisionnements. En conséquence, les émissions de CO2 calculées avec la méthode sectorielle ont augmenté tous les ans,

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mais dans des proportions différentes. Par exemple, les émissions de CO2 calculées avec la méthode sectorielle pour 1990 étaient de 4,6% supérieures à celles figurant dans l'édition de 2005, tandis que les émissions de 2003 dépassaient de 1,1% celles figurant dans la précédente édition. En raison de l'impact de ces révisions sur le bilan énergétique final et les émissions de CO2, l'AIE a eu une série de contacts étroits avec l'administration japonaise pour mieux comprendre les raisons qui expliquent ces changements. Ces révisions sont surtout le fruit des efforts déployés par le Gouvernement japonais pour préciser les bilans entrées-sorties concernant la production de produits charbonniers et pétroliers afin de communiquer au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC les données demandées. A cet effet, l'administration japonaise a mis en place en mars 2004 un groupe de travail qui a terminé ses travaux en avril 2006. La plupart de ses conclusions avaient été incorporées dans l’édition de 2006, mais certaines nouvelles révisions des séries chronologiques (concernant en particulier l’industrie et les autres secteurs) ont été communiquées pour l’édition de 2007.

croissance sous-jacents proviennent des différences statistiques entre les données de l’offre et de consommation de pétrole et du gaz naturel. Pour la Norvège, l’offre de ces combustibles est le résiduel de deux entités très grandes et opposées, soit la production et les exportations.

Royaume-Uni Les données étant confidentielles, le gaz consommé pour la production d’électricité par des installations dont c’est l’activité principale est comptabilisé à la rubrique des autoproducteurs en 1990.

Suisse La ventilation sectorielle du gazole/carburant diesel utilisé dans le secteur résidentiel avant 1978 a été estimée sur la base de la consommation du secteur commercial et résidentiel en 1978 et des données figurant en tant que consommation du secteur commercial dans le bilan énergétique les années antérieures.

Norvège

Vietnam

Les écarts entre les estimations utilisant l’approche sectorielle et celle de référence avec leurs taux de

Une ventilation sectorielle détaillée est disponible à partir de 1980.

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2. UNITES ET COEFFICIENTS DE CONVERSION Coefficients de conversion généraux pour l’énergie Vers : De :

TJ

Gcal

Mtep

MBtu

GWh

238,8

2,388 x 10-5

947,8

0,2778

1

10-7

3,968

1,163 x 10-3

multiplier par :

TJ

1 -3

Gcal

4,1868 x 10

Mtep

4,1868 x 104

107

1

3,968 x 107

11630

MBtu

1,0551 x 10-3

0,252

2,52 x 10-8

1

2,931 x 10-4

GWh

3,6

860

8,6 x 10-5

3412

1

Coefficients de conversion pour les mesures de masse Vers :

kg

T

lt

st

lb

0,001

9,84 x 10-4

1,102 x 10-3

2,2046

multiplier par :

De :

1

kilogramme (kg) tonne (t)

1000

1

0,984

1,1023

2204,6

tonne longue (lt)

1016

1,016

1

1,120

2240,0

tonne courte (st)

907,2

0,9072

0,893

1

2000,0

0,454

livre (lb)

4,54 x

10-4

4,46 x

10-4

5,0 x

10-4

1

Coefficients de conversion pour les mesures de volume Vers :

gal U.S.

gal U.K.

Bbl

ft3

l

m3

multiplier par :

De : Gallon U.S. (gal)

1

0,8327

0,02381

0,1337

3,785

0,0038

Gallon U.K. (gal)

1,201

1

0,02859

0,1605

4,546

0,0045

Baril (bbl)

42,0

34,97

1

5,615

159,0

0,159

3

Pied cube (ft ) Litre (l) 3

Mètre cube (m )

7,48

6,229

0,1781

1

28,3

0,0283

0,2642

0,220

0,0063

0,0353

1

0,001

264,2

220,0

6,289

35,3147

1000,0

1

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I.50 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Préfixes décimaux

Tonnes de CO2

101

déca (da)

10-1

déci (d)

102

hecto (h)

10-2

centi (c)

103

kilo (k)

10-3

milli (m)

106

méga (M)

10-6

micro (µ)

109

giga (G)

10-9

nano (n)

1012

téra (T)

10—12

pico (p)

1015

péta (P)

10—15

femto (f)

1018

exa (E)

10-18

atto (a)

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Les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC aussi bien que les CCNUCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories, demandent que les émissions de CO2 soient communiquées en Gg de CO2. Un million de tonnes de CO2 étant égal à 1 000 Gg de CO2, pour comparer les chiffres de la présente publication avec les données des inventaires nationaux exprimées en Gg, il faut multiplier par 1 000 les émissions calculées par l’AIE. D’autres organisations peuvent exprimer les émissions de CO2 en tonnes de carbone au lieu de tonnes de CO2. Pour effectuer la conversion des tonnes de carbone, il faut multiplier les émissions par 44/12, ratio du poids moléculaire du CO2 à celui du C.

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3. INDICATEURS Population Pour les pays membres de l’OCDE, la source principale des données de population de 1970 à 2006 est la publication Comptes Nationaux des pays de l’OCDE, Volume 1, 2008. Les données pour la période de 1960 à 1969 ont été estimées à partir des taux de croissance des séries de population publiées dans Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE No 76. Pour la Hongrie, le Mexique (1960 à 1962), la Pologne et la République tchèque (1960 à 1969) les données ont été estimées à partir du taux de croissance des séries de population de la Banque mondiale publiées dans le World Development Indicators CD-ROM. Pour la République slovaque, les données de population de 1960 à 1989 proviennent du Centre de Recherche Démographique, Infostat, République slovaque. World Development Indicators, La Banque mondiale Washington D.C., 2008 est la principale source de données concernant la population des pays nonmembres de l’OCDE. Les données de population pour Gibraltar, l’Irak et le Taipei chinois ainsi que pour quelques pays dans les trois régions3 Autre Afrique, Autre Amérique latine et Autre Asie proviennent de la base Chelem CEPII, 2008.

PIB Pour les pays membres de l’OCDE, la source principale des données de PIB de 1970 à 2006 est Comptes Nationaux, Volume 1, 2008. Les données du PIB pour 3. En raison de séries incomplètes, la population et le PIB des Autres pays d'Amérique latine n'incluent pas les Iles Vierges Britanniques, les Iles Caïmans, les Iles Malouines, la Martinique, Montserrat, SaintPierre et Miquelon et les Iles Turques et Caïques; les Autres pays d’Asie n’incluent pas les Iles Cook.

la période de 1960 à 1969 ont été estimées à partir des taux de croissance des séries publiées dans Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE No 76 et des données publiées précédemment par l’OCDE. Les données antérieures à 1990 pour la Pologne et la République tchèque, antérieures à 1991 pour la Hongrie, et antérieures à 1992 pour la République slovaque ont été estimées par le Secrétariat de l’AIE basées sur les taux de croissance du PIB de la Banque mondiale. World Development Indicators, La Banque mondiale Washington D.C., 2008 est la principale source de données concernant le PIB des pays non-membres de l’OCDE. Les données du PIB pour les Antilles néerlandaises (disponibles depuis 1980), la BosnieHerzégovine, Brunei Darussalam, la République populaire démocratique de Corée, Cuba, Gibraltar, l’Irak, la Libye, Myanmar, le Qatar, le Taipei chinois, l’Ex-URSS (avant 1990), l’Ex-Yougoslavie (avant 1990) ainsi que pour quelques pays dans les trois régions Autre Afrique, Autre Amérique latine et Autre Asie proviennent de la base de données en ligne Chelem 2008 du CEPII. Les données du PIB pour l’Albanie (1971-1979), l’Angola (1971-1979), l’Arabie Saoudite (2006), Bahreïn (1971-1979), la Bulgarie (1971-1979), Chypre (2005-2006), les Emirats arabes unies (1971-1972 et 2006), l’Ethiopie (1971-1980), Israël (2006), la Jordanie (1971-1974), le Koweït (2006), le Liban (1971-1987), Malte (2006), la Mongolie (1985-1995), le Mozambique (1971-1979), la Namibie (1971-1979), Oman (20052006), la Roumanie (1971-1979), la Serbie4 (19901992 et 2005), la Slovénie (1992), la République unie de Tanzanie (1971-1987), le Viêt-Nam (1971-1983) et le Yémen (1971-1989) ont été estimées à partir des

4. La Serbie inclut le Monténégro jusqu’en 2004 et la Kosovo jusqu’en 1999.

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I.52 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

taux de croissance de la banque de données en ligne Chelem 2008 du CEPII. Les données relatives au PIB ont été calculées pour chaque pays à partir des prix du marché en monnaie nationale et des taux annuels. Ces données ont ensuite été recalées par rapport au niveau des prix de 2000, puis converties en dollars US en utilisant les taux de change moyens annuels pour 2000 ou les parités de pouvoir d’achat (PPA). Les parités de pouvoir d’achat représentent les taux de conversion monétaire qui égalisent les pouvoirs d’achat des différentes monnaies. Ainsi, une somme donnée d’argent, une fois convertie en différentes unités monétaires à partir des taux PPA, permet d’acheter le même panier de biens et de services dans tous les pays. En d’autres termes, les PPA sont les taux de conversion monétaires qui permettent d’éliminer les différences dans les niveaux de prix entre pays. Les PPA retenues pour convertir le PIB d’unités monétaires nationales en dollars US pour les pays membres de l’OCDE sont agrégées selon la méthode de Geary-Kharies (GK) et recalées sur les Etats-Unis. Pour une description plus détaillée de cette méthodologie, il convient de se référer au document suivant: Parités de Pouvoir d’Achat et Dépenses Réelles, Résultats GK, Volume II, 1990, OCDE 1993. Les PPA des autres pays proviennent de la Banque mondiale et de la base de données ChelemPIB du CEPII. Les séries relatives au PIB et au PIB PPA ont été sensiblement révisées par rapport à l’édition précédente pour les pays suivants : les Antilles néerlandaises, Brunei Darussalam, Cuba, Gibraltar, la Libye, Myanmar, et le Qatar. Ces données devraient être utilisées avec précaution.

Emissions de CO2 Les émissions de CO2 présentées dans cette publication sont estimées suivant les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC et représentent le total des émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie. Les émissions de CO2 ont été calculées selon deux méthodes : la méthode de référence du GIEC et la méthode sectorielle (qui correspond à la catégorie 1 A des sources/puits) du GIEC. Le total de la méthode de référence peut comprendre aussi certaines émissions fugitives liées à la transformation de l’énergie qui devraient normalement être comptabilisées à la catégorie 1 B. Les totaux nationaux d’émissions n’incluent pas les émissions dues à l’utilisation de carburant pour les

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soutes maritimes internationales et pour l’aviation internationale. Le lecteur est invité à se reporter au chapitre 1, Estimation des émissions de l’AIE, pour plus de détails.

Production d’électricité et de chaleur La production totale (présentée dans la section des tableaux récapitulatifs) comprend l’électricité et la chaleur produites dans le secteur de la transformation en utilisant des combustibles fossiles, de l’énergie hydraulique (à l’exclusion des centrales d’accumulation par pompage), de l’énergie géothermique et solaire, de la biomasse, etc. Les producteurs dont la production est l’activité principale (auparavant appelés entreprises de service public)5 et les autoproducteurs6 sont pris en compte lorsque les données sont disponibles. En ce qui concerne l’électricité, les données indiquent la quantité totale de TWh produite dans les centrales électriques et centrales de cogénération. S’agissant de la chaleur, les données correspondent à la quantité totale de TJ produite dans les centrales de cogénération et centrales calogènes. Pour calculer la production totale de chaleur et d’électricité, la chaleur produite exprimée en TJ est convertie en TWh en appliquant le rapport 1 TWh = 3 600 TJ, puis ajoutée à la production d’électricité.

Rapports CO2 / ATEP : Ce rapport est exprimé en tonnes de CO2 par térajoule. Il a été calculé en utilisant les émissions de CO2 estimées selon la méthode sectorielle et les approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire (y compris la biomasse et d’autres formes non fossiles d’énergie). 5. Les producteurs dont la production est l’activité principale (auparavant appelés entreprises de service public) produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur pour la vente à des tiers. Elles peuvent appartenir au secteur privé ou public. Il convient de noter que les ventes ne se font pas nécessairement par l’intermédiaire du réseau public. 6. L’autoproduction désigne les installations qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur, en totalité ou en partie pour leur consommation propre, en tant qu’activité qui contribue à leur activité principale. Elles peuvent appartenir au secteur privé ou public.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.53

CO2 / PIB : Ce rapport est exprimé en kilogrammes de CO2 par dollar des Etats-Unis de 2000. Il a été calculé en utilisant les émissions de CO2 estimées selon la méthode sectorielle. Deux variantes sont indiquées : dans l’une, le PIB est calculé en appliquant les taux de change et, dans l’autre, en fonction des parités de pouvoirs d’achat. CO2 / population : Ce rapport est exprimé en tonnes de CO2 par habitant. Il a été calculé en utilisant les émissions de CO2 estimées selon la méthode sectorielle. CO2 par habitant ventilées par secteur : Ces rapports sont exprimés en kilogramme de CO2 par habitant. Ils ont été calculés selon deux méthodes différentes. Dans le premier rapport les émissions pour le secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur sont présentées séparément. Dans le second rapport, les émissions pour le secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur ont été allouées aux secteurs de consommation finale proportionnellement à l’électricité et la chaleur consommées par ces secteurs. CO2 par kWh : Ces rapports sont exprimés en grammes de CO2 par kWh. Ils ont été calculés en utilisant les émissions de CO2 du secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur présentées dans les tableaux par pays dans les lignes « production d’électricité et de chaleur (activité principale) » et « autoproducteurs non spécifiés » ainsi que la production d’électricité et de chaleur décrite ci-dessus.

Dans le premier tableau concernant les émissions de CO2 par kWh les émissions de CO2 englobent les émissions imputables à la consommation de combustibles fossiles, de déchets industriels et de déchets urbains et assimilés non renouvelables pour la production d’électricité et de chaleur dans le secteur de la transformation et la production tient compte de l’électricité et de la chaleur produites à partir de combustibles fossiles, d’énergie nucléaire, d’énergie hydraulique (à l’exclusion des centrales d’accumulation par pompage), d’énergie géothermique, d’énergie solaire, de biomasse, etc. En conséquence, les émissions par kWh peuvent varier d’une année sur l’autre en fonction du type d’énergie utilisée. Dans les rapports de CO2 par kWh par source d’énergie : • Le charbon recouvre le charbon primaire et secondaire, la tourbe et les gaz manufacturés (à l’exclusion du gaz d’usine à gaz). • Le pétrole recouvre les produits pétroliers (et de faibles quantités de pétrole brut dans certains pays). • Le gaz recouvre le gaz naturel et le gaz d’usine à gaz. Note : Les émissions par kWh doivent être considérées avec précaution en raison des problèmes de qualité des données relatives aux efficacités électriques de certains pays.

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4. COUVERTURE GEOGRAPHIQUE L’Afrique comprend l’Afrique du Sud, l’Algérie, l’Angola, le Bénin, le Botswana (depuis 1981), le Cameroun, le Congo, la République démocratique du Congo, la Côte d’Ivoire, l’Egypte, l’Erythrée, l’Ethiopie, le Gabon, le Ghana, le Kenya, la Libye, le Maroc, le Mozambique, la Namibie (depuis 1991), le Nigéria, le Sénégal, le Soudan, la République unie de Tanzanie, le Togo, la Tunisie, la Zambie, le Zimbabwe et les autres pays d’Afrique. Les autres pays d’Afrique comprennent le Botswana (jusqu’en 1980), le Burkina Faso, le Burundi, le CapVert, la République centrafricaine, les Comores, Djibouti, la Gambie, la Guinée, la Guinée-Bissau, la Guinée équatoriale, le Lesotho, le Libéria, Madagascar, le Malawi, le Mali, la Mauritanie, Maurice, la Namibie (jusqu’en 1990), le Niger, l’Ouganda, la Réunion, le Rwanda, Sao Tomé et Principe, les Seychelles, la Sierra Leone, la Somalie, le Swaziland et le Tchad. Le Moyen-Orient comprend l’Arabie saoudite, Bahreïn, les Emirats arabes unis, la République islamique d’Iran, l’Iraq, Israël, la Jordanie, le Koweït, le Liban, Oman, le Qatar, la Syrie et le Yémen. La région Europe hors OCDE comprend l’Albanie, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Bulgarie, Chypre7, la Croatie, Gibraltar, l’ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine (FYROM), Malte, la Roumanie, la Serbie8, et la Slovénie. L’ex-URSS comprend l’Arménie, l’Azerbaïdjan, le Bélarus, l’Estonie, la Géorgie, le Kazakhstan, le Kirghizistan, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, la République de Moldavie, l’Ouzbékistan, la Russie, le Tadjikistan, le Turkménistan et l’Ukraine.

7. Se référer à la note sur Chypre au chapitre 1. 8. La Serbie inclut le Monténégro jusqu’en 2004 et le Kosovo jusqu’en 1999.

L’Amérique latine comprend les Antilles néerlandaises, l’Argentine, la Bolivie, le Brésil, le Chili, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, Cuba, la République dominicaine, El Salvador, l’Equateur, le Guatemala, Haïti, Honduras, la Jamaïque, le Nicaragua, Panama, le Paraguay, le Pérou, Trinité-et-Tobago, l’Uruguay, le Venezuela et les autres pays d’Amérique latine. Les autres pays d’Amérique latine comprennent Antigua-et-Barbuda, Aruba, les Bahamas, la Barbade, le Belize, les Bermudes, la Dominique, la Grenade, la Guadeloupe, le Guyana, la Guyane française, les Iles Vierges Britanniques, les Iles Caïmans, les Iles Malouines, les Iles Turques et Caïques, Montserrat, la Martinique, Saint-Kitts et Nevis, Sainte-Lucie, SaintPierre et Miquelon, Saint-Vincent et les Grenadines et le Suriname. La Chine comprend la République populaire de Chine et Hong Kong (Chine). L’Asie comprend le Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, le Cambodge (depuis 1995), la République populaire démocratique de Corée, l’Inde, l’Indonésie, la Malaisie, la Mongolie (depuis 1985), Myanmar, le Népal, le Pakistan, les Philippines, Singapour, le Sri Lanka, le Taipei chinois, la Thaïlande, le Viêt Nam et les autres pays d’Asie. Les autres pays d’Asie comprennent l’Afghanistan, le Bhoutan, les Fidji, Kiribati, le Laos, Macao, les Maldives, la Nouvelle-Calédonie, la PapouasieNouvelle-Guinée, la Polynésie française, le Samoa, les Iles Salomon, Tonga et Vanuatu. L’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) comprend l'Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Canada, la Corée, le Danemark, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l'Irlande, l’Islande, l'Italie, le Japon, le Luxembourg, le Mexique, la Norvège,

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la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la République slovaque, la République tchèque, le Royaume-Uni, la Suède, la Suisse et la Turquie. Dans la zone de l’OCDE : L’Allemagne tient compte des nouveaux Länder à partir de 1970. L’Australie ne comprend pas les territoires d’outremer. Le Groenland et les Iles Féroé danoises ne sont pas pris en compte dans les données relatives au Danemark. Cependant, les données sur le pétrole du Groenland sont prises en compte dans les statistiques avant 1990. L’administration danoise envisage de les réviser jusqu’en 1974 afin d’exclure ces montants. L'Espagne englobe les Iles Canaries. Les Etats-Unis englobent les 50 Etats fédérés et le District de Columbia. Les statistiques sur le pétrole et sur les échanges de charbon concernent également Porto-Rico, l’Ile de Guam, les Iles Vierges des EtatsUnis, le Territoire non incorporé des Samoa américaines, l’Ile Johnston, les Iles Midway, l’Ile de Wake et les Iles Mariannes-du-Nord. Dans les données relatives à la France, Monaco est pris en compte, mais non les départements et territoires d’outre-mer (à savoir la Guadeloupe, Guyane, la Martinique, la Nouvelle Calédonie, la Polynésie française, l’Ile de la Réunion et St.-Pierre et Miquelon). L’Italie englobe Saint-Marin et le Vatican. Le Japon englobe Okinawa. Ni le Suriname ni les Antilles néerlandaises ne sont pris en compte dans les données relatives aux PaysBas. Le Portugal englobe les Açores et l'Ile de Madère. La Suisse n’englobe pas le Liechtenstein. L’Union européenne-27 (UE-27) comprend l'Allemagne, l’Autriche, la Bulgarie, la Belgique, Chypre, le Danemark, l'Espagne, l’Estonie, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l'Irlande, l'Italie, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, le Luxembourg, Malte, les PaysBas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la Roumanie, le RoyaumeUni, la République slovaque, la Slovénie, la Suède et la République tchèque. L’Agence internationale de l’énergie (AIE) comprend l'Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique,

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le Canada, la Corée, le Danemark, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l'Irlande, l'Italie, le Japon, le Luxembourg, la NouvelleZélande, la Norvège, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, le Royaume-Uni, la République slovaque, la Suède, la Suisse, la République tchèque et la Turquie. Les Parties de l’Annexe I comprennent l’Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, le Bélarus, la Belgique, la Bulgarie, le Canada, la Croatie, le Danemark, l’Espagne, l’Estonie, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Japon, la Lettonie, le Liechtenstein (nondisponible dans cette publication), la Lituanie, le Luxembourg, Monaco (inclus avec la France), la Norvège, la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la Roumanie, le Royaume-Uni, la Russie, la République slovaque9, la Slovénie, la Suède, la Suisse, la République tchèque9, la Turquie et l’Ukraine. Les pays énumérés ci-dessus figurent à l’Annexe I de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques telle qu’elle a été amendée le 11 décembre 1997 par la 12ème réunion plénière de la troisième Conférence des Parties dans la Décision 4/CP.3. Cette Annexe regroupe les pays qui étaient Membres de l’OCDE à la date de la signature de la Convention, la Communauté européenne, ainsi que quatorze pays d’Europe centrale et orientale et l’exURSS qui se trouvent en transition vers une économie de marché. Les Parties de l’Annexe II comprennent l’Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Canada, le Danemark, l’Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Japon, le Liechtenstein (non-disponible dans cette publication), le Luxembourg, Monaco (inclus avec la France), la Norvège, la NouvelleZélande, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal, le Royaume-Uni, la Suède et la Suisse. La décision 26/CP.7 (FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.4), stipule que la Turquie a été ôtée de la liste des pays de l’Annexe II à la Convention. Cet amendement est entré en vigueur le 28 juin 2002. Les économies en transition (EET) sont les pays de l’Annexe I qui se trouvent en transition vers une économie de marché, à savoir le Bélarus, la Bulgarie, 9. La Tchécoslovaquie figurait dans la liste initiale des pays de l’Annexe I.

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la Croatie, l’Estonie, la Hongrie, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, la Pologne, la Roumanie, la Russie, la République slovaque9, la Slovénie, la République tchèque9 et l’Ukraine. Parties avec objectifs dans Kyoto comprennent l’Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, la Bulgarie, le Canada, la Croatie, le Danemark, l’Espagne, l’Estonie, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Japon, la Lettonie, le Liechtenstein (non-disponible dans cette publication), la Lituanie, le Luxembourg, Monaco (inclus avec la France), la Norvège, la NouvelleZélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la Roumanie, le Royaume-Uni, la Russie, la République slovaque, la Slovénie, la Suède, la Suisse, la République tchèque et l’Ukraine.

La liste des pays participant au Protocole de Kyoto est très proche de celle de l’Annexe I à l’exception de la Turquie et du Bélarus qui n’ont pas établi d’objectif dans le cadre du Protocole et des EtatsUnis qui ont exprimé leur intention de ne pas ratifier le Protocole. L'Australie, ayant ratifié le Protocole le 12 décembre 2007, a été ajoutée aux Parties avec objectifs dans Kyoto dans cette édition. On notera que les pays suivants n’ont pas été pris en compte par suite d’un manque de données : Europe hors OCDE : Monténégro10 (après 2004). Afrique : Sainte-Hélène et Sahara Occidental. Amérique : Anguilla. Asie et Océanie : Ile Christmas, Nauru, Nioué-etPalaos.

10. Les données du Monténégro sont incluses dans la Serbie jusqu’en 2004.

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5. METHODOLOGIES GIEC Notes générales L’objectif ultime de la CCNUCC (la Convention) est de stabiliser les concentrations de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans l’atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse du système climatique. La Convention stipule aussi que toutes les Parties s’engagent à atteindre les objectifs suivants : • établir, mettre à jour périodiquement, publier et mettre à la disposition de la Conférence des Parties (COP) leurs inventaires nationaux des émissions anthropiques par leurs sources et de l’absorption par leurs puits de tous les gaz à effet de serre non réglementés par le Protocole de Montréal. • utiliser des méthodes comparables pour établir les inventaires des émissions et des absorptions de GES, dont il sera convenu par la COP. En réponse aux objectifs de la CCNUCC, l’AIE, en collaboration avec le GIEC, l’OCDE et de nombreux experts internationaux, a contribué à élaborer et à perfectionner une méthodologie qui a recueilli l’approbation internationale pour le calcul et la notification des émissions nationales de GES dues à la combustion d’énergie. Cette méthodologie a été publiée en 1995 dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre. Depuis sa première mise en diffusion, des révisions ont été apportées à plusieurs chapitres, et les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996 (Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC) ont été publié. Bien que le GIEC ait adopté les Lignes directrices de 2006 lors de sa 25ème session en avril 2006 à l'Ile Maurice, de nombreux pays (ainsi que

l'AIE) utilisent toujours les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC pour calculer leurs inventaires11. Etant donné que la méthodologie du GIEC utilisée pour calculer les émissions imputables à la combustion d’énergie est largement fondée sur les bilans énergétiques, les estimations de l’AIE des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie publiées dans le présent document ont été calculées en recourant aux bilans énergétiques de l’AIE et à la méthode par défaut du GIEC. Il peut arriver toutefois que des Parties utilisent d’autres méthodologies, éventuellement plus détaillées, pour établir leurs inventaires. De ce fait, elles peuvent aboutir à des estimations différentes. Le lecteur est invité à se reporter au chapitre 1, Estimation des émissions de l’AIE, pour plus de détails. Le calcul des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie peut être effectué à trois niveaux différents, référencés méthodes de Niveau 1, de Niveau 2 et de Niveau 3. Les méthodes de Niveau 1 calculent les émissions dues à la teneur en carbone des combustibles fournis, soit au pays considéré dans son ensemble (méthode de référence), soit pour les principales activités de combustion d’énergie (méthode sectorielle). Ce chapitre résume la méthode GIEC du Niveau 1 des Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC.

Méthode de référence Introduction Les émissions de dioxyde de carbone accompagnent toute combustion de combustible à base de 11. Les Lignes directrices de 1996 ainsi que les Lignes directrices de 2006 sont disponibles auprès du Programme des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre du GIEC (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

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carbone. Les estimations des émissions nationales seront alors fondées sur les quantités de combustibles consommées et sur la teneur en carbone des combustibles. La combustion est un processus intervenant largement dans la plupart des activités des économies nationales ; l’établissement d’un inventaire exhaustif des quantités de chaque type de combustible consommé dans chaque activité de consommation finale représente donc un travail considérable, que certains pays n’ont pas entrepris. Heureusement, il est possible d’établir une estimation relativement précise des émissions nationales de CO2 en se basant sur la quantité de carbone contenue dans les combustibles livrés à une économie. Il est en effet relativement facile d’évaluer et de consigner l’approvisionnement en combustibles ; par conséquent il est probable que les statistiques correspondantes sont disponibles dans de nombreux pays. Lors de l’inventaire des combustibles livrés à l’économie12, il est important de faire la distinction entre, d’une part, les combustibles primaires, (c’est-àdire ceux que l’on trouve à l’état naturel tels que le charbon, le pétrole brut et le gaz naturel), et, d’autre part, les combustibles secondaires ou produits combustibles, tels que l’essence et les lubrifiants, qui sont tirés des combustibles primaires. Le calcul du carbone consommé est basé principalement sur les approvisionnements en combustibles primaires et les quantités nettes de combustibles secondaires importées dans le pays. Afin de calculer la quantité de combustibles disponibles pour le pays, il est alors nécessaire de disposer des données suivantes relatives à chaque combustible et pour chaque année retenue : • les quantités de combustibles primaires produites (à l’exclusion de la production de combustibles secondaires) ; • les quantités de combustibles primaires et secondaires importées ; • les quantités de combustibles primaires et secondaires exportées ;

12. Les explications suivantes ne concernent pas les sources d’énergie qui ne contiennent pas de carbone, comme le nucléaire, l’hydraulique, le géothermique, le solaire, etc.

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• les quantités de combustibles utilisées pour les soutes maritimes internationales et l’aviation internationale (ci-après appelées soutes) ; • les variations nettes de stocks de combustibles. Pour chaque combustible, il convient de faire la somme des quantités produites (le cas échéant) et des importations et soustraire du total les exportations, les soutes et les variations de stocks pour calculer la consommation apparente de combustibles. Au cas où les exportations de combustibles secondaires dépassent les importations ou lorsque l’accroissement des stocks dépasse les importations nettes, le calcul conduit à des nombres négatifs. La production de combustibles secondaires ne doit pas être prise en compte dans le calcul principal, étant donné que le carbone de ces combustibles a déjà été pris en compte dans l’offre des combustibles primaires d’où ils sont dérivés. Toutefois, il y a lieu de mentionner les informations disponibles sur la production de certains combustibles secondaires afin d'apporter des rectifications pour tenir compte de la quantité de carbone stocké dans ces produits. Trois autres éléments importants entrent en ligne de compte dans la méthode de comptabilisation : Le carbone stocké La totalité des combustibles livrés à une économie n’est pas brûlée pour produire de l’énergie thermique. Une partie est utilisée comme matière première (ou intrant) pour la fabrication de produits tels que les plastiques ou à des fins non énergétiques (par exemple la fabrication de bitume pour le revêtement des routes), sans que le carbone ne soit oxydé et par conséquent, sans émissions. C’est ce carbone qui est appelé carbone stocké, et qu'il convient de ne pas prendre en compte dans les calculs des émissions de carbone. L’estimation du carbone stocké fait appel à des données relatives à la consommation de combustibles, ventilée par activités utilisant le combustible comme matière première. • Combustibles de soutes internationales Les méthodes de calcul des émissions présentées ici font en sorte que les émissions imputables aux combustibles de soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales soient exclues des totaux des émissions nationales. Toutefois, à des fins d’information, les quantités ainsi

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que les types de combustibles réservés aux soutes, maritimes et aéronautiques internationales, de même que les émissions, doivent être consignés séparément. • Combustibles issus de la biomasse D’après la méthodologie du GIEC, les combustibles issus de la biomasse ne figurent pas dans les inventaires nationaux d’énergie de CO2 et sont montrés uniquement à des fins d’information. Ceci est dû au fait que dans le cadre des calculs de CO2, la biomasse consommée est supposée être équivalente à la biomasse régénérée. Tous les écarts à cette hypothèse doivent être mentionnés dans le module consacré à l’affectation de terres, au changement d’affectation de terres et à la sylviculture des Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. Pour cette raison, les émissions dues à la combustion de la biomasse ne sont pas comprises dans les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie dans cette publication.

Méthodologie La méthodologie du GIEC répartit le calcul des émissions de dioxyde de carbone issues de la combustion en six étapes successives : Etape 1 :

Estimation de la consommation apparente de combustible, exprimée en unités d’origine

Etape 2 :

Conversion en une unité énergétique commune

Etape 3 :

Multiplication par les facteurs d’émission pour calculer la teneur en carbone

Etape 4 :

Calcul du carbone stocké

Etape 5 :

Correction pour tenir compte de la combustion incomplète

Etape 6 :

Conversion du carbone oxydé en émissions de CO2

Pour remplir la feuille de calcul 1 Cette section provient du Manuel simplifié des Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC et fournit des instructions étape par étape pour le calcul détaillé des émissions au niveau des combustibles et des produits dérivés. La feuille de calcul 1 peut être consultée à la fin de ce chapitre.

NOTE : la feuille de calcul principale permet de calculer les émissions de CO2 à partir de combustibles issus de la biomasse mais le résultat de ce calcul ne figure pas dans le total national.

Etape 1 : Estimation de la consommation apparente de combustible 1 La consommation apparente est la base sur laquelle s'effectue le calcul de l’offre en carbone du pays. Afin de calculer cette grandeur pour chaque combustible, les données ci-après relatives aux combustibles primaires sont entrées : • Production (colonne A) • Importations (colonne B) • Exportations (colonne C) • Soutes internationales (colonne D) • Variations de stocks (colonne E) S’agissant des combustibles secondaires et des produits dérivés, les seules données à entrer sont les suivantes : • Importations (colonne B) • Exportations (colonne C) • Soutes internationales (colonne D) • Variations de stocks (colonne E) Ces données permettent d’effectuer le calcul global rendant compte de la totalité de la consommation. Pour tous les combustibles, les quantités peuvent être exprimées en joules (J), en mégajoules (MJ), en gigajoules (GJ), en térajoules (TJ) ou en milliers de tonnes équivalent pétrole (ktep). Les quantités de combustibles solides et liquides peuvent être exprimées en milliers de tonnes (kt) et les quantités de gaz naturel sec peuvent être exprimées en téracalories (Tcal) ou en mètres cubes (m3). NOTE : les valeurs de production de gaz naturel reportées dans la feuille de calcul 1, ne comprennent pas les quantités de gaz rejetées dans l’atmosphère, brûlées à la torche ou réinjectées dans le puits. Les quantités de combustibles sont exprimées en pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs (PCI). Le PCI représente

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approximativement 95% du pouvoir calorifique supérieur des combustibles fossiles liquides et solides ainsi que des combustibles issus de la biomasse, et 90% du pouvoir calorifique supérieur pour le gaz naturel. 2 La consommation apparente pour chaque combustible est calculée à partir de la formule ci-dessous :

TABLEAU 2 VALEURS CHOISIES DE POUVOIR CALORIFIQUE INFERIEUR Facteurs (TJ/103 tonnes) Produits pétroliers raffinés Essence

44,80

Consommation Apparente =

Kérosène pour carburéacteurs

44,59

Production + Importations - Exportations - Soutes internationales - Variations de stocks

Autres kérosènes

44,75

Huile de schiste

36,00

Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne F.

Gazole/diesel

43,33

Une attention particulière est accordée au signe algébrique de la « variation de stocks » au moment du report de cette grandeur dans la colonne E. Lorsque la quantité de combustibles ajoutée au stock dépasse la quantité qui en est soustraite au cours de l’année, il y a un accroissement net du stock et cette quantité entrée dans la colonne E est dotée du signe plus. Dans le cas inverse (un prélèvement sur le stock), la quantité figure dans la colonne E avec le signe moins.

Fioul résiduel

40,19

GPL

47,31

Ethane

47,49

Naphta

45,01

Bitume

40,19

Lubrifiants

40,19

Coke de pétrole

31,00

Produits d’alimentation des raffineries

44,80

Gaz de raffinerie

48,15

Autres produits pétroliers

40,19

Etape 2 : Conversion en une unité énergétique commune (TJ) 1 Le facteur de conversion utilisé pour chaque combustible est inscrit dans la colonne G. 2 La consommation apparente est multipliée par le facteur de conversion appropriée (PCI ou facteur d’échelle) pour obtenir la consommation apparente en térajoules. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H. TABLEAU 1 FACTEURS DE CONVERSION Unité

Facteur de Conversion

J, MJ or GJ

La donnée est divisée par le facteur approprié respectivement, 1012, 106 or 103 pour convertir en TJ.

106 tep

La donnée est multipliée par le facteur de conversion, à savoir 41868 TJ/106 tep pour convertir en TJ.

Tcal

La donnée est multipliée par le facteur de conversion, à savoir 4,1868 TJ/ Tcal.

103 t

Le pouvoir calorifique inférieur pour chaque combustible est utilisé (voir tableau 2).

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Autres produits Huiles et goudrons de houille dérivés des charbons à coke Schistes bitumineux Orimulsion

28,00 9,40 27,50

NOTE : Lors de la conversion d’une quantité d’anthracite, de charbon à coke, d’autres charbons bitumineux, de charbons sous-bitumineux et de lignite, exprimée en 103 tonnes, des pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs spécifiques par pays sont utilisés pour la production (colonne A), les importations (colonne B) et les exportations (colonne C). Pour ces combustibles, la consommation apparente est calculée en convertissant d’abord en TJ les chiffres de production, d’importation, d’exportation et de variation de stock. S’agissant des soutes internationales (colonne D) et des variations de stocks (colonne E), on utilisera soit une valeur moyenne pondérée du facteur de conversion, soit un facteur de conversion correspondant à la source d’approvisionnement dominante.

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Etape 3 : Multiplication par les coefficients d'émission de carbone 1 Le coefficient d’émission de carbone (CEC) utilisé pour convertir la consommation apparente en teneur en carbone, est inscrit dans la colonne I. Le tableau 3 présente les valeurs par défaut qui sont utilisées dans cette publication. 2 La consommation apparente exprimée en TJ (dans la colonne H) est multipliée par le coefficient d’émission de carbone (dans la colonne I) pour obtenir la teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de C. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne J. 3 La teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de C est divisée par 103 afin de l’exprimer en gigagrammes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne K.

ont été considérés comme stockés et la valeur par défaut de 6% du charbon à coke n'a pas été appliquée.

Gaz naturel, GPL, éthane, naphta et gazole/ diesel La quantité de ces combustibles utilisée comme produit d’alimentation à des fins non énergétiques est inscrite dans la colonne A. 2 Conversion en TJ Les facteurs de conversion appropriés sont insérés dans la colonne B de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1. Les quantités estimées de combustibles (colonne A) sont multipliées par le facteur de conversion approprié pour estimer les quantités de combustibles exprimées en TJ. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne C. 3 Calcul de la teneur en carbone

Etape 4 : Calcul de carbone stocké 1 Estimation des quantités de combustibles

Bitume et lubrifiants La production intérieure du pays pour le bitume et les lubrifiants est ajoutée à la consommation apparente (exposée à la colonne F de la feuille de calcul principale 1) pour ces produits et la somme obtenue est inscrite dans la colonne A de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1.

Huiles et goudron de houille Pour le charbon à coke, l'hypothèse par défaut postule que 6% du carbone du charbon à coke consommé est transformé en huiles et goudron. La consommation apparente du charbon à coke (figurant à la feuille de calcul 1, colonne F) est multipliée par 0,06. A partir de l’édition de 2006, l'AIE a demandé des données sur le goudron de houille dans son questionnaire annuel sur le charbon. Dans les cas où ces informations ont été fournies, et pour être conforme aux Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, 75% de la consommation non-énergétique

Les quantités estimées de combustibles en TJ (colonne C de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1) sont multipliées par le facteur d’émission exprimé en tonnes de carbone par térajoule (colonne D) pour obtenir le contenu en carbone exprimé en tonnes de C (colonne E). Les chiffres sont ensuite divisés par 103 pour exprimer la quantité en gigagrammes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne F. 4 Calcul du carbone réellement stocké La teneur en carbone (colonne F de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1) est multipliée par la fraction de carbone stocké (colonne G) pour obtenir le carbone stocké. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H. Lorsque la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1 est complétée 5 Les valeurs du carbone stocké applicables aux combustibles/produits sont reportées à la colonne L de la feuille principale de calcul 1. 6 Les valeurs de carbone stocké (colonne L) sont soustraites de la teneur en carbone (colonne K) pour obtenir les émissions nettes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne M.

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TABLEAU 3 COEFFICIENTS D’EMISSION DE CARBONE (CEC) Combustible

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES LIQUIDES Combustibles primaires Pétrole brut

20,0

Orimulsion

22,0

Liquides de gaz naturel

17,2

Combustibles secondaires/produits Essence

18,9

Kérosène pour carburéacteurs

19,5

Autres kérosènes

19,6

Huile de schiste

20,0

Gazole/diesel

20,2

(c) Les émissions liées à l’utilisation de la biomasse en tant que combustible ne sont pas montrées dans cette publication.

21,1

GPL

17,2

Ethane

16,8

Naphta

(20,0) (a)

Etape 5 : Correction pour tenir compte du carbone non-oxydé

22,0 (20,0) (a)

Lubrifiants Coke de pétrole

27,5

Produits d’alimentation des raffineries

(20,0) (a)

Gaz de raffinerie

18,2 (b)

Autres produits pétroliers

(20,0) (a)

COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES SOLIDES Anthracite

26,8

Charbon à coke

25,8

Autres charbons bitumineux

25,8

Charbons sous-bitumineux

26,2

Lignite

27,6

Schistes bitumineux

29,1

Tourbe

28,9

TABLEAU 4 FRACTION DE CARBONE OXYDE

Produits/combustibles secondaires BKB et agglomérés Coke de four à coke/coke de gaz Gaz de cokerie Gaz de haut-fourneau

(25,8)

0,98

Pétrole et produits pétroliers

0,99

29,5 13,0 (b) 66,0

Gaz

0,995

(b)

15,3

(c)

Biomasse solide

29,9

Biomasse liquide

(20,0) (a)

Biomasse gazeuse

(30,6) (a)

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Charbon1 (a)

COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES GAZEUX Gaz naturel (sec)

1 Les valeurs de la fraction de carbone oxydé sont inscrites dans la colonne N de la feuille de calcul 1. Le tableau 4 présente des valeurs types mesurées dans des centrales et propose des valeurs globales par défaut applicables aux combustibles solides, liquides et gazeux. 2 Les émissions nettes de carbone (colonne M) sont multipliées par la fraction de carbone oxydé (colonne N) et le résultat obtenu est inscrit dans la colonne O, émissions de carbone réellement stocké.

Combustibles primaires

BIOMASSE

(a) Cette valeur est une valeur par défaut à retenir jusqu'à ce que soit déterminé un CEC propre au combustible. Pour les combustibles gazeux issus de la biomasse, le CEC est fondé sur l'hypothèse que 50% du carbone de la biomasse est converti en méthane et que 50% sont émis sous forme de CO2. Les émissions de CO2 liées à la combustion de biogaz ne doivent pas être incorporées dans les inventaires nationaux. Si le biogaz est relâché dans l'atmosphère au lieu d'être brûlé, 50% de la teneur en carbone devrait être pris en compte comme méthane. (b) A utiliser pour les calculs sectoriels.

Fioul résiduel

Bitume

Notes relatives au Tableau 3

Tourbe pour la production d’électricité2

0,99

1

Cette valeur représente une moyenne globale mais elle varie en fonction des différents types de charbon et peut descendre jusqu'à 0,91.

2

La fraction de carbone oxydé pour le tourbe utilisée par les ménages peut être beaucoup plus faible.

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Secteur de l’énergie et de la transformation

Etape 6 : Conversion en émissions de CO2 1 Les émissions de carbone réelles (colonne O) sont multipliées par 44/12 (le coefficient du poids moléculaire du CO2 par rapport à celui du C) pour obtenir le total de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) émis lors de la combustion. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne P. 2 La somme ainsi obtenue représente le total des émissions nationales de dioxyde de carbone provenant de la combustion. Celles-ci correspondent aux émissions totales de CO2 dues à la combustion présentées dans cette publication.

Méthode sectorielle Introduction Il est nécessaire de procéder à une analyse sectorielle des émissions nationales de CO2 selon les catégories des sources/puits du GIEC en vue d'établir un suivi et une discussion des politiques de réduction des émissions. La méthode de référence du GIEC offre un cadre d’estimation rapide du total des émissions de CO2 provenant des combustibles livrés dans les pays mais elle ne permet pas de subdiviser les émissions par secteur. Les calculs plus détaillés utilisés pour la méthode sectorielle sont dans l’ensemble similaires à ceux utilisés pour la méthode de référence.

Pour remplir les feuilles de calcul 2 Cette section provient du Manuel simplifié des Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC et fournit des instructions relatives aux calculs étape par étape des émissions par combustibles pour chacune des principales catégories de sources selon la méthode sectorielle de niveau 1 du GIEC. Un exemple de la feuille de calcul 2 peut être consulté à la fin de ce chapitre.

Etape 1 : Estimation de la consommation de combustible par secteur La quantité de chaque combustible consommé est inscrite par secteur dans la colonne A.

Il convient de prendre soigneusement en considération l'utilisation des combustibles dans le secteur de l'énergie et de la transformation afin d'éviter toute double comptabilisation. On peut diviser l’utilisation des combustibles dans le secteur de l’énergie et de la transformation en trois groupes :

Secteur de la transformation 1 Les combustibles transformés en combustibles secondaires au moyen de procédés physiques ou chimiques ne comportant pas de combustion (par exemple : du pétrole brut transformé en produits pétroliers raffinés dans les raffineries, le charbon transformé en coke et en gaz de hauts fourneaux dans les fours à coke) ; 2 Les combustibles utilisés pour la production d'électricité et/ou de chaleur (non compris les combustibles utilisés à des fins autoproduction de l'électricité et de chaleur, qui sont mentionnés dans le secteur où on les utilise) ;

Secteur de l'énergie 3 Les combustibles utilisés par les industries énergétiques (extraction et transformation) pour les besoins de la production de chaleur, le pompage, la traction et l’éclairage (par exemple : les gaz de raffinerie utilisés pour le chauffage des colonnes de distillation, l'utilisation du méthane des houillères à des fins de production de chaleur). Dans cette feuille de calcul, seul les combustibles des groupes 2 et 3 (combustibles brûlés) sont notifiés. Toutefois il convient de se reporter à l'étape 4 pour la présentation des lubrifiants utilisés dans les industries énergétiques. Aucune feuille de calcul pour les émissions imputables à l'utilisation de combustibles du groupe 1 n'est disponible. Ils doivent être mentionnés sous la catégorie de sources/puits I B du GIEC : émissions fugitives issues des combustibles. Il est très important de veiller à cette distinction. Les quantités de combustibles primaires mentionnées dans la colonne A devront venir en déduction des quantités utilisées pour les activités du groupe 1. Les quantités mentionnées ne prendront en compte que les besoins en combustion de ces industries.

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Etape 2 : Conversion en une unité énergétique commune (TJ) 1 Le coefficient de conversion en térajoules (PCI ou facteur d'échelle) est inscrit dans la colonne B. 2 La consommation est multipliée par le facteur de conversion approprié pour obtenir la consommation en térajoules. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne C.

Etape 3 : Multiplication par les coefficients d’émission de carbone 1 Le facteur d’émission de carbone utilisé pour convertir la consommation en teneur en carbone est inscrit dans la colonne D. 2 La consommation en TJ (colonne C) est multipliée par le facteur d’émission de carbone (colonne D) pour obtenir la teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne E. 3 La teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de carbone est divisée par 103 afin de l’exprimer en gigagrammes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne F.

Etape 4 : Calcul du carbone stocké Pour calculer le carbone stocké, les combustibles sont divisés en quatre groupes. • Les combustibles utilisés comme produits d'alimentation, tels que le naphta, le gaz naturel, le gazole/ diesel, le GPL ou l’éthane ; • Les lubrifiants ;

1 Estimation des quantités de combustibles La quantité de combustibles utilisée comme produits d'alimentation à des fins non-énergétiques (intrant) est inscrite dans la colonne A de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. 2 Conversion en TJ Les facteurs de conversion appropriés sont inscrits dans la colonne B. La quantité d’intrant utilisée (colonne A) est multipliée par le facteur de conversion approprié pour obtenir la consommation utilisée exprimée en TJ. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne C de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. 3 Calcul de la teneur en carbone La quantité d’intrant utilisée exprimée en TJ (colonne C) est multipliée par le facteur d’émission en tonnes de carbone par térajoule (colonne D) pour obtenir la teneur en carbone en tonnes de C (colonne E). Les chiffres sont alors divisés par 103 pour exprimer la quantité en gigagrammes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne F de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. 4 Calcul du carbone réellement stocké La teneur en carbone (colonne F) est multipliée par la fraction de carbone stocké (colonne G) pour obtenir le carbone stocké. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. Lorsque la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2 est complétée 5 La quantité de carbone stocké du combustible/ produit approprié est inscrite dans la colonne H de la feuille de calcul 2 pour chaque catégorie de sources d’émissions de l’industrie. 6 La quantité de carbone stocké (colonne H) est soustraite de la teneur en carbone (colonne F) pour obtenir les émissions nettes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne I.

• Le bitume et les goudrons de houille ;

Lubrifiants :

• Les combustibles pour lesquels le carbone n’est pas stocké.

On estime qu'environ la moitié de la production est oxydée sous forme de CO2 au cours de la première utilisation, du recyclage et de la disparition finale des lubrifiants.

Les combustibles utilisés comme produits d'alimentation, tels que le naphta, le gaz naturel, le gazole/diesel, le GPL ou l’éthane : Cette sous-section concerne uniquement la catégorie des sources d’émissions de l’industrie.

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1 Pour chaque secteur où des lubrifiants sont utilisés, la fraction de carbone stocké par les lubrifiants est inscrite dans la colonne G. La valeur par défaut de cette fraction utilisée dans cette publication est 0,5.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.67

2 La teneur en carbone (colonne F) est multipliée par la fraction de carbone stockée (colonne G) pour obtenir la quantité de carbone stocké. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H. 3 La quantité de carbone stocké (colonne H) est soustraite de la teneur en carbone (colonne F) pour obtenir les émissions nettes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne I. Bitume et goudrons de houille : Habituellement, le bitume et les goudrons de houille ne sont pas brûlés mais plutôt utilisés d’une manière telle que presque tout le carbone se trouve stocké. Les émissions de composés organiques volatiles non méthaniques (COVNM) liées au bitumage des routes sont estimées dans le chapitre consacré aux procédés industriels. Combustibles pour lesquels aucun carbone n’est stocké : L’étape 4 ne s’applique pas ; les valeurs de la colonne F sont alors inscrites dans la colonne I avant de passer à l’étape 5.

Etape 5 : Correction pour tenir compte du carbone non-oxydé 1 Les valeurs de la fraction de carbone oxydé sont inscrites dans la colonne J de la feuille de calcul 2. Le tableau 4 présente des valeurs types mesurées à partir de centrales à charbon et propose des valeurs globales par défaut pour les combustibles solides, liquides et gazeux. 2 Les émissions nettes de carbone (colonne I) sont multipliées par la fraction de carbone oxydé (colonne J) et le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne K : émissions réelles de carbone.

Etape 6 : Conversion en émissions de CO2 1 Les émissions réelles de carbone (colonne K) sont multipliées par 44/12 (le coefficient du poids moléculaire du CO2 par rapport à celui du C) pour obtenir les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2). Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne L. Ceuxci correspondent aux émissions sectorielles qui sont présentées dans cette publication.

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I.68 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 1 DE 5 ETAPE 1 A

B

C

Production

Importations

Exportations

D

E

Soutes Variation de internationales stocks

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles

Combustibles Pétrole brut

liquides

Primaires

Orimulsion Liquides de gaz naturel Combustibles Essence Secondaires Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Autres kérosènes Huile de schiste Gazole Fioul résiduel GPL Ethane Naphta Bitume Lubrifiants Coke de pétrole

Produits d’alimentation des raffineries Autres produits pétroliers Totaux combustibles fossiles liquides Fossiles Combustibles Anthracite(a) solides

Primaires

Charbon à coke Autres charbons bitumineux Charbons sousbitumineux Lignite Schistes bitumineux

Tourbe Combustibles BKB & agglomérés secondaires coke de four à coke / coke de gaz Totaux combustibles fossiles solides Fossiles gazeux

Gaz naturel (sec)

Total Biomasse totale Biomasse solide Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse (a) Si les données relatives à l’anthracite ne sont pas disponibles séparément, les inclure dans les autres charbons bitumineux.

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F Consommation F=(A+B -C-D-E)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.69

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 2 DE 5 ETAPE 2 G(a) Facteur de conversion (TJ/unité)

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles

Combustibles

Pétrole brut

liquides

Primaires

Orimulsion Liquides de gaz naturel Essence Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Autres kérosènes

Combustibles Secondaires

ETAPE 3

H Consommation apparente (TJ) H=(FxG)

I Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

J Teneur en carbone

K Teneur en carbone

(t C)

(Gg C)

J=(HxI)

K=(Jx10-3)

Huile de schiste Gazole Fioul résiduel GPL Ethane Naphta Bitume Lubrifiants Coke de pétrole Produits d’alimentation des raffineries Autres produits pétroliers Totaux combustibles fossiles liquides Fossiles

Combustibles

Anthracite(b)

solides

Primaires

Charbon à coke Autres charbons bitumineux Charbons sousbitumineux Lignite Schistes bitumineux Tourbe

Combustibles secondaires

BKB & agglomérés coke de four à coke / coke de gaz

Totaux combustibles fossiles solides Fossiles gazeux

Gaz naturel (sec)

Total Biomasse totale Biomasse solide Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse (a) Prière de préciser les unités. (b) Si les donnés relatives à l’anthracite ne sont pas disponibles séparément, les inclure dans les autres charbons bitumineux.

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I.70 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 3 DE 5 ETAPE 4

Fossiles liquides

Combustibles

Pétrole brut

Primaires

Orimulsion Liquides de gaz naturel Essence Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Autres kérosènes

Combustibles Secondaires

M

N

ETAPE 6 O

P

Fraction de Carbone stocké Emissions nettes (Gg C) de carbone carbone oxydé (Gg C)

Emissions réelles de C (Gg C)

Emissions réelles de CO2 (Gg CO2)

M=(K-L)

O=(MxN)

P=(Ox[44/12])

L

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE

ETAPE 5

Huile de schiste Gazole Fioul résiduel GPL Ethane Naphta Bitume Lubrifiants Coke de pétrole Produits d’alimentation des raffineries Autres produits pétroliers Totaux combustibles fossiles liquides Fossiles solides

Combustibles Primaires

Anthracite(a) Charbon à coke Autres charbons bitumineux Charbons sousbitumineux Lignite Schistes bitumineux Tourbe

Combustibles secondaires

BKB & agglomérés coke de four à coke / coke de gaz

Totaux combustibles fossiles solides Fossiles gazeux

Gaz naturel (sec)

Total Biomasse totale Biomasse solide Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse (a) Si les données relatives à l’anthracite ne sont pas disponibles séparément, les inclure dans les autres charbons bitumineux.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.71

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 4 DE 5 EMISSIONS PROVENANT DES SOUTES INTERNATIONALES (TRANSPORTS INTERNATIONAUX MARITIMES ET AERIENS) ETAPE 1

ETAPE 2 B

C

D

E

F

Quantités livrées(a)

Coefficient de conversion (TJ/unité)

Quantités livrées (TJ)

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

Teneur en carbone (t C)

Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

C=(AxB)

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles solides

ETAPE 3

A

Autres charbons bitumineux Charbon sousbitumineux

Fossiles liquides

Essence Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Gazole Fioul résiduel Lubrifiants Total

(a) Entrez les valeurs reportées en Feuille de calcul 1, Feuille 1, Colonne D : « Soutes internationales ».

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 5 DE 5 EMISSIONS PROVENANT DES SOUTES INTERNATIONALES (TRANSPORTS INTERNATIONAUX MARITIMES ET AERIENS) ETAPE 4

Fossiles liquides

I

J

K

L

Fraction de carbone stocké

Carbone stocké (Gg C)

Emissions nettes de carbone (Gg C)

Fraction de carbone oxydé

Emissions réelles de carbone (Gg C)

Emissions réelles de CO2 (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(Kx44/12)

Autres charbons bitumineux

0

0

Charbon sousbitumineux

0

0

Essence

0

0

Kérosène pour carburéacteurs

0

0

Gazole

0

0

Fioul résiduel

0

0

Lubrifiants

ETAPE 6

H

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles solides

ETAPE 5

G

0.5 Total(a)

(a) Les émissions issues des soutes internationales ne doivent pas être incluses dans les totaux nationaux.

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I.72 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) FEUILLE DE CALCUL AUXILIAIRE 1 : ESTIMATION DU CARBONE STOCKE DANS CERTAINS PRODUITS 1 DE 1 A

B

Quantités Coefficient de conversion estimées de (TJ/unités) combustible

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE

C

D

E

F

G

H

Quantités estimées de combustible (TJ)

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

Teneur en carbone (t C)

Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

Fraction de carbone stocké

Carbone stocké (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

C=(AxB)

H=(FxG)

Naphta(a)

0.80

Lubrifiants

0.50

Bitume

1.0

Huile de houille et goudrons (à partir du charbon à coke)

0.75

Gaz naturel(a)

0.33

Gazole(a)

0.50

GPL(a)

0.80

Ethane(a)

0.80

Autres combustibles(b)

(a) Reporter ces combustibles s’ils sont utilisés en tant que produits d’alimentation. (b) Entrez dans la ligne « Autres combustibles » tout produit susceptible de stocker du carbone.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.73

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 DU A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE (METHODE SECTORIELLE DE NIVEAU 1) 2 CALCULS ETAPE PAR ETAPE FEUILLE DONNEE A TITRE D’EXEMPLE - A REMPLIR POUR CHAQUE SECTEUR ETAPE 1

Industries énergétiques

ETAPE 2

ETAPE 3

A

B

C

D

E

F

Consommation

Coefficient de conversion (TJ/unité)

Consommation (TJ)

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

Teneur en carbone (t C)

Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

liste de combustibles par secteur (a)

C=(AxB)

Total Pour mémoire : Bois/Déchets provenant du bois Charbon de bois Autres biomasses solides Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse Total biomasse (a) Certains secteurs nécessitent des calculs spécifiques pour quelques produits. Pour plus de détails, voir les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996.

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I.74 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 DU A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE (METHODE SECTORIELLE DE NIVEAU 1) 2 CALCULS ETAPE PAR ETAPE FEUILLE DONNEE A TITRE D’EXEMPLE - A REMPLIR POUR CHAQUE SECTEUR ETAPE 4

Industries énergétiques

liste de combustibles par secteur (a)

ETAPE 5

ETAPE 6

G

H

I

J

K

L

Fraction de carbone stocké

Carbone stocké (Gg C)

Emissions nettes de carbone (Gg C)

Fraction de carbone oxydé

Emissions réelles de carbone (Gg C)

Emissions réelles de CO2 (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(K x [44/12])

Total Pour mémoire : Bois/Déchets provenant du bois Charbon de bois Autres biomasses solides Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse Total biomasse (a) Certains secteurs nécessitent des calculs spécifiques pour quelques produits. Pour plus de détails, voir les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.75

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE A

ENERGIE CO2 DU A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE PAR (METHODE SECTORIELLE DE NIVEAU 1) FEUILLE DE CALCUL AUXILIAIRE 2 : ESTIMATION DE LA TENEUR EN CARBONE DANS LES PRODUITS 1 B

C

D

Quantité de Coefficient Quantité de Coefficient produit d’émission de produits de conversion (TJ/unités) d’alimentation carbone d’alimentation utilisée (t C/TJ) utilisée (TJ) TYPE DE

C=(AxB)

E

F

G

H

Teneur en carbone (t C)

Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

Fraction de carbone stocké

Teneur en carbone(a)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

(Gg C)

H=(FxG)

COMBUSTIBLE

Gazole

0.5

GPL

0.8

Ethane

0.8

Naphta

0.8

Gaz naturel

0.33

Autres combustibles(b)

(a) Inscrivez le résultat de ces calculs dans la feuille 2 : Calcul étape par étape, Feuille 4, dans le secteur Industries de fabrication et construction. (b) Veuillez préciser.

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I.76 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Sources principales En mai 2000, la Session plénière du GIEC, lors de sa 16ème réunion tenue à Montréal, a accepté le rapport intitulé Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre)13. Le rapport donne des orientations pour aider les pays à établir des inventaires qui ne soient ni sousestimés ni surestimés, pour autant que l’on puisse en juger, et dans lesquels les incertitudes seront aussi minimes que possible. Il sert à étayer la mise au point d’inventaires transparents, documentés, cohérents dans la durée, exhaustifs, comparables, dont les incertitudes sont quantifiées, qui sont soumis à des procédures de contrôle et d’assurance de la qualité, et qui reposent sur une utilisation rationnelle des ressources. Le rapport n’est pas une révision ou une version de remplacement des Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - version révisée 1996, mais sert de référence pour compléter ces lignes directrices, tout en étant compatible avec elles. Le choix méthodologique appliqué aux différentes catégories de sources est important pour gérer l’incertitude de l’inventaire global. D’une manière générale, l’incertitude de l’inventaire est moindre lorsque les émissions sont estimées à l’aide des méthodes les plus rigoureuses, mais étant donné le caractère fini des ressources, ce ne sera peut-être pas possible pour toutes les catégories de sources. Afin d’utiliser aussi rationnellement que possible les ressources disponibles, une bonne pratique consiste à identifier les catégories de sources qui contribuent le plus à l’incertitude de l’inventaire global. En recensant ces catégories de sources principales dans l’inventaire national, les entités responsables des inventaires peuvent hiérarchiser les priorités de leurs travaux et améliorer leurs estimations globales. Cette démarche permettra d’améliorer la qualité des inventaires, ainsi que d’accroître la fiabilité des estimations

13. Le lecteur trouvera le rapport IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories dans le Programme d’inventaires nationaux des gaz à effet de serre (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

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des émissions. La bonne pratique consiste, pour chaque entité responsable de l’inventaire, à définir de manière systématique et objective les catégories de sources principales. L’expression catégorie de sources principales désigne une catégorie de sources qui bénéficie d’un rang de priorité élevé dans l’inventaire national car les estimations la concernant influent beaucoup sur l’inventaire total des émissions directes de gaz à effet de serre du pays, que cette influence s’exerce sur le niveau absolu des émissions ou sur l’évolution des émissions ou sur les deux. Toute entité responsable de l’inventaire ayant déjà préparé un inventaire des émissions sera en mesure d’identifier les catégories de sources principales compte tenu de leur influence sur le niveau absolu des émissions nationales. Pour les entités qui ont préparé une série chronologique, la détermination quantitative des catégories de sources principales devrait comporter une évaluation à la fois du niveau absolu et de l’évolution des émissions. Si l’évaluation ne porte que sur l’influence d’une catégorie de sources sur le niveau global des émissions, elle renseignera peu sur les raisons pour lesquelles cette catégorie de sources est principale. On risque de ne pas inventorier certaines catégories de sources principales si l’influence de l’évolution des émissions n’est pas prise en considération. Le Good Practice Guidance décrit la méthode de référence de Niveau 1 et la méthode de Niveau 2. La différence fondamentale entre les deux tient à la prise en compte de l’incertitude dans la méthode de Niveau 2. Dans l’inventaire national de chaque pays, certaines catégories de sources sont particulièrement importantes compte tenu de leur influence sur l’incertitude globale de l’inventaire. Il importe d’identifier ces catégories de sources principales afin de pouvoir définir les priorités d’utilisation des ressources disponibles pour la préparation de l’inventaire et établir les meilleures estimations possibles des catégories de sources les plus significatives. On pourra tirer le meilleur parti des résultats de la détermination des catégories de sources principales à condition d’effectuer l’analyse au niveau de détail approprié. Le Good Practice Guidance propose les niveaux de détail convenant à l’analyse des diverses

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - I.77

catégories de sources du GIEC. Par exemple, la combustion de combustibles fossiles est une grande catégorie de sources d’émissions qui peut être ventilée en sous-catégories, et même au niveau des installations ou des chaudières elles-mêmes. Les conseils ciaprès indiquent ce qu’il convient de faire pour choisir le niveau approprié d’analyse afin d’identifier les catégories de sources principales : • L’analyse devrait être réalisée au niveau des catégories de sources du GIEC (c’est-à-dire au niveau où sont décrites les méthodes du GIEC). Elle devrait utiliser les émissions exprimées en équivalents CO2, calculées à l’aide des potentiels de réchauffement de la planète (PRP) spécifiés pour la préparation des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre des Parties visées à l’Annexe I de la Convention, Première partie : Directives CCNUCC pour la notification des inventaires annuels (Directives CCNUCC). • Chaque gaz à effet de serre émis par une catégorie de sources devrait faire l’objet d’une évaluation distincte, à moins qu’il ne faille considérer plusieurs gaz ensemble pour des raisons méthodologiques particulières. Par exemple, le dioxyde de carbone (CO2), le méthane (CH4) et l’hémioxyde d’azote (N2O) sont rejetés par des sources mobiles. L’évaluation des catégories de sources principales devrait porter sur chacun de ces gaz séparément, parce que les méthodes, les coefficients d’émission et les incertitudes connexes diffèrent pour chacun d’eux. En revanche, il peut s’avérer approprié d’évaluer ensemble les hydrofluorocarbones et les hydrocarbures perfluorés (PFC) pour certaines catégories de sources, telles que les émissions de substituts des substances qui appauvrissent la couche d’ozone (substituts des SAO). • Les catégories de sources auxquelles s’appliquent les mêmes coefficients d’émission sur la base d’hypothèses communes devraient être agrégées avant l’analyse. Cette méthode peut également aider à traiter les corrélations croisées entre catégories de sources dans l’analyse de l’incertitude. Le même modèle d’agrégation devrait servir à quantifier les incertitudes et à identifier les catégories de sources principales, à moins que les incertitudes des données d’activité associées ne soient très différentes.

Méthodes quantitatives pour identifier les catégories de sources principales La bonne pratique veut que chaque entité responsable de l’inventaire définisse ses catégories nationales de sources principales de manière systématique et objective, en effectuant une analyse quantitative des relations entre le niveau et l’évolution des émissions de chaque catégorie de sources, d’une part, et les émissions nationales totales, de l’autre. Toute entité responsable ayant établi un inventaire des émissions sera en mesure de procéder à l’évaluation du niveau de Niveau 1 et d’identifier les catégories de sources dont le niveau des émissions influe beaucoup sur les émissions nationales totales. Les entités ayant établi des inventaires des émissions depuis plus d’une année seront également à même d’effectuer l’évaluation de l’évolution des émissions de Niveau 1 et d’identifier les sources qui sont principales en raison de leur influence sur l’évolution globale des émissions nationales. Ces deux types d’évaluations sont décrits en détail dans le Good Practice Guidance. Pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion dans des installations fixes, le Good Practice Guidance recommande de présenter les émissions au niveau de désagrégation auquel les coefficients d’émission sont discernables. Dans la plupart des inventaires, il s’agira des principaux types de combustibles. Si les coefficients d’émission sont déterminés de manière indépendante pour certaines sous-catégories, il faudrait que cela apparaisse dans l’analyse. Lorsque l’on applique la méthode de Niveau 1, les catégories de sources principales sont identifiées à l’aide d’un seuil prédéterminé d’émissions cumulées. Le seuil prédéterminé a été défini après évaluation de plusieurs inventaires pour fixer un niveau général auquel 90% de l’incertitude de l’inventaire correspondent aux catégories de sources principales. La méthode de Niveau 1 utilisée pour identifier les catégories de sources principales de l’inventaire des émissions nationales évalue les incidences des diverses catégories de sources sur le niveau et, si possible, sur l’évolution. Lorsque l’on dispose d’estimations sur plusieurs années dans l’inventaire national, la bonne pratique consiste à quantifier la part qui revient à chaque catégorie de sources dans le niveau aussi bien que dans l’évolution des émissions de l’inventaire

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I.78 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

national. En revanche, on ne peut évaluer que le niveau des émissions si l’inventaire disponible couvre seulement une année.

sources qui atteint le seuil de 95% dans une année donnée, quelle qu’elle soit, devrait être considérée comme une catégorie de sources principales.

Pour l’évaluation du niveau de Niveau 1, la contribution de chaque catégorie de sources au niveau total de l’inventaire national est calculée à l’aide de l’Équation 1 :

L’évaluation de l’évolution de Niveau 1 calcule l’influence de l’évolution de chaque catégorie de sources sur l’évolution de l’inventaire national. Cette évaluation permettra de trouver les catégories de sources dont l’évolution s’écarte de celle de l’inventaire global. Dans la mesure où les différences d’évolution sont plus significatives pour le niveau global de l’inventaire lorsqu’il s’agit de catégories de sources plus importantes, le résultat de la différence d’évolution (c’est-à-dire évolution de la catégorie de sources moins évolution du total) est multiplié par le résultat de l’évaluation du niveau (Lx,t dans l’équation 1) pour effectuer la pondération appropriée. Par conséquent, les catégories de sources principales seront celles dont l’évolution s’écartera sensiblement de l’évolution du total, pondérée par le niveau d’émissions de la catégorie de sources dont il s’agit.

EQUATION 1 Évaluation du niveau de la catégorie de sources = Estimation de la catégorie de sources / Estimation totale Lx,t = Ex,t / Et dans laquelle : Lx,t est l’évaluation du niveau de la source x dans l’année t L’estimation de la catégorie de sources (Ex,t) est l’estimation des émissions de la source x dans l’année t L’estimation totale (Et) est l’inventaire total dans l’année t

l’estimation

de

La valeur de l’évaluation du niveau de la catégorie de sources devrait être calculée à part pour chaque catégorie de sources, pour ensuite procéder à la somme de toutes les entrées. Les catégories de sources principales sont celles dont la somme dépasse 95% du total, lorsque les émissions correspondantes sont additionnées par ordre décroissant. Toute catégorie de

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Si les incertitudes au niveau des sources sont connues à l’échelon national, les entités responsables des inventaires pourront utiliser la méthode de Niveau 2 pour identifier les catégories de sources principales. La méthode de Niveau 2 est une analyse plus fine qui s’appuie sur la méthode de Niveau 1 et qui est susceptible de réduire le nombre de catégories de sources principales. Dans la méthode de Niveau 2, les résultats de l’analyse fondée sur la méthode de Niveau 1 sont multipliés par l’incertitude relative de chaque catégorie de sources. Les catégories de sources principales sont celles qui représentent 90% de la part d’incertitude, et non plus celles qui répondent au critère du seuil prédéterminé d’émissions cumulées.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.1

PART II: CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION

PARTIE II : EMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.3

SUMMARY TABLES

TABLEAUX RECAPITULATIFS

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.4 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle million tonnes of CO 2

2006

% change 90-06

14 094.8 15 689.2 18 053.9 18 628.5 20 987.6 21 829.0 23 508.5 25 107.8 26 331.8 27 146.3 28 002.7

33.4%

1971 World *

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

.. 8 607.3 4 630.7 3 059.9 916.7 .. ..

.. 8 884.2 4 738.0 3 092.8 1 053.4 .. ..

.. 9 530.9 5 088.5 3 337.3 1 105.1 .. ..

..

..

..

..

8 802.1

7 849.1

7 830.0

8 140.6

8 117.5

8 117.8

8 157.5

-7.3%

344.5 167.9

328.6 171.3

344.0 199.6

291.7 223.6

357.9 255.4

403.5 284.4

466.7 341.1

465.7 342.2

521.0 365.5

551.6 388.8

582.6 397.1

62.8% 55.5%

Non-OECD Total

4 245.8

5 423.4

6 853.2

7 725.5

9 291.2

9 545.5 10 187.3 11 521.4 12 541.1 13 264.1 14 149.4

52.3%

OECD Total

9 336.6

9 765.8 10 657.0 10 387.6 11 083.2 11 595.5 12 513.5 12 778.6 12 904.3 12 941.7 12 873.7

16.2%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

339.4 97.1 4 291.3 4 727.8

377.1 138.8 4 360.8 4 876.8

426.9 212.1 4 661.6 5 300.5

402.2 251.6 4 545.7 5 199.6

432.2 292.9 4 863.3 5 588.5

465.1 309.6 5 133.3 5 908.0

532.6 356.8 5 693.0 6 582.4

554.3 371.0 5 688.6 6 613.9

550.4 374.3 5 772.4 6 697.2

556.3 402.2 5 784.5 6 743.0

538.8 416.3 5 696.8 6 651.8

24.7% 42.1% 17.1% 19.0%

144.1 758.8 52.1 13.7 968.7

180.0 856.3 76.8 17.1 1 130.1

208.0 880.7 124.4 16.4 1 229.5

221.0 876.0 153.3 19.6 1 269.8

259.8 1 071.4 229.3 21.4 1 581.9

285.2 1 156.7 364.8 24.4 1 831.1

338.7 1 192.4 431.3 32.3 1 994.6

360.9 1 222.8 458.6 35.9 2 078.2

369.6 1 222.4 478.9 35.5 2 106.3

387.2 1 227.7 468.9 36.3 2 120.0

394.4 1 212.7 476.1 36.8 2 120.0

51.8% 13.2% 107.6% 72.2% 34.0%

48.7 116.8 151.0 55.0 39.8 431.9 978.6 25.2 62.1 1.4 21.7 292.9 15.4 129.6 23.5 286.7 14.4 39.1 120.0 82.4 38.9 41.4 623.5 3 640.1

50.2 115.6 152.6 52.5 44.4 430.6 975.5 34.5 72.3 1.6 21.1 319.6 12.1 140.8 24.1 338.2 18.1 43.8 156.6 79.4 36.7 59.2 579.5 3 758.9

55.7 125.7 165.1 62.5 55.2 461.4 1 055.6 45.3 85.3 1.7 25.9 359.8 11.9 153.2 28.0 413.1 23.8 55.3 187.9 73.4 39.2 70.9 571.1 4 127.0

54.3 101.9 168.6 60.5 48.6 360.3 1 014.6 54.6 82.1 1.6 26.4 347.5 9.9 146.7 27.2 419.5 24.6 54.4 175.5 58.8 41.4 94.6 544.5 3 918.2

56.6 110.3 155.1 50.4 54.4 352.1 950.4 70.1 68.5 1.9 30.6 397.8 10.5 156.6 28.4 343.9 39.3 56.7 205.8 52.8 40.7 126.9 553.0 3 912.8

59.2 120.9 123.5 57.6 56.0 353.7 869.3 75.8 58.8 1.9 33.0 409.7 8.2 171.3 32.8 331.5 48.3 40.8 233.7 57.5 41.0 152.7 519.1 3 856.4

62.0 127.3 121.6 49.9 53.9 375.8 827.1 87.4 55.3 2.1 41.2 424.7 8.0 173.1 33.8 292.0 59.5 37.4 283.9 52.8 41.6 200.6 525.6 3 936.5

73.5 127.0 120.9 56.2 72.2 384.3 842.1 93.7 57.7 2.2 41.6 452.4 9.8 183.9 35.4 291.2 58.4 38.4 309.6 54.9 43.1 202.1 535.9 4 086.5

73.6 124.4 122.0 50.7 66.9 383.8 843.4 93.3 56.6 2.2 41.8 450.0 11.0 185.1 35.9 295.2 59.8 37.3 327.4 53.6 43.9 207.2 535.6 4 100.8

75.0 120.4 119.9 47.4 55.1 386.6 811.3 95.0 56.9 2.2 43.4 453.8 11.2 182.6 36.7 294.2 62.7 38.1 339.5 50.4 44.4 216.4 535.4 4 078.7

72.8 117.2 121.0 55.2 66.8 377.5 823.5 94.0 56.4 2.2 44.9 448.0 11.2 178.3 36.8 306.0 56.3 37.5 327.6 48.3 44.1 239.7 536.5 4 101.8

28.8% 6.3% -22.0% 9.5% 22.9% 7.2% -13.4% 34.0% -17.7% 16.1% 46.7% 12.6% 6.8% 13.9% 29.5% -11.0% 43.4% -34.0% 59.2% -8.5% 8.2% 88.9% -3.0% 4.8%

..

..

..

..

4 063.1

3 857.9

3 841.6

4 004.9

4 009.9

3 978.7

3 983.0

-2.0%

Annex I Kyoto Parties Intl. marine bunkers International aviation

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

European Union - 27

.. 13 907.1 13 194.6 13 778.8 14 088.6 14 156.9 14 179.6 14 158.1 9 163.5 9 809.8 10 213.9 11 018.7 11 238.7 11 332.8 11 345.1 11 220.8 4 948.0 5 295.5 5 598.4 6 225.6 6 243.0 6 322.8 6 340.8 6 235.6 3 099.0 3 161.6 3 149.2 3 229.7 3 376.2 3 382.5 3 353.2 3 341.3 1 116.5 1 352.6 1 466.3 1 563.3 1 619.6 1 627.5 1 651.1 1 643.9 .. 3 970.5 2 828.0 2 559.6 2 647.8 2 616.8 2 618.1 2 697.6 .. 6 467.2 7 946.5 8 922.0 10 211.3 11 288.5 12 026.2 12 865.0

* Total world includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1.8% 14.4% 17.8% 5.7% 21.5% -32.1% 98.9%

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 5

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle million tonnes of CO 2

2006

% change 90-06

9 545.5 10 187.3 11 521.4 12 541.1 13 264.1 14 149.4

52.3%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

4 245.8

5 423.4

6 853.2

7 725.5

9 291.2

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

8.9 1.7 0.3 .. 0.7 0.6 2.5 2.4 20.4 .. 1.3 0.5 1.9 3.8 3.7 6.8 2.9 .. 5.9 1.2 173.8 3.3 1.5 0.3 3.7 3.4 7.2 7.6 266.6

14.5 2.1 0.5 .. 1.0 0.7 2.6 3.0 25.9 .. 1.2 0.7 2.3 4.4 9.2 9.9 2.3 .. 11.7 1.6 209.2 3.3 1.5 0.3 4.8 4.4 7.2 9.2 333.6

29.9 2.7 0.4 .. 1.7 0.8 3.1 3.4 42.3 .. 1.4 1.3 2.3 5.6 18.6 14.0 2.3 .. 26.7 2.0 214.5 3.7 1.6 0.4 7.8 3.4 8.0 13.3 410.9

45.6 2.9 0.5 1.6 2.4 0.8 3.2 3.0 65.5 .. 1.4 1.7 2.2 5.5 22.5 16.5 1.5 .. 32.4 2.1 229.0 4.2 1.5 0.3 9.6 2.8 9.6 11.8 480.1

54.8 4.1 0.3 2.9 2.7 0.7 3.0 2.6 79.2 .. 2.2 0.9 2.7 6.3 27.4 19.6 1.1 .. 29.2 2.0 254.6 5.5 1.7 0.6 12.1 2.6 16.0 14.7 549.3

59.3 4.0 0.2 3.3 2.5 0.5 2.1 3.2 84.0 0.8 2.3 1.3 3.3 7.3 35.1 25.4 1.1 1.8 30.4 2.5 276.8 4.6 2.5 0.6 14.3 2.0 14.8 17.0 603.2

66.6 5.2 1.4 4.2 2.8 0.6 2.1 6.1 110.2 0.6 3.2 1.4 5.1 8.9 39.7 29.5 1.3 1.9 41.1 3.6 298.6 5.5 2.6 1.0 18.0 1.7 12.7 18.9 694.4

77.7 7.6 2.3 3.9 3.0 0.8 2.2 5.1 130.5 0.7 4.5 1.6 7.1 7.7 41.9 33.1 1.7 2.6 48.3 3.8 320.8 8.9 3.3 1.1 19.1 2.0 10.5 21.3 773.1

78.6 7.4 2.4 4.1 3.0 0.9 2.2 5.7 138.0 0.7 4.7 1.7 6.2 8.8 43.7 35.7 1.7 2.7 48.6 4.5 337.5 10.3 3.8 1.0 19.7 2.0 9.7 22.4 807.8

83.8 7.8 2.5 4.3 2.9 1.0 2.3 6.3 149.3 0.6 4.8 2.1 6.7 9.9 42.5 39.3 1.5 2.9 55.6 4.6 330.4 10.3 4.5 1.0 19.3 2.1 10.4 23.1 831.8

85.9 8.6 3.0 4.5 3.1 1.2 2.3 6.1 152.7 0.5 5.3 2.1 8.6 11.0 42.4 39.8 1.6 3.0 51.4 4.5 342.0 11.4 4.8 0.9 19.7 2.3 9.9 25.5 854.2

56.9% 109.9% + 54.7% 16.6% 69.6% -21.5% 132.9% 92.8% .. 138.4% 132.3% 218.9% 73.6% 55.2% 102.6% 50.0% .. 76.3% 121.6% 34.3% 107.7% 180.6% 57.3% 63.0% -13.3% -38.2% 73.7% 55.5%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

3.0 41.4 12.3 14.4 1.3 23.2 4.6 0.3 2.2 13.3 6.8 2.4 1.2 126.5

5.3 74.9 15.6 17.1 2.1 22.9 5.7 0.7 4.9 23.7 10.3 4.9 1.7 189.6

7.4 92.3 32.3 19.6 4.2 30.8 6.6 2.2 7.7 101.3 15.1 19.1 3.4 342.1

10.4 146.3 43.8 24.5 7.4 37.8 7.7 5.5 12.2 129.0 23.6 35.4 4.8 488.3

11.7 175.3 52.8 33.6 9.2 24.3 6.4 9.9 14.2 161.4 31.0 51.6 6.4 587.9

11.6 249.4 71.8 46.3 12.1 41.0 12.6 14.4 18.8 204.5 38.6 70.0 9.3 800.4

14.1 304.8 75.9 55.5 14.3 50.2 14.2 19.8 26.5 251.1 45.8 86.1 13.3 971.5

16.2 351.9 67.5 61.6 14.8 59.8 17.0 25.2 30.2 287.5 46.5 102.1 16.4 1 096.6

16.9 380.6 79.9 61.4 16.7 67.0 15.3 25.3 33.8 303.6 47.7 104.8 17.5 1 170.6

18.3 396.7 82.1 61.5 17.9 74.3 15.8 26.9 35.2 321.9 50.1 107.3 19.2 1 227.2

20.0 432.8 86.5 62.6 18.3 66.7 13.3 29.4 39.7 340.0 51.5 110.3 19.8 1 291.0

70.7% 146.9% 63.8% 86.6% 98.8% 173.9% 108.7% 196.7% 179.6% 110.7% 66.2% 113.7% 207.9% 119.6%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

3.9 .. 62.8 .. 1.8 0.1 .. 0.6 114.9 .. .. 63.2 247.3

4.5 .. 72.2 .. 1.7 0.1 .. 0.6 140.6 .. .. 75.2 294.8

7.6 .. 83.8 .. 2.6 0.1 .. 1.0 176.1 .. .. 87.6 358.8

7.2 .. 81.1 .. 2.8 0.1 .. 1.1 173.3 .. .. 121.7 387.3

6.2 23.6 74.9 21.6 3.8 0.2 9.1 2.3 167.1 61.4 12.5 382.8

1.9 3.3 53.4 15.8 5.2 0.3 8.8 2.4 117.1 44.0 13.0 265.1

3.2 13.7 42.0 17.7 6.3 0.4 8.4 2.2 86.3 42.5 14.0 236.6

3.9 14.4 46.4 20.9 7.0 0.4 8.3 2.5 94.4 51.8 15.2 265.2

3.5 14.9 45.3 20.4 6.9 0.4 8.2 2.6 91.5 56.0 15.3 265.1

4.6 15.7 46.0 20.7 7.0 0.4 8.3 2.6 91.7 50.2 15.3 262.4

4.2 17.2 47.5 20.7 7.0 0.4 8.0 2.5 94.7 53.4 15.5 271.2

-32.3% -27.4% -36.6% -4.1% 83.3% 152.3% -12.1% 9.3% -43.3% -13.0% 24.4% -29.1%

Non-OECD Total

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.6 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 995.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 567.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 056.0

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 197.5

20.5 62.7 114.8 36.2 28.7 236.4 22.7 18.4 33.1 30.2 2 179.9 11.7 46.6 687.9 119.8 3 649.5

3.4 30.9 59.4 16.0 7.1 167.0 4.6 8.8 14.2 10.9 1 582.9 5.3 34.4 392.8 101.6 2 439.3

3.4 28.2 55.2 14.5 4.4 130.2 4.6 6.8 11.2 6.5 1 513.8 4.2 36.2 292.0 116.5 2 227.5

3.3 28.1 57.3 16.3 3.1 149.6 5.2 7.4 12.1 7.3 1 540.0 4.9 42.9 329.6 118.6 2 325.7

3.5 29.2 59.7 16.5 3.3 155.8 5.6 7.5 12.8 7.5 1 524.1 5.3 39.3 312.6 115.7 2 298.3

4.1 31.1 61.0 15.9 3.9 168.2 5.4 7.6 13.6 7.9 1 531.2 5.6 41.4 306.0 109.8 2 312.7

4.1 30.2 64.1 15.1 4.6 182.0 5.2 8.0 13.7 7.4 1 587.2 6.1 43.6 310.3 112.9 2 394.6

-79.8% -51.8% -44.2% -58.2% -83.9% -23.0% -77.0% -56.3% -58.7% -75.4% -27.2% -47.3% -6.6% -54.9% -5.8% -34.4%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

83.1 2.1 90.7 20.8 26.2 1.3 18.4 3.4 3.7 1.3 2.3 0.4 1.1 5.5 14.6 1.5 2.5 0.6 15.6 6.1 5.2 52.1 7.8 366.3

85.9 3.2 136.2 17.0 28.3 1.7 25.4 5.1 6.2 2.0 3.0 0.4 1.3 7.4 10.3 1.8 3.2 0.7 18.4 5.8 5.5 62.8 10.8 442.7

95.9 4.3 178.0 21.2 33.8 2.2 28.5 6.2 10.6 1.7 4.2 0.6 1.7 6.5 8.9 1.8 2.9 1.4 20.5 7.9 5.6 92.4 10.2 547.1

88.6 4.5 167.0 19.4 38.3 2.0 30.6 6.1 12.1 1.7 3.3 0.8 1.7 4.6 4.7 1.8 2.6 1.4 18.2 9.6 3.1 95.2 9.2 526.5

100.4 5.4 192.7 31.9 45.0 2.6 27.6 7.6 13.2 2.2 3.3 0.9 2.1 7.2 2.9 1.8 2.5 1.9 19.2 11.4 3.7 105.1 12.4 603.1

115.3 8.2 238.4 39.1 58.0 4.4 22.1 11.4 16.3 4.7 6.0 0.9 3.9 8.4 3.0 2.5 4.1 3.4 23.7 12.3 4.5 118.3 13.4 722.3

132.9 7.6 303.4 53.2 60.7 4.6 24.8 17.4 18.5 5.2 8.8 1.4 4.4 9.8 3.2 3.5 4.7 3.3 26.4 17.9 5.3 128.3 14.4 859.8

122.8 9.1 304.1 52.9 57.0 5.3 26.2 17.9 21.9 5.7 9.9 1.6 5.8 10.3 3.7 4.0 5.9 3.7 25.0 21.2 4.1 120.5 16.3 855.0

136.2 10.4 321.0 58.6 59.8 5.5 25.4 17.9 21.8 5.8 10.3 1.6 6.4 10.4 3.7 4.1 5.5 3.7 28.9 22.2 5.4 129.9 16.4 910.9

139.1 11.9 327.1 58.8 59.7 5.4 24.4 17.5 23.5 5.9 10.9 1.7 6.4 9.8 3.8 4.1 5.7 3.4 28.5 23.3 5.2 139.1 16.8 931.9

148.7 12.7 332.4 59.8 59.4 5.9 26.6 18.6 25.0 5.8 11.0 1.7 7.1 11.5 3.9 4.0 6.0 3.6 27.9 26.9 6.1 149.2 17.9 972.1

48.2% 134.1% 72.5% 87.3% 32.1% 127.1% -3.5% 144.0% 89.6% 169.2% 233.5% 82.1% 232.6% 60.5% 37.3% 117.1% 144.6% 86.1% 45.4% 136.9% 63.8% 42.0% 44.1% 61.2%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

3.2 0.4 .. 31.0 199.3 25.1 67.5 12.7 .. 4.5 0.2 16.6 22.8 6.0 2.8 17.2 16.1 8.4 433.7

4.7 1.4 .. 42.5 240.2 38.0 76.7 16.1 .. 3.9 0.3 20.9 28.2 8.4 2.7 21.9 16.7 10.2 532.7

7.2 2.6 .. 72.2 292.5 69.1 105.6 23.4 .. 5.1 0.5 26.4 32.2 12.7 3.7 34.2 14.4 16.6 718.3

8.8 2.9 .. 72.3 419.5 84.8 126.4 32.7 11.6 5.8 0.5 39.5 26.9 16.3 3.6 40.5 16.8 10.1 918.9

13.6 3.4 .. 113.9 589.3 140.2 114.0 49.0 12.7 4.0 0.9 59.0 36.1 28.8 3.7 78.6 17.0 10.5 1 274.6

20.5 4.7 1.4 158.7 782.6 192.2 74.9 78.7 10.1 6.7 1.7 80.1 59.5 38.0 5.5 141.3 27.5 9.3 1 693.4

25.2 4.6 2.4 215.0 976.5 264.6 68.8 112.7 8.8 8.1 3.1 97.8 68.9 38.1 10.8 159.5 43.8 11.1 2 120.0

32.2 5.5 3.1 246.4 1 042.9 298.8 69.5 121.5 9.0 8.9 2.9 103.3 70.4 38.6 11.4 196.0 60.6 13.6 2 334.7

33.5 5.2 3.5 255.4 1 114.1 316.3 71.1 133.0 9.2 9.4 2.7 116.0 72.3 39.2 12.4 213.4 78.8 15.6 2 501.0

36.3 5.1 3.7 262.1 1 160.7 331.0 74.3 145.8 9.6 10.1 3.0 118.3 72.4 43.1 12.3 214.1 80.4 15.3 2 597.7

38.1 5.8 4.1 270.3 1 249.7 334.6 75.4 154.0 10.1 9.8 3.1 125.7 66.5 43.1 11.4 217.0 82.6 16.4 2 717.8

180.7% 71.5% .. 137.4% 112.1% 138.6% -33.8% 214.3% -19.8% 146.9% 250.5% 113.0% 84.5% 49.8% 204.2% 176.1% 387.4% 55.3% 113.2%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

800.4 9.2 809.6

1 051.2 10.8 1 062.0

1 405.3 14.7 1 420.0

1 704.5 22.3 1 726.8

2 211.0 33.1 2 244.0

2 985.9 35.9 3 021.8

3 037.9 39.7 3 077.6

3 830.0 41.1 3 871.1

4 547.0 40.3 4 587.3

5 059.8 40.7 5 100.5

5 606.5 41.9 5 648.5

153.6% 26.8% 151.7%

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 7

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Coal/peat Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Charbon/tourbe million tonnes of CO 2

2006

% change 90-06

8 833.9

9 740.1 10 487.9 11 033.3 11 686.3

40.6%

4 601.2 3 397.5 1 994.3 926.1 477.1 1 143.0 3 944.8

4 717.4 3 654.2 2 247.0 842.9 564.2 974.4 4 116.5

4 765.6 3 688.3 2 192.2 873.7 622.5 995.4 4 974.6

4 762.7 3 727.1 2 210.2 876.8 640.1 950.5 5 725.2

4 769.0 3 740.9 2 233.6 847.8 659.5 941.8 6 264.3

4 824.6 3 727.3 2 197.2 860.8 669.3 995.6 6 861.7

-5.6% 6.9% 16.2% -25.5% 52.6% -36.5% 114.6%

3 253.8

2 645.1

2 505.7

2 607.3

2 576.8

2 559.8

2 630.6

-19.2%

.. ..

.. ..

-

-

-

-

-

-

.. ..

2 974.4

3 358.1

4 201.1

4 568.4

4 573.7

5 429.5

6 129.9

6 660.8

7 294.2

73.6%

3 132.2

3 594.7

4 013.8

4 107.8

3 977.6

4 260.2

4 310.6

4 358.0

4 372.5

4 392.1

6.9%

61.7 5.2 1 078.7 1 145.6

56.6 6.6 1 196.4 1 259.6

80.5 7.2 1 400.7 1 488.5

99.4 11.6 1 625.5 1 736.6

98.8 14.2 1 792.0 1 905.1

103.3 21.5 1 891.0 2 015.8

127.0 27.0 2 120.0 2 274.1

117.7 36.2 2 074.4 2 228.3

111.3 29.7 2 098.9 2 239.9

113.2 38.4 2 120.4 2 272.0

107.3 35.7 2 090.0 2 232.9

8.5% 150.7% 16.6% 17.2%

73.2 194.1 21.2 4.2 292.7

90.3 197.7 30.6 4.8 323.5

104.0 190.8 48.1 3.8 346.8

116.7 246.7 80.2 3.9 447.4

137.1 297.6 86.3 3.9 525.0

152.3 320.8 101.6 3.9 578.8

189.3 368.5 156.9 6.4 721.1

201.1 411.0 180.7 10.4 803.2

208.1 421.1 195.4 10.8 835.4

220.7 427.5 195.0 11.4 854.5

226.6 431.4 204.8 11.3 874.1

65.3% 44.9% 137.2% 188.3% 66.5%

15.9 42.2 129.2 6.0 8.4 135.3 554.1 6.8 36.7 0.0 8.8 31.7 11.3 14.4 3.7 252.5 2.4 23.5 36.9 5.4 2.0 16.0 348.4 1 691.9

13.5 37.0 121.7 8.0 9.3 104.2 494.5 11.0 34.4 7.1 30.2 7.5 11.5 3.9 289.7 1.6 23.7 37.5 6.9 1.0 20.7 274.2 1 549.1

13.7 40.2 128.8 23.8 19.6 121.2 552.2 13.4 37.9 0.1 8.0 43.0 7.9 13.8 3.9 350.9 1.6 32.0 47.9 5.4 1.4 26.8 266.1 1 759.5

16.9 37.8 131.6 28.4 19.8 91.3 580.7 24.9 35.9 0.3 10.5 58.1 6.3 23.1 4.4 359.8 2.9 33.3 69.4 10.6 2.0 45.1 236.8 1 829.8

15.8 39.0 120.7 23.7 21.1 73.3 504.6 33.4 25.9 0.3 14.5 55.1 5.0 31.8 3.4 286.9 10.6 30.6 74.1 10.4 1.4 57.9 238.2 1 677.8

13.2 33.4 88.4 25.3 23.2 57.3 370.1 36.4 18.5 0.2 12.3 44.9 2.1 33.5 4.1 268.3 13.9 21.1 71.8 9.4 0.8 60.7 174.1 1 383.0

14.2 29.0 83.6 15.4 20.9 56.7 337.2 37.6 16.2 0.4 10.6 43.3 0.5 29.9 4.2 217.3 14.7 16.0 81.5 8.1 0.6 88.9 138.2 1 265.0

16.3 22.1 80.1 22.3 34.1 51.1 340.1 37.7 15.2 0.4 10.3 54.7 0.3 32.6 3.1 211.2 12.7 17.2 77.3 10.5 0.6 81.8 147.6 1 279.1

16.4 21.4 79.6 17.1 30.4 49.6 348.9 38.3 14.6 0.4 9.6 62.4 0.4 31.7 3.5 210.0 12.9 16.5 79.9 10.9 0.5 85.2 142.5 1 282.7

15.5 19.1 76.4 14.4 20.0 53.3 331.9 37.8 12.7 0.4 10.6 62.8 0.3 30.3 3.0 207.1 13.1 15.6 80.0 9.8 0.6 86.3 144.6 1 245.9

15.4 17.7 78.1 21.6 30.7 50.4 339.3 34.6 12.4 0.3 9.7 62.4 0.4 28.9 2.6 215.9 13.0 16.2 66.6 9.0 0.6 101.7 157.6 1 285.1

-2.7% -54.5% -35.3% -8.8% 45.2% -31.2% -32.8% 3.5% -52.3% 20.2% -33.3% 13.4% -91.3% -9.3% -23.4% -24.7% 22.2% -47.2% -10.1% -14.0% -55.7% 75.8% -33.8% -23.4%

..

..

..

..

1 737.5

1 405.7

1 241.8

1 275.9

1 273.5

1 234.9

1 262.5

-27.3%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

World *

5 201.3

5 608.9

6 569.1

7 371.8

8 308.8

8 546.0

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 2 645.9 1 140.5 1 234.0 271.5 .. ..

.. 2 604.8 1 253.0 1 059.0 292.9 .. ..

.. 2 962.8 1 481.2 1 182.9 298.7 .. ..

.. 3 316.3 1 725.0 1 224.1 367.3 .. ..

5 111.7 3 485.2 1 890.8 1 155.8 438.6 1 568.6 3 197.2

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

..

..

..

Intl. marine bunkers International aviation

0.1 ..

.. ..

.. ..

Non-OECD Total

2 071.0

2 476.7

OECD Total

3 130.2

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

European Union - 27

2003

2004

2005

* Total world includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.8 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Coal/peat Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Charbon/tourbe million tonnes of CO 2

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

2 071.0

2 476.7

2 974.4

3 358.1

4 201.1

4 568.4

4 573.7

5 429.5

6 129.9

6 660.8

7 294.2

73.6%

0.4 .. 1.0 1.3 .. 0.2 1.2 1.5 .. 0.5 146.3 0.3 2.0 5.6 0.5 160.7

0.3 .. 0.8 2.1 .. 0.1 1.7 1.2 .. 0.6 175.1 0.3 1.9 5.0 0.7 190.0

0.2 .. 0.8 2.1 .. 0.0 1.6 0.7 .. 0.4 179.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 6.1 0.7 193.7

1.0 1.1 0.8 2.7 .. 0.2 2.7 0.2 .. 0.2 189.5 0.0 0.3 1.1 7.5 0.9 208.3

1.3 1.9 0.9 2.7 .. 0.4 4.1 0.1 .. 0.2 208.3 0.0 0.3 0.9 13.4 1.1 235.6

1.4 2.2 1.0 2.8 0.2 6.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 227.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 11.2 1.1 254.2

0.7 2.5 0.8 3.3 0.2 9.2 0.0 0.0 248.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 9.7 2.1 277.3

0.9 2.0 0.9 3.4 0.2 11.2 0.1 0.1 266.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 8.1 2.1 295.7

1.0 2.2 0.9 3.3 0.3 12.7 0.1 0.0 0.3 280.0 0.2 0.4 7.8 2.4 311.5

1.1 2.3 1.0 3.2 0.2 13.5 0.1 0.0 0.4 271.0 0.2 0.4 8.3 2.4 303.9

1.0 2.5 1.0 3.1 0.3 13.5 0.1 0.0 0.4 280.5 0.2 0.4 7.9 2.5 313.3

-23.0% 26.7% 19.6% 13.5% .. -20.5% 225.9% .. .. -89.5% x 34.7% + .. -54.4% -41.1% 126.4% 33.0%

0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2

3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9

3.1 7.2 0.0 10.3

2.3 9.3 11.6

3.3 16.2 0.5 0.0 20.0

4.1 25.1 0.5 0.0 29.7

3.9 31.0 0.5 0.0 35.4

3.4 31.4 0.5 0.0 35.3

3.9 31.0 0.5 0.0 35.5

4.2 31.0 0.5 0.0 35.7

85.5% 232.7% x x 208.2%

1.2 .. 33.2 .. .. 31.2 .. .. 35.8 101.4

1.6 .. 35.0 .. .. 38.0 .. .. 40.5 115.0

2.5 .. 37.8 .. .. 48.9 .. .. 42.6 131.7

3.7 .. 42.2 .. 0.2 .. 0.5 57.6 .. .. 72.4 176.5

2.4 17.3 36.8 3.4 0.2 6.1 0.7 49.7 41.3 5.7 163.7

0.1 1.4 29.7 0.8 0.2 6.5 0.1 40.5 36.2 4.7 120.1

0.1 9.9 25.3 1.7 0.1 5.6 28.7 35.0 5.4 111.8

0.1 10.9 29.4 2.6 0.1 5.7 33.9 38.3 6.1 127.2

0.1 11.1 28.4 2.7 0.1 5.5 32.9 39.9 6.2 127.0

0.1 11.7 27.8 2.6 0.1 5.5 33.2 34.4 6.0 121.5

0.1 13.0 28.4 2.5 0.1 5.2 36.5 36.6 6.0 128.4

-95.7% -24.8% -22.8% -27.4% -43.8% -15.4% .. -26.5% -11.4% 4.2% -21.5%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 9

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Coal/peat Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Charbon/tourbe million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 875.2

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 028.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 141.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 982.9

1.0 0.3 8.0 24.0 2.2 153.3 10.0 2.5 3.1 7.8 688.2 2.5 1.2 283.0 13.7 1 200.8

0.0 0.0 4.4 11.3 0.1 111.1 1.3 1.0 1.0 2.3 492.3 0.1 161.2 4.4 790.4

2.9 10.4 0.0 86.2 1.9 0.5 0.4 0.4 449.7 0.0 116.3 3.6 672.4

0.0 2.0 11.9 0.1 97.1 2.5 0.3 0.7 0.6 441.9 0.1 142.8 2.7 702.9

1.9 11.8 0.0 99.0 2.4 0.3 0.7 0.3 417.5 0.1 127.4 3.8 665.2

2.5 11.0 0.1 101.3 2.2 0.3 0.8 0.3 422.4 0.2 123.3 4.2 668.6

0.0 2.3 10.3 0.0 109.7 2.0 0.3 1.1 0.3 444.6 0.2 141.0 4.4 716.3

-99.8% .. -71.2% -57.2% -97.9% -28.5% -79.6% -86.2% -65.5% -95.7% -35.4% -92.5% .. -50.2% -68.0% -40.4%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

3.5 7.2 5.0 5.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.1 22.9

3.7 8.6 3.5 6.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.1 1.0 0.1 24.4

3.3 17.6 4.7 7.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.1 34.9

3.7 0.2 29.9 4.8 8.8 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.7 50.3

3.9 28.7 10.3 10.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 57.0

4.9 35.9 9.5 12.4 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.2

4.5 43.6 12.4 13.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 2.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 78.6

3.3 44.6 10.7 11.6 0.2 0.4 2.5 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.2 2.9 0.0 0.2 0.0 78.0

4.6 47.9 14.2 11.2 0.2 0.4 1.9 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.2 3.3 0.0 0.0 85.3

5.2 47.8 14.2 11.5 0.1 0.4 1.1 0.0 1.4 0.4 0.1 3.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 86.0

4.8 47.0 15.3 10.2 0.2 0.4 2.0 0.0 1.5 0.5 0.1 3.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 85.1

22.0% 64.0% 49.1% -4.0% + -42.2% + x x .. + -38.5% .. 412.2% -55.8% -91.8% 199.9% 49.4%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

0.4 .. 10.0 142.6 0.5 64.9 0.0 .. 0.6 0.0 2.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 5.6 4.1 231.9

0.5 .. 8.4 176.1 0.5 72.5 0.0 .. 0.6 0.1 2.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.6 10.0 4.3 276.2

0.5 .. 14.7 206.0 0.8 97.5 0.2 .. 0.6 0.2 2.9 1.4 0.1 0.0 1.9 8.8 7.7 343.2

0.2 .. 26.7 294.6 1.5 119.0 1.1 9.4 0.6 0.0 5.2 4.7 0.1 0.0 6.5 10.9 0.9 481.5

1.1 .. 41.3 406.3 11.7 106.1 4.0 10.2 0.3 0.2 7.5 4.3 0.1 0.0 16.1 8.6 0.8 618.8

1.2 64.3 528.0 17.5 70.9 4.8 9.0 0.1 0.3 8.4 7.7 0.2 0.0 29.4 12.9 0.5 755.3

1.3 109.6 635.1 49.1 65.7 6.9 7.5 0.2 1.0 7.2 19.5 0.2 0.0 31.4 17.0 1.3 952.9

1.4 134.9 682.6 66.0 66.2 15.9 7.5 0.3 0.7 12.0 19.4 0.2 0.3 38.5 22.6 1.7 1 069.8

1.4 140.6 745.3 79.2 67.7 22.2 7.5 0.4 0.6 15.2 20.6 0.2 0.3 43.5 32.4 1.6 1 178.7

1.4 145.8 782.1 90.2 71.4 26.7 7.9 0.4 1.0 15.0 24.2 0.2 0.3 46.9 31.5 1.7 1 246.5

1.4 152.6 844.4 108.3 73.3 31.8 8.3 0.4 1.0 15.3 22.8 0.2 0.3 49.8 34.2 1.8 1 345.8

24.3% .. 269.5% 107.8% 824.5% -31.0% 690.4% -19.0% 66.3% 500.0% 104.2% 426.7% 71.2% + 209.9% 296.2% 117.1% 117.5%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

677.9 0.1 678.0

837.9 0.1 838.1

1 125.0 0.2 1 125.2

1 435.4 12.8 1 448.1

1 889.3 24.4 1 913.7

2 538.9 24.4 2 563.3

2 433.3 17.7 2 451.0

3 094.6 25.9 3 120.5

3 700.0 26.9 3 726.9

4 171.6 27.2 4 198.8

4 641.0 28.6 4 669.6

145.6% 17.3% 144.0%

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.10 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Oil Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Pétrole million tonnes of CO 2

2006

% change 90-06

9 092.3

9 857.3 10 182.1 10 533.9 10 680.4 10 768.3

22.0%

5 685.5 4 493.1 2 251.2 1 482.8 759.2 1 129.9 2 525.4

5 342.0 4 637.1 2 265.8 1 565.6 805.7 625.9 3 062.3

5 492.9 4 860.7 2 517.9 1 566.6 776.2 549.5 3 556.7

5 622.2 4 991.5 2 636.0 1 598.2 757.3 551.5 3 752.1

5 669.4 5 036.5 2 707.4 1 581.4 747.7 554.2 3 978.0

5 672.4 5 043.7 2 721.3 1 572.1 750.3 551.6 4 067.6

5 595.1 4 948.4 2 674.5 1 556.7 717.2 569.3 4 193.6

-1.6% 10.1% 18.8% 5.0% -5.5% -49.6% 66.1%

..

3 501.4

3 180.1

3 109.9

3 146.6

3 131.1

3 126.8

3 084.7

-11.9%

344.0 199.6

291.7 223.6

357.9 255.4

403.5 284.4

466.7 341.1

465.7 342.2

521.0 365.5

551.6 388.8

582.6 397.1

62.8% 55.5%

2 226.0

2 862.9

2 926.8

3 198.1

3 129.2

3 524.4

3 738.1

3 960.4

4 047.3

4 197.6

31.3%

4 723.9

5 068.7

5 304.4

4 642.9

5 012.8

5 275.1

5 525.1

5 636.2

5 687.1

5 692.7

5 591.0

11.5%

209.8 71.7 2 023.0 2 304.6

233.2 106.5 2 108.4 2 448.1

246.7 161.6 2 181.2 2 589.5

188.8 186.5 1 976.0 2 351.3

209.4 226.6 2 041.8 2 477.8

212.2 230.4 2 053.5 2 496.1

237.1 255.9 2 280.8 2 773.8

259.6 243.5 2 376.4 2 879.6

267.4 249.3 2 440.1 2 956.7

272.4 259.1 2 449.0 2 980.4

263.6 257.7 2 410.9 2 932.2

25.9% 13.7% 18.1% 18.3%

66.8 556.2 30.9 9.3 663.2

80.8 639.4 46.2 11.6 778.0

87.3 638.6 76.2 10.7 812.9

79.9 547.4 73.1 9.6 710.0

89.1 658.3 135.3 11.8 894.5

94.4 697.4 240.2 14.0 1 045.9

104.6 656.0 229.9 15.5 1 006.0

107.0 633.1 221.4 17.2 978.7

107.0 623.0 216.9 17.7 964.6

110.1 622.3 203.6 17.9 953.9

112.3 586.8 195.7 18.1 912.9

26.0% -10.9% 44.6% 53.2% 2.1%

27.2 63.3 19.9 49.0 31.4 277.3 385.7 18.4 18.6 1.4 12.9 237.3 4.1 68.1 19.8 21.9 12.0 12.6 82.4 77.1 36.9 25.4 253.5 1 756.2

29.2 60.4 27.9 44.2 33.6 293.5 392.4 23.5 27.2 1.6 14.0 248.6 3.8 56.8 19.8 33.5 16.5 15.2 117.3 72.5 34.8 38.5 238.0 1 842.6

33.0 65.0 30.6 38.5 33.9 292.8 385.9 32.0 29.8 1.7 16.2 267.5 3.0 70.0 22.0 42.8 22.2 18.1 136.9 67.6 36.0 44.1 212.7 1 902.0

26.9 46.7 27.9 30.2 26.9 214.5 326.6 29.6 27.0 1.4 11.4 229.6 2.9 48.3 19.8 39.2 21.8 14.3 101.6 47.3 35.8 49.4 202.5 1 581.6

28.1 48.7 23.0 22.0 28.2 220.1 323.1 36.5 22.7 1.6 12.1 252.7 4.4 52.7 20.2 35.1 28.7 14.4 121.0 40.1 34.2 62.5 208.4 1 640.5

30.3 55.4 20.5 24.4 26.2 227.3 345.7 39.1 19.8 1.7 15.7 261.3 4.7 57.8 20.4 41.0 34.4 7.1 143.4 45.4 33.5 78.9 198.8 1 733.1

31.6 56.9 20.2 23.4 24.0 233.7 324.0 45.7 17.3 1.7 22.9 246.0 5.9 60.7 21.1 51.6 39.9 6.8 166.8 41.5 33.2 82.7 187.5 1 745.3

38.0 61.6 22.3 22.1 27.1 239.6 309.1 51.3 15.8 1.8 22.8 246.7 6.9 65.8 23.0 53.8 39.2 8.6 182.8 40.6 33.8 79.2 186.2 1 778.0

37.8 58.7 23.8 21.8 26.9 239.2 304.0 49.7 15.9 1.8 23.8 232.2 7.7 66.0 22.4 57.4 38.8 8.6 190.0 39.0 34.0 78.7 187.5 1 765.8

38.6 57.9 25.0 21.6 26.2 236.7 295.7 51.7 16.8 1.8 24.9 224.8 8.0 68.5 21.9 58.2 40.5 9.1 191.4 36.7 34.2 77.1 191.1 1 758.4

38.0 54.9 24.7 22.0 26.7 233.0 297.7 53.1 17.8 1.9 26.0 222.3 7.8 67.8 22.4 60.2 34.6 9.1 190.3 35.0 33.8 77.3 189.6 1 745.9

35.2% 12.9% 7.7% -0.3% -5.1% 5.8% -7.9% 45.5% -21.5% 15.3% 114.4% -12.0% 75.1% 28.6% 11.4% 71.2% 20.7% -36.5% 57.3% -12.8% -1.1% 23.7% -9.1% 6.4%

..

..

..

..

1 647.7

1 676.1

1 671.4

1 708.6

1 698.3

1 694.7

1 681.7

2.1%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

World *

6 834.1

7 794.6

8 710.9

8 085.0

8 824.2

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 4 522.9 2 232.9 1 657.7 632.3 .. ..

.. 4 773.7 2 341.6 1 700.3 731.8 .. ..

.. 4 901.2 2 427.9 1 736.7 736.6 .. ..

.. 4 225.5 2 164.8 1 423.8 636.9 .. ..

..

..

..

344.4 167.9

328.6 171.3

Non-OECD Total

1 597.9

OECD Total Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

Annex I Kyoto Parties Intl. marine bunkers International aviation

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

European Union - 27

2000

2003

2004

* Total world includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2005

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 11

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Oil Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Pétrole million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

1 597.9

2 226.0

2 862.9

2 926.8

3 198.1

3 129.2

3 524.4

3 738.1

3 960.4

4 047.3

4 197.6

31.3%

5.9 1.6 0.3 .. 0.7 0.6 1.5 2.4 18.9 .. 1.3 0.5 1.9 3.6 1.6 5.6 1.4 .. 5.0 1.2 27.6 3.3 1.5 0.3 3.4 1.5 1.6 7.1 100.4

9.1 1.9 0.5 .. 1.0 0.7 1.8 3.0 23.6 .. 1.2 0.7 2.3 4.3 6.7 8.1 1.1 .. 10.1 1.6 34.1 3.3 1.5 0.3 4.0 2.5 2.1 8.5 134.2

14.8 2.6 0.4 .. 1.7 0.8 2.3 3.4 36.9 .. 1.4 1.3 2.3 5.5 13.1 12.3 1.6 .. 23.4 2.0 35.1 3.7 1.6 0.4 6.7 1.9 1.8 12.6 189.5

20.5 2.7 0.5 0.5 2.4 0.8 2.4 3.0 54.8 .. 1.4 1.6 2.2 5.3 15.5 13.6 1.2 .. 25.2 2.1 39.5 4.2 1.5 0.3 7.1 1.7 2.0 10.9 223.1

23.0 3.0 0.3 1.0 2.7 0.7 2.1 2.6 61.6 .. 2.2 0.7 2.7 6.0 18.3 15.4 0.9 .. 22.1 2.0 46.3 5.5 1.7 0.6 9.0 1.7 2.6 13.6 248.3

21.8 3.0 0.2 1.2 2.5 0.5 1.1 3.1 58.2 0.8 2.3 1.1 3.3 7.0 26.6 19.3 1.0 1.8 21.2 2.4 49.5 4.6 2.4 0.6 9.5 1.7 3.6 15.9 266.2

24.1 4.1 1.4 1.7 2.8 0.6 1.3 3.2 66.9 0.6 3.2 1.1 5.1 8.7 30.9 20.2 1.3 1.9 28.6 3.6 50.5 5.5 2.4 1.0 11.3 1.4 3.0 16.8 303.1

27.8 6.4 2.3 1.9 3.0 0.8 1.3 2.4 69.3 0.7 4.5 1.4 7.1 7.5 32.0 21.8 1.7 2.5 33.2 3.8 54.7 8.9 3.2 1.1 11.5 1.6 2.4 18.2 332.9

29.7 6.0 2.4 1.9 3.0 0.8 1.3 2.8 77.6 0.7 4.7 1.4 6.2 8.5 31.7 22.9 1.7 2.6 32.3 4.1 57.5 10.3 3.4 1.0 11.9 1.7 1.9 19.1 349.3

30.7 6.4 2.5 2.0 2.9 1.0 1.3 3.0 83.0 0.6 4.8 1.8 6.7 9.7 32.1 25.0 1.5 2.8 38.5 4.2 59.4 10.3 3.7 1.0 12.1 1.8 2.1 19.8 370.4

30.5 7.0 3.0 2.1 3.1 1.1 1.3 2.9 86.7 0.5 5.3 1.8 8.6 10.7 31.2 25.2 1.6 2.9 32.3 4.0 61.4 11.4 3.9 0.9 11.6 1.9 2.0 20.5 375.7

32.8% 130.8% + 110.1% 16.6% 63.0% -38.4% 11.5% 40.8% .. 138.4% 163.8% 218.9% 79.2% 70.2% 63.7% 64.3% .. 46.3% 101.7% 32.6% 107.7% 127.7% 57.3% 30.0% 6.9% -23.5% 51.2% 51.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.2 35.2 10.5 14.2 1.3 13.3 4.6 0.3 0.3 10.6 6.8 0.4 1.2 99.9

1.2 62.7 12.4 17.0 2.1 13.0 5.6 0.7 0.7 18.3 10.3 1.6 1.7 147.4

1.7 80.0 29.8 19.4 4.2 17.6 6.6 1.5 1.5 80.1 15.0 9.4 3.4 270.3

1.8 126.4 42.1 17.3 7.4 28.2 7.7 3.3 1.7 95.0 23.3 15.6 4.8 374.5

2.1 136.0 49.1 24.2 9.0 12.5 6.4 5.0 2.0 114.6 27.8 18.5 6.4 413.6

2.4 166.0 65.7 30.1 11.6 23.0 12.1 7.7 2.5 143.1 33.8 21.4 9.3 528.8

2.5 181.9 69.9 30.4 13.8 32.3 13.7 8.4 3.0 176.2 35.3 21.9 13.3 602.4

2.9 193.1 64.5 30.6 14.3 41.5 16.5 11.2 4.2 194.2 34.4 28.3 16.4 652.2

3.2 205.2 75.0 27.7 13.9 47.4 14.8 10.9 4.6 204.3 35.4 28.8 17.5 688.7

3.7 207.9 77.0 27.4 14.7 52.3 15.3 11.9 5.5 212.2 39.3 30.1 19.2 716.5

4.5 225.7 79.9 27.4 13.6 44.1 12.8 12.7 6.6 226.7 40.3 31.4 19.8 745.5

116.5% 65.9% 62.8% 13.2% 51.8% 252.0% 100.6% 153.8% 225.3% 97.8% 45.1% 69.9% 207.9% 80.2%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

2.4 .. 29.1 .. 1.8 0.1 .. 0.6 31.5 .. .. 25.5 91.1

2.3 .. 34.9 .. 1.7 0.1 .. 0.6 40.0 .. .. 31.8 111.4

4.4 .. 38.6 .. 2.6 0.1 .. 1.0 51.6 .. .. 39.2 137.4

2.8 .. 28.0 .. 2.6 0.1 .. 0.7 41.1 .. .. 38.3 113.7

3.4 5.4 26.1 13.4 3.6 0.2 3.0 1.6 50.0 14.1 5.0 125.8

1.7 1.6 13.7 11.0 5.0 0.3 2.3 2.2 32.0 4.8 6.7 81.3

3.1 3.3 10.4 11.3 6.1 0.4 2.7 2.2 26.5 4.1 6.7 76.9

3.8 3.1 11.6 13.3 6.8 0.4 2.5 2.5 27.3 9.4 6.9 87.7

3.4 3.3 11.5 12.4 6.7 0.4 2.5 2.6 27.2 10.9 7.1 88.1

4.4 3.2 12.0 12.9 6.8 0.4 2.6 2.6 27.8 11.5 7.2 91.6

4.1 3.4 12.6 13.2 6.9 0.4 2.7 2.5 26.9 12.5 7.4 92.6

20.4% -37.2% -51.6% -2.2% 91.3% 152.3% -10.5% 59.4% -46.3% -11.6% 47.7% -26.4%

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.12 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Oil Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Pétrole million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 688.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 018.6

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 210.0

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 193.3

11.2 30.8 79.9 9.3 15.8 58.3 9.1 10.3 19.7 14.8 625.4 5.9 16.9 195.5 30.6 1 133.6

0.7 18.1 29.5 3.5 4.8 32.5 1.6 5.5 9.0 3.1 351.2 3.5 8.2 75.4 19.8 566.5

0.8 17.4 19.5 2.6 2.1 23.4 1.3 3.8 6.5 1.2 332.4 2.7 10.7 33.7 19.5 477.7

0.9 11.6 20.0 2.8 1.6 24.6 1.3 4.0 6.5 1.7 320.2 3.8 12.9 38.3 20.9 471.2

0.9 11.2 19.6 3.1 1.6 24.7 1.7 4.1 7.1 1.9 318.0 4.0 12.4 38.5 19.7 468.5

1.0 13.1 19.5 3.1 2.0 26.3 1.8 4.1 7.6 1.9 309.9 4.3 12.7 38.2 16.1 461.7

0.9 10.5 22.1 3.1 2.0 28.7 1.7 4.4 7.4 1.9 321.0 4.8 14.8 39.3 15.0 477.7

-91.6% -65.8% -72.3% -66.7% -87.3% -50.8% -81.6% -57.4% -62.6% -87.3% -48.7% -18.9% -12.1% -79.9% -50.8% -57.9%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

67.3 2.0 83.2 14.5 18.0 1.3 18.0 3.4 3.5 1.3 2.3 0.4 1.1 5.5 14.6 1.5 2.5 0.6 14.4 2.7 5.1 30.7 7.7 301.7

65.1 2.9 126.9 12.4 18.5 1.7 25.1 5.1 5.9 2.0 3.0 0.4 1.3 7.4 10.3 1.8 3.2 0.7 17.0 3.0 5.4 37.5 10.7 367.5

70.9 3.7 158.8 15.1 20.6 2.2 28.0 6.2 10.5 1.7 4.2 0.6 1.7 6.5 8.9 1.8 2.9 1.4 18.9 2.8 5.5 59.1 10.1 442.1

54.4 3.4 132.8 13.0 22.2 2.0 29.9 5.6 11.7 1.7 3.3 0.6 1.7 4.6 4.7 1.8 2.6 1.4 16.2 2.5 3.1 56.0 9.2 384.3

53.1 3.9 157.7 18.3 26.8 2.6 26.8 7.6 12.7 2.2 3.3 0.9 2.1 7.1 2.9 1.8 2.4 1.9 17.6 2.1 3.7 57.0 12.4 426.8

59.2 5.7 194.0 26.3 37.4 4.4 21.4 11.2 15.6 4.7 6.0 0.9 3.9 8.2 3.0 2.5 4.0 3.4 21.8 2.2 4.5 59.9 13.3 513.7

59.9 5.3 242.5 28.4 34.6 4.6 23.3 17.2 17.9 5.2 8.3 1.4 4.1 9.6 3.2 3.5 4.6 3.3 23.0 2.7 5.2 64.5 13.6 585.9

50.2 7.1 230.4 26.7 32.4 5.1 24.5 15.2 21.0 5.7 9.0 1.6 5.4 10.1 3.7 4.0 5.9 3.7 20.7 2.7 4.0 67.5 14.9 571.5

57.6 7.6 237.7 28.7 35.0 5.3 23.7 15.8 21.0 5.8 9.2 1.6 6.0 10.2 3.7 4.1 5.5 3.7 23.5 2.8 5.2 77.8 14.9 606.1

58.7 8.3 241.2 29.1 34.0 5.3 22.5 15.8 22.5 5.9 9.5 1.7 6.0 9.7 3.8 4.1 5.7 3.4 21.4 3.1 5.0 86.1 15.4 618.2

64.9 9.0 245.5 30.0 34.8 5.8 24.1 16.0 23.7 5.8 9.5 1.7 6.7 11.5 3.9 4.0 6.0 3.6 21.1 3.9 5.9 94.4 16.4 648.1

22.3% 127.1% 55.7% 63.6% 30.1% 121.4% -9.9% 110.5% 87.1% 169.1% 188.3% 87.8% 211.7% 62.4% 37.3% 117.1% 152.5% 86.1% 19.8% 85.9% 58.9% 65.6% 32.5% 51.9%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

2.2 0.2 .. 19.0 55.5 24.4 2.6 12.6 .. 3.8 0.2 8.8 22.6 5.9 2.8 16.8 10.6 3.8 191.7

3.3 0.2 .. 31.3 62.3 36.4 4.2 16.0 .. 3.0 0.2 11.0 27.9 8.3 2.7 21.3 6.7 5.4 240.3

4.6 0.5 .. 54.2 84.1 61.0 8.0 23.1 .. 3.8 0.3 13.2 30.8 12.6 3.7 32.3 5.6 8.7 346.6

4.6 0.6 .. 43.4 117.8 69.7 7.4 26.7 2.2 3.4 0.5 20.9 22.2 16.1 3.6 28.3 5.8 8.0 381.1

5.2 0.9 .. 69.2 164.1 91.2 7.9 37.3 2.4 2.0 0.7 30.6 31.7 28.7 3.7 52.6 8.3 9.1 545.5

8.4 1.3 1.4 86.6 221.7 116.5 3.9 48.3 1.0 3.9 1.5 43.7 51.7 34.4 5.5 93.7 14.2 8.3 746.0

9.4 1.4 2.4 92.7 299.2 153.5 3.1 55.2 1.3 5.2 2.1 56.1 49.4 35.1 10.8 90.8 24.2 9.3 901.3

11.7 1.6 3.1 93.1 310.9 165.2 3.4 58.5 1.5 5.5 2.2 43.2 46.0 27.9 11.1 108.2 31.7 11.6 936.4

11.6 1.6 3.5 94.7 313.2 176.3 3.4 62.6 1.7 5.6 2.1 47.0 47.0 26.6 12.2 117.4 35.6 13.7 976.0

12.9 1.6 3.7 95.2 315.0 179.5 2.8 63.1 1.7 5.8 2.1 47.3 42.0 29.0 12.1 113.4 37.3 13.4 978.0

12.7 1.8 4.1 96.2 338.7 163.6 2.2 63.0 1.9 5.3 2.1 54.3 37.9 27.9 11.1 112.1 36.8 14.3 985.9

145.2% 112.6% .. 39.0% 106.4% 79.5% -72.4% 69.0% -23.4% 165.8% 194.0% 77.2% 19.5% -2.7% 198.7% 113.4% 342.0% 56.4% 80.7%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

115.2 9.0 124.2

195.9 10.7 206.6

252.4 14.5 267.0

247.2 9.6 256.8

295.8 8.7 304.5

415.3 11.5 426.7

560.8 16.3 577.1

674.4 11.7 686.2

775.5 8.3 783.8

802.5 8.4 810.9

864.4 7.7 872.1

192.2% -11.2% 186.4%

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 13

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Gas Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Gaz million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

World *

2 058.5

2 281.6

2 768.6

3 163.7

3 812.3

4 112.6

4 716.0

5 081.3

5 206.5

5 334.9

5 444.7

42.8%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 1 438.5 1 257.4 168.1 12.9 .. ..

.. 1 503.1 1 143.4 331.0 28.7 .. ..

.. 1 663.5 1 179.4 414.3 69.8 .. ..

.. 1 616.2 1 058.1 446.1 112.0 .. ..

3 068.9 1 794.0 1 135.1 505.8 153.1 1 268.4 743.4

3 176.8 2 121.9 1 309.4 631.3 181.3 1 041.9 935.8

3 471.7 2 426.3 1 423.0 784.1 219.1 1 016.6 1 244.3

3 604.4 2 478.2 1 381.8 861.1 235.3 1 085.1 1 477.0

3 630.2 2 495.6 1 378.0 882.4 235.2 1 091.3 1 576.3

3 649.2 2 492.0 1 359.9 895.5 236.6 1 104.4 1 685.7

3 644.5 2 473.8 1 336.8 884.5 252.5 1 110.1 1 800.3

18.8% 37.9% 17.8% 74.9% 65.0% -12.5% 142.2%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

..

..

..

2 024.2

1 978.1

2 155.7

2 323.4

2 342.5

2 368.4

2 375.7

17.4%

Intl. marine bunkers International aviation

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

-

-

-

-

-

-

.. ..

576.9

720.7

1 015.9

1 440.7

1 892.0

1 835.7

2 074.4

2 339.0

2 430.7

2 537.0

2 637.0

39.4%

OECD Total

1 481.6

1 560.9

1 752.7

1 723.1

1 920.3

2 276.9

2 641.6

2 742.4

2 775.8

2 798.0

2 807.8

46.2%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

67.9 20.2 1 189.5 1 277.6

87.3 25.6 1 056.1 1 169.0

99.7 43.2 1 079.7 1 222.6

113.9 53.6 944.2 1 111.7

123.8 52.1 1 011.3 1 187.2

149.1 57.7 1 160.2 1 367.1

168.1 73.8 1 254.9 1 496.8

176.5 91.2 1 205.3 1 473.0

171.2 95.3 1 206.8 1 473.3

170.2 104.7 1 189.7 1 464.6

167.4 122.9 1 169.4 1 459.7

35.3% 136.0% 15.6% 23.0%

4.1 8.5 0.2 12.9

8.9 19.2 0.6 28.7

16.7 51.2 1.8 69.8

24.4 81.5 6.1 112.0

32.8 114.6 6.4 5.7 159.4

37.7 137.1 19.4 6.5 200.6

43.9 164.8 39.9 10.4 259.0

52.1 174.9 50.9 8.3 286.2

53.8 174.4 60.0 7.0 295.2

55.9 173.7 63.8 7.0 300.4

55.1 190.0 68.2 7.5 320.7

67.9% 65.8% 971.1% 31.6% 101.2%

5.6 11.3 1.9 19.2 38.8 6.8 23.9 0.0 47.0 11.4 2.9 0.7 0.0 21.6 191.1

7.5 18.2 3.1 0.0 1.5 33.0 86.4 10.7 40.8 0.8 72.5 0.4 13.5 4.9 1.8 1.0 67.2 363.2

9.0 20.5 5.6 0.0 1.7 47.4 114.9 17.6 1.7 49.3 1.0 69.4 2.0 17.6 5.1 3.1 1.9 92.3 460.3

10.1 16.9 9.1 1.5 1.9 54.5 105.3 0.1 19.2 4.5 59.8 0.7 75.3 2.8 18.2 6.7 4.5 0.2 2.9 0.1 105.2 499.4

11.8 18.9 11.5 4.2 5.1 56.1 118.1 0.2 19.8 4.0 89.2 1.0 71.0 4.6 18.4 11.7 10.5 1.2 3.8 6.5 106.0 573.7

14.7 24.5 14.5 7.3 6.6 65.8 147.0 0.1 20.3 5.0 102.8 1.3 78.6 8.1 18.3 11.7 17.4 1.6 5.1 13.0 145.4 709.2

15.0 30.7 17.0 10.3 7.9 81.1 158.4 3.9 21.6 7.7 134.0 1.6 79.8 8.2 21.0 4.6 13.1 34.7 1.6 5.6 28.9 199.0 885.7

17.4 33.2 17.9 10.9 9.5 89.2 184.6 4.6 26.6 8.5 147.2 2.5 82.5 8.8 24.0 6.1 12.5 49.0 1.9 6.1 41.1 199.0 983.1

17.2 33.9 18.0 10.9 9.2 90.9 182.3 5.1 26.0 8.3 152.4 2.8 84.2 9.6 25.6 7.7 12.0 56.9 1.9 6.3 43.3 203.0 1 007.3

18.9 33.3 17.8 10.4 8.4 92.5 179.8 5.4 27.0 7.9 163.2 2.8 80.6 11.2 26.7 8.6 13.2 67.2 1.7 6.5 52.8 197.1 1 033.0

17.2 34.1 17.4 10.6 9.0 90.1 182.2 6.3 25.8 9.2 159.8 2.9 78.5 11.3 27.0 8.3 12.0 70.0 2.0 6.3 60.5 186.7 1 027.3

45.6% 80.4% 52.3% 156.0% 77.2% 60.7% 54.2% + 30.4% 132.3% 79.1% 187.2% 10.6% 144.1% 46.8% x 2.5% 564.0% 59.2% 66.8% 826.3% 76.1% 79.1%

..

..

..

..

658.6

745.5

890.0

976.8

996.0

1 010.9

998.7

51.6%

Non-OECD Total

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

European Union - 27

* Total world includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.14 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Gas Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Gaz million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

576.9

720.7

1 015.9

1 440.7

1 892.0

1 835.7

2 074.4

2 339.0

2 430.7

2 537.0

2 637.0

39.4%

2.6 0.1 .. 0.0 0.2 .. 2.1 0.1 .. 0.4 0.0 5.5

5.1 0.1 .. 0.0 0.1 .. 2.5 0.1 .. 1.0 0.5 9.5

14.9 0.2 .. 3.4 .. 0.0 5.5 0.1 .. 2.9 0.8 27.8

24.1 0.2 0.0 7.9 .. 0.1 7.0 0.2 .. 6.9 2.2 48.7

30.5 1.0 14.9 .. 0.2 9.0 0.1 .. 6.9 0.0 2.8 65.4

36.1 1.1 0.1 22.9 0.3 8.5 0.0 0.0 9.2 0.1 4.6 82.8

41.8 1.1 3.0 40.1 0.2 8.8 0.1 0.0 12.5 0.0 6.4 0.0 114.0

49.0 1.2 0.0 2.7 57.7 0.3 9.9 0.1 0.0 15.1 0.0 0.0 7.5 1.0 144.5

47.8 1.4 0.0 2.9 57.1 0.3 12.0 0.1 0.0 16.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 7.8 0.9 147.0

52.1 1.4 0.0 3.3 63.0 0.3 10.4 0.9 0.0 17.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 7.2 0.9 157.4

54.4 1.5 0.0 3.2 63.0 0.3 11.2 1.1 0.1 19.1 0.0 0.1 0.7 8.1 2.5 165.2

78.5% 48.1% x x 321.8% .. 27.5% 24.6% + x .. 177.4% 86.5% x x 187.7% x 152.5%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.8 5.5 1.8 0.2 9.9 1.9 2.7 2.0 25.8

4.1 8.1 3.1 0.1 9.9 4.2 5.4 3.3 38.1

5.7 8.5 2.4 0.2 13.2 0.7 6.3 21.2 0.1 9.6 67.9

8.6 16.8 1.6 0.1 9.7 2.1 10.5 34.1 0.3 19.8 103.6

9.6 37.0 3.8 0.0 0.2 11.8 4.9 12.2 46.8 3.2 33.1 162.7

9.3 80.0 6.0 0.0 0.5 18.0 6.7 16.2 61.5 4.8 48.6 251.6

11.6 118.9 6.0 0.0 0.5 17.9 11.4 23.6 75.0 10.4 64.2 339.4

13.2 154.8 3.0 0.0 0.5 18.3 14.0 26.1 93.3 12.1 73.7 409.0

13.7 172.0 5.0 2.3 2.8 19.6 14.3 29.2 99.3 12.3 76.0 446.6

14.6 184.8 5.1 3.1 3.2 22.0 15.0 29.7 109.8 10.8 77.2 475.2

15.5 202.9 6.7 4.2 4.7 22.6 16.7 33.1 113.3 11.2 78.9 509.8

60.7% 448.4% 76.8% + + 91.3% 240.3% 172.0% 142.2% 249.8% 138.1% 213.3%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

0.2 .. 0.6 .. .. 52.1 .. .. 1.9 54.8

0.6 .. 2.3 .. .. 62.6 .. .. 2.9 68.4

0.8 .. 7.4 .. .. 75.7 .. .. 5.8 89.6

0.8 .. 10.8 .. .. 74.6 .. .. 11.0 97.1

0.5 0.9 12.0 4.7 67.4 6.0 1.7 93.2

0.1 0.3 10.0 4.1 43.1 3.0 1.6 62.2

0.0 0.5 6.2 4.7 0.1 30.6 3.4 1.8 47.4

0.0 0.4 5.3 5.0 0.2 32.8 4.1 2.0 49.7

0.0 0.6 5.2 5.3 0.1 30.9 5.2 2.0 49.4

0.0 0.7 5.9 5.1 0.1 30.2 4.3 2.1 48.6

0.0 0.7 6.2 5.1 0.2 30.9 4.4 2.0 49.5

-92.9% -19.0% -48.3% 7.2% x -54.1% -28.0% 19.2% -46.9%

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 15

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Gas Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Gaz million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 431.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 520.4

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 704.2

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 021.2

8.3 31.5 26.9 2.9 10.6 24.8 3.6 5.6 10.3 7.6 866.3 3.2 28.6 209.4 75.5 1 315.1

2.7 12.7 25.5 1.2 2.2 23.5 1.7 2.3 4.3 5.5 728.8 1.7 26.2 156.1 77.4 1 071.8

2.6 10.8 32.2 1.4 2.2 20.6 1.3 2.5 4.3 4.8 718.1 1.5 25.5 141.9 93.4 1 063.1

2.3 16.5 34.6 1.5 1.4 27.8 1.4 3.1 4.9 5.0 766.4 1.1 30.0 148.4 95.0 1 139.4

2.5 18.0 37.6 1.7 1.7 32.1 1.6 3.1 5.0 5.2 772.2 1.1 26.8 146.7 92.2 1 147.6

3.1 18.0 38.3 1.7 1.8 40.5 1.4 3.2 5.3 5.6 783.4 1.1 28.7 144.5 89.4 1 166.1

3.2 19.7 38.9 1.8 2.6 43.6 1.5 3.3 5.2 5.2 804.5 1.1 28.8 130.0 93.4 1 182.8

-61.5% -37.5% 45.0% -38.5% -76.0% 75.8% -57.6% -41.1% -49.3% -31.7% -7.1% -64.8% 0.5% -37.9% 23.7% -10.1%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

12.3 0.1 0.2 1.3 2.6 0.0 0.1 0.6 3.4 20.8 0.0 41.6

17.1 0.3 0.7 1.1 3.2 0.0 0.3 0.8 2.8 24.3 0.0 50.8

21.7 0.6 1.7 1.4 5.7 0.0 0.1 1.0 5.1 32.6 0.0 70.0

30.5 0.8 4.3 1.6 7.3 0.0 0.4 1.3 7.1 38.5 0.0 91.9

43.4 1.5 6.4 3.3 7.5 0.1 0.5 1.0 9.3 46.3 0.0 119.4

51.2 2.5 8.5 3.2 8.3 0.0 0.6 0.6 10.0 58.4 0.0 143.4

68.4 2.3 17.3 12.4 12.8 1.1 0.7 1.1 15.3 0.1 63.3 0.7 195.3

69.2 2.1 29.1 15.5 13.0 1.3 0.2 0.9 1.3 18.5 0.1 52.8 1.5 205.4

74.1 2.9 35.5 15.7 13.6 1.3 0.3 0.9 2.0 19.4 0.2 52.2 1.5 219.5

75.3 3.6 38.0 15.5 14.3 1.4 0.5 1.0 3.5 20.2 0.2 52.8 1.5 227.7

79.0 3.8 39.9 14.5 14.3 2.1 0.6 1.3 3.9 23.0 0.2 54.7 1.5 238.9

82.3% 152.5% 524.9% 336.8% 90.6% + x 148.8% 272.8% 148.4% x 18.1% + 100.1%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

0.6 0.2 .. 1.9 1.2 0.3 0.0 .. 0.1 5.3 0.5 10.1

0.9 1.2 .. 2.7 1.8 1.0 0.1 .. 0.3 7.7 0.5 16.2

2.1 2.1 .. 3.3 2.4 7.3 0.2 .. 0.6 10.3 0.2 28.5

4.0 2.3 .. 2.1 7.2 13.5 4.9 1.8 13.4 5.7 0.1 1.2 56.3

7.3 2.5 .. 3.4 18.9 37.3 7.7 1.7 20.9 10.0 0.0 0.6 110.3

10.8 3.4 7.8 32.8 58.2 25.7 2.8 28.0 0.0 3.5 18.2 0.4 0.5 192.1

14.5 3.2 12.7 42.3 62.1 50.6 2.7 34.5 0.0 2.8 37.3 2.6 0.5 265.7

19.1 3.9 16.3 49.4 67.6 47.2 3.0 48.2 5.1 10.5 49.3 6.3 0.3 326.4

20.6 3.6 17.8 55.5 60.7 48.1 3.5 53.7 4.7 12.4 52.5 10.8 0.2 344.0

22.1 3.5 19.1 63.6 61.3 55.9 3.9 56.0 6.2 13.9 53.9 11.5 0.3 371.1

24.0 4.0 19.5 66.7 62.7 59.1 4.1 56.1 5.8 15.0 55.1 11.7 0.3 384.0

229.3% 57.6% .. 475.5% 252.7% 68.0% 669.5% 137.0% 168.4% x x 452.7% + -52.0% 248.2%

7.3 7.3

17.3 17.3

27.8 27.8

21.9 21.9

25.8 25.8

31.7 0.1 31.8

43.7 5.7 49.5

60.9 3.5 64.5

71.5 5.1 76.6

85.7 5.1 90.8

101.2 5.6 106.8

291.5% x 313.2%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.16 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence million tonnes of CO 2

2006

% change 90-06

14 617.0 16 160.0 18 648.4 19 299.9 21 475.4 22 089.9 23 786.4 25 460.4 26 802.0 27 622.0 28 408.2

32.3%

1971 World *

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

.. 8 638.1 4 612.3 3 098.9 927.0 .. ..

.. 8 951.2 4 775.0 3 118.9 1 057.4 .. ..

.. 9 721.8 5 191.6 3 387.8 1 142.4 .. ..

..

..

..

..

9 001.5

7 931.8

7 909.9

8 195.4

8 202.5

8 200.9

8 201.3

-8.9%

344.5 167.9

328.6 171.3

344.0 199.6

291.7 223.6

357.9 255.4

403.5 284.4

466.7 341.1

465.7 342.2

521.0 365.5

551.6 388.8

582.6 397.1

62.8% 55.5%

Non-OECD Total

4 681.9

5 774.6

7 196.3

8 212.4

9 709.1

9 766.2 10 385.2 11 808.5 12 899.1 13 604.1 14 449.8

48.8%

OECD Total

9 422.7

9 885.4 10 908.5 10 572.1 11 153.0 11 635.8 12 593.5 12 844.0 13 016.4 13 077.4 12 978.7

16.4%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

337.2 100.8 4 275.1 4 713.0

392.3 145.1 4 382.7 4 920.1

428.6 242.2 4 763.0 5 433.8

399.9 265.7 4 609.9 5 275.4

423.4 294.3 4 853.7 5 571.5

452.5 307.4 5 134.9 5 894.8

517.8 355.8 5 715.2 6 588.7

535.3 382.0 5 711.5 6 628.8

536.4 394.5 5 817.0 6 747.9

548.0 426.0 5 860.7 6 834.6

526.9 426.2 5 780.1 6 733.1

24.4% 44.8% 19.1% 20.8%

156.9 755.6 54.8 14.4 981.8

182.7 857.1 77.9 17.7 1 135.3

212.1 913.0 125.7 17.3 1 268.1

220.5 896.4 157.7 21.7 1 296.3

260.9 1 078.4 238.6 23.0 1 600.9

278.6 1 169.8 361.4 27.1 1 836.8

330.4 1 222.9 441.1 30.5 2 025.0

337.0 1 246.0 470.6 32.5 2 086.1

337.8 1 267.8 485.9 32.1 2 123.6

363.4 1 245.6 464.1 32.1 2 105.2

370.4 1 235.5 471.4 33.0 2 110.4

42.0% 14.6% 97.6% 43.6% 31.8%

51.2 120.0 168.5 56.2 39.9 434.6 993.1 25.3 58.2 1.4 22.5 280.3 15.2 130.4 23.4 310.3 14.9 48.3 121.5 84.5 39.7 43.7 644.9 3 727.9

52.3 119.5 158.9 52.6 45.5 431.8 976.5 35.4 67.4 1.6 21.8 311.2 13.1 138.0 24.0 367.5 18.9 55.0 162.1 80.9 37.4 62.4 596.3 3 830.0

58.3 129.8 165.3 61.0 57.4 473.0 1 076.4 45.4 80.7 1.8 26.3 349.0 12.0 155.7 28.6 438.6 24.6 60.9 192.0 72.0 39.8 73.3 584.7 4 206.5

55.9 103.9 169.4 61.0 50.5 374.3 1 022.5 55.9 78.8 1.6 27.2 339.6 10.0 147.2 27.1 441.2 25.5 59.4 187.6 61.8 39.5 99.7 560.8 4 000.4

57.1 111.8 161.0 50.7 52.1 366.7 971.7 69.2 67.7 2.0 31.3 384.8 10.5 158.5 28.5 352.3 38.5 54.4 212.1 51.8 42.1 138.2 567.7 3 980.6

60.1 122.0 127.0 57.7 54.0 348.2 877.5 72.6 58.8 1.9 31.5 413.5 8.3 172.3 31.8 340.2 49.5 42.3 239.2 54.7 39.6 157.3 544.2 3 904.1

62.4 130.1 125.4 50.4 54.2 360.0 843.9 85.3 55.5 2.1 40.1 431.9 8.0 174.7 35.9 294.8 60.0 37.4 286.7 49.5 40.1 203.5 548.0 3 979.7

73.4 129.2 125.8 56.6 72.3 386.1 849.0 90.2 58.3 2.2 41.5 452.1 9.8 186.7 39.5 299.6 59.1 39.0 313.0 54.9 41.7 203.5 545.5 4 129.1

73.1 126.7 126.7 51.1 69.0 387.4 843.5 91.6 57.2 2.2 41.2 452.6 10.9 187.8 44.6 297.7 60.9 38.4 332.1 54.4 42.4 209.5 544.0 4 144.9

75.4 122.7 125.0 47.4 56.3 388.4 820.1 93.1 57.3 2.2 41.5 455.7 11.2 182.6 54.8 300.6 63.3 38.9 341.9 51.4 43.5 219.7 544.9 4 137.6

73.3 121.0 126.6 54.7 67.5 376.5 821.3 90.9 56.5 2.2 41.5 449.9 11.2 178.7 34.3 313.9 57.1 38.3 335.5 50.5 44.2 242.6 546.8 4 135.2

28.4% 8.2% -21.4% 8.1% 29.6% 2.7% -15.5% 31.3% -16.5% 11.7% 32.6% 16.9% 7.0% 12.7% 20.4% -10.9% 48.2% -29.6% 58.2% -2.5% 5.2% 75.5% -3.7% 3.9%

..

..

..

..

4 126.2

3 919.9

3 884.3

4 050.0

4 047.6

4 019.4

4 022.2

-2.5%

Annex I Kyoto Parties Intl. marine bunkers International aviation

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

European Union - 27

.. 14 110.9 13 287.2 13 888.4 14 172.8 14 294.0 14 345.0 14 291.9 9 300.4 9 846.5 10 241.4 11 080.0 11 265.3 11 406.5 11 445.9 11 303.2 5 009.7 5 277.2 5 587.4 6 232.9 6 246.8 6 353.5 6 408.7 6 306.9 3 152.0 3 207.0 3 178.5 3 263.2 3 402.9 3 415.4 3 396.1 3 357.3 1 138.6 1 362.3 1 475.4 1 583.8 1 615.5 1 637.7 1 641.1 1 639.0 .. 4 126.3 2 888.5 2 605.0 2 704.1 2 678.0 2 679.5 2 746.1 .. 6 751.2 8 114.8 9 090.2 10 479.7 11 621.5 12 336.5 13 136.7

* Total world includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1.3% 14.8% 19.5% 4.7% 20.3% -33.4% 94.6%

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 17

CO2 emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence million tonnes of CO 2

2006

% change 90-06

9 766.2 10 385.2 11 808.5 12 899.1 13 604.1 14 449.8

48.8%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

4 681.9

5 774.6

7 196.3

8 212.4

9 709.1

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

10.0 1.7 0.3 .. 0.7 0.6 2.7 2.4 20.6 .. 1.4 1.7 1.9 3.8 3.8 6.8 3.0 .. 5.9 1.2 148.8 4.1 2.1 0.3 3.7 3.4 7.9 7.3 246.3

15.6 2.1 0.5 .. 1.0 0.7 2.9 3.1 26.3 .. 1.2 2.1 2.5 4.3 9.9 9.9 2.4 .. 11.8 1.6 175.6 3.9 1.9 0.3 5.0 3.3 7.7 8.7 304.5

30.5 2.8 0.4 .. 1.7 0.8 2.9 3.4 39.6 .. 1.4 2.2 2.2 5.4 17.2 13.9 2.4 .. 26.9 2.0 214.5 3.9 2.2 0.4 8.0 3.4 8.0 11.2 407.5

48.9 3.0 0.5 1.6 2.5 1.0 3.4 2.5 67.1 .. 1.4 1.9 2.5 5.4 24.7 16.4 1.5 .. 33.2 1.9 288.3 4.3 2.0 0.3 10.1 2.9 9.6 12.0 548.9

58.4 4.3 0.2 2.9 2.7 0.8 4.1 2.9 82.0 .. 2.4 1.1 2.8 6.5 28.0 20.2 1.0 .. 38.2 2.2 291.1 5.6 2.0 0.6 12.3 2.7 15.4 14.7 605.2

63.7 4.1 0.2 3.3 2.6 0.6 3.0 3.7 87.6 0.8 2.6 1.2 3.6 6.8 40.6 25.2 1.1 1.8 41.5 2.5 337.7 4.7 3.0 0.6 14.0 2.1 15.3 17.1 691.0

71.1 5.3 1.5 4.2 3.0 0.6 2.0 6.6 109.8 0.6 3.2 1.3 5.5 9.9 42.6 30.0 1.5 1.9 42.9 3.7 351.8 6.7 2.3 1.0 17.4 1.7 12.8 18.9 759.4

81.1 7.8 2.3 4.1 3.3 1.0 2.1 5.6 131.8 0.8 4.6 1.5 7.0 7.4 44.6 32.7 1.7 2.6 51.4 3.9 375.3 9.9 3.3 1.1 18.8 2.0 10.5 21.6 840.0

82.4 7.7 2.4 4.1 3.5 1.0 2.2 6.1 135.6 0.8 4.7 1.5 6.2 9.5 46.4 35.5 1.7 2.7 51.3 4.6 415.0 11.4 3.8 1.0 19.8 2.1 9.8 22.8 895.7

84.3 8.1 2.5 4.3 3.2 1.4 2.2 8.6 147.9 0.8 4.9 1.9 7.1 10.1 45.1 39.1 1.5 2.9 60.8 4.7 405.6 11.3 4.5 1.0 19.2 2.2 10.6 23.4 919.2

89.7 8.8 3.0 4.5 3.2 1.3 2.3 6.6 151.3 0.5 5.4 1.8 8.5 11.2 45.0 40.0 1.6 3.0 54.4 4.7 412.4 11.2 4.8 0.9 19.7 2.4 10.1 25.6 933.8

53.7% 105.3% + 55.1% 16.9% 59.9% -45.1% 130.9% 84.6% .. 123.4% 74.1% 198.0% 70.8% 60.8% 98.5% 62.7% .. 42.2% 115.6% 41.7% 100.6% 134.5% 50.1% 59.9% -13.7% -34.6% 74.2% 54.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

3.1 45.1 12.4 17.2 1.4 13.6 4.6 0.3 2.2 18.4 8.0 2.4 1.9 130.6

4.8 73.9 15.0 21.0 2.1 13.5 5.5 0.7 5.0 24.1 10.3 4.9 1.8 182.7

6.4 106.8 29.9 23.1 4.3 39.7 6.5 2.2 7.7 87.7 14.2 18.8 3.4 350.8

9.8 150.7 45.2 23.5 7.5 38.5 7.6 7.5 12.4 125.4 24.4 34.4 4.8 491.9

10.2 183.3 50.8 35.3 9.4 19.7 6.4 11.0 14.0 141.9 32.4 49.9 7.1 571.4

11.6 243.9 74.6 48.6 12.4 41.9 12.6 15.9 17.9 215.2 39.6 67.6 9.9 811.8

13.8 304.3 72.9 56.3 14.3 54.5 14.2 23.9 26.4 258.3 46.9 82.1 14.0 982.0

15.9 354.0 72.3 62.9 14.8 60.7 17.0 30.9 30.7 289.8 47.6 97.3 16.7 1 110.7

16.5 381.6 81.2 60.7 17.2 68.7 15.3 29.2 33.8 304.0 47.4 100.0 18.7 1 174.4

17.9 393.4 83.4 63.0 18.5 76.5 15.8 34.5 35.4 324.4 49.8 102.7 20.0 1 235.1

19.6 422.9 89.0 63.5 18.5 67.2 13.3 38.0 39.9 337.6 51.2 105.6 20.5 1 286.8

91.9% 130.7% 75.4% 79.7% 98.1% 241.7% 108.0% 245.9% 185.3% 137.8% 57.9% 111.7% 187.3% 125.2%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

4.1 .. 63.8 .. 1.8 0.1 .. 0.6 111.6 .. .. 65.5 247.4

4.7 .. 73.0 .. 1.7 0.1 .. 0.6 138.9 .. .. 77.1 296.1

7.9 .. 84.2 .. 2.6 0.1 .. 1.0 177.8 .. .. 101.5 375.1

7.4 .. 85.1 .. 2.8 0.1 .. 1.1 178.9 .. .. 127.2 402.7

6.5 23.9 76.2 21.7 4.1 0.2 9.6 2.3 171.8 61.6 12.8 390.7

1.9 3.5 57.5 16.1 5.2 0.3 9.1 2.2 127.2 44.4 13.5 281.0

3.1 13.7 43.4 17.9 6.3 0.4 8.6 2.1 87.7 41.9 14.0 239.1

3.9 14.2 48.4 21.1 7.0 0.4 8.5 2.5 97.7 51.4 15.3 270.5

3.8 15.2 46.5 20.6 6.5 0.4 8.3 2.6 92.9 56.4 15.4 268.6

4.4 15.8 47.7 20.8 6.6 0.4 8.4 2.6 91.9 50.7 15.4 265.0

4.1 17.4 49.1 20.9 6.9 0.4 8.3 2.5 98.6 54.3 15.6 278.1

-36.8% -27.5% -35.6% -3.9% 68.5% 152.3% -13.8% 9.3% -42.6% -11.7% 21.7% -28.8%

Non-OECD Total

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.18 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 368.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 842.6

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 242.5

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 448.3

20.5 66.5 117.4 37.1 29.2 237.0 22.7 18.4 33.7 30.2 2 302.6 11.9 52.4 699.1 120.6 3 799.4

3.4 33.3 63.2 17.2 7.2 169.3 4.6 9.0 14.5 11.4 1 573.1 5.3 34.7 428.8 103.8 2 478.9

3.4 29.3 59.9 15.3 4.4 137.4 4.6 6.4 11.0 6.5 1 510.7 4.2 36.3 325.7 120.9 2 276.0

3.3 29.1 62.4 17.4 3.6 158.8 5.2 7.1 12.3 7.4 1 544.3 4.9 43.0 355.3 121.9 2 375.8

3.5 30.4 65.0 17.6 3.7 165.9 5.7 6.9 12.9 7.6 1 540.6 5.3 39.4 339.7 118.8 2 362.9

4.1 32.4 63.8 17.0 4.5 179.2 5.4 6.9 13.7 8.0 1 545.0 5.6 41.5 335.4 112.9 2 375.3

4.1 33.4 68.0 16.3 5.2 194.3 5.2 7.6 13.8 7.5 1 595.3 6.2 43.7 325.7 116.2 2 442.5

-79.8% -49.9% -42.1% -56.1% -82.3% -18.0% -77.0% -58.7% -59.2% -75.1% -30.7% -48.4% -16.5% -53.4% -3.6% -35.7%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

86.0 2.3 93.7 21.5 27.0 1.4 21.6 3.4 3.4 1.5 2.4 0.4 1.1 5.2 13.8 1.5 3.8 0.6 16.1 5.0 5.8 43.6 11.5 372.6

89.8 3.4 144.2 17.5 31.9 1.8 28.0 5.6 6.5 2.1 2.7 0.4 1.3 7.4 9.8 1.9 3.7 0.7 19.4 4.8 5.9 60.3 15.5 464.5

101.2 4.5 189.4 21.7 38.3 2.2 32.1 6.5 10.9 1.8 4.3 0.6 1.7 6.4 10.2 1.9 2.5 1.4 21.8 8.3 6.0 88.8 15.1 577.5

92.7 4.6 179.5 19.8 42.7 2.0 30.6 7.1 12.3 1.9 3.4 0.8 1.7 4.5 5.0 1.9 2.8 1.4 18.4 11.0 3.4 99.1 9.3 556.0

106.8 5.3 202.4 32.0 48.9 2.8 31.8 9.3 13.0 2.3 3.7 0.9 2.2 7.1 4.1 1.7 2.6 1.9 18.2 12.7 4.0 105.0 12.5 631.4

119.9 8.4 250.2 41.0 57.9 4.2 22.3 13.5 16.0 4.8 6.0 0.9 3.9 8.5 3.5 2.6 4.1 3.5 22.8 13.3 4.7 116.7 13.4 741.9

136.9 11.2 311.6 57.3 57.6 4.7 24.5 18.9 19.1 5.3 9.3 1.4 4.4 10.1 3.5 3.4 5.4 3.2 26.0 19.6 6.1 125.7 13.8 879.1

126.6 9.8 309.4 57.1 56.2 5.5 23.7 19.9 23.0 6.0 9.8 1.6 5.8 10.5 4.2 4.0 5.8 3.7 23.4 21.5 4.2 121.2 16.2 869.2

140.0 12.2 324.2 63.3 56.8 5.2 23.0 18.5 24.2 5.7 10.3 1.6 6.4 10.5 4.2 4.1 5.4 3.7 26.9 24.7 5.5 128.5 16.2 921.2

140.4 12.1 330.2 63.5 60.2 5.2 23.8 18.4 24.8 5.9 11.1 1.7 6.4 9.8 4.0 4.2 5.7 3.4 28.3 25.1 5.5 135.7 16.6 941.9

152.5 13.5 334.2 62.8 63.0 6.0 27.0 18.9 27.4 6.0 11.1 1.7 7.1 11.8 4.5 4.0 6.0 3.6 25.9 27.8 6.6 136.6 18.4 976.3

42.8% 154.7% 65.1% 96.3% 28.9% 112.6% -15.2% 102.7% 110.4% 154.8% 203.7% 82.7% 226.7% 66.2% 9.3% 129.7% 135.1% 83.4% 42.0% 118.6% 63.5% 30.1% 46.8% 54.6%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

3.4 0.4 .. 31.2 197.8 25.5 69.4 13.8 .. 4.6 0.2 17.1 24.2 7.0 2.9 17.3 16.1 8.3 439.2

4.7 1.7 .. 43.2 237.5 39.3 79.6 16.9 .. 4.1 0.3 21.2 29.3 9.7 2.9 21.8 16.7 10.1 539.2

7.2 3.2 .. 75.1 292.8 73.3 108.6 29.1 .. 5.2 0.5 27.1 33.7 14.1 3.9 34.3 14.4 16.5 739.1

9.3 4.3 .. 73.6 427.9 90.0 129.8 37.6 11.6 6.0 0.5 40.4 26.7 16.2 3.7 42.0 16.8 10.0 946.5

14.1 4.1 .. 112.8 597.8 146.1 117.6 55.4 12.7 4.1 0.9 61.4 39.6 29.3 4.0 81.4 17.0 10.4 1 308.5

21.3 5.5 1.4 161.3 797.1 215.4 75.8 94.1 10.1 6.7 1.8 82.9 58.5 50.9 5.8 143.5 27.5 9.3 1 768.8

26.7 6.0 2.3 216.8 978.1 264.4 68.9 121.7 8.8 8.8 3.1 101.0 69.3 52.0 10.7 162.9 43.8 11.1 2 156.5

33.5 6.3 3.2 252.9 1 056.9 301.5 69.6 143.4 9.0 9.4 2.9 105.1 68.6 46.4 10.9 204.7 60.5 13.7 2 398.3

35.0 6.3 3.5 267.0 1 140.1 326.8 71.2 138.2 9.2 9.6 2.6 117.1 72.6 50.6 12.5 222.3 78.7 15.7 2 579.1

38.2 6.2 3.8 273.9 1 190.2 337.9 74.4 165.6 9.6 10.3 3.0 118.9 71.6 62.3 11.8 227.9 79.7 15.4 2 700.6

39.7 6.6 4.1 281.7 1 269.7 344.8 75.5 172.3 10.1 9.8 3.1 127.3 66.3 59.9 11.4 232.1 81.7 16.5 2 812.9

181.1% 59.8% .. 149.8% 112.4% 136.0% -35.8% 211.0% -19.8% 139.1% 240.2% 107.4% 67.7% 104.7% 187.3% 185.3% 381.8% 58.1% 115.0%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

867.6 9.1 876.7

1 133.9 11.1 1 145.0

1 489.2 14.5 1 503.7

1 794.7 23.5 1 818.1

2 371.2 31.3 2 402.5

2 957.9 35.0 2 992.9

3 054.8 38.4 3 093.1

3 901.1 42.8 3 943.9

4 656.1 41.0 4 697.1

5 125.6 41.4 5 167.0

5 676.9 42.6 5 719.5

139.4% 36.2% 138.1%

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 19

CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

World

344.47

328.58

343.95

291.72

357.86

403.55

466.67

465.68

520.98

551.63

582.55

62.8%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 202.63 26.41 120.20 56.02 .. ..

.. 216.81 36.12 110.37 70.31 .. ..

.. 234.71 93.91 97.05 43.75 .. ..

.. 171.25 56.43 87.88 26.94 .. ..

233.61 223.46 93.55 109.06 20.84 9.78 124.25

230.93 227.78 93.68 112.25 21.85 2.58 172.61

252.32 249.27 92.24 136.38 20.65 1.80 214.36

230.14 225.54 62.06 143.39 20.09 2.67 235.53

258.91 253.12 78.69 153.29 21.13 2.69 262.07

273.56 267.11 83.63 160.02 23.46 3.14 278.07

287.39 281.20 89.86 168.54 22.80 3.13 295.16

23.0% 25.8% -3.9% 54.5% 9.4% -68.0% 137.6%

..

..

..

..

142.55

139.85

162.16

167.73

179.03

188.50

196.18

37.6%

Non-OECD Total

138.16

108.73

105.71

115.57

125.49

157.66

190.89

213.66

238.28

244.25

261.36

108.3%

OECD Total

206.31

219.85

238.24

176.15

232.36

245.88

275.79

252.02

282.70

307.38

321.20

38.2%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

3.07 0.26 23.34 26.67

2.58 0.38 33.54 36.51

4.71 1.00 89.20 94.91

1.18 1.33 55.26 57.76

2.87 2.03 90.68 95.58

3.17 1.89 90.51 95.57

3.34 4.16 88.90 96.39

1.57 2.51 60.49 64.57

1.91 2.38 76.78 81.07

1.88 2.70 81.76 86.34

1.70 2.71 88.16 92.57

-40.6% 33.8% -2.8% -3.1%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

5.10 49.88 1.53 1.04 57.55

5.03 64.20 0.17 1.08 70.48

3.68 38.90 0.31 1.18 44.06

2.28 23.92 1.69 0.74 28.63

2.14 17.66 5.27 1.04 26.11

2.79 17.92 15.20 1.13 37.04

2.96 16.93 20.21 0.75 40.86

2.40 16.84 21.14 0.85 41.23

2.75 17.63 23.29 0.75 44.43

2.81 19.81 33.24 0.84 56.71

3.21 18.64 33.30 0.95 56.10

50.2% 5.5% 532.0% -8.8% 114.8%

8.06 2.09 0.24 12.71 12.93 1.78 .. 0.24 22.80 28.26 1.90 1.63 2.32 5.94 3.58 .. 0.26 17.37 122.10

8.64 1.67 0.30 14.53 10.52 2.70 .. 0.20 17.97 32.86 1.49 2.21 2.00 3.44 3.45 .. 0.29 10.60 112.87

7.52 1.32 1.84 12.52 11.00 2.63 .. 0.23 13.08 29.39 0.87 2.22 1.34 5.07 2.66 .. .. 7.57 99.26

7.30 1.34 1.45 7.52 10.85 3.51 0.02 0.09 10.75 27.45 1.03 1.63 1.48 6.76 1.76 .. 0.25 6.56 89.76

12.97 3.02 1.78 7.96 7.79 7.97 0.10 0.06 8.37 34.29 1.39 1.24 1.91 11.46 2.09 0.06 0.37 7.84 110.68

12.36 4.96 1.04 7.94 6.43 11.17 0.14 0.36 7.59 35.59 2.19 0.44 1.52 10.00 3.30 0.05 0.58 7.62 113.27

17.03 4.18 2.10 9.42 6.85 11.28 0.21 0.47 8.49 41.98 2.56 0.90 2.08 18.97 4.28 0.03 1.25 6.44 138.53

21.93 3.06 2.01 8.37 8.17 10.07 0.21 0.53 10.08 42.72 1.75 0.89 1.82 22.09 5.09 0.03 1.93 5.46 146.22

24.65 2.49 1.62 9.48 8.36 10.16 0.22 0.47 10.54 46.39 1.60 0.80 2.07 22.78 5.99 0.03 3.11 6.45 157.20

24.40 2.57 1.59 8.65 7.83 9.02 0.20 0.32 10.64 53.31 2.16 1.01 1.82 25.00 6.12 0.04 3.31 6.34 164.34

26.40 3.34 1.75 8.97 8.11 9.74 0.11 0.38 10.95 55.26 1.56 0.93 2.00 26.11 6.57 0.03 3.06 7.26 172.53

103.6% 10.7% -1.8% 12.7% 4.1% 22.2% 12.7% 590.3% 30.8% 61.1% 12.3% -25.2% 4.6% 127.9% 214.1% -50.0% 722.0% -7.5% 55.9%

..

..

..

..

111.56

112.70

136.04

144.46

154.30

161.66

170.90

53.2%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

European Union - 27

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.20 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

138.16

108.73

105.71

115.57

125.49

157.66

190.89

213.66

238.28

244.25

261.36

108.3%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.61 0.77 .. .. .. .. 0.40 0.06 0.06 .. 0.07 0.20 0.16 1.47 0.01 0.24 0.76 .. 0.02 2.99 10.81 .. 0.05 .. 0.06 .. 3.02 21.76

0.77 0.48 .. .. .. .. 0.22 0.01 1.08 .. 0.01 0.14 0.14 1.05 0.01 0.18 0.35 .. 0.11 2.09 7.15 0.01 0.05 .. 0.02 .. 2.08 15.95

1.29 0.83 .. .. 0.12 .. 0.08 1.35 3.19 .. 0.01 0.19 0.10 0.56 0.02 0.21 0.27 .. 0.25 0.84 5.25 0.02 0.12 .. 0.02 .. 1.77 16.48

1.16 0.10 .. .. 0.03 .. 0.09 0.73 4.71 .. 0.03 0.22 .. 0.45 0.04 0.04 0.10 .. 0.34 0.33 3.41 0.02 0.08 .. 0.01 .. 1.82 13.70

1.36 0.02 .. .. 0.04 .. 0.10 0.12 5.25 .. 0.04 0.08 .. 0.55 0.25 0.06 0.09 .. 0.58 0.11 5.95 0.02 0.08 .. 0.07 .. 1.99 16.77

1.17 0.03 .. .. 0.09 .. 0.01 0.27 7.73 0.42 0.52 0.44 .. 0.17 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.42 0.09 10.28 0.03 0.07 .. 0.06 .. 2.11 25.23

0.77 .. .. .. 0.06 .. 0.01 0.29 8.58 .. .. 0.60 .. 0.26 0.28 0.04 0.00 .. 0.86 0.30 8.51 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03 .. 2.77 23.47

0.67 .. .. .. 0.06 .. 0.01 0.28 8.97 .. .. 0.45 .. 0.04 0.28 0.04 0.14 .. 1.97 0.27 8.37 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.03 .. 2.47 24.17

1.03 .. .. .. 0.05 .. 0.01 0.28 5.73 .. .. 0.46 .. 0.12 0.28 0.04 0.13 .. 1.64 0.26 7.69 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.03 .. 2.53 20.39

1.17 0.00 .. .. 0.04 .. 0.01 0.23 4.51 .. .. 0.48 .. 0.13 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.95 0.36 8.52 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03 .. 2.71 20.57

0.98 0.00 .. .. 0.13 .. 0.01 0.20 3.36 .. .. 0.48 .. 0.15 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.91 0.24 8.38 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03 .. 2.81 19.12

-27.6% -80.0% .. .. 221.2% .. -94.1% 67.3% -35.9% .. .. 506.9% .. -73.4% 12.5% -34.9% -89.3% .. 228.0% 115.0% 40.7% 14.3% -11.5% .. -58.3% .. 41.5% 14.0%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

3.27 1.29 0.26 .. .. 5.60 0.71 3.85 .. 40.05 .. .. 1.13 56.17

1.95 1.57 0.29 .. .. 5.63 0.03 2.54 .. 25.86 .. .. 0.91 38.79

1.50 1.55 0.37 .. .. 5.00 .. 0.71 .. 13.62 .. 5.53 2.13 30.42

0.64 1.15 0.46 0.35 .. 2.12 .. 0.35 .. 28.01 .. 9.69 1.24 44.02

.. 1.56 0.40 0.38 .. 0.55 .. 0.06 .. 5.74 .. 18.99 1.24 28.93

.. 2.34 .. 0.65 0.03 1.82 0.04 0.08 .. 5.96 .. 33.16 0.31 44.39

.. 1.98 .. 0.58 0.13 1.50 0.04 0.19 .. 6.60 .. 29.30 0.30 40.63

.. 1.82 .. 0.85 0.04 1.73 0.05 0.00 .. 6.87 .. 28.99 0.39 40.74

.. 1.92 .. 0.71 0.15 1.72 0.05 .. .. 6.99 .. 33.65 0.39 45.58

.. 1.73 .. 0.87 0.25 1.64 0.05 0.00 .. 7.09 .. 37.44 0.39 49.46

.. 1.43 .. 0.81 0.13 1.97 0.05 .. .. 8.27 .. 40.83 0.39 53.88

.. -8.7% .. 114.2% .. 256.2% .. .. .. 44.1% .. 115.0% -68.2% 86.3%

.. .. .. .. 0.01 0.55 0.19 .. .. .. .. 0.75

.. .. .. .. 0.06 0.58 0.08 .. .. .. .. 0.72

.. .. .. .. 0.05 0.41 0.09 .. .. .. .. 0.55

.. .. 0.71 .. 0.11 0.88 0.06 .. .. .. .. 1.75

.. .. 0.18 0.15 0.18 1.38 0.09 .. .. .. .. 1.97

.. .. 0.85 0.10 0.21 2.69 0.14 .. .. .. .. 3.99

.. .. 0.20 0.06 0.60 3.22 0.13 .. .. .. .. 4.20

.. .. 0.43 0.07 0.38 3.45 0.07 .. .. .. .. 4.40

.. .. 0.36 0.07 0.17 3.56 0.07 .. .. .. .. 4.23

.. .. 0.34 0.08 0.90 3.63 0.07 .. .. 0.07 .. 5.09

.. .. 0.33 0.06 0.91 3.73 0.07 .. .. 0.09 .. 5.20

.. .. 83.2% -57.5% 410.6% 171.4% -24.3% .. .. .. .. 163.6%

Non-OECD Total

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 21

CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.17

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.09

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.09

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.79

.. 0.57 .. .. 1.48 0.30 .. 5.87 .. .. 8.21

.. 0.28 0.16 .. 0.47 0.44 .. .. .. .. 1.35

.. 0.33 .. .. 0.02 0.29 .. .. .. .. 0.64

.. 0.35 .. .. 0.59 0.34 .. .. .. .. 1.28

.. 0.47 .. .. 0.63 0.36 .. .. .. .. 1.46

.. 0.38 .. .. 0.81 0.45 .. .. .. .. 1.64

.. 0.67 .. .. 0.62 0.44 .. .. .. .. 1.72

.. 17.4% .. .. -58.4% 46.7% .. .. .. .. -79.1%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

0.66 1.00 0.60 0.95 .. 0.49 .. 0.28 .. 0.18 .. .. 0.16 7.71 .. .. 0.04 5.12 0.27 9.13 3.08 29.66

0.28 1.17 0.37 0.49 .. 0.55 .. .. .. 0.27 .. .. 0.26 7.34 .. .. 0.05 3.54 0.20 4.82 2.04 21.38

1.32 1.42 0.27 0.31 .. 0.56 .. 0.34 .. 0.40 .. .. 0.10 7.27 .. .. 0.38 1.42 0.24 1.99 2.79 18.83

2.00 1.71 0.09 0.22 .. 0.68 .. 0.11 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.04 6.13 .. .. 0.53 0.31 0.33 1.76 1.87 16.16

2.22 1.72 0.56 0.33 .. 0.75 .. 0.57 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.18 .. .. 0.03 0.11 0.37 2.50 0.86 15.68

1.77 3.64 1.18 0.58 .. 0.26 .. 1.05 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.32 .. .. 0.41 0.16 1.21 2.30 0.71 19.04

1.48 9.27 2.10 0.72 .. 0.32 .. 0.87 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.31 .. .. 0.13 0.87 0.90 2.06 0.76 25.27

1.85 10.08 2.74 0.70 .. 0.21 .. 0.80 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.31 .. .. 0.14 2.32 0.99 1.69 0.97 28.26

1.62 10.08 2.99 0.94 .. 0.22 .. 0.70 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.31 .. .. 0.18 2.80 1.06 2.17 1.00 29.55

2.19 10.96 3.87 1.05 .. 0.23 .. 0.69 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.32 .. .. 0.71 0.82 1.11 2.12 1.04 30.60

2.34 10.63 4.36 1.21 .. 0.20 .. 0.77 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.34 .. .. 0.31 0.85 0.77 2.19 1.07 30.52

5.3% 519.6% 673.8% 267.3% .. -73.6% .. 34.7% .. .. .. 3.1% .. .. 800.0% 680.6% 109.7% -12.2% 24.3% 94.7%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

0.06 .. .. 0.39 0.71 0.70 .. 0.11 .. 0.01 0.29 1.27 8.89 1.19 0.21 .. 0.57 14.39

0.05 .. .. 0.33 0.57 1.09 .. 0.22 .. 0.00 0.21 0.44 10.43 1.29 0.25 .. 0.53 15.42

0.19 .. .. 0.66 0.72 0.79 .. 0.18 .. 0.47 0.59 14.96 1.10 0.50 .. 0.46 20.61

0.07 .. .. 1.62 0.34 0.68 .. 0.31 .. 0.08 0.49 15.14 1.01 0.65 .. 0.20 20.58

0.06 .. .. 4.86 0.47 1.68 .. 0.28 .. 0.11 0.37 33.87 1.21 1.70 .. 0.21 44.82

0.11 .. .. 7.56 0.39 1.28 .. 0.52 .. 0.01 0.05 0.35 35.28 1.09 3.02 .. 0.25 49.90

0.11 .. .. 11.00 0.27 0.36 .. 0.67 .. 0.01 0.08 0.67 57.58 0.50 2.46 .. 0.24 73.96

0.11 .. .. 9.44 0.19 1.53 .. 0.22 .. 0.01 0.05 0.58 64.22 0.36 3.77 .. 0.35 80.82

0.11 .. .. 7.63 0.09 1.12 .. 0.31 .. 0.01 0.20 0.43 72.71 0.38 4.53 .. 0.41 87.91

0.11 .. .. 7.71 0.08 1.17 .. 0.26 .. 0.01 0.25 0.37 78.60 0.53 5.18 .. 0.38 94.66

0.11 .. .. 7.38 0.09 1.12 .. 0.16 .. 0.01 0.32 0.40 86.35 0.43 5.26 .. 0.40 102.05

78.6% .. .. 52.0% -81.5% -33.3% .. -42.2% .. x 203.8% 8.3% 155.0% -64.1% 208.9% .. 93.6% 127.7%

0.30 1.96 2.26

0.69 1.69 2.37

1.87 2.86 4.72

2.47 3.10 5.57

4.59 4.52 9.11

6.62 7.15 13.77

12.13 10.58 22.71

17.19 16.80 33.99

25.17 23.98 49.15

24.47 17.76 42.23

26.10 22.76 48.86

468.5% 404.0% 436.5%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.22 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions from international aviation Emissions de CO 2 imputables à l'aviation internationale million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

167.91

171.35

199.63

223.63

255.41

284.43

341.06

342.18

365.48

388.82

397.10

55.5%

.. 58.57 16.61 35.96 6.01 .. ..

.. 61.75 17.53 37.67 6.55 .. ..

.. 70.77 21.18 42.70 6.90 .. ..

.. 81.47 21.83 48.59 11.05 .. ..

163.45 126.28 41.50 65.82 18.96 36.64 91.96

174.68 155.41 48.54 82.93 23.94 18.50 109.75

218.83 200.17 60.20 111.48 28.49 17.12 122.23

211.69 190.14 51.65 108.82 29.67 18.88 130.49

221.78 199.87 53.10 116.05 30.72 19.03 143.70

232.06 208.15 54.63 121.41 32.12 20.69 156.75

230.43 205.65 50.42 125.70 29.52 21.87 166.67

41.0% 62.8% 21.5% 91.0% 55.7% -40.3% 81.2%

..

..

..

..

124.12

127.95

160.17

159.51

168.52

176.77

179.62

44.7%

106.49

105.40

121.80

134.01

120.46

117.06

127.51

135.69

148.72

159.50

168.08

39.5%

OECD Total

61.42

65.95

77.83

89.62

134.95

167.37

213.56

206.49

216.76

229.31

229.02

69.7%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1.25 1.39 15.35 17.99

1.93 2.40 15.60 19.92

1.35 4.23 19.83 25.41

1.22 4.53 20.61 26.36

2.71 5.48 38.79 46.98

2.58 7.10 45.96 55.64

3.08 8.07 57.11 68.27

2.14 7.93 49.51 59.58

2.71 7.62 50.39 60.72

2.55 7.89 52.07 62.52

2.53 8.45 47.90 58.87

-6.7% 54.3% 23.5% 25.3%

1.57 3.80 .. 0.64 6.01

1.89 4.32 0.36 0.34 6.91

2.40 3.92 0.83 0.57 7.72

2.76 7.63 1.69 0.66 12.74

4.29 13.31 0.84 1.35 19.80

5.75 16.61 2.05 1.58 25.99

7.15 19.57 1.70 1.77 30.19

6.86 20.52 3.59 2.30 33.26

6.92 21.22 3.92 2.58 34.65

8.10 21.37 7.25 2.65 39.36

7.29 19.84 8.83 2.40 38.35

69.7% 49.0% 949.4% 77.6% 93.7%

0.28 1.21 0.69 1.92 0.18 4.57 7.57 1.29 0.15 0.22 0.96 3.47 0.11 2.01 0.70 0.52 0.70 .. 1.74 0.33 1.63 0.09 7.08 37.41

0.24 1.05 0.58 1.56 0.40 5.71 8.16 1.31 0.20 0.13 0.73 2.44 0.15 2.26 0.51 0.53 0.80 .. 2.77 0.33 1.80 0.14 7.32 39.12

0.38 1.22 0.85 1.59 0.46 5.62 8.22 2.23 0.36 0.09 0.60 4.15 0.19 2.72 0.67 0.67 0.88 .. 2.58 0.49 2.02 0.12 8.59 44.70

0.65 1.62 0.63 1.56 0.48 6.43 9.46 2.33 0.44 0.18 0.57 4.33 0.22 3.47 0.92 0.67 1.27 .. 2.67 0.51 2.41 0.18 9.53 50.51

0.82 2.82 0.65 1.70 0.97 9.32 12.58 2.34 0.49 0.22 1.03 4.07 0.39 4.29 1.24 0.68 1.49 .. 3.32 1.07 3.00 0.53 15.14 68.17

1.29 2.61 0.56 1.84 0.86 11.44 14.13 2.52 0.54 0.20 1.11 5.55 0.56 7.38 1.09 0.82 1.49 0.12 6.01 1.76 3.63 0.78 19.45 85.74

1.63 4.37 0.48 2.32 1.02 15.22 17.39 2.41 0.69 0.39 1.73 7.75 0.95 9.65 1.05 0.82 1.69 0.08 8.03 2.06 4.57 1.54 29.24 115.09

1.26 4.36 0.60 2.12 1.07 14.98 16.92 2.32 0.60 0.30 2.15 7.97 1.16 9.70 0.62 0.86 1.87 0.10 8.25 1.51 3.57 2.67 28.67 113.65

1.48 4.01 0.86 2.42 1.23 16.01 18.29 2.39 0.69 0.35 2.04 7.98 1.26 10.38 0.72 0.84 2.05 0.08 9.15 1.85 3.41 2.87 31.02 121.39

1.67 3.80 0.94 2.55 1.24 16.20 19.69 2.30 0.79 0.40 2.35 8.45 1.28 10.67 0.80 0.96 2.13 0.12 9.18 1.87 3.48 3.21 33.36 127.43

1.75 3.49 0.99 2.56 1.38 16.86 20.69 2.76 0.80 0.53 2.40 9.00 1.20 10.81 1.11 1.27 2.28 0.12 9.57 1.96 3.68 2.91 33.66 131.79

113.8% 23.9% 52.1% 50.4% 41.6% 80.8% 64.5% 18.1% 65.0% 143.7% 132.7% 121.2% 207.8% 151.8% -10.5% 87.5% 53.0% .. 188.3% 82.2% 22.6% 446.3% 122.4% 93.3%

..

..

..

..

66.31

82.89

109.51

108.87

116.48

122.07

126.15

90.3%

World

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties Annex I Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

European Union - 27

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 23

CO2 emissions from international aviation Emissions de CO 2 imputables à l'aviation internationale million tonnes of CO 2

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

106.49

105.40

121.80

134.01

120.46

117.06

127.51

135.69

148.72

159.50

168.08

39.5%

0.29 0.23 0.02 .. 0.17 .. 0.28 0.13 0.21 .. 0.14 0.03 0.13 .. 0.27 0.35 0.12 .. 0.24 0.30 0.51 0.34 0.08 .. 0.39 0.04 0.08 .. 4.33

0.66 0.31 0.01 .. 0.10 .. 0.24 0.21 0.27 .. 0.16 0.04 0.15 .. 0.53 0.44 0.05 .. 0.70 0.37 0.71 0.14 0.20 .. 0.38 0.14 0.19 .. 6.00

0.93 0.25 0.03 .. 0.15 .. 0.37 0.27 0.51 .. 0.20 0.07 0.12 .. 0.89 0.78 0.08 .. 1.14 0.58 0.87 0.20 0.17 .. 0.56 0.23 0.21 0.90 9.51

1.31 0.99 0.06 0.01 0.15 .. 0.40 0.29 0.12 .. 0.34 0.08 0.10 .. 1.05 0.70 0.09 .. 1.33 0.43 0.99 0.21 0.13 .. 0.30 0.12 0.33 0.89 10.43

1.09 1.03 0.05 0.03 0.15 .. 0.32 0.27 0.44 .. 0.53 0.20 0.14 .. 0.63 0.79 0.13 .. 0.95 0.45 1.15 0.09 0.22 0.10 0.57 0.19 0.25 0.81 10.60

0.96 1.17 0.07 0.02 0.17 .. 0.35 0.26 0.79 0.02 0.20 0.19 0.18 .. 0.91 0.73 0.06 .. 1.36 0.45 1.72 0.10 0.19 0.12 0.74 0.10 0.35 0.89 12.08

1.17 1.42 0.07 0.02 0.18 .. 0.36 0.37 1.71 0.03 0.24 0.24 0.32 .. 1.33 0.90 0.13 .. 1.74 0.75 2.73 0.34 0.18 0.03 0.85 0.13 0.36 1.20 16.78

1.20 0.92 0.08 0.02 0.23 .. 0.36 0.28 1.82 0.03 0.27 0.25 0.42 .. 0.65 0.92 0.12 .. 1.21 0.66 2.47 0.47 0.23 0.08 0.61 0.14 0.11 1.24 14.80

1.13 1.05 0.08 0.03 0.20 .. 0.37 0.28 2.18 0.03 0.37 0.21 0.35 .. 0.66 1.01 0.13 .. 0.60 0.74 2.17 0.54 0.24 0.12 0.70 0.15 0.03 1.25 14.62

1.16 0.87 0.07 0.03 0.20 .. 0.36 0.28 2.23 0.03 0.46 0.21 0.39 .. 0.58 1.16 0.14 .. 0.71 0.74 2.13 0.62 0.26 0.15 0.65 0.16 0.03 1.31 14.94

1.14 1.04 0.08 0.03 0.22 .. 0.36 0.28 2.45 0.02 0.56 0.20 0.50 .. 0.55 1.32 0.17 .. 0.71 0.80 2.21 0.69 0.28 0.11 0.65 0.17 0.03 1.35 15.90

4.3% 1.2% 50.0% -9.1% 45.0% .. 13.6% 4.7% 454.3% .. 5.4% 1.4% 257.4% .. -13.5% 67.5% 31.7% .. -25.2% 75.9% 91.5% 631.3% 26.0% 3.0% 14.4% -14.3% -89.9% 67.7% 50.1%

0.43 7.02 0.24 1.79 0.14 0.34 0.83 0.01 .. 0.47 0.24 0.02 0.09 11.63

0.84 7.01 0.81 1.88 0.22 0.34 0.76 0.15 0.16 1.40 0.65 0.34 0.18 14.75

1.53 2.15 1.05 2.21 0.62 1.04 0.58 0.38 0.23 3.45 0.72 0.80 0.21 14.98

1.21 1.64 1.12 1.99 0.68 0.97 0.38 0.57 0.24 4.57 0.87 1.80 0.46 16.50

1.43 1.48 2.89 1.56 0.71 0.51 0.19 0.93 0.34 6.14 0.87 9.79 0.17 27.03

1.15 1.97 1.34 2.10 0.77 1.12 0.66 0.46 0.43 5.71 0.62 10.08 0.28 26.70

1.12 2.70 1.49 2.35 0.76 1.15 0.40 0.65 0.57 5.70 0.41 9.87 0.38 27.53

1.46 2.43 1.24 1.98 0.84 2.26 0.40 1.13 1.88 5.43 0.31 10.46 0.29 30.10

1.62 2.47 1.77 1.84 0.63 1.69 0.40 1.17 1.75 5.19 0.37 10.02 0.33 29.24

1.72 2.69 2.37 1.75 0.98 1.82 0.46 1.23 1.46 5.22 0.33 11.04 0.36 31.44

1.76 3.14 2.48 1.91 0.94 1.75 0.33 1.25 1.82 5.43 0.32 11.33 0.35 32.82

23.4% 111.7% -14.1% 21.9% 32.9% 242.0% 71.7% 34.1% 430.3% -11.7% -62.9% 15.7% 103.7% 21.4%

.. .. 0.61 .. 0.15 0.02 .. 0.17 0.06 .. .. 0.64 1.65

.. .. 0.61 .. 0.02 0.02 .. 0.18 0.05 .. .. 0.88 1.76

.. .. 0.91 .. 0.23 0.01 .. 0.23 .. .. .. 1.00 2.39

.. .. 1.11 .. 0.44 0.01 .. 0.14 .. .. .. 0.99 2.70

.. 0.08 0.71 0.15 0.72 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.69 0.43 0.08 .. 3.09

.. .. 0.98 0.17 0.79 0.01 0.09 0.22 0.54 0.11 0.06 .. 2.98

0.12 .. 0.24 0.10 0.82 0.01 0.09 0.26 0.37 0.09 0.07 .. 2.16

0.14 .. 0.47 0.07 0.98 0.01 0.02 0.23 0.35 0.19 0.08 .. 2.55

0.17 .. 0.45 0.09 0.90 0.01 0.02 0.30 0.40 0.14 0.06 .. 2.54

0.21 .. 0.56 0.12 0.89 0.01 0.02 0.27 0.33 0.15 0.07 .. 2.61

0.25 .. 0.53 0.12 0.91 0.01 0.02 0.23 0.40 0.16 0.07 .. 2.71

.. .. -24.6% -18.8% 27.1% -42.9% 7.1% -41.4% -62.9% -7.7% .. -12.4%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.24 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions from international aviation Emissions de CO 2 imputables à l'aviation internationale million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66.66

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62.09

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 70.62

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76.70

0.59 0.71 .. 0.11 0.60 2.68 .. 0.22 0.40 0.22 26.36 .. .. 6.11 .. 37.99

0.10 1.27 .. 0.05 0.01 0.78 .. 0.08 0.12 0.03 13.98 0.02 .. 0.47 .. 16.92

0.19 0.36 .. 0.06 0.05 0.34 .. 0.08 0.08 0.06 13.26 0.01 .. 0.78 .. 15.26

0.08 1.00 .. 0.05 0.08 0.52 .. 0.12 0.09 0.04 14.38 0.01 .. 1.10 .. 17.47

0.12 1.01 .. 0.08 0.11 0.65 .. 0.14 0.10 0.03 14.13 0.01 .. 1.11 .. 17.50

0.13 1.45 .. 0.12 0.11 0.70 .. 0.17 0.14 0.04 15.27 0.01 .. 1.11 .. 19.26

0.12 1.48 .. 0.09 0.11 0.75 .. 0.19 0.16 0.04 16.13 0.01 .. 0.99 .. 20.07

-79.9% 108.2% .. -20.0% -81.2% -71.8% .. -9.9% -61.1% -83.3% -38.8% .. .. -83.8% .. -47.2%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. 0.43 0.77 0.02 0.28 0.08 0.27 0.03 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.42 .. 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.51 0.21 .. 0.29 1.19 4.81

.. .. .. 0.35 1.03 0.03 0.45 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.33 .. 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.74 0.12 .. 0.37 0.63 4.63

.. .. 0.61 0.54 1.42 0.07 0.49 0.17 0.45 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.06 0.30 .. 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.92 0.17 .. 0.73 0.90 7.17

.. .. 0.74 0.49 1.39 0.04 0.67 0.16 0.45 0.10 0.12 0.04 0.12 0.39 .. 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.71 0.22 .. 0.81 0.86 7.43

.. .. 1.41 0.89 1.56 0.13 1.02 0.11 0.39 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.09 0.43 .. 0.08 0.01 0.03 0.64 0.20 .. 1.02 1.01 9.33

.. .. 2.06 1.27 2.15 0.32 0.56 0.17 0.55 0.15 0.14 0.07 0.07 0.49 .. 0.06 0.01 0.03 1.10 0.17 .. 1.00 1.07 11.43

.. .. 2.03 1.73 1.89 0.37 0.65 0.22 0.66 0.22 0.15 0.09 0.11 0.50 .. 0.08 0.01 0.04 1.06 0.18 .. 0.94 1.70 12.61

.. .. 3.35 1.66 1.78 0.30 0.46 0.28 0.46 0.21 0.13 0.06 0.08 0.60 .. 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.43 0.03 .. 0.76 1.13 11.87

.. .. 3.35 1.84 1.78 0.29 0.56 0.31 0.85 0.23 0.14 0.07 0.09 0.51 .. 0.06 0.01 0.05 1.35 0.03 .. 1.92 1.15 14.58

.. .. 3.35 1.96 1.83 0.59 0.54 0.31 0.96 0.24 0.12 0.07 0.07 0.56 .. 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.96 0.18 .. 2.31 1.18 15.33

.. .. 3.87 2.09 1.75 0.58 0.57 0.30 1.00 0.23 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.72 .. 0.05 0.01 0.07 1.43 0.22 .. 2.13 1.21 16.53

.. .. 173.9% 134.0% 12.0% 340.3% -43.6% 166.7% 158.5% 114.7% -9.5% 4.3% 68.4% .. -34.6% 125.2% 121.6% 14.5% .. 108.1% 20.3% 77.1%

0.06 0.00 .. 1.48 2.39 0.16 .. 0.42 .. 0.09 0.01 1.13 0.75 0.70 .. 1.26 6.88 0.66 16.00

0.08 0.06 .. 1.62 2.83 0.32 .. 0.74 .. 0.08 0.02 1.08 0.88 1.32 0.00 2.17 2.60 0.52 14.33

0.15 0.07 .. 1.66 3.55 0.73 .. 0.80 .. 0.13 0.04 1.69 0.69 2.71 0.00 2.39 .. 0.30 14.90

0.22 0.05 .. 1.64 4.59 0.65 .. 0.89 .. 0.13 0.06 1.41 1.08 3.19 .. 3.12 .. 0.47 17.49

0.27 0.11 .. 2.85 5.29 0.96 .. 1.94 0.01 0.09 0.05 1.39 1.58 5.63 .. 5.59 .. 0.51 26.29

0.30 0.21 0.03 5.38 6.57 1.78 .. 3.44 0.06 0.14 0.11 1.70 1.31 7.81 .. 7.51 0.12 0.26 36.76

0.38 0.21 0.06 6.77 7.10 1.52 .. 4.67 0.06 0.20 0.17 2.28 1.60 8.60 .. 8.27 0.30 0.56 42.72

0.72 0.24 0.07 6.50 7.84 2.48 .. 5.50 0.08 0.21 0.13 2.39 1.80 7.40 0.35 8.91 0.47 1.08 46.16

0.74 0.24 0.06 7.33 8.87 2.43 .. 6.10 0.07 0.20 0.17 2.70 2.15 9.12 0.40 10.05 0.79 0.90 52.32

0.85 0.25 0.06 7.62 10.40 2.23 .. 5.96 0.06 0.15 0.19 2.84 2.39 9.74 0.40 10.17 0.79 0.92 55.03

0.84 0.23 0.08 7.76 12.55 2.19 .. 5.96 0.13 0.24 0.19 2.72 2.53 10.54 0.37 10.70 0.73 0.98 58.74

209.3% 105.6% .. 172.7% 137.0% 127.9% .. 207.4% 925.0% 167.9% 293.3% 94.9% 59.8% 87.2% .. 91.4% .. 90.0% 123.4%

.. 1.41 1.41

.. 1.83 1.83

.. 2.24 2.24

0.22 2.55 2.77

0.50 5.62 6.12

0.99 9.22 10.20

2.13 8.31 10.43

2.86 9.87 12.73

4.55 13.38 17.93

6.19 14.71 20.90

7.29 14.02 21.31

+ 149.4% 248.3%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 25

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire petajoules

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

World *

231 638

259 287

302 443

324 406

366 714

386 463

420 154

445 687

466 559

479 703

491 529

34.0%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 131 186 72 617 44 833 13 736 .. ..

.. 139 295 76 426 47 111 15 759 .. ..

.. 154 296 83 921 52 563 17 812 .. ..

.. 155 204 82 666 53 702 18 836 .. ..

235 303 169 722 89 420 57 469 22 833 63 365 126 689

231 558 182 783 97 071 60 127 25 585 46 187 149 585

244 672 198 303 106 958 63 911 27 435 43 150 169 333

248 614 199 878 106 482 66 420 26 976 45 440 190 940

252 732 203 757 108 728 67 334 27 695 45 549 206 969

254 732 204 934 109 507 67 524 27 902 46 220 217 715

254 592 203 455 108 457 67 049 27 950 47 201 229 276

8.2% 19.9% 21.3% 16.7% 22.4% -25.5% 81.0%

..

..

..

..

150 666

140 561

144 017

148 725

150 712

151 980

152 296

1.1%

4 521 2 374

4 313 2 421

4 517 2 821

3 840 3 160

4 721 3 609

5 319 4 019

6 149 4 819

6 133 4 834

6 858 5 164

7 256 5 493

7 660 5 610

62.2% 55.5%

85 662

103 194

127 381

147 484

172 674

176 386

191 040

213 455

229 081

239 912

252 028

46.0%

141 455

151 780

170 545

173 081

189 318

204 758

222 965

226 099

230 619

232 535

231 841

22.5%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

5 936 1 819 66 681 74 436

6 975 2 511 69 451 78 936

8 083 4 042 75 838 87 963

8 097 4 611 74 569 87 277

8 772 5 150 80 649 94 571

9 700 5 499 87 371 102 570

10 555 6 287 96 403 113 245

10 978 6 689 95 504 113 171

11 261 6 918 97 467 115 646

11 457 7 395 98 050 116 903

11 294 7 429 97 163 115 885

28.8% 44.2% 20.5% 22.5%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

2 183 11 255 711 298 14 447

2 555 12 833 1 029 371 16 788

2 948 14 480 1 737 384 19 549

3 094 15 264 2 265 478 21 101

3 671 18 586 3 909 576 26 742

3 956 20 966 6 170 662 31 755

4 629 22 049 7 931 758 35 366

4 723 21 528 8 658 724 35 634

4 733 22 225 8 888 737 36 583

5 055 22 122 8 899 724 36 801

5 128 22 088 9 064 734 37 015

39.7% 18.8% 131.9% 27.5% 38.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

792 1 678 1 910 802 763 6 704 12 879 382 799 41 295 4 462 172 2 158 567 3 613 273 597 1 808 1 514 709 820 8 837 52 572

846 1 787 1 837 754 830 6 987 13 241 510 962 48 289 4 923 160 2 503 618 4 322 333 702 2 447 1 639 745 1 122 8 450 56 056

975 1 975 1 977 824 1 036 8 108 15 070 659 1 192 64 353 5 537 152 2 733 776 5 151 431 831 2 871 1 702 867 1 318 8 429 63 032

976 1 869 2 069 830 1 088 8 624 15 089 768 1 253 77 369 5 475 131 2 588 849 5 163 477 868 3 007 1 985 959 1 649 8 541 64 703

1 049 2 082 2 051 750 1 202 9 529 14 890 931 1 196 90 432 6 200 148 2 810 897 4 181 722 892 3 819 1 991 1 038 2 216 8 888 68 005

1 136 2 340 1 720 839 1 223 10 099 14 311 985 1 075 97 450 6 744 140 3 058 996 4 176 867 746 4 306 2 132 1 040 2 588 9 364 70 433

1 216 2 591 1 692 811 1 359 10 811 14 367 1 168 1 047 135 594 7 255 152 3 199 1 076 3 743 1 057 744 5 219 2 020 1 088 3 218 9 791 74 355

1 373 2 611 1 867 870 1 549 11 364 14 545 1 253 1 103 141 623 7 586 176 3 409 1 137 3 827 1 079 782 5 694 2 141 1 119 3 296 9 749 77 295

1 381 2 603 1 917 846 1 559 11 532 14 627 1 277 1 105 146 629 7 675 193 3 461 1 219 3 840 1 111 770 5 952 2 228 1 130 3 426 9 764 78 390

1 425 2 584 1 893 825 1 439 11 564 14 456 1 299 1 165 151 635 7 776 197 3 449 1 384 3 881 1 137 790 6 068 2 185 1 130 3 578 9 819 78 831

1 433 2 554 1 928 876 1 567 11 416 14 593 1 303 1 155 181 647 7 711 197 3 354 1 092 4 091 1 065 782 6 052 2 148 1 181 3 936 9 677 78 941

36.6% 22.7% -6.0% 16.8% 30.4% 19.8% -2.0% 40.0% -3.4% 100.1% 49.8% 24.4% 33.0% 19.4% 21.8% -2.2% 47.5% -12.4% 58.5% 7.9% 13.7% 77.6% 8.9% 16.1%

..

..

..

..

69 329

69 767

72 191

75 269

76 103

76 245

76 304

10.1%

Annex I Kyoto Parties Intl. marine bunkers International aviation Non-OECD Total OECD Total

European Union - 27

* Total world includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers. In TPES, international aviation is included in country totals.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.26 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire petajoules

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

85 662

103 194

127 381

147 484

172 674

176 386

191 040

213 455

229 081

239 912

252 028

46.0%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

154 164 46 .. 115 21 284 105 328 .. 362 45 127 235 70 107 290 .. 1 514 56 1 898 299 318 30 75 147 229 1 102 8 123

250 177 52 .. 128 24 316 127 414 .. 397 55 155 272 161 150 280 .. 1 757 63 2 261 315 324 33 96 165 250 1 201 9 425

510 196 57 .. 155 27 360 153 642 .. 456 59 170 331 301 215 283 .. 2 212 74 2 739 353 338 37 145 191 275 1 386 11 665

805 225 65 37 189 33 422 159 1 078 .. 523 58 184 384 433 244 268 .. 2 591 71 3 632 399 369 41 179 208 315 1 547 14 459

1 001 263 70 53 211 33 499 185 1 339 .. 630 52 223 470 483 302 250 .. 2 969 77 3 820 446 411 54 215 229 393 1 764 16 441

1 091 287 78 63 233 33 553 217 1 489 42 690 59 273 535 674 370 264 38 3 367 84 4 416 503 464 67 254 245 417 1 982 18 788

1 227 333 84 77 266 36 618 287 1 916 30 784 65 330 630 713 441 302 43 3 738 111 4 659 564 563 89 318 263 419 2 340 21 244

1 397 384 101 78 285 43 670 279 2 316 36 859 70 357 651 734 474 339 52 4 096 116 4 945 670 687 98 345 284 400 2 673 23 440

1 404 395 105 76 292 45 690 290 2 371 31 882 71 354 700 772 513 353 56 4 177 125 5 413 708 741 99 364 291 389 2 752 24 461

1 452 408 108 79 292 51 711 329 2 565 32 906 75 372 721 743 564 358 59 4 398 127 5 344 725 804 101 354 298 407 2 788 25 171

1 537 430 118 82 297 50 733 305 2 617 29 934 76 398 751 744 585 369 62 4 399 126 5 435 742 871 101 366 306 401 2 854 25 718

53.4% 63.3% 67.7% 53.9% 40.8% 51.2% 47.1% 65.1% 95.5% .. 48.3% 46.6% 78.0% 60.0% 53.9% 93.9% 47.6% .. 48.2% 63.9% 42.3% 66.1% 112.1% 85.2% 70.1% 33.7% 2.1% 61.8% 56.4%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

65 799 189 265 22 249 83 4 39 323 113 43 32 2 226

101 1 228 249 320 34 246 94 12 90 405 154 86 32 3 051

139 1 638 456 359 72 636 106 42 147 1 371 224 311 56 5 556

191 2 291 677 345 118 611 117 125 239 2 022 375 584 79 7 775

202 2 882 798 507 146 335 97 191 273 2 568 489 971 107 9 566

223 3 964 1 106 685 191 688 190 263 347 3 721 596 1 284 147 13 403

261 4 974 1 089 805 217 855 212 405 506 4 471 735 1 550 205 16 285

303 5 840 1 059 866 228 960 249 523 590 5 150 745 1 819 244 18 577

315 6 324 1 212 860 269 1 063 226 495 654 5 524 753 1 860 271 19 826

341 6 618 1 253 888 293 1 179 233 587 672 5 883 769 1 913 289 20 917

367 7 155 1 341 891 300 1 059 199 646 758 6 117 792 1 963 297 21 885

81.6% 148.3% 68.0% 75.7% 104.8% 216.3% 106.0% 238.1% 178.0% 138.2% 62.0% 102.3% 176.5% 128.8%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

71 .. 805 .. 27 2 .. 11 1 765 .. .. 927 3 607

82 .. 982 .. 24 2 .. 11 2 170 .. .. 1 080 4 351

128 .. 1 201 .. 39 2 .. 17 2 731 .. .. 1 426 5 544

113 .. 1 299 .. 45 2 .. 16 2 719 .. .. 1 736 5 930

111 295 1 206 381 67 3 114 32 2 616 816 234 .. 5 875

55 64 981 300 84 5 116 33 1 946 570 248 .. 4 401

76 182 785 327 101 6 113 32 1 520 559 270 .. 3 971

89 184 823 369 112 6 113 37 1 635 678 292 .. 4 338

87 202 794 370 104 6 113 39 1 612 738 298 .. 4 364

100 211 840 373 105 6 115 38 1 608 673 304 .. 4 373

95 226 867 375 110 6 116 37 1 681 715 304 .. 4 530

-14.8% -23.4% -28.2% -1.6% 63.1% 129.8% 1.6% 14.1% -35.7% -12.4% 30.2% .. -22.9%

Non-OECD Total

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 27

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire petajoules

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 110

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 228

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 450

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 332

331 1 092 1 772 402 515 3 084 317 329 680 416 36 798 233 822 10 627 1 941 59 358

70 552 1 038 202 156 2 187 102 193 368 184 26 329 137 582 6 865 1 782 40 747

86 484 1 033 190 121 1 767 102 156 300 120 25 732 119 607 5 612 2 109 38 539

84 516 1 089 209 114 2 048 114 179 382 139 26 814 131 719 6 070 2 129 40 736

89 544 1 127 216 118 2 156 117 184 386 141 26 892 137 655 6 039 2 069 40 870

107 581 1 124 211 134 2 374 117 187 364 149 27 483 143 692 5 998 1 968 41 630

108 589 1 198 205 140 2 572 118 193 358 142 28 311 152 723 5 754 2 029 42 591

-67.2% -46.0% -32.4% -49.1% -72.8% -16.6% -62.9% -41.3% -47.4% -65.9% -23.1% -34.8% -12.0% -45.9% 4.5% -28.2%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

1 409 43 2 913 371 588 47 461 99 100 74 117 63 58 90 231 53 70 58 390 113 101 822 213 8 485

1 505 63 3 815 324 659 55 552 130 139 95 142 72 65 117 163 63 71 62 444 98 102 1 051 260 10 048

1 751 102 4 772 405 796 64 627 146 217 106 161 88 79 100 167 65 59 88 484 162 111 1 492 263 12 305

1 731 109 5 416 408 896 70 611 155 248 112 160 79 86 78 77 82 65 96 453 216 84 1 662 175 13 067

1 929 116 5 861 589 1 036 85 705 173 257 106 188 66 101 123 63 89 62 129 417 253 94 1 839 217 14 498

2 281 166 6 735 789 1 222 110 437 249 295 145 226 72 124 142 58 99 84 165 475 266 108 2 174 233 16 653

2 592 207 7 948 1 087 1 148 138 482 327 347 171 299 85 126 164 59 115 108 162 525 413 129 2 375 259 19 265

2 499 184 8 370 1 103 1 141 154 438 337 401 190 305 94 151 170 67 131 109 167 491 466 105 2 225 289 19 587

2 643 225 8 829 1 205 1 154 155 422 325 423 188 317 92 162 171 68 138 107 168 553 519 120 2 386 289 20 656

2 659 222 9 065 1 237 1 198 173 411 327 431 194 339 105 162 161 64 140 108 166 580 533 121 2 530 296 21 223

2 893 245 9 384 1 247 1 265 191 445 328 471 197 343 107 181 192 72 145 116 166 567 599 134 2 605 321 22 216

50.0% 110.9% 60.1% 111.7% 22.1% 125.9% -36.8% 89.5% 83.4% 85.9% 82.7% 61.9% 79.2% 55.8% 15.5% 62.9% 86.5% 28.8% 36.2% 136.9% 41.7% 41.7% 47.9% 53.2%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

239 7 .. 443 6 573 1 514 813 252 .. 331 153 729 612 124 159 591 829 194 13 565

283 32 .. 625 7 467 1 760 932 310 .. 351 169 867 705 174 172 757 813 229 15 646

354 58 .. 1 194 8 736 2 408 1 271 518 .. 395 192 1 066 855 253 190 955 820 313 19 576

420 75 .. 1 416 10 816 2 842 1 507 679 131 461 214 1 376 887 328 209 1 100 907 256 23 625

537 75 .. 2 008 13 394 4 304 1 391 976 143 447 243 1 818 1 095 559 231 1 839 1 018 266 30 347

670 100 142 2 711 16 224 5 529 920 1 654 114 495 283 2 274 1 422 900 249 2 720 1 260 273 37 939

783 106 167 3 455 19 250 6 340 828 2 146 100 526 342 2 678 1 776 931 338 3 141 1 556 305 44 769

920 111 187 4 116 20 569 6 879 843 2 434 103 574 366 2 898 1 762 934 360 3 783 1 847 352 49 038

954 112 195 4 352 21 745 7 203 862 2 329 106 582 372 3 110 1 844 1 080 397 4 092 2 101 378 51 815

1 013 110 201 4 418 22 529 7 368 898 2 760 109 598 385 3 192 1 827 1 297 380 4 214 2 147 377 53 824

1 049 117 209 4 517 23 690 7 497 907 2 861 117 598 394 3 320 1 799 1 284 393 4 329 2 189 398 55 667

95.2% 55.8% .. 124.9% 76.9% 74.2% -34.8% 193.0% -18.4% 33.7% 62.0% 82.6% 64.2% 129.6% 70.3% 135.5% 115.0% 49.3% 83.4%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

16 400 146 16 546

20 266 178 20 444

25 057 228 25 285

28 976 319 29 295

36 142 447 36 589

43 877 577 44 454

46 301 666 46 967

57 034 703 57 738

66 355 734 67 090

72 016 757 72 773

78 659 762 79 421

117.6% 70.4% 117.1%

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.28 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire million tonnes of oil equivalent

2006

% change 90-06

8 758.8

9 230.5 10 035.2 10 645.0 11 143.6 11 457.5 11 740.0

34.0%

.. 3 707.0 1 974.4 1 282.6 449.9 .. ..

5 620.1 4 053.7 2 135.8 1 372.6 545.4 1 513.4 3 025.9

5 530.7 4 365.7 2 318.5 1 436.1 611.1 1 103.2 3 572.8

5 843.9 4 736.4 2 554.6 1 526.5 655.3 1 030.6 4 044.5

5 938.0 4 774.0 2 543.3 1 586.4 644.3 1 085.3 4 560.5

6 036.4 4 866.6 2 596.9 1 608.2 661.5 1 087.9 4 943.4

6 084.2 4 894.8 2 615.5 1 612.8 666.4 1 104.0 5 200.0

6 080.8 4 859.5 2 590.4 1 601.4 667.6 1 127.4 5 476.2

8.2% 19.9% 21.3% 16.7% 22.4% -25.5% 81.0%

..

..

3 598.6

3 357.3

3 439.8

3 552.2

3 599.7

3 630.0

3 637.5

1.1%

103.0 57.8

107.9 67.4

91.7 75.5

112.8 86.2

127.1 96.0

146.9 115.1

146.5 115.5

163.8 123.3

173.3 131.2

183.0 134.0

62.2% 55.5%

2 046.0

2 464.7

3 042.4

3 522.6

4 124.3

4 212.9

4 562.9

5 098.3

5 471.5

5 730.2

6 019.6

46.0%

OECD Total

3 378.6

3 625.2

4 073.4

4 134.0

4 521.8

4 890.6

5 325.4

5 400.3

5 508.3

5 554.0

5 537.4

22.5%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

141.8 43.5 1 592.7 1 777.9

166.6 60.0 1 658.8 1 885.4

193.1 96.5 1 811.4 2 101.0

193.4 110.1 1 781.1 2 084.6

209.5 123.0 1 926.3 2 258.8

231.7 131.3 2 086.8 2 449.8

252.1 150.2 2 302.6 2 704.8

262.2 159.8 2 281.1 2 703.0

269.0 165.2 2 328.0 2 762.2

273.7 176.6 2 341.9 2 792.2

269.7 177.4 2 320.7 2 767.9

28.8% 44.2% 20.5% 22.5%

52.1 268.8 17.0 7.1 345.1

61.0 306.5 24.6 8.9 401.0

70.4 345.8 41.5 9.2 466.9

73.9 364.6 54.1 11.4 504.0

87.7 443.9 93.4 13.8 638.7

94.5 500.8 147.4 15.8 758.5

110.6 526.6 189.4 18.1 844.7

112.8 514.2 206.8 17.3 851.1

113.1 530.8 212.3 17.6 873.8

120.7 528.4 212.5 17.3 879.0

122.5 527.6 216.5 17.5 884.1

39.7% 18.8% 131.9% 27.5% 38.4%

18.9 40.1 45.6 19.2 18.2 160.1 307.6 9.1 19.1 1.0 7.0 106.6 4.1 51.5 13.5 86.3 6.5 14.3 43.2 36.2 16.9 19.6 211.1 1 255.7

20.2 42.7 43.9 18.0 19.8 166.9 316.3 12.2 23.0 1.2 6.9 117.6 3.8 59.8 14.8 103.2 8.0 16.8 58.4 39.1 17.8 26.8 201.8 1 338.9

23.3 47.2 47.2 19.7 24.8 193.7 359.9 15.7 28.5 1.5 8.4 132.2 3.6 65.3 18.5 123.0 10.3 19.8 68.6 40.7 20.7 31.5 201.3 1 505.5

23.3 44.6 49.4 19.8 26.0 206.0 360.4 18.3 29.9 1.8 8.8 130.8 3.1 61.8 20.3 123.3 11.4 20.7 71.8 47.4 22.9 39.4 204.0 1 545.4

25.1 49.7 49.0 17.9 28.7 227.6 355.6 22.2 28.6 2.2 10.3 148.1 3.5 67.1 21.4 99.9 17.2 21.3 91.2 47.6 24.8 52.9 212.3 1 624.3

27.1 55.9 41.1 20.1 29.2 241.2 341.8 23.5 25.7 2.3 10.7 161.1 3.3 73.0 23.8 99.7 20.7 17.8 102.8 50.9 24.8 61.8 223.7 1 682.3

29.0 61.9 40.4 19.4 32.5 258.2 343.2 27.9 25.0 3.2 14.2 173.3 3.6 76.4 25.7 89.4 25.2 17.8 124.7 48.3 26.0 76.9 233.9 1 775.9

32.8 62.4 44.6 20.8 37.0 271.4 347.4 29.9 26.3 3.4 14.9 181.2 4.2 81.4 27.2 91.4 25.8 18.7 136.0 51.1 26.7 78.7 232.9 1 846.2

33.0 62.2 45.8 20.2 37.2 275.4 349.4 30.5 26.4 3.5 15.0 183.3 4.6 82.7 29.1 91.7 26.5 18.4 142.2 53.2 27.0 81.8 233.2 1 872.3

34.0 61.7 45.2 19.7 34.4 276.2 345.3 31.0 27.8 3.6 15.2 185.7 4.7 82.4 33.1 92.7 27.2 18.9 144.9 52.2 27.0 85.5 234.5 1 882.9

34.2 61.0 46.1 20.9 37.4 272.7 348.6 31.1 27.6 4.3 15.5 184.2 4.7 80.1 26.1 97.7 25.4 18.7 144.6 51.3 28.2 94.0 231.1 1 885.5

36.6% 22.7% -6.0% 16.8% 30.4% 19.8% -2.0% 40.0% -3.4% 100.1% 49.8% 24.4% 33.0% 19.4% 21.8% -2.2% 47.5% -12.4% 58.5% 7.9% 13.7% 77.6% 8.9% 16.1%

..

..

..

..

1 655.9

1 666.3

1 724.2

1 797.8

1 817.7

1 821.1

1 822.5

10.1%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

World *

5 532.6

6 193.0

7 223.7

7 748.3

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 3 133.3 1 734.4 1 070.8 328.1 .. ..

.. 3 327.0 1 825.4 1 125.2 376.4 .. ..

.. 3 685.3 2 004.4 1 255.4 425.4 .. ..

..

..

108.0 56.7

Non-OECD Total

Annex I Kyoto Parties Intl. marine bunkers International aviation

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

European Union - 27

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

* Total world includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers. In TPES, international aviation is included in country totals.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 29

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire million tonnes of oil equivalent

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

2 046.0

2 464.7

3 042.4

3 522.6

4 124.3

4 212.9

4 562.9

5 098.3

5 471.5

5 730.2

6 019.6

46.0%

3.7 3.9 1.1 .. 2.8 0.5 6.8 2.5 7.8 .. 8.7 1.1 3.0 5.6 1.7 2.5 6.9 .. 36.2 1.3 45.3 7.1 7.6 0.7 1.8 3.5 5.5 26.3 194.0

6.0 4.2 1.2 .. 3.1 0.6 7.6 3.0 9.9 .. 9.5 1.3 3.7 6.5 3.8 3.6 6.7 .. 42.0 1.5 54.0 7.5 7.7 0.8 2.3 4.0 6.0 28.7 225.1

12.2 4.7 1.4 .. 3.7 0.7 8.6 3.7 15.3 .. 10.9 1.4 4.1 7.9 7.2 5.1 6.7 .. 52.8 1.8 65.4 8.4 8.1 0.9 3.5 4.6 6.6 33.1 278.6

19.2 5.4 1.6 0.9 4.5 0.8 10.1 3.8 25.8 .. 12.5 1.4 4.4 9.2 10.3 5.8 6.4 .. 61.9 1.7 86.7 9.5 8.8 1.0 4.3 5.0 7.5 37.0 345.4

23.9 6.3 1.7 1.3 5.0 0.8 11.9 4.4 32.0 .. 15.0 1.2 5.3 11.2 11.5 7.2 6.0 .. 70.9 1.8 91.2 10.7 9.8 1.3 5.1 5.5 9.4 42.1 392.7

26.0 6.8 1.9 1.5 5.6 0.8 13.2 5.2 35.6 1.0 16.5 1.4 6.5 12.8 16.1 8.8 6.3 0.9 80.4 2.0 105.5 12.0 11.1 1.6 6.1 5.9 10.0 47.3 448.7

29.3 8.0 2.0 1.8 6.4 0.8 14.8 6.9 45.8 0.7 18.7 1.5 7.9 15.0 17.0 10.5 7.2 1.0 89.3 2.7 111.3 13.5 13.4 2.1 7.6 6.3 10.0 55.9 507.4

33.4 9.2 2.4 1.9 6.8 1.0 16.0 6.7 55.3 0.9 20.5 1.7 8.5 15.6 17.5 11.3 8.1 1.2 97.8 2.8 118.1 16.0 16.4 2.3 8.2 6.8 9.6 63.8 559.9

33.5 9.4 2.5 1.8 7.0 1.1 16.5 6.9 56.6 0.7 21.1 1.7 8.5 16.7 18.4 12.3 8.4 1.3 99.8 3.0 129.3 16.9 17.7 2.4 8.7 6.9 9.3 65.7 584.2

34.7 9.7 2.6 1.9 7.0 1.2 17.0 7.8 61.3 0.8 21.6 1.8 8.9 17.2 17.7 13.5 8.5 1.4 105.0 3.0 127.6 17.3 19.2 2.4 8.5 7.1 9.7 66.6 601.2

36.7 10.3 2.8 2.0 7.1 1.2 17.5 7.3 62.5 0.7 22.3 1.8 9.5 17.9 17.8 14.0 8.8 1.5 105.1 3.0 129.8 17.7 20.8 2.4 8.7 7.3 9.6 68.2 614.3

53.4% 63.3% 67.7% 53.9% 40.8% 51.2% 47.1% 65.1% 95.5% .. 48.3% 46.6% 78.0% 60.0% 53.9% 93.9% 47.6% .. 48.2% 63.9% 42.3% 66.1% 112.1% 85.2% 70.1% 33.8% 2.1% 61.8% 56.4%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.6 19.1 4.5 6.3 0.5 5.9 2.0 0.1 0.9 7.7 2.7 1.0 0.8 53.2

2.4 29.3 5.9 7.7 0.8 5.9 2.2 0.3 2.1 9.7 3.7 2.1 0.8 72.9

3.3 39.1 10.9 8.6 1.7 15.2 2.5 1.0 3.5 32.8 5.3 7.4 1.3 132.7

4.6 54.7 16.2 8.2 2.8 14.6 2.8 3.0 5.7 48.3 8.9 14.0 1.9 185.7

4.8 68.8 19.1 12.1 3.5 8.0 2.3 4.6 6.5 61.3 11.7 23.2 2.6 228.5

5.3 94.7 26.4 16.4 4.6 16.4 4.5 6.3 8.3 88.9 14.2 30.7 3.5 320.1

6.2 118.8 26.0 19.2 5.2 20.4 5.1 9.7 12.1 106.8 17.6 37.0 4.9 389.0

7.2 139.5 25.3 20.7 5.4 22.9 6.0 12.5 14.1 123.0 17.8 43.5 5.8 443.7

7.5 151.0 29.0 20.5 6.4 25.4 5.4 11.8 15.6 131.9 18.0 44.4 6.5 473.5

8.1 158.1 29.9 21.2 7.0 28.1 5.6 14.0 16.0 140.5 18.4 45.7 6.9 499.6

8.8 170.9 32.0 21.3 7.2 25.3 4.8 15.4 18.1 146.1 18.9 46.9 7.1 522.7

81.6% 148.3% 68.0% 75.7% 104.8% 216.3% 106.0% 238.1% 178.0% 138.2% 62.0% 102.3% 176.5% 128.8%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

1.7 .. 19.2 .. 0.6 0.0 .. 0.3 42.1 .. .. 22.1 86.2

2.0 .. 23.5 .. 0.6 0.0 .. 0.3 51.8 .. .. 25.8 103.9

3.1 .. 28.7 .. 0.9 0.0 .. 0.4 65.2 .. .. 34.1 132.4

2.7 .. 31.0 .. 1.1 0.0 .. 0.4 64.9 .. .. 41.5 141.6

2.7 7.0 28.8 9.1 1.6 0.1 2.7 0.8 62.5 19.5 5.6 .. 140.3

1.3 1.5 23.4 7.2 2.0 0.1 2.8 0.8 46.5 13.6 5.9 .. 105.1

1.8 4.4 18.7 7.8 2.4 0.1 2.7 0.8 36.3 13.3 6.4 .. 94.8

2.1 4.4 19.7 8.8 2.7 0.1 2.7 0.9 39.1 16.2 7.0 .. 103.6

2.1 4.8 19.0 8.8 2.5 0.1 2.7 0.9 38.5 17.6 7.1 .. 104.2

2.4 5.0 20.1 8.9 2.5 0.1 2.7 0.9 38.4 16.1 7.3 .. 104.5

2.3 5.4 20.7 9.0 2.6 0.2 2.8 0.9 40.1 17.1 7.3 .. 108.2

-14.8% -23.4% -28.2% -1.6% 63.1% 129.8% 1.6% 14.2% -35.7% -12.4% 30.2% .. -22.9%

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.30 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire million tonnes of oil equivalent

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 790.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 960.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 133.3

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 273.8

7.9 26.1 42.3 9.6 12.3 73.6 7.6 7.9 16.2 9.9 878.9 5.6 19.6 253.8 46.4 1 417.7

1.7 13.2 24.8 4.8 3.7 52.2 2.4 4.6 8.8 4.4 628.9 3.3 13.9 164.0 42.6 973.2

2.1 11.6 24.7 4.5 2.9 42.2 2.4 3.7 7.2 2.9 614.6 2.8 14.5 134.0 50.4 920.5

2.0 12.3 26.0 5.0 2.7 48.9 2.7 4.3 9.1 3.3 640.4 3.1 17.2 145.0 50.8 973.0

2.1 13.0 26.9 5.2 2.8 51.5 2.8 4.4 9.2 3.4 642.3 3.3 15.7 144.2 49.4 976.2

2.6 13.9 26.8 5.0 3.2 56.7 2.8 4.5 8.7 3.5 656.4 3.4 16.5 143.3 47.0 994.3

2.6 14.1 28.6 4.9 3.3 61.4 2.8 4.6 8.5 3.4 676.2 3.6 17.3 137.4 48.5 1 017.3

-67.2% -46.0% -32.4% -49.1% -72.8% -16.6% -62.9% -41.3% -47.4% -65.9% -23.1% -34.8% -12.0% -45.9% 4.5% -28.2%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

33.7 1.0 69.6 8.9 14.1 1.1 11.0 2.4 2.4 1.8 2.8 1.5 1.4 2.2 5.5 1.3 1.7 1.4 9.3 2.7 2.4 19.6 5.1 202.7

35.9 1.5 91.1 7.7 15.7 1.3 13.2 3.1 3.3 2.3 3.4 1.7 1.6 2.8 3.9 1.5 1.7 1.5 10.6 2.3 2.4 25.1 6.2 240.0

41.8 2.4 114.0 9.7 19.0 1.5 15.0 3.5 5.2 2.5 3.8 2.1 1.9 2.4 4.0 1.6 1.4 2.1 11.6 3.9 2.6 35.6 6.3 293.9

41.3 2.6 129.4 9.7 21.4 1.7 14.6 3.7 5.9 2.7 3.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.6 2.3 10.8 5.1 2.0 39.7 4.2 312.1

46.1 2.8 140.0 14.1 24.7 2.0 16.8 4.1 6.1 2.5 4.5 1.6 2.4 2.9 1.5 2.1 1.5 3.1 10.0 6.0 2.3 43.9 5.2 346.3

54.5 4.0 160.9 18.8 29.2 2.6 10.4 6.0 7.0 3.5 5.4 1.7 3.0 3.4 1.4 2.4 2.0 3.9 11.3 6.4 2.6 51.9 5.6 397.8

61.9 4.9 189.8 26.0 27.4 3.3 11.5 7.8 8.3 4.1 7.1 2.0 3.0 3.9 1.4 2.7 2.6 3.9 12.5 9.9 3.1 56.7 6.2 460.1

59.7 4.4 199.9 26.4 27.3 3.7 10.5 8.1 9.6 4.5 7.3 2.2 3.6 4.1 1.6 3.1 2.6 4.0 11.7 11.1 2.5 53.1 6.9 467.8

63.1 5.4 210.9 28.8 27.6 3.7 10.1 7.8 10.1 4.5 7.6 2.2 3.9 4.1 1.6 3.3 2.5 4.0 13.2 12.4 2.9 57.0 6.9 493.4

63.5 5.3 216.5 29.5 28.6 4.1 9.8 7.8 10.3 4.6 8.1 2.5 3.9 3.8 1.5 3.3 2.6 4.0 13.9 12.7 2.9 60.4 7.1 506.9

69.1 5.8 224.1 29.8 30.2 4.6 10.6 7.8 11.2 4.7 8.2 2.6 4.3 4.6 1.7 3.5 2.8 4.0 13.6 14.3 3.2 62.2 7.7 530.6

50.0% 110.9% 60.1% 111.7% 22.1% 125.8% -36.8% 89.5% 83.4% 85.9% 82.7% 61.9% 79.1% 55.8% 15.5% 62.9% 86.5% 28.8% 36.2% 136.9% 41.7% 41.7% 47.9% 53.2%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

5.7 0.2 .. 10.6 157.0 36.2 19.4 6.0 .. 7.9 3.7 17.4 14.6 3.0 3.8 14.1 19.8 4.6 324.0

6.8 0.8 .. 14.9 178.4 42.0 22.3 7.4 .. 8.4 4.0 20.7 16.8 4.2 4.1 18.1 19.4 5.5 373.7

8.5 1.4 .. 28.5 208.6 57.5 30.4 12.4 .. 9.4 4.6 25.5 20.4 6.0 4.5 22.8 19.6 7.5 467.6

10.0 1.8 .. 33.8 258.3 67.9 36.0 16.2 3.1 11.0 5.1 32.9 21.2 7.8 5.0 26.3 21.7 6.1 564.3

12.8 1.8 .. 48.0 319.9 102.8 33.2 23.3 3.4 10.7 5.8 43.4 26.2 13.4 5.5 43.9 24.3 6.4 724.8

16.0 2.4 3.4 64.8 387.5 132.1 22.0 39.5 2.7 11.8 6.8 54.3 34.0 21.5 5.9 65.0 30.1 6.5 906.2

18.7 2.5 4.0 82.5 459.8 151.4 19.8 51.3 2.4 12.6 8.2 64.0 42.4 22.2 8.1 75.0 37.2 7.3 1 069.3

22.0 2.7 4.5 98.3 491.3 164.3 20.1 58.1 2.5 13.7 8.8 69.2 42.1 22.3 8.6 90.3 44.1 8.4 1 171.3

22.8 2.7 4.7 103.9 519.4 172.0 20.6 55.6 2.5 13.9 8.9 74.3 44.0 25.8 9.5 97.7 50.2 9.0 1 237.6

24.2 2.6 4.8 105.5 538.1 176.0 21.4 65.9 2.6 14.3 9.2 76.2 43.6 31.0 9.1 100.6 51.3 9.0 1 285.6

25.0 2.8 5.0 107.9 565.8 179.1 21.7 68.3 2.8 14.3 9.4 79.3 43.0 30.7 9.4 103.4 52.3 9.5 1 329.6

95.2% 55.8% .. 124.9% 76.9% 74.2% -34.8% 193.0% -18.4% 33.7% 62.0% 82.6% 64.2% 129.6% 70.3% 135.5% 115.0% 49.3% 83.4%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

391.7 3.5 395.2

484.0 4.2 488.3

598.5 5.4 603.9

692.1 7.6 699.7

863.2 10.7 873.9

1 048.0 13.8 1 061.8

1 105.9 15.9 1 121.8

1 362.2 16.8 1 379.0

1 584.9 17.5 1 602.4

1 720.1 18.1 1 738.2

1 878.7 18.2 1 896.9

117.6% 70.4% 117.1%

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 31

GDP using exchange rates PIB selon les taux de change billion 2000 US$ using exchange rates

2006

% change 90-06

World

12 865.4 14 901.1 18 033.8 20 412.3 24 080.6 27 001.2 31 802.2 33 780.0 35 146.2 36 352.4 37 759.4

56.8%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. .. .. .. 19 815.1 21 547.3 25 000.0 26 142.0 26 964.3 27 639.1 28 432.1 10 320.2 11 697.6 13 928.7 15 817.2 18 836.7 20 755.1 24 088.4 25 118.2 25 868.0 26 479.4 27 197.4 4 138.8 4 620.2 5 540.0 6 482.7 7 598.6 8 564.9 10 489.7 11 023.5 11 421.4 11 772.5 12 109.8 4 094.6 4 602.4 5 345.1 5 790.3 6 794.9 7 368.3 8 478.9 8 836.0 9 043.3 9 196.4 9 455.5 2 086.8 2 475.0 3 043.6 3 544.2 4 443.2 4 821.9 5 119.8 5 258.7 5 403.3 5 510.5 5 632.1 .. .. .. .. 838.2 628.0 712.3 813.3 867.0 913.5 973.5 .. .. .. .. 4 265.5 5 453.9 6 802.3 7 638.0 8 181.9 8 713.3 9 327.3

43.5% 44.4% 59.4% 39.2% 26.8% 16.1% 118.7%

1971

Annex I Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total OECD Total

1975

1980

..

..

..

2 063.3

2 584.7

3 329.2

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

.. 12 605.5 13 400.9 15 023.1 15 666.7 16 094.4 16 424.0 16 885.6 3 697.1

4 170.5

4 982.6

6 125.7

6 951.1

7 479.9

7 999.8

34.0%

8 590.7

106.0%

10 802.2 12 316.4 14 704.7 16 715.2 19 910.1 22 018.6 25 676.5 26 828.9 27 666.3 28 352.6 29 168.7

46.5%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

288.3 189.7 3 850.5 4 328.5

343.3 250.1 4 276.9 4 870.3

412.0 345.1 5 128.0 5 885.1

471.7 379.9 6 011.0 6 862.6

543.6 412.8 7 055.0 8 011.4

592.1 724.9 773.7 797.5 821.9 844.6 445.3 580.8 593.2 617.9 635.2 665.5 7 972.8 9 764.8 10 249.8 10 623.9 10 950.6 11 265.2 9 010.2 11 070.5 11 616.7 12 039.3 12 407.7 12 775.3

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

163.1 1 894.9 66.1 28.8 2 152.9

181.1 2 259.9 87.8 34.0 2 562.8

210.0 2 800.6 122.8 33.0 3 166.4

243.6 3 261.9 179.0 38.7 3 723.2

281.0 4 122.4 283.6 39.8 4 726.8

330.1 4 445.4 413.0 46.4 5 234.9

399.6 4 667.5 511.7 52.7 5 631.5

445.1 4 754.6 585.9 59.0 5 844.6

457.0 4 885.1 613.6 61.2 6 016.9

469.8 4 978.3 639.4 62.4 6 149.9

481.4 5 087.1 671.3 63.6 6 303.4

71.3% 23.4% 136.7% 59.8% 33.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

88.8 114.5 38.3 83.2 53.0 630.8 950.5 64.8 25.9 3.1 22.3 518.1 6.1 173.6 61.0 89.2 41.3 12.9 241.9 134.7 166.1 59.8 740.8 4 320.8

102.5 131.5 43.7 88.1 64.1 727.7 1 038.9 76.8 33.2 3.8 27.4 594.4 6.8 196.5 73.1 114.1 48.0 14.7 299.4 151.6 166.2 75.1 805.6 4 883.3

120.4 153.7 48.7 101.0 74.5 861.1 1 225.9 94.2 39.6 5.1 34.3 739.0 7.6 223.9 91.2 119.0 61.5 16.4 330.0 162.0 180.7 84.4 879.0 5 653.2

129.6 161.1 51.1 115.5 85.1 929.8 1 311.9 94.8 43.2 5.8 38.9 803.3 8.6 237.6 107.5 120.1 64.3 17.7 353.6 177.8 194.7 107.0 970.4 6 129.4

150.7 187.5 55.3 123.9 100.3 1 091.8 1 543.2 100.8 44.4 6.7 48.9 937.4 12.4 282.0 117.0 118.2 84.7 19.0 440.6 201.3 224.8 140.2 1 140.9 7 171.9

167.7 203.0 52.7 139.1 96.5 1 156.3 1 720.5 107.3 39.4 6.8 61.3 998.5 15.1 315.8 140.5 131.6 92.2 17.3 474.9 208.4 225.9 164.2 1 238.5 7 773.5

193.8 231.9 56.7 160.1 121.9 1 328.0 1 900.2 127.1 47.9 8.7 96.4 1 097.3 20.3 385.1 168.3 171.3 112.7 20.4 580.7 245.6 249.9 199.3 1 450.9 8 974.5

199.5 239.7 61.3 162.6 129.4 1 381.3 1 919.6 144.9 54.3 9.3 113.8 1 121.3 22.1 394.1 176.0 182.6 114.9 22.9 637.3 259.0 253.4 210.5 1 557.8 9 367.6

204.1 246.8 64.1 166.0 134.2 1 415.5 1 939.9 151.6 56.9 10.0 118.8 1 134.8 23.2 402.9 182.8 192.4 116.6 24.1 658.1 269.7 259.8 229.3 1 608.5 9 610.1

208.3 215.2 250.9 258.1 68.2 72.5 171.1 177.2 138.1 145.0 1 439.7 1 468.3 1 955.1 2 011.2 157.4 164.0 59.2 61.5 10.7 10.9 126.0 133.2 1 135.8 1 157.0 24.3 25.8 409.0 421.3 187.8 191.8 199.4 211.6 117.5 118.9 25.6 27.7 681.9 708.2 278.6 290.0 266.1 274.7 246.2 261.2 1 638.1 1 684.7 9 795.0 10 090.0

42.8% 37.7% 31.1% 43.0% 44.6% 34.5% 30.3% 62.7% 38.6% 62.7% 172.4% 23.4% 108.1% 49.4% 63.9% 79.0% 40.4% 46.2% 60.7% 44.1% 22.2% 86.3% 47.7% 40.7%

..

..

..

..

6 799.4

7 334.6

8 455.2

8 842.0

9 060.1

9 223.4

European Union - 27

9 500.6

55.4% 61.2% 59.7% 59.5%

39.7%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.32 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

GDP using exchange rates PIB selon les taux de change billion 2000 US$ using exchange rates

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

2 063.3

2 584.7

3 329.2

3 697.1

4 170.5

4 982.6

6 125.7

6 951.1

7 479.9

7 999.8

8 590.7

106.0%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

17.5 6.7 0.8 .. 3.5 1.0 7.1 5.0 21.0 .. 4.4 1.9 2.7 4.0 34.4 11.6 2.6 .. 22.6 2.0 71.5 4.0 3.6 0.6 4.7 2.4 3.5 24.2 263.4

26.1 6.7 0.9 .. 4.7 1.4 7.6 6.3 24.1 .. 4.8 3.9 2.5 5.2 27.8 14.0 2.2 .. 26.0 2.3 82.0 4.9 4.3 0.8 6.3 2.7 4.1 26.3 297.7

35.3 6.7 1.1 .. 6.3 1.7 7.0 7.7 38.5 .. 5.3 3.6 2.6 7.1 43.8 18.3 2.2 .. 31.5 2.4 95.5 5.6 4.9 1.0 8.6 2.7 4.4 30.9 374.9

44.6 7.2 1.4 1.9 9.9 2.8 7.7 7.8 53.3 .. 5.0 4.1 2.6 8.0 37.7 21.5 1.7 .. 27.0 2.8 102.2 5.7 5.2 0.9 10.6 2.8 5.4 32.5 412.4

46.4 8.5 1.4 3.4 8.8 2.8 7.7 8.3 65.6 .. 6.3 4.3 3.3 10.6 29.8 26.7 2.3 .. 35.0 3.3 110.9 7.1 6.8 1.1 12.2 3.0 6.7 37.5 459.6

47.0 6.7 1.7 4.1 8.0 2.9 5.3 8.9 77.4 0.6 6.3 5.0 4.0 11.4 31.8 28.0 2.6 2.9 39.5 3.5 115.8 9.1 7.4 1.1 14.8 2.8 7.1 38.4 494.2

54.8 9.1 2.3 6.2 10.1 3.2 4.3 10.4 99.8 0.6 7.9 5.1 5.0 12.7 34.5 33.3 3.8 3.4 46.0 4.4 132.9 12.4 9.1 1.3 19.4 3.2 7.4 48.2 590.8

62.9 11.1 2.6 7.3 11.4 3.6 4.6 10.1 110.0 0.7 8.3 5.3 5.7 13.7 40.6 38.6 5.0 3.9 53.3 4.9 145.8 14.7 10.9 1.4 21.9 3.7 6.2 55.8 663.8

66.2 12.4 2.7 7.7 11.8 3.7 4.9 10.3 114.6 0.8 9.4 5.4 6.0 14.3 42.5 40.2 5.4 4.1 56.5 5.2 153.0 15.5 11.7 1.5 23.2 3.9 5.9 59.0 697.6

69.7 14.9 2.7 8.0 12.1 4.0 5.2 10.2 119.7 0.8 10.4 5.5 6.4 15.2 44.0 40.9 5.7 4.3 60.0 5.5 160.8 16.7 12.5 1.5 24.2 4.1 5.6 61.9 732.4

71.8 17.1 2.8 8.4 12.5 4.2 5.5 10.6 127.9 0.7 11.3 5.6 6.8 16.0 46.5 43.9 6.2 4.5 63.5 5.6 168.8 18.9 13.2 1.5 25.5 4.3 5.3 64.3 773.3

54.8% 102.2% 101.1% 147.1% 42.5% 51.3% -28.1% 28.7% 95.0% .. 79.6% 30.0% 106.9% 51.7% 56.0% 64.3% 171.1% .. 81.6% 72.5% 52.2% 166.6% 94.1% 40.2% 108.0% 43.2% -20.6% 71.5% 68.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.3 46.6 50.5 30.3 2.1 31.9 12.7 3.2 9.0 52.9 4.0 8.8 1.3 254.5

2.4 66.1 64.2 39.2 2.0 26.4 12.4 4.1 9.1 110.0 6.9 22.7 1.9 367.5

4.0 57.3 96.6 47.3 4.2 27.9 10.6 5.4 10.6 153.7 9.5 47.3 3.3 477.6

3.7 69.4 61.8 54.7 5.4 22.0 14.8 10.9 9.0 121.8 10.9 41.3 4.7 430.4

4.6 70.3 33.0 67.6 5.1 25.3 8.4 12.7 8.8 144.1 11.8 46.4 5.5 443.6

6.5 83.1 12.6 92.6 7.2 34.3 14.9 16.8 10.2 166.0 17.3 54.8 7.2 523.5

8.0 101.3 25.9 115.5 8.5 37.7 16.8 19.9 17.8 188.4 19.3 70.6 9.4 639.1

9.4 120.9 13.1 115.8 9.8 45.3 18.9 22.0 20.3 204.2 21.5 87.5 10.6 699.4

9.9 127.1 19.1 120.9 10.6 48.1 20.3 22.7 24.6 215.0 22.5 96.0 11.0 747.8

10.6 132.6 19.8 127.2 11.4 52.2 20.5 24.4 26.1 229.1 23.6 104.2 11.5 793.1

11.4 140.3 19.9 133.7 12.1 54.8 20.5 26.2 28.4 239.6 24.8 114.3 11.9 837.8

145.7% 99.6% -39.7% 97.7% 136.9% 116.2% 143.9% 107.2% 221.5% 66.3% 110.5% 146.3% 115.7% 88.8%

1.7 .. 6.4 .. 2.1 0.4 .. 0.6 18.8 .. .. 33.7 63.7

2.1 .. 8.8 .. 1.9 0.4 .. 0.9 28.4 .. .. 41.3 83.9

2.8 .. 11.8 .. 3.3 0.4 .. 1.6 40.9 .. .. 55.6 116.6

3.1 .. 13.9 .. 4.4 0.5 .. 1.8 48.2 .. .. 56.6 128.4

3.2 1.4 15.0 21.5 6.1 0.6 3.9 2.4 44.0 10.2 16.1 .. 124.4

2.8 1.5 13.1 15.6 7.6 0.6 3.1 3.1 39.5 9.9 15.6 .. 112.5

3.7 5.1 12.6 18.4 9.1 0.7 3.6 3.9 37.1 9.9 19.3 .. 123.4

4.3 5.8 14.4 21.4 9.9 0.8 3.6 3.8 43.3 11.0 21.1 .. 139.4

4.5 6.1 15.4 22.2 10.3 0.8 3.7 3.8 46.9 11.9 22.0 .. 147.7

4.8 6.4 16.4 23.2 10.7 0.8 3.8 3.9 48.9 11.6 22.9 .. 153.3

5.0 6.8 17.4 24.2 11.1 0.9 4.0 4.0 52.6 12.2 24.1 .. 162.2

56.5% 388.3% 15.8% 12.7% 81.7% 47.5% 0.5% 67.1% 19.6% 20.4% 49.4% .. 30.5%

Non-OECD Total

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 33

GDP using exchange rates PIB selon les taux de change billion 2000 US$ using exchange rates

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 404.4

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 505.6

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 616.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 685.7

2.8 9.0 14.4 6.1 8.2 26.3 2.1 10.4 16.0 3.6 385.9 2.6 3.7 72.0 14.0 577.1

1.5 3.7 9.4 4.3 2.3 16.2 1.0 5.9 9.3 1.5 239.7 1.0 2.3 34.5 11.4 344.1

1.9 5.3 12.7 5.6 3.1 18.3 1.4 7.8 11.4 1.3 259.7 1.0 2.9 31.3 13.8 377.4

2.7 7.1 15.0 7.0 3.8 24.9 1.5 9.7 14.4 1.6 306.6 1.3 4.7 39.3 15.5 455.1

3.0 7.9 16.7 7.6 4.0 27.3 1.7 10.5 15.4 1.7 328.7 1.4 5.3 44.0 16.7 491.9

3.4 9.9 18.3 8.4 4.3 30.0 1.6 11.6 16.6 1.8 349.8 1.5 5.8 45.2 17.9 526.2

3.9 13.4 20.1 9.3 4.8 33.1 1.7 13.0 17.8 1.9 373.2 1.6 6.3 48.4 19.2 567.7

37.1% 49.1% 40.0% 52.5% -41.7% 25.7% -17.7% 24.7% 11.1% -47.9% -3.3% -36.3% 69.5% -32.7% 36.8% -1.6%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

167.5 4.1 212.6 23.0 28.5 4.6 15.5 4.9 5.9 7.2 7.2 3.3 2.1 5.6 .. 3.2 4.5 2.0 28.5 4.5 11.4 68.3 10.1 624.6

184.7 5.2 311.5 19.7 35.4 5.8 18.5 6.8 8.4 8.7 8.9 3.5 2.4 6.0 .. 4.0 5.2 2.7 34.9 5.1 12.3 77.8 10.4 777.9

212.1 5.7 430.2 28.0 46.0 7.5 21.8 8.8 10.9 8.7 11.8 4.6 3.4 5.1 1.0 3.2 6.2 4.5 39.1 7.5 15.4 87.8 13.9 983.2

186.6 5.2 454.1 29.2 51.4 7.5 32.8 9.6 11.7 7.6 11.2 4.4 3.7 5.2 1.0 3.3 7.3 4.9 39.7 6.7 12.7 83.8 15.0 994.4

182.2 5.8 501.6 40.5 65.4 9.6 32.5 11.1 13.3 8.4 12.9 4.4 4.3 6.6 1.0 2.8 7.1 5.9 36.1 6.0 15.4 95.3 19.6 1 087.6

250.3 7.1 583.4 61.4 80.0 12.5 22.5 13.6 15.2 11.3 15.9 3.4 5.1 8.0 1.2 3.1 9.3 7.1 47.1 6.4 18.6 112.9 20.8 1 316.3

284.2 8.4 644.5 75.2 83.8 15.9 28.2 19.8 15.9 13.1 19.3 3.8 6.0 8.0 1.2 3.9 11.6 7.1 53.3 8.2 20.7 117.1 24.8 1 474.1

263.5 9.0 678.0 82.6 90.0 17.6 30.4 21.0 18.1 14.0 20.6 3.8 6.5 8.5 1.2 4.2 12.5 7.5 58.3 10.4 18.2 101.8 25.8 1 503.5

287.3 9.4 716.7 87.5 94.4 18.4 31.7 21.4 19.6 14.2 21.2 3.7 6.8 8.6 1.2 4.4 13.4 7.8 61.4 11.1 20.3 120.5 26.6 1 607.5

313.6 9.7 737.8 92.5 98.8 19.5 35.5 23.4 20.5 14.6 21.9 3.7 7.1 8.7 1.3 4.6 14.3 8.0 65.4 11.9 21.6 132.9 27.5 1 694.9

340.1 10.2 765.1 96.2 105.6 21.0 39.9 25.9 21.4 15.2 22.9 3.8 7.5 9.0 1.3 4.7 15.5 8.3 70.6 13.4 23.2 146.6 28.5 1 796.0

86.7% 75.7% 52.5% 137.7% 61.5% 119.6% 22.8% 133.7% 60.7% 81.4% 77.3% -12.8% 74.6% 35.5% 22.6% 68.3% 118.2% 40.8% 95.6% 125.1% 50.9% 53.9% 45.8% 65.1%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

17.8 2.2 .. 35.1 116.2 29.5 3.0 12.7 .. 2.6 1.7 17.2 28.2 10.5 4.3 20.1 8.1 10.4 319.7

16.7 2.7 .. 47.7 131.6 40.2 4.7 16.9 .. 2.9 1.9 20.1 35.4 14.5 5.0 25.4 8.2 11.6 385.5

20.4 4.4 .. 79.4 153.4 58.8 8.2 25.4 .. 4.0 2.1 27.1 47.6 21.8 6.5 37.3 8.6 13.6 518.7

24.5 3.7 .. 109.9 199.2 77.4 13.1 32.6 0.7 5.0 2.7 37.6 44.6 29.7 8.3 48.6 11.9 15.4 664.8

29.5 3.8 .. 170.9 269.4 109.2 15.6 45.5 0.9 4.5 3.4 49.8 56.2 44.7 9.8 79.4 15.0 17.7 925.1

36.5 4.1 2.6 242.4 347.2 159.4 12.2 71.5 0.8 5.9 4.3 62.5 62.6 68.2 12.8 120.0 22.3 21.6 1 257.0

47.1 4.3 3.7 321.2 460.2 165.0 10.9 90.3 0.9 8.9 5.5 73.3 75.9 92.7 16.3 122.7 31.2 23.6 1 553.8

54.5 4.8 4.6 340.4 544.4 187.3 10.9 99.7 1.1 12.6 6.0 80.9 84.7 97.2 17.7 141.5 38.3 27.5 1 753.8

57.9 4.8 5.0 361.3 589.7 196.7 11.1 106.9 1.2 14.4 6.2 86.9 89.9 105.7 18.7 150.4 41.3 30.5 1 878.6

61.4 4.8 5.7 376.0 644.1 207.9 11.3 112.5 1.3 16.2 6.3 93.2 94.4 112.7 19.8 157.1 44.8 32.2 2 001.7

65.5 5.0 6.3 393.6 703.3 219.3 11.5 119.1 1.4 17.4 6.5 99.0 99.4 121.6 21.3 165.0 48.4 35.1 2 138.6

122.2% 34.2% .. 130.3% 161.0% 100.9% -26.1% 162.0% 42.8% 286.8% 92.6% 98.8% 76.8% 172.3% 116.6% 107.9% 222.4% 98.2% 131.2%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

107.1 25.8 132.9

133.4 33.1 166.5

182.9 58.3 241.3

304.5 76.6 381.1

444.6 108.4 553.0

792.8 142.2 935.0

1 198.5 168.8 1 367.2

1 557.7 178.5 1 736.2

1 715.0 193.8 1 908.8

1 889.9 208.4 2 098.3

2 092.2 222.8 2 315.0

370.6% 105.5% 318.6%

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.34 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

GDP using purchasing power parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat billion 2000 US$ using PPPs

2006

% change 90-06

World

17 400.4 20 474.0 24 889.5 28 422.9 33 070.4 37 504.6 45 240.0 49 647.5 52 222.8 54 690.8 57 564.5

74.1%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. .. .. .. 22 257.3 23 355.1 27 164.2 28 650.3 10 521.9 11 911.5 14 139.3 15 977.3 18 940.6 20 882.4 24 392.0 25 491.0 4 197.7 4 690.3 5 624.1 6 579.0 7 709.6 8 685.7 10 637.7 11 181.5 4 748.2 5 359.8 6 241.3 6 751.0 7 934.4 8 600.9 9 903.3 10 328.6 1 576.0 1 861.3 2 273.9 2 647.3 3 296.6 3 595.8 3 851.0 3 980.9 .. .. .. .. 3 007.1 2 110.1 2 332.2 2 694.5 .. .. .. .. 10 813.1 14 149.5 18 075.9 20 997.2

1971

Annex I Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total OECD Total

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

31 421.4 27 599.7 12 282.2 11 050.7 4 266.8 3 244.9 26 143.0

41.2% 45.7% 59.3% 39.3% 29.4% 7.9% 141.8%

.. 14 838.5 14 984.3 16 911.3 17 879.2 18 442.8 18 884.9 19 503.5

31.4%

9 280.3 10 764.8 12 153.5 14 340.1 17 993.8 21 083.1 22 742.7 24 451.3 26 406.9

117.3%

11 467.0 13 114.3 15 609.2 17 658.1 20 916.9 23 164.5 27 246.3 28 564.4 29 480.1 30 239.5 31 157.5

49.0%

..

..

5 933.4

7 359.6

..

29 636.1 26 244.2 11 584.2 10 569.4 4 090.6 2 885.5 22 586.7

2005

30 448.1 26 862.7 11 940.3 10 748.2 4 174.1 3 041.7 24 242.7

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

347.2 293.8 3 850.5 4 491.5

413.4 387.2 4 276.9 5 077.5

496.1 534.4 5 128.0 6 158.4

568.0 588.2 6 011.0 7 167.2

654.6 639.2 7 055.0 8 348.8

712.9 872.9 931.7 960.3 989.7 1 017.0 689.5 899.3 918.5 956.7 983.5 1 030.5 7 972.8 9 764.8 10 249.8 10 623.9 10 950.6 11 265.2 9 375.3 11 537.0 12 100.0 12 540.9 12 923.9 13 312.7

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

214.2 1 317.9 99.8 43.9 1 675.8

237.8 1 571.8 132.7 51.8 1 994.0

275.7 1 947.9 185.5 50.3 2 459.4

319.8 2 268.7 270.3 58.8 2 917.6

368.9 2 867.2 428.3 60.6 3 724.9

433.4 3 091.8 623.8 70.6 4 219.6

631.9 3 538.1 1 013.9 96.7 5 280.7

71.3% 23.4% 136.7% 59.7% 41.8%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

107.0 139.3 104.0 79.9 57.7 728.2 1 065.6 102.3 67.8 2.9 25.2 687.3 7.0 210.8 58.7 210.5 64.0 37.3 357.1 135.0 151.4 132.0 768.9 5 299.8

123.4 160.0 118.7 84.6 69.9 840.1 1 164.7 121.3 86.9 3.5 30.9 788.6 7.9 238.6 70.4 269.2 74.3 42.5 442.1 151.9 151.4 165.7 836.2 6 042.8

145.0 187.0 132.1 97.0 81.1 994.0 1 374.4 148.7 103.5 4.8 38.6 980.3 8.8 271.9 87.9 280.8 95.3 47.3 487.3 162.3 164.6 186.3 912.3 6 991.4

156.0 196.0 138.7 110.9 92.7 1 073.4 1 470.8 149.8 113.0 5.4 43.8 1 065.7 10.0 288.6 103.5 283.3 99.7 51.1 522.2 178.1 177.4 236.2 1 007.2 7 573.3

181.4 228.2 150.0 118.9 109.3 1 260.4 1 730.1 159.3 116.0 6.3 55.1 1 243.6 14.3 342.4 112.6 278.6 131.3 54.8 650.7 201.6 204.8 309.6 1 184.2 8 843.3

202.0 233.4 240.2 245.8 250.8 259.1 246.9 282.2 291.6 300.3 305.3 314.0 142.9 153.8 166.4 173.9 184.9 196.7 133.5 153.7 156.1 159.4 164.3 170.1 105.2 132.8 141.0 146.2 150.5 158.0 1 334.8 1 533.0 1 594.6 1 634.0 1 661.9 1 695.0 1 928.8 2 130.3 2 152.0 2 174.8 2 191.9 2 254.7 169.5 200.8 229.0 239.4 248.6 259.0 102.9 125.2 141.7 148.5 154.7 160.7 6.4 8.1 8.6 9.3 9.9 10.2 69.1 108.6 128.3 133.9 142.0 150.1 1 324.6 1 455.8 1 487.5 1 505.4 1 506.8 1 535.0 17.4 23.4 25.5 26.7 28.1 29.8 383.5 467.7 478.6 489.3 496.7 511.7 135.3 162.1 169.5 176.0 180.8 184.7 310.3 403.8 430.6 453.6 470.0 498.8 142.9 174.5 178.0 180.7 182.0 184.2 50.1 59.4 66.5 70.1 74.3 80.4 701.2 857.5 941.1 971.8 1 007.0 1 045.8 208.7 246.0 259.5 270.2 279.1 290.5 205.8 227.7 230.9 236.7 242.4 250.3 362.6 440.0 464.8 506.3 543.7 576.8 1 285.4 1 505.9 1 616.8 1 669.5 1 700.2 1 748.6 9 569.7 11 085.5 11 598.6 11 921.8 12 175.8 12 564.2

42.8% 37.6% 31.1% 43.0% 44.6% 34.5% 30.3% 62.6% 38.6% 62.4% 172.4% 23.4% 108.2% 49.4% 64.0% 79.0% 40.3% 46.8% 60.7% 44.1% 22.2% 86.3% 47.7% 42.1%

..

..

..

..

8 548.3

9 144.3 10 544.8 11 071.0 11 364.5 11 590.4 11 962.6

39.9%

European Union - 27

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

524.6 3 246.3 772.8 80.1 4 623.8

584.3 3 306.9 884.9 89.8 4 865.9

599.9 3 397.6 926.8 93.1 5 017.4

616.8 3 462.5 965.7 94.9 5 139.8

55.4% 61.2% 59.7% 59.5%

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 35

GDP using purchasing power parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat billion 2000 US$ using PPPs

2006

% change 90-06

9 280.3 10 764.8 12 153.5 14 340.1 17 993.8 21 083.1 22 742.7 24 451.3 26 406.9

117.3%

77.4 14.9 2.8 .. 12.9 1.6 52.9 16.0 57.3 .. 31.6 5.7 19.3 13.0 37.8 42.4 8.3 .. 59.6 7.7 238.0 19.8 8.3 4.2 19.6 7.0 17.3 102.4 877.9

104.5 15.0 3.4 .. 17.6 2.0 49.1 19.7 91.5 .. 35.3 5.3 20.2 17.7 59.6 55.3 8.5 .. 72.2 8.1 277.2 22.3 9.5 5.3 26.6 7.1 18.6 117.5 1 068.9

132.2 16.0 4.2 4.6 27.4 3.2 53.8 19.9 126.8 .. 33.3 6.0 19.8 20.0 51.2 65.0 6.6 .. 61.9 9.4 296.5 23.0 10.0 5.2 32.7 7.3 22.9 124.3 1 183.2

137.3 18.8 4.4 8.1 24.4 3.1 53.6 21.1 155.9 .. 41.7 6.3 25.0 26.3 40.5 80.7 8.6 .. 80.3 11.1 322.0 28.5 13.2 5.9 37.8 7.9 28.6 140.5 1 331.5

139.1 14.9 5.4 9.8 22.1 3.2 36.8 22.7 183.9 3.5 41.9 7.3 30.9 28.5 43.2 84.5 9.8 9.3 90.8 11.9 336.1 36.5 14.4 5.9 45.7 7.3 30.4 141.6 1 417.4

162.3 20.2 7.0 14.7 27.9 3.6 30.1 26.6 237.3 3.6 52.4 7.4 38.2 31.7 46.9 100.7 14.3 11.1 105.6 14.8 385.6 49.6 17.6 7.3 60.1 8.4 31.5 176.0 1 692.4

186.3 24.7 8.0 17.3 31.6 4.0 32.3 25.8 261.4 4.2 55.1 7.8 43.6 34.1 55.2 116.5 18.9 12.5 122.4 16.6 423.0 59.1 21.2 7.8 67.6 9.6 26.2 199.8 1 892.5

196.0 27.5 8.2 18.4 32.7 4.2 34.4 26.2 272.3 4.3 62.4 7.9 46.1 35.7 57.8 121.5 20.3 13.2 129.8 17.5 444.0 62.2 22.7 8.0 71.7 10.1 25.2 209.5 1 989.8

206.4 33.1 8.5 19.1 33.4 4.5 36.6 26.1 284.6 4.3 68.7 8.1 48.8 37.8 59.8 123.6 21.6 13.8 137.8 18.5 466.7 67.1 24.2 8.1 74.7 10.6 23.9 219.2 2 089.6

212.6 37.9 8.8 19.9 34.7 4.8 38.5 27.2 303.9 4.3 74.9 8.2 51.8 40.0 63.1 132.5 23.4 14.4 145.9 19.1 489.9 75.9 25.6 8.2 78.6 11.3 22.8 229.1 2 207.4

54.8% 102.2% 101.1% 147.0% 42.5% 51.3% -28.1% 28.7% 95.0% .. 79.6% 30.0% 106.9% 51.7% 56.0% 64.3% 171.2% .. 81.7% 72.6% 52.2% 166.6% 94.2% 40.3% 108.0% 43.2% -20.6% 63.1% 65.8%

1.7 170.0 69.0 37.9 4.9 36.3 12.2 4.9 8.1 78.8 11.1 8.7 2.1 445.7

3.2 241.3 87.8 49.2 4.8 30.0 12.0 6.4 8.2 164.0 18.9 22.4 2.9 651.0

5.2 209.1 132.0 59.3 9.9 31.7 10.2 8.3 9.5 229.1 26.1 46.7 5.1 782.3

4.9 253.3 84.5 68.6 12.8 25.1 14.3 16.8 8.0 181.5 30.1 40.8 7.3 747.9

6.1 256.5 45.1 84.7 12.1 28.8 8.1 19.6 7.9 214.8 32.4 45.8 8.6 770.6

8.5 303.2 17.2 116.0 17.1 39.1 14.4 26.1 9.1 247.4 47.5 54.2 11.3 911.0

10.4 369.7 35.4 144.7 20.0 42.9 16.2 30.8 15.9 280.8 53.2 69.7 14.7 1 104.6

12.3 441.3 17.9 145.1 23.2 51.5 18.2 34.1 18.2 304.4 59.1 86.4 16.5 1 228.4

13.0 463.8 26.1 151.5 25.1 54.7 19.6 35.2 22.0 320.4 62.0 94.8 17.2 1 305.5

13.9 484.0 27.1 159.4 26.9 59.4 19.8 37.8 23.3 341.4 64.9 102.9 18.0 1 378.8

15.0 512.1 27.2 167.5 28.9 62.3 19.8 40.6 25.4 357.1 68.2 112.9 18.6 1 455.5

145.7% 99.6% -39.7% 97.7% 139.0% 116.2% 143.9% 107.2% 221.5% 66.3% 110.5% 146.2% 115.7% 88.9%

5.3 .. 24.9 .. 3.1 0.4 .. 1.1 67.0 .. .. 73.0 174.8

6.6 .. 34.0 .. 2.8 0.4 .. 1.7 101.4 .. .. 89.6 236.5

8.8 .. 45.8 .. 4.8 0.5 .. 2.9 146.2 .. .. 120.6 329.5

9.7 .. 54.0 .. 6.3 0.5 .. 3.1 172.0 .. .. 122.7 368.4

9.9 5.7 58.2 47.9 8.9 0.6 13.3 4.2 157.0 37.4 27.9 .. 371.1

8.7 6.1 51.0 34.7 11.1 0.7 10.5 5.5 141.0 36.6 27.0 .. 333.0

11.4 20.5 48.9 41.0 13.3 0.8 12.2 6.9 132.3 36.5 33.5 .. 357.2

13.3 23.5 56.1 47.7 14.4 0.8 12.0 6.8 154.6 40.6 36.5 .. 406.2

14.0 24.9 59.8 49.5 14.9 0.9 12.5 6.7 167.6 43.8 38.1 .. 432.8

14.8 26.2 63.5 51.6 15.5 0.9 13.0 6.9 174.5 42.6 39.7 .. 449.1

15.5 27.8 67.4 54.0 16.1 0.9 13.4 7.1 187.9 45.0 41.7 .. 476.8

56.5% 388.2% 15.8% 12.7% 81.7% 47.4% 0.5% 67.2% 19.6% 20.4% 49.4% .. 28.5%

1971

1975

5 933.4

7 359.6

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

51.8 14.8 2.5 .. 9.7 1.1 49.9 12.9 50.0 .. 29.0 2.8 20.6 10.0 46.7 35.2 9.8 .. 51.9 6.9 207.5 16.1 6.9 3.5 14.5 6.2 14.9 95.9 771.0

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

Non-OECD Total

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.36 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

GDP using purchasing power parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat billion 2000 US$ using PPPs

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 665.5

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 082.2

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 540.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 823.8

11.0 33.8 54.2 14.0 25.1 93.2 11.0 25.2 42.9 15.8 1 523.6 13.1 20.2 456.9 37.7 2 377.6

5.8 14.2 35.4 9.8 7.1 57.2 5.6 14.4 24.9 6.3 946.5 5.0 12.6 219.3 30.6 1 394.5

7.5 19.9 48.1 12.9 9.4 64.7 7.4 18.9 30.5 5.6 1 025.4 5.0 15.4 198.5 36.9 1 506.0

10.5 26.9 56.6 16.0 11.6 88.1 8.3 23.3 38.4 6.9 1 210.7 6.6 25.1 249.5 41.7 1 820.2

11.7 29.7 63.1 17.3 12.3 96.5 8.9 25.4 41.2 7.4 1 297.9 7.3 28.8 279.7 44.9 1 971.9

13.3 37.5 68.9 19.1 13.4 105.9 8.9 28.0 44.3 7.9 1 381.0 7.8 31.4 287.2 48.0 2 102.7

15.1 50.5 75.9 21.3 14.7 117.1 9.1 31.4 47.6 8.3 1 473.5 8.4 34.2 307.6 51.6 2 266.1

37.1% 49.1% 40.0% 52.5% -41.7% 25.7% -17.6% 24.7% 11.1% -47.7% -3.3% -36.2% 69.7% -32.7% 36.8% -4.7%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

263.1 9.7 410.3 43.0 84.7 9.3 35.7 13.8 14.7 15.9 16.9 10.9 6.5 6.5 .. 12.6 7.0 6.4 65.6 6.5 16.2 81.6 15.5 1 152.2

290.0 12.2 601.2 36.8 105.2 11.7 42.8 19.2 21.0 19.2 21.0 11.6 7.4 7.0 .. 15.7 8.0 8.4 80.3 7.3 17.5 93.0 16.3 1 452.6

333.1 13.6 830.3 52.3 136.6 15.0 50.3 24.8 27.1 19.1 27.7 15.3 10.5 5.9 2.3 12.7 9.5 14.2 89.9 10.7 21.8 105.0 20.7 1 848.4

292.9 12.3 876.4 54.7 152.7 15.0 75.7 27.3 29.0 16.6 26.2 14.5 11.4 6.0 2.2 13.1 11.3 15.4 91.4 9.6 18.0 100.2 21.4 1 893.3

286.1 13.7 968.1 75.7 194.3 19.3 75.0 31.3 33.2 18.4 30.2 14.7 13.4 7.7 2.4 11.0 10.9 18.7 83.0 8.6 21.7 113.8 27.1 2 078.2

392.9 16.8 1 126.0 114.8 237.9 25.2 52.0 38.4 37.9 24.8 37.2 11.4 15.9 9.3 2.7 12.1 14.2 22.5 108.4 9.2 26.4 134.9 29.4 2 500.4

446.3 19.9 1 243.8 140.7 249.0 32.1 65.1 55.9 39.7 28.9 45.2 12.9 18.4 9.3 2.7 15.4 17.8 22.3 122.6 11.7 29.3 140.0 34.7 2 803.7

413.7 21.3 1 308.5 154.5 267.5 35.5 70.1 59.4 45.2 30.7 48.3 12.7 20.1 9.9 2.8 16.4 19.1 23.6 134.2 14.9 25.7 121.7 36.2 2 891.9

451.0 22.1 1 383.2 163.7 280.5 37.0 73.2 60.5 48.8 31.3 49.6 12.3 21.1 10.0 2.8 17.2 20.6 24.6 141.2 15.9 28.8 144.0 37.4 3 076.9

492.4 23.0 1 424.0 173.1 293.7 39.2 81.8 66.2 51.1 32.2 51.2 12.5 22.0 10.1 2.8 17.9 22.0 25.3 150.3 17.1 30.6 158.8 38.6 3 236.2

534.1 24.1 1 476.7 180.0 313.7 42.3 92.1 73.2 53.4 33.4 53.5 12.8 23.3 10.4 2.9 18.6 23.8 26.3 162.4 19.2 32.8 175.2 40.3 3 424.5

86.7% 75.7% 52.5% 137.7% 61.5% 119.5% 22.8% 133.7% 60.7% 81.4% 77.3% -12.8% 74.6% 35.4% 22.6% 68.3% 118.2% 40.8% 95.6% 125.1% 50.8% 53.9% 48.9% 64.8%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

75.3 2.7 .. 53.6 606.3 107.2 10.6 27.6 .. 15.8 10.1 61.0 113.6 10.8 17.5 63.8 41.0 36.0 1 252.9

70.4 3.3 .. 73.0 686.9 145.9 16.7 36.9 .. 17.6 11.1 71.0 142.6 14.8 20.6 80.4 41.4 39.0 1 471.6

86.4 5.3 .. 121.4 800.8 213.6 28.7 55.5 .. 23.9 12.5 96.0 191.5 22.3 26.6 118.0 43.8 44.3 1 890.5

103.7 4.4 .. 168.1 1 039.8 280.9 45.9 71.2 2.6 30.3 15.9 133.2 179.6 30.4 33.9 153.8 60.4 51.1 2 405.1

124.5 4.5 .. 261.4 1 406.3 396.4 54.8 99.2 3.7 27.2 19.8 176.5 226.3 45.7 40.1 251.1 76.3 52.8 3 266.5

154.3 4.9 15.5 370.8 1 812.3 578.8 43.0 156.0 3.2 35.9 25.6 221.3 251.9 69.8 52.1 379.8 113.2 57.3 4 345.6

199.0 5.2 22.1 491.4 2 402.1 599.3 38.2 197.2 3.7 53.9 32.4 259.7 305.5 94.8 66.7 388.4 158.4 62.5 5 380.0

230.2 5.7 27.4 520.6 2 841.4 680.1 38.4 217.7 4.1 76.4 35.2 286.7 340.7 99.4 72.3 447.7 194.6 74.3 6 192.7

244.6 5.8 30.1 552.6 3 077.9 714.3 39.1 233.5 4.5 86.8 36.5 307.8 361.8 108.1 76.3 475.8 209.7 80.8 6 645.9

259.2 5.8 34.1 575.1 3 362.1 754.9 39.8 245.5 4.9 98.2 37.4 330.2 379.8 115.3 80.9 497.2 227.4 86.0 7 133.7

276.6 6.0 37.7 602.0 3 671.2 796.3 40.5 260.0 5.3 105.1 38.1 350.8 400.2 124.4 86.8 522.0 246.0 91.9 7 660.9

122.2% 34.2% .. 130.3% 161.0% 100.9% -26.1% 162.0% 42.9% 286.8% 92.5% 98.8% 76.8% 172.3% 116.6% 107.9% 222.4% 74.1% 134.5%

444.5 26.7 471.2

553.6 34.3 587.9

759.4 60.4 819.8

1 263.9 79.3 1 343.2

1 845.6 112.3 1 957.9

3 291.0 147.2 3 438.3

4 975.2 174.7 5 149.9

6 466.3 184.8 6 651.0

7 119.3 200.6 7 320.0

7 845.5 215.7 8 061.2

8 685.0 230.7 8 915.7

370.6% 105.5% 355.4%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 37

Population Population millions

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

World

3 759.3

4 064.8

4 438.4

4 831.1

5 262.4

5 675.9

6 072.8

6 305.8

6 383.0

6 459.7

6 536.0

24.2%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

827.8 705.1 229.7 354.6 120.8 86.6 2 931.4

858.5 729.1 239.1 361.4 128.6 89.3 3 206.2

891.8 754.8 252.2 367.8 134.8 92.7 3 546.6

920.9 775.7 264.3 371.3 140.0 94.9 3 910.2

1 176.5 799.2 277.9 377.3 144.0 321.1 4 085.9

1 208.8 827.7 295.9 384.4 147.3 319.5 4 467.1

1 234.4 853.1 313.1 390.0 150.0 313.9 4 838.4

1 250.9 870.9 323.0 396.2 151.7 309.3 5 054.9

1 256.5 876.7 326.1 398.6 152.0 308.0 5 126.5

1 261.4 882.5 329.3 400.9 152.3 306.8 5 198.4

1 266.7 888.1 332.5 403.0 152.6 305.6 5 269.3

7.7% 11.1% 19.6% 6.8% 6.0% -4.8% 29.0%

583.9

602.5

619.7

632.1

859.9

870.3

874.5

879.0

880.8

882.6

884.1

2.8%

2 877.7

3 144.2

3 473.8

3 827.6

4 218.8

4 586.1

4 942.9

5 150.6

5 219.8

5 289.3

5 358.1

27.0%

OECD Total

881.6

920.6

964.6

1 003.6

1 043.6

1 089.8

1 129.9

1 155.2

1 163.2

1 170.4

1 177.9

12.9%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

22.0 49.9 207.7 279.5

23.1 56.7 216.0 295.9

24.5 65.7 227.7 317.9

25.8 73.5 238.5 337.9

27.7 81.3 250.2 359.1

29.3 91.1 266.6 387.0

30.7 98.3 282.5 411.4

31.7 101.9 291.3 424.9

32.0 102.9 294.1 429.0

32.3 103.8 297.0 433.1

32.6 104.7 299.8 437.2

17.8% 28.9% 19.8% 21.7%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

13.2 104.8 32.9 2.9 153.7

14.0 111.5 35.3 3.1 163.9

14.8 116.8 38.1 3.1 172.9

15.9 120.8 40.8 3.3 180.8

17.2 123.5 42.9 3.4 186.9

18.2 125.5 45.1 3.7 192.4

19.3 126.8 47.0 3.9 197.0

20.0 127.7 47.9 4.0 199.6

20.2 127.8 48.0 4.1 200.1

20.5 127.8 48.1 4.1 200.5

20.7 127.8 48.3 4.1 200.9

20.8% 3.5% 12.7% 23.2% 7.5%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

7.5 9.7 9.8 5.0 4.6 52.4 78.3 9.0 10.4 0.2 3.0 54.1 0.3 13.2 3.9 32.8 8.7 4.6 34.3 8.1 6.3 36.2 55.9 448.4

7.6 9.8 10.1 5.1 4.7 53.9 78.7 9.2 10.5 0.2 3.2 55.4 0.4 13.7 4.0 34.0 9.2 4.7 35.7 8.2 6.4 40.1 56.2 460.9

7.5 9.9 10.3 5.1 4.8 55.1 78.3 9.8 10.7 0.2 3.4 56.4 0.4 14.1 4.1 35.6 9.9 5.0 37.7 8.3 6.4 44.4 56.3 473.8

7.6 9.9 10.3 5.1 4.9 56.6 77.7 10.1 10.6 0.2 3.5 56.6 0.4 14.5 4.2 37.2 10.1 5.2 38.6 8.4 6.5 50.3 56.6 484.9

7.7 10.0 10.4 5.1 5.0 58.2 79.4 10.3 10.4 0.3 3.5 56.7 0.4 14.9 4.2 38.0 10.0 5.3 39.0 8.6 6.8 56.2 57.2 497.6

7.9 10.1 10.3 5.2 5.1 59.4 81.7 10.6 10.3 0.3 3.6 56.8 0.4 15.5 4.4 38.3 10.0 5.4 39.4 8.8 7.1 61.6 58.0 510.4

8.0 10.2 10.3 5.3 5.2 60.8 82.2 10.9 10.2 0.3 3.8 56.9 0.4 15.9 4.5 38.3 10.2 5.4 40.3 8.9 7.2 67.5 58.9 521.6

8.1 10.4 10.2 5.4 5.2 62.0 82.5 11.0 10.1 0.3 4.0 57.6 0.5 16.2 4.6 38.2 10.4 5.4 42.0 9.0 7.4 70.7 59.6 530.8

8.2 10.4 10.2 5.4 5.2 62.4 82.5 11.1 10.1 0.3 4.1 58.2 0.5 16.3 4.6 38.2 10.5 5.4 42.7 9.0 7.5 71.8 59.8 534.2

8.2 10.5 10.2 5.4 5.2 62.8 82.5 11.1 10.1 0.3 4.1 58.6 0.5 16.3 4.6 38.2 10.5 5.4 43.4 9.0 7.5 72.1 60.2 536.8

8.3 10.5 10.3 5.4 5.3 63.2 82.4 11.1 10.1 0.3 4.3 58.9 0.5 16.3 4.7 38.1 10.6 5.4 44.1 9.1 7.6 73.0 60.5 539.8

7.9% 5.8% -0.9% 5.8% 5.6% 8.6% 3.8% 7.9% -2.8% 19.2% 21.3% 3.8% 23.8% 9.3% 9.9% 0.3% 5.9% 1.8% 13.0% 6.1% 11.2% 29.8% 5.8% 8.5%

European Union - 27

431.7

441.0

450.6

456.2

472.9

478.7

482.9

487.6

489.8

492.0

493.8

4.4%

Annex I Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.38 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Population Population millions

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

2 877.7

3 144.2

3 473.8

3 827.6

4 218.8

4 586.1

4 942.9

5 150.6

5 219.8

5 289.3

5 358.1

27.0%

14.2 6.2 2.9 .. 7.0 1.4 21.2 5.5 36.0 .. 31.6 0.5 9.3 11.7 2.1 15.4 9.7 .. 55.1 4.5 22.6 14.9 14.0 2.2 5.2 4.4 5.4 68.9 371.8

16.0 6.8 3.2 .. 7.8 1.5 24.0 6.6 39.2 .. 35.1 0.6 10.3 13.5 2.5 17.1 10.6 .. 61.2 5.1 24.7 16.8 16.0 2.4 5.6 5.0 6.2 75.9 413.8

18.8 7.8 3.7 .. 9.1 1.8 28.1 8.3 43.7 .. 40.2 0.7 11.4 16.3 3.1 19.4 12.1 .. 71.1 5.9 27.6 19.6 18.7 2.8 6.4 5.9 7.3 88.7 478.3

22.1 9.3 4.4 1.2 10.5 2.1 32.4 10.5 49.2 .. 46.2 0.8 13.5 19.7 3.9 21.8 13.3 .. 81.6 6.8 31.3 23.1 21.8 3.4 7.3 7.0 8.9 99.8 551.6

25.3 10.5 5.2 1.4 12.2 2.4 37.9 12.8 55.1 .. 54.3 0.9 15.6 23.4 4.4 24.2 13.5 .. 94.5 7.9 35.2 25.9 25.5 4.0 8.2 8.1 10.5 116.0 634.9

28.3 12.3 6.2 1.6 14.1 2.8 45.3 15.0 60.6 3.2 56.6 1.1 17.9 27.4 4.8 26.4 15.9 1.7 109.0 9.1 39.1 29.5 29.9 4.5 9.0 9.3 11.8 127.0 719.3

30.5 13.9 7.2 1.7 15.9 3.2 50.7 17.0 66.5 3.7 65.8 1.2 20.1 31.3 5.3 28.5 18.2 1.9 124.8 10.3 44.0 33.3 33.8 5.4 9.6 10.5 12.7 148.1 815.2

31.9 15.2 8.0 1.8 17.0 3.4 55.2 18.0 70.3 4.2 71.4 1.2 21.6 33.8 5.7 29.5 19.6 2.0 134.7 11.2 45.8 35.4 36.6 5.9 9.8 11.1 12.9 161.7 874.8

32.4 15.6 8.2 1.8 17.4 3.5 56.9 18.3 71.6 4.4 73.2 1.3 22.1 34.7 5.8 29.8 20.1 2.0 138.0 11.5 46.3 36.1 37.5 6.1 9.9 11.3 13.0 166.4 895.2

32.9 16.1 8.5 1.8 17.8 3.6 58.7 18.6 72.9 4.5 75.2 1.3 22.5 35.6 5.9 30.1 20.5 2.0 141.4 11.8 46.9 36.9 38.5 6.2 10.0 11.5 13.1 171.3 916.2

33.4 16.6 8.8 1.9 18.2 3.7 60.6 18.9 74.2 4.7 77.2 1.3 23.0 36.6 6.0 30.5 21.0 2.0 144.7 12.1 47.4 37.7 39.5 6.4 10.1 11.7 13.2 176.3 937.5

31.9% 57.2% 69.1% 35.9% 48.5% 52.3% 59.8% 48.0% 34.5% .. 42.0% 42.8% 47.7% 55.9% 38.4% 26.2% 54.8% .. 53.2% 52.9% 34.6% 45.4% 54.8% 61.8% 24.2% 44.0% 26.1% 52.0% 47.6%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.2 29.4 9.7 3.1 1.6 0.8 2.5 0.8 0.1 6.0 6.6 0.3 6.5 67.5

0.3 33.2 11.1 3.5 1.8 1.0 2.7 0.9 0.2 7.3 7.5 0.5 7.1 77.1

0.3 39.1 13.2 3.9 2.2 1.4 2.8 1.2 0.2 9.6 9.0 1.0 8.4 92.3

0.4 47.1 15.7 4.2 2.6 1.7 2.9 1.5 0.4 12.9 10.8 1.4 10.1 111.8

0.5 54.4 18.1 4.7 3.2 2.1 3.0 1.8 0.5 16.4 12.7 1.8 12.3 131.5

0.6 59.0 19.6 5.5 4.2 1.8 3.5 2.2 0.5 18.5 14.6 2.4 15.5 147.9

0.7 63.9 22.7 6.3 4.8 2.2 3.8 2.4 0.6 20.7 16.5 3.2 18.2 165.9

0.7 67.0 24.7 6.7 5.2 2.4 3.9 2.5 0.7 22.1 17.9 3.8 19.9 177.4

0.7 68.1 25.4 6.8 5.3 2.5 4.0 2.5 0.8 22.5 18.4 3.9 20.5 181.3

0.7 69.1 26.1 6.9 5.4 2.5 4.0 2.5 0.8 23.1 18.9 4.1 21.1 185.3

0.7 70.1 26.8 7.0 5.5 2.6 4.1 2.5 0.8 23.7 19.4 4.2 21.7 189.3

49.9% 28.9% 47.7% 51.3% 74.7% 22.3% 36.3% 38.1% 75.8% 44.6% 52.6% 139.6% 76.5% 44.0%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

2.2 .. 8.5 .. 0.6 0.0 .. 0.3 20.5 .. .. 20.0 52.2

2.4 .. 8.7 .. 0.5 0.0 .. 0.3 21.2 .. .. 20.7 54.0

2.7 .. 8.9 .. 0.5 0.0 .. 0.4 22.2 .. .. 21.6 56.3

3.0 .. 8.9 .. 0.5 0.0 .. 0.3 22.7 .. .. 22.2 57.7

3.3 4.3 8.7 4.8 0.6 0.0 1.9 0.4 23.2 9.9 2.0 .. 59.1

3.2 3.4 8.4 4.7 0.7 0.0 2.0 0.4 22.7 10.9 2.0 .. 58.2

3.1 3.8 8.1 4.5 0.7 0.0 2.0 0.4 22.4 8.2 2.0 .. 55.2

3.1 3.9 7.8 4.4 0.7 0.0 2.0 0.4 21.7 8.1 2.0 .. 54.3

3.1 3.9 7.8 4.4 0.7 0.0 2.0 0.4 21.7 8.1 2.0 .. 54.2

3.2 3.9 7.7 4.4 0.8 0.0 2.0 0.4 21.6 7.4 2.0 .. 53.6

3.2 3.9 7.7 4.4 0.8 0.0 2.0 0.4 21.6 7.4 2.0 .. 53.5

-3.6% -8.9% -11.8% -7.1% 32.9% -3.4% 6.7% 12.8% -7.0% -25.1% 0.5% .. -9.5%

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 39

Population Population millions

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 244.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 254.5

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 265.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 277.8

3.5 7.2 10.2 1.6 5.5 16.3 4.4 2.7 3.7 4.4 148.3 5.3 3.7 51.9 20.5 289.1

3.2 7.7 10.2 1.4 5.0 15.8 4.6 2.5 3.6 4.4 148.1 5.8 4.2 51.5 22.8 290.9

3.1 8.0 10.0 1.4 4.7 14.9 4.9 2.4 3.5 4.1 146.3 6.2 4.5 49.2 24.7 287.8

3.0 8.2 9.9 1.4 4.6 14.9 5.0 2.3 3.5 4.0 144.6 6.4 4.7 47.8 25.6 285.8

3.0 8.3 9.8 1.3 4.5 15.0 5.1 2.3 3.4 3.9 143.9 6.5 4.8 47.5 25.9 285.2

3.0 8.4 9.8 1.3 4.5 15.1 5.1 2.3 3.4 3.9 143.2 6.6 4.8 47.1 26.2 284.7

3.0 8.5 9.7 1.3 4.4 15.3 5.2 2.3 3.4 3.8 142.5 6.6 4.9 46.8 26.5 284.4

-15.1% 18.5% -4.5% -14.5% -18.8% -6.4% 17.4% -14.3% -8.2% -12.7% -3.9% 25.2% 33.6% -9.8% 29.4% -1.6%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

24.4 4.3 98.4 9.7 23.1 1.9 8.9 4.7 6.1 3.7 5.6 4.8 2.8 1.9 0.2 2.5 1.5 2.4 13.6 1.0 2.8 11.1 2.6 237.8

26.0 4.8 108.1 10.4 25.3 2.1 9.4 5.3 6.9 4.1 6.2 5.1 3.1 2.0 0.2 2.8 1.7 2.7 15.2 1.0 2.8 12.7 2.7 260.6

28.1 5.4 121.6 11.2 28.4 2.3 9.8 5.9 8.0 4.6 7.0 5.7 3.6 2.1 0.2 3.3 1.9 3.1 17.3 1.1 2.9 15.1 2.7 291.4

30.3 6.0 136.1 12.1 31.6 2.7 10.1 6.6 9.1 4.8 7.9 6.4 4.2 2.3 0.2 3.7 2.2 3.6 19.5 1.2 3.0 17.5 2.9 323.9

32.6 6.7 149.5 13.2 34.9 3.1 10.6 7.3 10.3 5.1 8.9 7.1 4.9 2.4 0.2 4.1 2.4 4.2 21.8 1.2 3.1 19.8 3.0 356.3

34.8 7.5 161.6 14.4 38.3 3.5 10.9 8.0 11.4 5.6 10.0 7.8 5.6 2.5 0.2 4.7 2.7 4.8 23.9 1.3 3.2 22.0 3.2 387.8

36.9 8.3 174.2 15.4 41.7 3.9 11.1 8.7 12.3 6.2 11.2 8.6 6.2 2.6 0.2 5.1 3.0 5.3 25.7 1.3 3.3 24.3 3.3 418.9

38.0 8.8 181.8 16.0 43.7 4.2 11.2 9.2 12.8 6.5 12.1 9.0 6.6 2.6 0.2 5.3 3.1 5.7 26.6 1.3 3.3 25.7 3.5 437.1

38.4 9.0 184.3 16.1 44.3 4.3 11.2 9.3 12.9 6.6 12.4 9.1 6.7 2.6 0.2 5.4 3.2 5.8 27.0 1.3 3.3 26.1 3.5 443.1

38.7 9.2 186.8 16.3 44.9 4.3 11.3 9.5 13.1 6.7 12.7 9.3 6.8 2.7 0.2 5.5 3.2 5.9 27.3 1.3 3.3 26.6 3.6 449.1

39.1 9.4 189.3 16.4 45.6 4.4 11.3 9.6 13.2 6.8 13.0 9.4 7.0 2.7 0.2 5.5 3.3 6.0 27.6 1.3 3.3 27.0 3.6 455.0

20.1% 40.3% 26.6% 24.7% 30.6% 43.0% 6.2% 31.8% 28.5% 32.3% 46.3% 32.9% 42.5% 11.6% -1.0% 33.6% 36.4% 42.6% 26.8% 8.5% 6.7% 36.8% 19.5% 27.7%

71.6 0.1 .. 14.9 560.3 120.4 14.6 11.1 .. 27.0 12.4 62.5 37.6 2.1 12.6 38.2 43.7 28.9 1 058.3

79.0 0.2 .. 16.1 613.5 132.6 16.1 12.3 .. 29.8 13.5 71.0 42.0 2.3 13.5 42.2 48.0 31.3 1 163.4

88.9 0.2 .. 17.8 687.3 148.3 17.2 13.8 .. 33.3 15.2 82.7 48.1 2.4 14.7 46.8 53.7 32.8 1 303.3

100.5 0.2 .. 19.3 765.1 163.0 18.7 15.7 1.9 36.8 17.0 94.8 54.3 2.7 15.8 50.8 58.9 32.4 1 448.2

113.0 0.3 .. 20.3 849.5 178.2 20.1 18.1 2.1 40.1 19.1 108.0 61.2 3.0 17.0 54.3 66.2 36.3 1 607.0

126.3 0.3 11.4 21.3 932.2 192.8 21.7 20.6 2.3 43.1 21.7 122.4 68.6 3.5 18.1 57.5 73.0 34.3 1 771.0

139.4 0.3 12.8 22.2 1 015.9 206.3 22.9 23.3 2.4 45.9 24.4 138.1 76.2 4.0 19.4 60.7 77.6 38.8 1 930.6

147.7 0.4 13.5 22.5 1 064.4 214.7 23.4 24.7 2.5 47.2 26.0 148.4 81.2 4.2 19.3 62.1 80.9 42.9 2 026.0

150.5 0.4 13.7 22.6 1 079.7 217.6 23.5 25.2 2.5 47.6 26.6 152.1 82.9 4.2 19.5 62.6 82.0 44.7 2 057.8

153.3 0.4 14.0 22.7 1 094.6 220.6 23.6 25.7 2.6 48.0 27.1 155.8 84.6 4.3 19.7 63.0 83.1 46.4 2 089.2

156.0 0.4 14.2 22.8 1 109.8 223.0 23.7 26.1 2.6 48.4 27.6 159.0 86.3 4.5 19.9 63.4 84.1 47.9 2 119.7

38.0% 48.6% .. 12.3% 30.6% 25.1% 17.7% 44.3% 22.7% 20.5% 44.6% 47.3% 40.9% 47.2% 16.9% 16.9% 27.1% 31.8% 31.9%

841.1 4.0 845.2

916.4 4.5 920.9

981.2 5.1 986.3

1 051.0 5.5 1 056.5

1 135.2 5.7 1 140.9

1 204.9 6.2 1 211.0

1 262.6 6.7 1 269.3

1 288.4 6.8 1 295.2

1 296.2 6.8 1 302.9

1 304.5 6.8 1 311.3

1 311.8 6.9 1 318.7

15.6% 20.2% 15.6%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.40 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes CO 2 / terajoule

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

World *

60.8

60.5

59.7

57.4

57.2

56.5

56.0

56.3

56.4

56.6

57.0

-0.5%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 65.6 63.8 68.2 66.7 .. ..

.. 63.8 62.0 65.6 66.8 .. ..

.. 61.8 60.6 63.5 62.0 .. ..

.. 59.0 59.9 57.7 59.3 .. ..

59.1 57.8 59.2 55.0 59.2 62.7 51.0

57.0 55.9 57.7 52.4 57.3 61.2 53.1

56.3 55.6 58.2 50.5 57.0 59.3 52.7

56.7 56.2 58.6 50.8 60.0 58.3 53.5

56.0 55.6 58.2 50.2 58.8 57.4 54.5

55.7 55.4 57.9 49.7 59.2 56.6 55.2

55.6 55.2 57.5 49.8 58.8 57.2 56.1

-5.9% -4.6% -2.9% -9.4% -0.7% -8.8% 9.9%

..

..

..

..

58.4

55.8

54.4

54.7

53.9

53.4

53.6

-8.3%

Non-OECD Total

49.6

52.6

53.8

52.4

53.8

54.1

53.3

54.0

54.7

55.3

56.1

4.3%

OECD Total

66.0

64.3

62.5

60.0

58.5

56.6

56.1

56.5

56.0

55.7

55.5

-5.1%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

57.2 53.4 64.4 63.5

54.1 55.3 62.8 61.8

52.8 52.5 61.5 60.3

49.7 54.6 61.0 59.6

49.3 56.9 60.3 59.1

47.9 56.3 58.8 57.6

50.5 56.7 59.1 58.1

50.5 55.5 59.6 58.4

48.9 54.1 59.2 57.9

48.6 54.4 59.0 57.7

47.7 56.0 58.6 57.4

-3.2% -1.5% -2.8% -2.9%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

66.0 67.4 73.3 46.0 67.1

70.5 66.7 74.6 45.9 67.3

70.6 60.8 71.6 42.7 62.9

71.4 57.4 67.7 41.0 60.2

70.8 57.6 58.7 37.1 59.2

72.1 55.2 59.1 36.9 57.7

73.2 54.1 54.4 42.6 56.4

76.4 56.8 53.0 49.6 58.3

78.1 55.0 53.9 48.2 57.6

76.6 55.5 52.7 50.1 57.6

76.9 54.9 52.5 50.1 57.3

8.7% -4.8% -10.5% 35.1% -3.2%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

61.5 69.6 79.0 68.6 52.1 64.4 76.0 65.9 77.8 34.2 73.7 65.7 89.9 60.0 41.5 79.3 53.0 65.4 66.3 54.5 54.9 50.5 70.6 69.2

59.3 64.7 83.1 69.7 53.4 61.6 73.7 67.7 75.1 33.3 73.1 64.9 75.6 56.2 39.0 78.3 54.4 62.4 64.0 48.4 49.3 52.8 68.6 67.1

57.1 63.6 83.5 75.9 53.2 56.9 70.0 68.8 71.5 27.2 73.3 65.0 78.6 56.0 36.0 80.2 55.3 66.6 65.5 43.1 45.2 53.8 67.8 65.5

55.6 54.5 81.5 72.9 44.7 41.8 67.2 71.1 65.6 21.1 71.4 63.5 75.6 56.7 32.0 81.3 51.7 62.7 58.4 29.6 43.2 57.4 63.8 60.6

53.9 53.0 75.6 67.2 45.3 37.0 63.8 75.3 57.3 20.8 70.9 64.2 70.5 55.7 31.7 82.3 54.4 63.6 53.9 26.5 39.2 57.3 62.2 57.5

52.1 51.7 71.8 68.6 45.8 35.0 60.7 77.0 54.6 20.1 73.4 60.7 58.4 56.0 32.9 79.4 55.7 54.7 54.3 27.0 39.5 59.0 55.4 54.8

51.0 49.1 71.9 61.5 39.7 34.8 57.6 74.8 52.8 15.8 69.4 58.5 52.7 54.1 31.4 78.0 56.3 50.2 54.4 26.1 38.3 62.3 53.7 52.9

53.5 48.7 64.7 64.6 46.6 33.8 57.9 74.8 52.3 15.3 66.8 59.6 55.5 53.9 31.1 76.1 54.2 49.2 54.4 25.6 38.5 61.3 55.0 52.9

53.2 47.8 63.7 59.9 42.9 33.3 57.7 73.0 51.2 15.3 66.5 58.6 56.6 53.5 29.5 76.9 53.9 48.5 55.0 24.0 38.9 60.5 54.9 52.3

52.6 46.6 63.3 57.4 38.2 33.4 56.1 73.2 48.9 14.4 68.3 58.4 56.8 53.0 26.5 75.8 55.2 48.2 55.9 23.1 39.3 60.5 54.5 51.7

50.8 45.9 62.7 63.0 42.6 33.1 56.4 72.1 48.8 12.0 69.4 58.1 56.7 53.2 33.7 74.8 52.9 47.9 54.1 22.5 37.3 60.9 55.4 52.0

-5.7% -13.3% -17.0% -6.2% -5.8% -10.5% -11.6% -4.3% -14.8% -42.0% -2.1% -9.4% -19.7% -4.6% 6.3% -9.1% -2.8% -24.7% 0.4% -15.2% -4.9% 6.4% -10.9% -9.7%

..

..

..

..

58.6

55.3

53.2

53.2

52.7

52.2

52.2

-10.9%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

European Union - 27

* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation. The ratios for individual countries and regions do not include these emissions. For information, the world ratio excluding emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation is 56.5 t CO2 per terajoule in 2006.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 41

CO2 emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes CO 2 / terajoule

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Non-OECD Total

49.6

52.6

53.8

52.4

53.8

54.1

53.3

54.0

54.7

55.3

56.1

4.3%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

57.9 10.4 6.5 .. 6.3 27.1 8.9 22.7 62.2 .. 3.7 10.4 15.2 16.2 53.7 64.1 9.9 .. 3.9 21.5 91.6 10.9 4.8 11.2 49.2 23.3 31.6 6.9 32.8

58.1 11.7 8.8 .. 8.1 27.6 8.1 23.8 62.4 .. 3.0 13.7 15.1 16.1 57.0 66.5 8.3 .. 6.7 25.4 92.5 10.5 4.7 9.6 49.8 26.6 28.7 7.7 35.4

58.7 13.9 6.8 .. 10.6 29.2 8.6 22.0 65.9 .. 3.0 21.8 13.3 16.8 61.6 64.9 8.2 .. 12.1 27.1 78.3 10.5 4.7 9.8 54.2 17.5 29.0 9.6 35.2

56.6 13.1 7.2 42.4 12.9 25.4 7.6 19.1 60.7 .. 2.7 29.1 11.8 14.2 52.0 67.7 5.5 .. 12.5 29.6 63.1 10.5 4.1 7.1 53.6 13.5 30.5 7.6 33.2

54.7 15.5 3.6 55.1 12.7 20.9 5.9 14.3 59.2 .. 3.5 17.3 12.1 13.5 56.6 65.1 4.3 .. 9.8 26.1 66.7 12.3 4.2 10.5 56.1 11.4 40.7 8.3 33.4

54.4 14.1 2.8 53.0 10.7 16.0 3.8 14.8 56.4 18.4 3.4 22.3 12.1 13.6 52.1 68.7 4.3 47.7 9.0 29.3 62.7 9.1 5.4 8.5 56.5 8.3 35.6 8.6 32.1

54.3 15.5 16.8 54.3 10.5 16.6 3.4 21.3 57.5 20.0 4.1 21.3 15.5 14.1 55.7 66.9 4.4 43.4 11.0 32.4 64.1 9.7 4.6 10.8 56.7 6.5 30.3 8.1 32.7

55.6 19.8 22.2 50.4 10.5 19.1 3.3 18.1 56.4 19.6 5.2 23.5 19.9 11.8 57.1 69.8 4.9 49.7 11.8 32.7 64.9 13.3 4.8 11.2 55.3 6.9 26.2 8.0 33.0

55.9 18.8 22.9 53.8 10.3 19.6 3.2 19.7 58.2 22.0 5.3 23.7 17.6 12.6 56.6 69.5 4.8 48.8 11.6 35.7 62.4 14.5 5.2 10.5 54.1 7.0 24.9 8.2 33.0

57.7 19.2 23.3 54.3 10.0 19.7 3.2 19.1 58.2 19.0 5.3 27.8 18.1 13.7 57.1 69.8 4.2 48.3 12.6 36.4 61.8 14.2 5.6 9.6 54.5 7.2 25.5 8.3 33.0

55.9 19.9 25.5 55.4 10.5 23.5 3.2 20.1 58.4 18.1 5.6 27.4 21.7 14.6 57.0 68.0 4.4 48.3 11.7 35.3 62.9 15.4 5.5 8.9 53.8 7.4 24.7 8.9 33.2

2.3% 28.5% 607.4% 0.6% -17.2% 12.2% -46.6% 41.1% -1.4% .. 60.7% 58.5% 79.2% 8.5% 0.8% 4.5% 1.6% .. 19.0% 35.2% -5.6% 25.0% 32.3% -15.0% -4.1% -35.2% -39.5% 7.4% -0.6%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

46.3 51.9 65.2 54.2 59.0 93.4 56.0 68.0 57.3 41.1 59.9 57.4 37.2 56.9

52.5 61.0 62.6 53.2 61.3 92.9 60.2 58.9 54.7 58.5 66.7 56.8 55.0 62.2

53.1 56.4 70.8 54.7 58.7 48.4 62.3 53.6 52.8 73.9 67.5 61.3 61.1 61.6

54.3 63.8 64.6 71.1 62.2 61.9 65.4 43.7 51.1 63.8 63.0 60.6 60.7 62.8

57.8 60.8 66.2 66.2 62.8 72.7 66.0 52.0 52.0 62.9 63.4 53.2 59.9 61.5

52.2 62.9 64.9 67.7 63.6 59.6 66.1 54.8 54.2 55.0 64.7 54.5 63.6 59.7

54.1 61.3 69.7 68.9 65.8 58.7 66.9 48.8 52.5 56.2 62.2 55.5 64.9 59.7

53.4 60.3 63.7 71.1 65.0 62.3 68.3 48.2 51.2 55.8 62.3 56.1 67.0 59.0

53.5 60.2 65.9 71.4 62.1 63.0 67.7 51.0 51.8 55.0 63.3 56.4 64.8 59.0

53.7 59.9 65.5 69.3 61.1 63.1 67.7 45.8 52.4 54.7 65.1 56.1 66.4 58.7

54.4 60.5 64.6 70.3 61.0 63.0 66.9 45.6 52.3 55.6 65.0 56.2 66.7 59.0

-6.0% -0.6% -2.5% 6.2% -2.9% -13.4% 1.3% -12.3% 0.6% -11.6% 2.6% 5.7% 11.4% -4.0%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

54.5 .. 78.0 .. 66.5 62.3 .. 57.5 65.1 .. .. 68.2 68.6

54.0 .. 73.5 .. 69.9 57.7 .. 56.8 64.8 .. .. 69.6 67.8

59.4 .. 69.8 .. 66.0 68.1 .. 59.4 64.5 .. .. 61.5 64.7

63.5 .. 62.4 .. 62.3 65.7 .. 69.8 63.7 .. .. 70.1 65.3

56.0 80.2 62.1 56.6 57.2 64.7 80.2 71.2 63.9 75.3 53.3 .. 65.2

33.5 52.2 54.4 52.8 61.9 70.2 76.0 71.8 60.2 77.2 52.2 .. 60.2

41.7 74.9 53.5 54.0 62.0 70.7 74.4 68.6 56.7 76.2 51.7 .. 59.6

44.3 77.9 56.3 56.7 62.5 70.8 73.2 67.9 57.8 76.4 52.0 .. 61.1

40.2 74.1 57.1 55.0 65.9 70.9 72.2 67.4 56.8 75.9 51.3 .. 60.7

45.7 74.1 54.8 55.4 66.2 70.9 72.0 67.4 57.0 74.6 50.5 .. 60.0

44.5 76.0 54.9 55.2 64.3 71.0 69.4 68.2 56.3 74.8 51.0 .. 59.9

-20.5% -5.2% -11.7% -2.5% 12.4% 9.8% -13.4% -4.2% -11.8% -0.7% -4.4% .. -8.1%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.42 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes CO 2 / terajoule

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60.3

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64.4

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60.0

61.9 57.4 64.8 90.0 55.7 76.7 71.6 55.8 48.7 72.5 59.2 50.0 56.7 64.7 61.7 61.5

49.0 55.9 57.3 79.4 45.3 76.4 45.0 45.6 38.5 59.3 60.1 38.4 59.2 57.2 57.0 59.9

39.3 58.2 53.4 76.4 36.2 73.7 44.7 43.5 37.4 54.0 58.8 35.2 59.6 52.0 55.2 57.8

38.9 54.5 52.6 77.8 27.0 73.0 45.8 41.6 31.8 52.7 57.4 37.6 59.6 54.3 55.7 57.1

38.9 53.7 53.0 76.7 27.9 72.3 48.4 40.6 33.1 53.2 56.7 38.4 59.9 51.8 55.9 56.2

38.6 53.6 54.2 75.4 29.3 70.8 46.4 40.4 37.5 52.9 55.7 38.9 59.8 51.0 55.8 55.6

38.3 51.3 53.5 74.0 32.9 70.8 44.4 41.6 38.2 52.4 56.1 40.4 60.3 53.9 55.6 56.2

-38.2% -10.7% -17.4% -17.8% -40.9% -7.7% -38.0% -25.5% -21.5% -27.8% -5.4% -19.2% 6.2% -16.7% -9.9% -8.6%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

58.9 49.4 31.1 56.2 44.5 26.5 40.0 34.8 36.8 17.7 19.5 5.9 19.1 61.2 63.1 28.0 36.2 9.9 40.0 54.5 51.6 63.3 36.6 43.2

57.1 50.8 35.7 52.3 42.9 31.7 46.1 39.3 44.7 20.9 21.5 5.7 20.3 63.4 63.2 29.0 45.7 11.1 41.5 59.3 53.3 59.8 41.6 44.1

54.8 42.2 37.3 52.5 42.5 34.1 45.4 42.7 49.0 15.8 26.3 7.0 21.2 65.3 53.5 27.5 49.4 15.4 42.4 49.0 50.2 61.9 38.9 44.5

51.2 41.0 30.8 47.6 42.8 28.6 50.0 39.6 48.8 15.0 20.4 9.9 19.5 59.7 61.2 22.0 40.3 14.7 40.2 44.6 37.3 57.2 52.7 40.3

52.0 46.9 32.9 54.2 43.4 30.8 39.1 44.1 51.4 20.4 17.6 14.2 21.1 58.3 45.7 20.6 39.5 14.8 46.1 45.0 39.8 57.2 57.3 41.6

50.6 49.2 35.4 49.5 47.5 40.2 50.5 45.7 55.3 32.5 26.6 12.6 31.3 58.9 52.3 25.2 49.4 20.9 49.9 46.1 42.0 54.4 57.5 43.4

51.3 36.9 38.2 49.0 52.9 32.9 51.4 53.3 53.4 30.6 29.5 16.5 35.0 59.5 54.3 30.7 43.5 20.1 50.4 43.5 41.1 54.0 55.5 44.6

49.1 49.7 36.3 48.0 50.0 34.7 59.8 53.1 54.7 30.2 32.3 17.5 38.8 60.7 54.3 30.2 53.7 22.0 50.9 45.5 39.3 54.2 56.7 43.6

51.5 46.3 36.4 48.6 51.9 35.4 60.1 55.0 51.6 30.7 32.6 17.2 39.6 60.9 55.3 29.9 51.3 22.2 52.2 42.7 44.7 54.4 56.7 44.1

52.3 53.4 36.1 47.5 49.9 31.4 59.3 53.4 54.5 30.6 32.2 16.0 39.6 61.0 58.3 29.4 52.3 20.7 49.1 43.6 43.3 55.0 56.9 43.9

51.4 52.0 35.4 48.0 47.0 30.9 59.7 56.8 53.2 29.5 32.1 16.0 39.2 60.0 54.3 27.5 51.8 21.4 49.2 45.0 46.0 57.3 55.8 43.8

-1.2% 11.0% 7.7% -11.5% 8.2% 0.6% 52.7% 28.8% 3.4% 44.8% 82.5% 12.5% 85.7% 3.0% 18.9% 33.2% 31.2% 44.5% 6.8% -0.0% 15.6% 0.2% -2.6% 5.2%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

13.3 53.4 .. 69.9 30.3 16.6 83.1 50.3 .. 13.6 1.2 22.8 37.2 48.0 17.4 29.2 19.5 43.1 32.0

16.5 44.3 .. 68.0 32.2 21.6 82.3 51.8 .. 11.2 1.9 24.1 40.0 48.3 15.7 28.9 20.5 44.5 34.0

20.3 45.7 .. 60.5 33.5 28.7 83.0 45.1 .. 12.9 2.7 24.7 37.7 50.1 19.6 35.8 17.6 52.9 36.7

21.0 39.0 .. 51.0 38.8 29.8 83.8 48.1 88.5 12.5 2.5 28.7 30.3 49.5 17.1 36.8 18.5 39.5 38.9

25.3 44.6 .. 56.7 44.0 32.6 82.0 50.2 88.4 8.9 3.6 32.5 32.9 51.5 16.2 42.7 16.6 39.5 42.0

30.5 47.1 9.9 58.5 48.2 34.8 81.3 47.6 88.1 13.6 6.2 35.2 41.8 42.3 22.2 51.9 21.8 34.2 44.6

32.2 44.0 14.4 62.2 50.7 41.7 83.1 52.5 88.3 15.5 8.9 36.5 38.8 41.0 32.0 50.8 28.2 36.5 47.4

35.0 49.2 16.7 59.9 50.7 43.4 82.5 49.9 87.3 15.5 7.8 35.6 40.0 41.4 31.7 51.8 32.8 38.7 47.6

35.2 46.3 18.0 58.7 51.2 43.9 82.4 57.1 87.1 16.2 7.2 37.3 39.2 36.3 31.3 52.2 37.5 41.2 48.3

35.9 46.4 18.6 59.3 51.5 44.9 82.7 52.8 87.8 17.0 7.9 37.1 39.6 33.3 32.4 50.8 37.4 40.6 48.3

36.3 49.1 19.4 59.9 52.8 44.6 83.2 53.8 86.8 16.4 7.9 37.9 37.0 33.6 29.0 50.1 37.7 41.1 48.8

43.8% 10.1% .. 5.6% 19.9% 37.0% 1.5% 7.3% -1.7% 84.7% 116.3% 16.6% 12.3% -34.8% 78.6% 17.3% 126.7% 4.0% 16.2%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

48.8 62.9 48.9

51.9 60.8 51.9

56.1 64.6 56.2

58.8 70.0 58.9

61.2 73.9 61.3

68.1 62.1 68.0

65.6 59.7 65.5

67.2 58.5 67.0

68.5 54.9 68.4

70.3 53.8 70.1

71.3 55.0 71.1

16.5% -25.6% 16.0%

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 43

CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 2000 prices and exchange rates

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

World *

1.09

1.05

1.00

0.91

0.87

0.81

0.74

0.74

0.75

0.75

0.74

-14.9%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 0.83 1.12 0.75 0.44 .. ..

.. 0.76 1.03 0.67 0.43 .. ..

.. 0.68 0.92 0.62 0.36 .. ..

.. 0.58 0.76 0.54 0.32 .. ..

0.70 0.52 0.70 0.47 0.30 4.74 1.52

0.61 0.49 0.65 0.43 0.30 4.50 1.46

0.55 0.46 0.59 0.38 0.31 3.59 1.31

0.54 0.45 0.57 0.38 0.31 3.26 1.34

0.53 0.44 0.55 0.37 0.30 3.02 1.38

0.51 0.43 0.54 0.36 0.30 2.87 1.38

0.50 0.41 0.51 0.35 0.29 2.77 1.38

-29.0% -20.8% -26.1% -24.0% -4.1% -41.5% -9.0%

..

..

..

..

0.70

0.59

0.52

0.52

0.50

0.49

0.48

-30.8%

Non-OECD Total

2.05

2.09

2.06

2.09

2.23

1.92

1.66

1.66

1.68

1.66

1.65

-26.1%

OECD Total

0.86

0.79

0.72

0.62

0.56

0.53

0.49

0.48

0.47

0.46

0.44

-20.7%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1.18 0.51 1.11 1.09

1.10 0.56 1.02 1.00

1.04 0.61 0.91 0.90

0.85 0.66 0.76 0.76

0.80 0.71 0.69 0.70

0.79 0.70 0.64 0.66

0.73 0.61 0.58 0.59

0.72 0.63 0.56 0.57

0.69 0.61 0.54 0.56

0.68 0.63 0.53 0.54

0.64 0.63 0.51 0.52

-19.8% -11.9% -26.6% -25.4%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.88 0.40 0.79 0.48 0.45

0.99 0.38 0.87 0.50 0.44

0.99 0.31 1.01 0.50 0.39

0.91 0.27 0.86 0.51 0.34

0.92 0.26 0.81 0.54 0.33

0.86 0.26 0.88 0.53 0.35

0.85 0.26 0.84 0.61 0.35

0.81 0.26 0.78 0.61 0.36

0.81 0.25 0.78 0.58 0.35

0.82 0.25 0.73 0.58 0.34

0.82 0.24 0.71 0.58 0.34

-11.4% -8.3% -12.3% 7.7% 0.5%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

0.55 1.02 3.94 0.66 0.75 0.68 1.03 0.39 2.40 0.45 0.97 0.57 2.53 0.75 0.39 3.21 0.35 3.03 0.50 0.61 0.23 0.69 0.84 0.84

0.49 0.88 3.49 0.60 0.69 0.59 0.94 0.45 2.17 0.42 0.77 0.54 1.78 0.72 0.33 2.96 0.38 2.98 0.52 0.52 0.22 0.79 0.72 0.77

0.46 0.82 3.39 0.62 0.74 0.54 0.86 0.48 2.15 0.34 0.76 0.49 1.57 0.68 0.31 3.47 0.39 3.38 0.57 0.45 0.22 0.84 0.65 0.73

0.42 0.63 3.30 0.52 0.57 0.39 0.77 0.58 1.90 0.28 0.68 0.43 1.15 0.62 0.25 3.49 0.38 3.08 0.50 0.33 0.21 0.88 0.56 0.64

0.38 0.59 2.80 0.41 0.54 0.32 0.62 0.70 1.54 0.28 0.63 0.42 0.84 0.56 0.24 2.91 0.46 2.99 0.47 0.26 0.18 0.91 0.48 0.55

0.35 0.60 2.34 0.41 0.58 0.31 0.51 0.71 1.49 0.29 0.54 0.41 0.54 0.54 0.23 2.52 0.52 2.36 0.49 0.28 0.18 0.93 0.42 0.50

0.32 0.55 2.14 0.31 0.44 0.28 0.44 0.69 1.15 0.25 0.43 0.39 0.40 0.45 0.20 1.70 0.53 1.83 0.49 0.21 0.17 1.01 0.36 0.44

0.37 0.53 1.97 0.35 0.56 0.28 0.44 0.65 1.06 0.23 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.20 1.59 0.51 1.68 0.49 0.21 0.17 0.96 0.34 0.44

0.36 0.50 1.90 0.31 0.50 0.27 0.43 0.62 0.99 0.22 0.35 0.40 0.47 0.46 0.20 1.53 0.51 1.55 0.50 0.20 0.17 0.90 0.33 0.43

0.36 0.48 1.76 0.28 0.40 0.27 0.42 0.60 0.96 0.20 0.34 0.40 0.46 0.45 0.20 1.48 0.53 1.49 0.50 0.18 0.17 0.88 0.33 0.42

0.34 0.45 1.67 0.31 0.46 0.26 0.41 0.57 0.92 0.20 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.42 0.19 1.45 0.47 1.35 0.46 0.17 0.16 0.92 0.32 0.41

-9.8% -22.8% -40.5% -23.4% -15.0% -20.3% -33.5% -17.7% -40.6% -28.6% -46.2% -8.8% -48.7% -23.8% -21.0% -50.3% 2.2% -54.8% -1.0% -36.5% -11.4% 1.4% -34.3% -25.5%

..

..

..

..

0.60

0.53

0.45

0.45

0.44

0.43

0.42

-29.9%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

European Union - 27

* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation. The ratios for individual countries and regions do not include these emissions. For information, the world ratio excluding emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation is 0.72 kg CO2 per US$ 2000 in 2006.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.44 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 2000 prices and exchange rates

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Non-OECD Total

2.05

2.09

2.06

2.09

2.23

1.92

1.66

1.66

1.68

1.66

1.65

-26.1%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.51 0.26 0.37 .. 0.21 0.57 0.35 0.47 0.97 .. 0.30 0.25 0.72 0.95 0.11 0.59 1.11 .. 0.26 0.60 2.43 0.82 0.43 0.53 0.79 1.44 2.07 0.31 1.01

0.56 0.31 0.52 .. 0.22 0.48 0.34 0.48 1.07 .. 0.25 0.19 0.93 0.84 0.33 0.71 1.07 .. 0.45 0.70 2.55 0.67 0.35 0.41 0.76 1.64 1.77 0.35 1.12

0.85 0.40 0.36 .. 0.26 0.46 0.44 0.44 1.10 .. 0.26 0.36 0.86 0.78 0.42 0.76 1.03 .. 0.85 0.83 2.25 0.67 0.32 0.38 0.91 1.23 1.82 0.43 1.10

1.02 0.41 0.35 0.81 0.25 0.30 0.42 0.39 1.23 .. 0.28 0.42 0.84 0.68 0.60 0.77 0.85 .. 1.20 0.76 2.24 0.73 0.30 0.31 0.90 1.00 1.78 0.36 1.16

1.18 0.48 0.18 0.86 0.30 0.25 0.39 0.32 1.21 .. 0.35 0.21 0.83 0.60 0.92 0.74 0.48 .. 0.83 0.61 2.29 0.78 0.25 0.53 0.99 0.86 2.38 0.39 1.20

1.26 0.60 0.13 0.81 0.31 0.18 0.40 0.36 1.09 1.27 0.37 0.27 0.82 0.64 1.11 0.91 0.44 0.63 0.77 0.70 2.39 0.50 0.34 0.53 0.97 0.73 2.08 0.44 1.22

1.22 0.57 0.63 0.68 0.28 0.18 0.49 0.59 1.10 0.95 0.40 0.27 1.03 0.70 1.15 0.89 0.35 0.55 0.89 0.82 2.25 0.44 0.28 0.72 0.93 0.52 1.72 0.39 1.18

1.23 0.68 0.88 0.54 0.26 0.23 0.47 0.50 1.19 0.95 0.54 0.31 1.25 0.56 1.03 0.86 0.33 0.67 0.91 0.78 2.20 0.61 0.30 0.77 0.87 0.53 1.70 0.38 1.16

1.19 0.60 0.91 0.53 0.25 0.24 0.45 0.56 1.20 0.92 0.50 0.31 1.04 0.61 1.03 0.89 0.31 0.67 0.86 0.86 2.21 0.66 0.33 0.71 0.85 0.53 1.63 0.38 1.16

1.20 0.52 0.92 0.54 0.24 0.25 0.43 0.61 1.25 0.81 0.46 0.38 1.06 0.65 0.97 0.96 0.27 0.67 0.93 0.85 2.05 0.61 0.36 0.66 0.80 0.52 1.84 0.37 1.14

1.20 0.50 1.06 0.54 0.25 0.28 0.42 0.58 1.19 0.71 0.47 0.37 1.28 0.69 0.91 0.91 0.26 0.67 0.81 0.79 2.03 0.60 0.36 0.60 0.77 0.52 1.85 0.40 1.10

1.3% 3.8% 490.3% -37.4% -18.2% 12.1% 9.3% 81.1% -1.1% .. 32.8% 78.7% 54.1% 14.4% -0.5% 23.4% -44.7% .. -2.9% 28.4% -11.7% -22.1% 44.5% 12.2% -21.6% -39.5% -22.2% 1.3% -7.6%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

2.29 0.89 0.24 0.48 0.64 0.73 0.37 0.08 0.25 0.25 1.68 0.28 0.90 0.50

2.18 1.13 0.24 0.43 1.03 0.87 0.45 0.17 0.54 0.22 1.50 0.22 0.93 0.52

1.86 1.61 0.33 0.41 1.00 1.10 0.62 0.42 0.73 0.66 1.59 0.40 1.05 0.72

2.80 2.11 0.71 0.45 1.36 1.72 0.52 0.50 1.36 1.06 2.16 0.86 1.03 1.13

2.52 2.49 1.60 0.50 1.80 0.96 0.76 0.78 1.61 1.12 2.63 1.11 1.17 1.33

1.80 3.00 5.69 0.50 1.68 1.19 0.84 0.86 1.85 1.23 2.24 1.28 1.29 1.53

1.77 3.01 2.93 0.48 1.69 1.33 0.84 0.99 1.49 1.33 2.37 1.22 1.41 1.52

1.72 2.91 5.15 0.53 1.51 1.32 0.90 1.15 1.49 1.41 2.16 1.17 1.55 1.57

1.70 2.99 4.19 0.51 1.57 1.39 0.75 1.11 1.38 1.41 2.12 1.09 1.60 1.57

1.73 2.99 4.14 0.48 1.57 1.42 0.77 1.10 1.35 1.41 2.12 1.03 1.67 1.55

1.75 3.08 4.36 0.47 1.51 1.22 0.65 1.12 1.40 1.42 2.08 0.97 1.67 1.54

-30.5% 23.7% 171.7% -5.6% -16.1% 26.7% -14.5% 43.1% -13.0% 26.7% -21.0% -13.2% 42.7% 16.3%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

2.27 .. 9.78 .. 0.83 0.26 .. 1.05 6.12 .. .. 1.88 3.88

2.07 .. 8.24 .. 0.88 0.24 .. 0.69 4.95 .. .. 1.82 3.51

2.68 .. 7.10 .. 0.78 0.26 .. 0.61 4.30 .. .. 1.58 3.08

2.29 .. 5.82 .. 0.64 0.24 .. 0.65 3.60 .. .. 2.15 3.01

1.94 16.90 5.00 1.00 0.63 0.31 2.32 0.96 3.80 6.05 0.77 .. 3.08

0.66 2.22 4.06 1.01 0.69 0.51 2.83 0.76 2.96 4.43 0.83 .. 2.36

0.86 2.71 3.33 0.96 0.68 0.53 2.35 0.57 2.33 4.29 0.72 .. 1.92

0.92 2.49 3.21 0.98 0.70 0.52 2.34 0.65 2.18 4.70 0.72 .. 1.90

0.77 2.44 2.94 0.92 0.67 0.52 2.21 0.69 1.95 4.71 0.70 .. 1.79

0.95 2.43 2.81 0.89 0.65 0.52 2.15 0.67 1.88 4.35 0.67 .. 1.71

0.84 2.51 2.74 0.85 0.64 0.53 2.03 0.63 1.80 4.37 0.64 .. 1.67

-56.8% -85.1% -45.2% -14.9% 0.9% 71.1% -12.5% -34.6% -52.6% -27.8% -16.7% .. -45.7%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 45

CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 2000 prices and exchange rates

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.94

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.95

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.66

7.27 7.00 7.99 5.93 3.52 8.97 11.05 1.76 2.06 8.34 5.65 4.53 12.47 9.56 8.53 6.32

2.30 8.23 6.34 3.73 3.07 10.32 4.42 1.48 1.53 7.52 6.60 5.37 14.77 11.37 8.92 7.09

1.78 5.34 4.33 2.57 1.43 7.12 3.34 0.87 0.98 5.03 5.83 4.28 12.70 9.34 8.46 5.90

1.20 3.95 3.82 2.32 0.82 6.00 3.38 0.77 0.84 4.66 5.02 3.79 9.22 8.39 7.63 5.11

1.16 3.72 3.57 2.18 0.83 5.71 3.42 0.71 0.83 4.45 4.64 3.66 7.36 7.10 6.91 4.67

1.21 3.14 3.34 1.90 0.90 5.61 3.29 0.65 0.82 4.33 4.38 3.64 7.11 6.77 6.13 4.40

1.07 2.26 3.19 1.63 0.97 5.49 3.09 0.62 0.77 3.94 4.25 3.75 6.87 6.41 5.87 4.22

-85.2% -67.7% -60.1% -72.6% -72.5% -38.8% -72.1% -64.9% -62.9% -52.8% -24.7% -17.3% -44.9% -33.0% -31.2% -33.3%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

0.50 0.52 0.43 0.91 0.92 0.27 1.19 0.71 0.62 0.18 0.32 0.12 0.53 0.98 .. 0.46 0.56 0.28 0.55 1.36 0.46 0.76 0.77 0.56

0.47 0.62 0.44 0.86 0.80 0.30 1.37 0.76 0.74 0.23 0.34 0.12 0.55 1.23 .. 0.46 0.62 0.26 0.53 1.14 0.44 0.81 1.04 0.56

0.45 0.75 0.41 0.76 0.74 0.29 1.31 0.71 0.98 0.19 0.36 0.13 0.50 1.28 8.57 0.55 0.47 0.30 0.53 1.06 0.36 1.05 0.73 0.56

0.47 0.86 0.37 0.67 0.75 0.27 0.93 0.64 1.04 0.22 0.29 0.18 0.45 0.89 4.74 0.54 0.36 0.29 0.46 1.44 0.25 1.14 0.62 0.53

0.55 0.94 0.38 0.79 0.69 0.27 0.85 0.69 0.99 0.26 0.26 0.22 0.50 1.09 2.73 0.65 0.35 0.32 0.53 1.90 0.24 1.10 0.64 0.55

0.46 1.15 0.41 0.64 0.73 0.35 0.98 0.84 1.07 0.42 0.38 0.26 0.76 1.04 2.48 0.81 0.44 0.48 0.50 1.92 0.24 1.05 0.64 0.55

0.47 0.91 0.47 0.71 0.72 0.29 0.88 0.88 1.16 0.40 0.46 0.37 0.74 1.22 2.66 0.90 0.40 0.46 0.50 2.20 0.26 1.10 0.58 0.58

0.47 1.02 0.45 0.64 0.63 0.30 0.86 0.85 1.21 0.41 0.48 0.43 0.90 1.22 2.96 0.94 0.47 0.49 0.43 2.04 0.23 1.18 0.63 0.57

0.47 1.12 0.45 0.67 0.63 0.30 0.80 0.84 1.12 0.40 0.49 0.43 0.94 1.21 3.01 0.94 0.41 0.48 0.47 2.00 0.26 1.08 0.62 0.57

0.44 1.22 0.44 0.64 0.60 0.28 0.69 0.75 1.15 0.40 0.50 0.45 0.90 1.12 2.97 0.90 0.40 0.43 0.44 1.95 0.24 1.05 0.61 0.55

0.44 1.25 0.43 0.62 0.56 0.28 0.67 0.72 1.17 0.38 0.48 0.45 0.94 1.29 3.06 0.84 0.39 0.43 0.40 2.00 0.27 1.02 0.63 0.54

-20.6% 33.2% 13.1% -21.2% -18.2% 3.5% -21.4% 4.4% 18.0% 48.4% 88.1% 108.8% 90.5% 18.5% 12.0% 29.0% 12.1% 32.2% -25.7% 5.2% 8.6% -7.8% -1.2% -2.4%

0.18 0.18 .. 0.88 1.72 0.85 22.35 1.00 .. 1.72 0.11 0.96 0.81 0.57 0.64 0.86 2.00 0.80 1.36

0.28 0.52 .. 0.89 1.83 0.94 16.20 0.95 .. 1.35 0.17 1.04 0.79 0.58 0.53 0.86 2.05 0.88 1.38

0.35 0.59 .. 0.91 1.91 1.17 12.93 0.92 .. 1.28 0.24 0.97 0.68 0.58 0.57 0.92 1.68 1.22 1.38

0.36 0.80 .. 0.66 2.11 1.10 9.67 1.00 17.63 1.15 0.20 1.05 0.60 0.55 0.43 0.83 1.41 0.66 1.38

0.46 0.90 .. 0.67 2.19 1.28 7.32 1.08 13.34 0.89 0.26 1.19 0.64 0.64 0.38 0.99 1.13 0.60 1.38

0.56 1.16 0.55 0.65 2.25 1.21 6.12 1.10 12.22 1.13 0.40 1.28 0.95 0.56 0.43 1.18 1.24 0.43 1.35

0.53 1.08 0.66 0.67 2.12 1.60 6.34 1.25 9.37 0.91 0.56 1.33 0.91 0.41 0.66 1.30 1.41 0.47 1.36

0.59 1.15 0.69 0.72 1.92 1.60 6.37 1.22 8.53 0.70 0.48 1.28 0.83 0.40 0.64 1.39 1.58 0.50 1.33

0.58 1.07 0.70 0.71 1.89 1.61 6.40 1.24 7.90 0.66 0.43 1.33 0.80 0.37 0.67 1.42 1.91 0.51 1.33

0.59 1.05 0.66 0.70 1.80 1.59 6.57 1.30 7.69 0.62 0.48 1.27 0.77 0.38 0.62 1.36 1.80 0.48 1.30

0.58 1.15 0.65 0.69 1.78 1.53 6.55 1.29 7.49 0.57 0.48 1.27 0.67 0.35 0.54 1.32 1.71 0.47 1.27

26.4% 27.8% .. 3.1% -18.8% 18.8% -10.5% 19.9% -43.8% -36.2% 82.0% 7.1% 4.3% -45.0% 40.5% 32.8% 51.2% -21.7% -7.8%

7.47 0.36 6.09

7.88 0.33 6.38

7.68 0.25 5.89

5.60 0.29 4.53

4.97 0.30 4.06

3.77 0.25 3.23

2.53 0.24 2.25

2.46 0.23 2.23

2.65 0.21 2.40

2.68 0.20 2.43

2.68 0.19 2.44

-46.1% -38.3% -39.9%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.46 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 2000 prices and purchasing power parities

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

World *

0.81

0.77

0.73

0.66

0.63

0.58

0.52

0.51

0.50

0.50

0.49

-23.3%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 0.82 1.10 0.64 0.58 .. ..

.. 0.75 1.01 0.58 0.57 .. ..

.. 0.67 0.90 0.53 0.49 .. ..

.. 0.57 0.75 0.46 0.42 .. ..

0.62 0.52 0.69 0.40 0.41 1.32 0.60

0.57 0.49 0.64 0.37 0.41 1.34 0.56

0.51 0.45 0.59 0.33 0.41 1.10 0.49

0.49 0.44 0.56 0.33 0.41 0.98 0.49

0.48 0.43 0.55 0.32 0.40 0.91 0.50

0.47 0.42 0.53 0.31 0.40 0.86 0.50

0.45 0.41 0.51 0.30 0.39 0.83 0.49

-27.9% -21.5% -26.1% -24.1% -6.1% -37.0% -17.7%

..

..

..

..

0.59

0.52

0.46

0.46

0.44

0.43

0.42

-29.5%

Non-OECD Total

0.71

0.74

0.74

0.72

0.76

0.67

0.57

0.55

0.55

0.54

0.54

-29.9%

OECD Total

0.81

0.74

0.68

0.59

0.53

0.50

0.46

0.45

0.44

0.43

0.41

-22.0%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

0.98 0.33 1.11 1.05

0.91 0.36 1.02 0.96

0.86 0.40 0.91 0.86

0.71 0.43 0.76 0.73

0.66 0.46 0.69 0.67

0.65 0.45 0.64 0.63

0.61 0.40 0.58 0.57

0.60 0.40 0.56 0.55

0.57 0.39 0.54 0.53

0.56 0.41 0.53 0.52

0.53 0.40 0.51 0.50

-19.8% -11.8% -26.6% -25.4%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.67 0.58 0.52 0.31 0.58

0.76 0.54 0.58 0.33 0.57

0.75 0.45 0.67 0.33 0.50

0.69 0.39 0.57 0.33 0.44

0.70 0.37 0.54 0.35 0.42

0.66 0.37 0.58 0.35 0.43

0.65 0.37 0.56 0.40 0.43

0.62 0.37 0.52 0.40 0.43

0.62 0.36 0.52 0.38 0.42

0.63 0.35 0.49 0.38 0.41

0.62 0.34 0.47 0.38 0.40

-11.4% -8.3% -12.3% 7.8% -5.5%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

0.46 0.84 1.45 0.69 0.69 0.59 0.92 0.25 0.92 0.48 0.86 0.43 2.20 0.61 0.40 1.36 0.23 1.05 0.34 0.61 0.26 0.31 0.81 0.69

0.41 0.72 1.29 0.62 0.64 0.51 0.84 0.28 0.83 0.45 0.68 0.41 1.53 0.59 0.34 1.26 0.24 1.03 0.35 0.52 0.24 0.36 0.69 0.62

0.38 0.67 1.25 0.65 0.68 0.46 0.77 0.30 0.82 0.36 0.67 0.37 1.35 0.56 0.32 1.47 0.25 1.17 0.39 0.45 0.24 0.38 0.63 0.59

0.35 0.52 1.22 0.55 0.52 0.34 0.69 0.36 0.73 0.30 0.60 0.33 0.99 0.51 0.26 1.48 0.25 1.06 0.34 0.33 0.23 0.40 0.54 0.52

0.31 0.48 1.03 0.42 0.50 0.28 0.55 0.44 0.59 0.30 0.56 0.32 0.73 0.46 0.25 1.23 0.30 1.04 0.32 0.26 0.20 0.41 0.47 0.44

0.29 0.49 0.86 0.43 0.53 0.27 0.45 0.45 0.57 0.31 0.48 0.31 0.47 0.45 0.24 1.07 0.34 0.81 0.33 0.28 0.20 0.42 0.40 0.40

0.27 0.45 0.79 0.32 0.41 0.25 0.39 0.44 0.44 0.26 0.38 0.29 0.34 0.37 0.21 0.72 0.34 0.63 0.33 0.21 0.18 0.46 0.35 0.36

0.31 0.44 0.73 0.36 0.51 0.24 0.39 0.41 0.41 0.25 0.32 0.30 0.38 0.38 0.21 0.68 0.33 0.58 0.33 0.21 0.19 0.43 0.33 0.35

0.30 0.41 0.70 0.32 0.46 0.23 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.24 0.31 0.30 0.41 0.38 0.20 0.65 0.33 0.53 0.34 0.20 0.19 0.41 0.32 0.34

0.30 0.39 0.65 0.29 0.37 0.23 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.22 0.31 0.30 0.40 0.37 0.20 0.63 0.34 0.51 0.34 0.18 0.18 0.40 0.31 0.34

0.28 0.37 0.62 0.32 0.42 0.22 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.21 0.30 0.29 0.38 0.35 0.20 0.61 0.31 0.47 0.31 0.17 0.18 0.42 0.31 0.33

-9.8% -22.8% -40.5% -23.4% -15.0% -20.3% -33.5% -17.6% -40.6% -28.5% -46.1% -8.8% -48.7% -23.8% -21.0% -50.3% 2.2% -55.0% -1.0% -36.5% -11.5% 1.4% -34.3% -26.2%

..

..

..

..

0.48

0.42

0.36

0.36

0.35

0.34

0.33

-29.9%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

European Union - 27

* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation. The ratios for individual countries and regions do not include these emissions. For information, the world ratio excluding emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation is 0.47 kg CO2 per US$ using 2000 prices and purchasing power parities in 2006.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 47

CO2 Emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 2000 prices and purchasing power parities

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Non-OECD Total

0.71

0.74

0.74

0.72

0.76

0.67

0.57

0.55

0.55

0.54

0.54

-29.9%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.17 0.12 0.12 .. 0.08 0.51 0.05 0.19 0.41 .. 0.05 0.17 0.09 0.38 0.08 0.19 0.29 .. 0.11 0.18 0.84 0.20 0.22 0.10 0.25 0.55 0.49 0.08 0.35

0.19 0.14 0.17 .. 0.08 0.42 0.05 0.19 0.45 .. 0.04 0.13 0.12 0.34 0.24 0.23 0.28 .. 0.20 0.21 0.88 0.17 0.18 0.08 0.24 0.63 0.42 0.09 0.38

0.29 0.18 0.12 .. 0.09 0.41 0.06 0.17 0.46 .. 0.04 0.24 0.11 0.31 0.31 0.25 0.27 .. 0.37 0.25 0.77 0.17 0.17 0.07 0.29 0.47 0.43 0.11 0.38

0.34 0.18 0.11 0.34 0.09 0.26 0.06 0.15 0.52 .. 0.04 0.28 0.11 0.27 0.44 0.25 0.22 .. 0.52 0.22 0.77 0.18 0.15 0.06 0.29 0.39 0.42 0.10 0.41

0.40 0.22 0.06 0.36 0.11 0.22 0.06 0.12 0.51 .. 0.05 0.14 0.11 0.24 0.68 0.24 0.13 .. 0.36 0.18 0.79 0.19 0.13 0.10 0.32 0.33 0.56 0.10 0.41

0.43 0.27 0.04 0.34 0.11 0.16 0.06 0.14 0.46 0.22 0.06 0.18 0.11 0.25 0.81 0.30 0.12 0.19 0.33 0.21 0.82 0.12 0.17 0.10 0.31 0.28 0.49 0.12 0.43

0.41 0.26 0.20 0.29 0.10 0.16 0.07 0.23 0.46 0.17 0.06 0.19 0.13 0.28 0.85 0.29 0.09 0.17 0.39 0.24 0.77 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.30 0.20 0.40 0.11 0.41

0.42 0.31 0.28 0.23 0.09 0.21 0.07 0.20 0.50 0.17 0.08 0.21 0.16 0.23 0.76 0.28 0.09 0.21 0.40 0.23 0.76 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.28 0.20 0.40 0.11 0.41

0.40 0.27 0.29 0.22 0.09 0.21 0.07 0.22 0.51 0.16 0.07 0.21 0.14 0.25 0.76 0.29 0.08 0.21 0.37 0.26 0.76 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.28 0.20 0.38 0.11 0.41

0.41 0.24 0.30 0.23 0.09 0.22 0.06 0.24 0.52 0.14 0.07 0.26 0.14 0.26 0.71 0.32 0.07 0.21 0.40 0.25 0.71 0.15 0.19 0.12 0.26 0.20 0.43 0.11 0.40

0.40 0.23 0.34 0.23 0.09 0.25 0.06 0.23 0.50 0.12 0.07 0.26 0.17 0.28 0.67 0.30 0.07 0.21 0.35 0.23 0.70 0.15 0.19 0.11 0.25 0.20 0.43 0.11 0.39

1.3% 3.9% 489.8% -37.4% -18.2% 12.1% 9.2% 81.0% -1.1% .. 32.6% 78.7% 54.2% 14.4% -0.5% 23.4% -44.7% .. -2.9% 28.4% -11.7% -22.1% 44.5% 12.2% -21.6% -39.5% -22.2% 6.5% -6.2%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.74 0.24 0.18 0.38 0.27 0.64 0.38 0.05 0.28 0.17 0.61 0.28 0.58 0.28

1.66 0.31 0.18 0.35 0.44 0.76 0.47 0.11 0.60 0.14 0.54 0.22 0.60 0.29

1.42 0.44 0.24 0.33 0.42 0.97 0.65 0.27 0.81 0.44 0.58 0.41 0.67 0.44

2.14 0.58 0.52 0.36 0.57 1.51 0.54 0.32 1.52 0.71 0.78 0.87 0.66 0.65

1.92 0.68 1.17 0.40 0.76 0.84 0.79 0.51 1.80 0.75 0.96 1.13 0.75 0.76

1.37 0.82 4.16 0.40 0.71 1.05 0.87 0.55 2.06 0.83 0.81 1.29 0.83 0.88

1.35 0.82 2.14 0.38 0.72 1.17 0.87 0.64 1.67 0.89 0.86 1.23 0.90 0.88

1.31 0.80 3.77 0.42 0.64 1.16 0.93 0.74 1.66 0.94 0.79 1.18 0.99 0.89

1.30 0.82 3.06 0.41 0.67 1.22 0.78 0.72 1.54 0.95 0.77 1.11 1.02 0.90

1.32 0.82 3.03 0.39 0.66 1.25 0.80 0.71 1.51 0.94 0.77 1.04 1.07 0.89

1.33 0.85 3.19 0.37 0.63 1.07 0.67 0.72 1.56 0.95 0.76 0.98 1.07 0.89

-30.5% 23.7% 171.7% -5.6% -16.8% 26.7% -14.5% 43.1% -13.0% 26.7% -21.0% -13.2% 42.8% 16.3%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

0.73 .. 2.52 .. 0.57 0.25 .. 0.59 1.71 .. .. 0.87 1.41

0.67 .. 2.12 .. 0.61 0.23 .. 0.39 1.39 .. .. 0.84 1.25

0.87 .. 1.83 .. 0.54 0.25 .. 0.34 1.20 .. .. 0.73 1.09

0.74 .. 1.50 .. 0.44 0.23 .. 0.37 1.01 .. .. 0.99 1.05

0.63 4.16 1.29 0.45 0.43 0.29 0.68 0.54 1.06 1.64 0.45 .. 1.03

0.21 0.55 1.05 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.84 0.43 0.83 1.20 0.48 .. 0.80

0.28 0.67 0.86 0.43 0.47 0.51 0.69 0.32 0.65 1.17 0.42 .. 0.66

0.30 0.61 0.83 0.44 0.48 0.50 0.69 0.37 0.61 1.28 0.42 .. 0.65

0.25 0.60 0.76 0.41 0.46 0.50 0.65 0.39 0.55 1.28 0.40 .. 0.61

0.31 0.60 0.72 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.63 0.37 0.53 1.18 0.39 .. 0.58

0.27 0.62 0.71 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.60 0.35 0.50 1.19 0.37 .. 0.57

-56.8% -85.1% -45.2% -14.9% 0.9% 71.1% -12.5% -34.6% -52.6% -27.8% -16.7% .. -44.8%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.48 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 2000 prices and purchasing power parities

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.20

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.23

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.20

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.13

1.86 1.85 2.12 2.59 1.14 2.54 2.06 0.73 0.77 1.91 1.43 0.89 2.31 1.51 3.18 1.53

0.59 2.18 1.68 1.63 0.99 2.92 0.82 0.61 0.57 1.72 1.67 1.06 2.74 1.79 3.32 1.75

0.46 1.41 1.15 1.13 0.46 2.01 0.62 0.36 0.37 1.15 1.48 0.84 2.35 1.47 3.15 1.48

0.31 1.04 1.01 1.02 0.27 1.70 0.63 0.32 0.32 1.07 1.27 0.74 1.71 1.32 2.85 1.28

0.30 0.98 0.95 0.96 0.27 1.61 0.64 0.29 0.31 1.02 1.17 0.72 1.36 1.12 2.58 1.17

0.31 0.83 0.88 0.83 0.29 1.59 0.61 0.27 0.31 0.99 1.11 0.72 1.32 1.07 2.28 1.10

0.27 0.60 0.84 0.71 0.31 1.55 0.57 0.26 0.29 0.90 1.08 0.74 1.27 1.01 2.19 1.06

-85.2% -67.7% -60.1% -72.6% -72.5% -38.8% -72.1% -64.9% -62.8% -52.9% -24.7% -17.4% -44.9% -33.0% -31.2% -31.2%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

0.32 0.22 0.22 0.48 0.31 0.14 0.52 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.14 0.03 0.17 0.84 .. 0.12 0.37 0.09 0.24 0.95 0.32 0.64 0.50 0.31

0.30 0.26 0.23 0.46 0.27 0.15 0.59 0.27 0.30 0.10 0.15 0.04 0.18 1.06 .. 0.12 0.41 0.08 0.23 0.79 0.31 0.68 0.67 0.30

0.29 0.32 0.21 0.41 0.25 0.14 0.57 0.25 0.39 0.09 0.15 0.04 0.16 1.10 3.81 0.14 0.31 0.10 0.23 0.74 0.25 0.88 0.50 0.30

0.30 0.36 0.19 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.40 0.23 0.42 0.10 0.12 0.05 0.15 0.77 2.11 0.14 0.23 0.09 0.20 1.00 0.17 0.95 0.43 0.28

0.35 0.40 0.20 0.42 0.23 0.14 0.37 0.24 0.40 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.16 0.94 1.21 0.17 0.23 0.10 0.23 1.33 0.17 0.92 0.46 0.29

0.29 0.49 0.21 0.34 0.24 0.18 0.42 0.30 0.43 0.19 0.16 0.08 0.24 0.90 1.10 0.21 0.29 0.15 0.22 1.34 0.17 0.88 0.46 0.29

0.30 0.38 0.24 0.38 0.24 0.14 0.38 0.31 0.47 0.18 0.20 0.11 0.24 1.05 1.18 0.23 0.26 0.15 0.22 1.54 0.18 0.92 0.42 0.31

0.30 0.43 0.23 0.34 0.21 0.15 0.37 0.30 0.49 0.19 0.20 0.13 0.29 1.05 1.32 0.24 0.31 0.16 0.19 1.42 0.16 0.99 0.45 0.30

0.30 0.47 0.23 0.36 0.21 0.15 0.35 0.30 0.45 0.18 0.21 0.13 0.30 1.04 1.34 0.24 0.27 0.15 0.20 1.40 0.19 0.90 0.44 0.30

0.28 0.52 0.23 0.34 0.20 0.14 0.30 0.26 0.46 0.18 0.21 0.13 0.29 0.97 1.32 0.23 0.26 0.14 0.19 1.36 0.17 0.88 0.44 0.29

0.28 0.53 0.23 0.33 0.19 0.14 0.29 0.25 0.47 0.17 0.21 0.13 0.30 1.11 1.36 0.21 0.25 0.14 0.17 1.40 0.19 0.85 0.45 0.28

-20.6% 33.2% 13.1% -21.2% -18.2% 3.4% -21.4% 4.4% 18.0% 48.5% 88.0% 108.9% 90.4% 18.5% 12.0% 29.0% 12.1% 32.2% -25.7% 5.3% 8.6% -7.8% -3.2% -2.2%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

0.04 0.15 .. 0.58 0.33 0.23 6.35 0.46 .. 0.28 0.02 0.27 0.20 0.55 0.16 0.27 0.39 0.23 0.35

0.07 0.43 .. 0.58 0.35 0.26 4.61 0.44 .. 0.22 0.03 0.29 0.20 0.57 0.13 0.27 0.40 0.26 0.36

0.08 0.50 .. 0.59 0.37 0.32 3.68 0.42 .. 0.21 0.04 0.27 0.17 0.57 0.14 0.29 0.33 0.37 0.38

0.09 0.67 .. 0.43 0.40 0.30 2.75 0.46 4.55 0.19 0.03 0.30 0.15 0.53 0.11 0.26 0.28 0.20 0.38

0.11 0.75 .. 0.44 0.42 0.35 2.08 0.49 3.44 0.15 0.04 0.33 0.16 0.63 0.09 0.31 0.22 0.20 0.39

0.13 0.97 0.09 0.43 0.43 0.33 1.74 0.50 3.15 0.19 0.07 0.36 0.24 0.55 0.11 0.37 0.24 0.16 0.39

0.13 0.90 0.11 0.44 0.41 0.44 1.80 0.57 2.41 0.15 0.09 0.38 0.23 0.40 0.16 0.41 0.28 0.18 0.39

0.14 0.97 0.11 0.47 0.37 0.44 1.81 0.56 2.20 0.12 0.08 0.36 0.21 0.39 0.16 0.44 0.31 0.18 0.38

0.14 0.90 0.12 0.46 0.36 0.44 1.82 0.57 2.04 0.11 0.07 0.38 0.20 0.36 0.16 0.45 0.38 0.19 0.38

0.14 0.88 0.11 0.46 0.35 0.44 1.87 0.59 1.98 0.10 0.08 0.36 0.19 0.37 0.15 0.43 0.35 0.18 0.36

0.14 0.96 0.11 0.45 0.34 0.42 1.86 0.59 1.93 0.09 0.08 0.36 0.17 0.35 0.13 0.42 0.34 0.18 0.35

26.4% 27.8% .. 3.1% -18.8% 18.8% -10.5% 19.9% -43.9% -36.2% 82.1% 7.1% 4.3% -45.0% 40.4% 32.9% 51.1% -10.8% -9.1%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

1.80 0.34 1.72

1.90 0.32 1.81

1.85 0.24 1.73

1.35 0.28 1.29

1.20 0.29 1.15

0.91 0.24 0.88

0.61 0.23 0.60

0.59 0.22 0.58

0.64 0.20 0.63

0.64 0.19 0.63

0.65 0.18 0.63

-46.1% -38.3% -44.7%

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 49

CO2 emissions / population Emissions de CO 2 / population tonnes CO 2 / capita

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

3.75

3.86

4.07

3.86

3.99

3.85

3.87

3.98

4.13

4.20

4.28

7.4%

.. 12.21 20.16 8.63 7.59 .. ..

.. 12.18 19.81 8.56 8.19 .. ..

.. 12.63 20.17 9.08 8.20 .. ..

.. 11.81 18.72 8.35 7.97 .. ..

11.82 12.27 19.06 8.38 9.39 12.37 1.58

10.92 12.34 18.92 8.19 9.95 8.85 1.78

11.16 12.92 19.88 8.28 10.42 8.16 1.84

11.26 12.91 19.33 8.52 10.68 8.56 2.02

11.27 12.93 19.39 8.49 10.71 8.50 2.20

11.24 12.86 19.26 8.36 10.84 8.53 2.31

11.18 12.64 18.76 8.29 10.77 8.83 2.44

-5.4% 2.9% -1.6% -1.0% 14.7% -28.6% 54.3%

..

..

..

..

10.24

9.02

8.95

9.26

9.22

9.20

9.23

-9.9%

1.48

1.72

1.97

2.02

2.20

2.08

2.06

2.24

2.40

2.51

2.64

19.9%

OECD Total

10.59

10.61

11.05

10.35

10.62

10.64

11.07

11.06

11.09

11.06

10.93

2.9%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

15.46 1.95 20.66 16.91

16.30 2.45 20.19 16.48

17.41 3.23 20.47 16.67

15.56 3.42 19.06 15.39

15.60 3.61 19.44 15.56

15.87 3.40 19.26 15.27

17.36 3.63 20.16 16.00

17.50 3.64 19.53 15.57

17.21 3.64 19.63 15.61

17.22 3.87 19.48 15.57

16.52 3.97 19.00 15.21

5.8% 10.2% -2.3% -2.2%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

10.92 7.24 1.58 4.80 6.30

12.89 7.68 2.18 5.52 6.90

14.05 7.54 3.26 5.22 7.11

13.90 7.25 3.76 5.99 7.02

15.13 8.68 5.35 6.36 8.46

15.68 9.22 8.09 6.64 9.52

17.57 9.40 9.17 8.36 10.13

18.07 9.57 9.58 8.95 10.41

18.29 9.57 9.97 8.75 10.53

18.91 9.61 9.74 8.84 10.57

19.02 9.49 9.86 8.88 10.55

25.7% 9.4% 84.3% 39.7% 24.6%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

6.49 12.09 15.35 11.09 8.62 8.24 12.49 2.80 6.00 6.79 7.29 5.42 45.11 9.82 6.02 8.74 1.66 8.57 3.49 10.18 6.14 1.14 11.15 8.12

6.62 11.82 15.17 10.37 9.42 7.99 12.40 3.75 6.86 7.37 6.64 5.76 33.69 10.31 6.01 9.94 1.97 9.25 4.39 9.69 5.73 1.48 10.31 8.16

7.37 12.75 15.98 12.21 11.54 8.37 13.48 4.62 7.97 7.62 7.62 6.38 32.75 10.82 6.85 11.61 2.41 11.10 4.99 8.84 6.14 1.60 10.14 8.71

7.18 10.34 16.31 11.83 9.91 6.37 13.06 5.41 7.77 6.71 7.45 6.14 27.03 10.13 6.54 11.28 2.44 10.54 4.55 7.04 6.34 1.88 9.63 8.08

7.37 11.06 14.97 9.80 10.91 6.05 11.98 6.78 6.61 7.37 8.74 7.01 27.40 10.48 6.71 9.04 3.93 10.71 5.28 6.16 5.99 2.26 9.66 7.86

7.45 11.93 11.96 11.02 10.97 5.95 10.65 7.13 5.69 7.30 9.17 7.21 19.92 11.08 7.53 8.66 4.82 7.61 5.93 6.52 5.80 2.48 8.95 7.56

7.74 12.42 11.84 9.34 10.42 6.19 10.06 8.01 5.41 7.60 10.84 7.46 18.27 10.87 7.52 7.63 5.82 6.92 7.05 5.95 5.78 2.97 8.93 7.55

9.06 12.25 11.85 10.43 13.84 6.19 10.20 8.50 5.69 7.51 10.43 7.85 21.64 11.33 7.75 7.62 5.60 7.15 7.37 6.13 5.82 2.86 9.00 7.70

9.00 11.94 11.95 9.38 12.81 6.15 10.22 8.43 5.60 7.62 10.30 7.74 23.92 11.37 7.83 7.73 5.70 6.93 7.67 5.96 5.89 2.89 8.95 7.68

9.11 11.50 11.71 8.74 10.50 6.15 9.84 8.56 5.64 7.36 10.46 7.74 24.11 11.19 7.94 7.71 5.94 7.07 7.82 5.58 5.92 3.00 8.89 7.60

8.80 11.12 11.78 10.15 12.69 5.97 10.00 8.43 5.60 7.18 10.56 7.61 23.64 10.91 7.91 8.02 5.32 6.95 7.44 5.32 5.83 3.29 8.86 7.60

19.4% 0.5% -21.3% 3.6% 16.3% -1.3% -16.5% 24.2% -15.3% -2.6% 20.9% 8.5% -13.7% 4.2% 17.9% -11.3% 35.4% -35.1% 40.9% -13.8% -2.7% 45.5% -8.3% -3.4%

..

..

..

..

8.59

8.06

7.95

8.21

8.19

8.09

8.07

-6.1%

World *

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties Annex I Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total

European Union - 27

* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation. The ratios for individual countries and regions do not include these emissions. For information, the world ratio excluding emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation is 4.13 t CO2 per capita in 2006.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.50 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions / population Emissions de CO 2 / population tonnes CO 2 / capita

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Non-OECD Total

1.48

1.72

1.97

2.02

2.20

2.08

2.06

2.24

2.40

2.51

2.64

19.9%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.63 0.28 0.10 .. 0.10 0.42 0.12 0.43 0.57 .. 0.04 0.87 0.21 0.32 1.79 0.45 0.30 .. 0.11 0.27 7.69 0.22 0.11 0.15 0.71 0.78 1.34 0.11 0.72

0.91 0.30 0.14 .. 0.13 0.43 0.11 0.46 0.66 .. 0.03 1.26 0.23 0.32 3.72 0.58 0.22 .. 0.19 0.31 8.46 0.20 0.09 0.13 0.85 0.87 1.17 0.12 0.81

1.59 0.35 0.11 .. 0.18 0.45 0.11 0.40 0.97 .. 0.03 1.87 0.20 0.34 6.06 0.72 0.19 .. 0.38 0.34 7.78 0.19 0.09 0.13 1.23 0.56 1.09 0.15 0.86

2.06 0.32 0.11 1.34 0.23 0.40 0.10 0.29 1.33 .. 0.03 2.14 0.16 0.28 5.84 0.76 0.11 .. 0.40 0.31 7.31 0.18 0.07 0.09 1.32 0.40 1.08 0.12 0.87

2.17 0.39 0.05 2.15 0.22 0.29 0.08 0.21 1.44 .. 0.04 0.98 0.17 0.27 6.27 0.81 0.08 .. 0.31 0.25 7.23 0.21 0.07 0.14 1.48 0.32 1.53 0.13 0.87

2.10 0.33 0.04 2.13 0.18 0.19 0.05 0.21 1.38 0.24 0.04 1.26 0.19 0.27 7.27 0.96 0.07 1.09 0.28 0.27 7.07 0.15 0.08 0.13 1.60 0.22 1.26 0.13 0.84

2.18 0.37 0.20 2.42 0.18 0.18 0.04 0.36 1.66 0.16 0.05 1.17 0.25 0.29 7.42 1.04 0.07 1.00 0.33 0.35 6.79 0.16 0.08 0.18 1.88 0.16 1.00 0.13 0.85

2.44 0.50 0.28 2.19 0.18 0.24 0.04 0.28 1.86 0.17 0.06 1.32 0.33 0.23 7.38 1.12 0.08 1.32 0.36 0.34 7.00 0.25 0.09 0.19 1.94 0.18 0.81 0.13 0.88

2.43 0.47 0.29 2.26 0.17 0.25 0.04 0.31 1.93 0.16 0.06 1.32 0.28 0.25 7.54 1.20 0.08 1.38 0.35 0.39 7.28 0.28 0.10 0.17 1.99 0.18 0.74 0.13 0.90

2.55 0.49 0.30 2.35 0.16 0.28 0.04 0.34 2.05 0.14 0.06 1.63 0.30 0.28 7.18 1.30 0.07 1.42 0.39 0.39 7.05 0.28 0.12 0.16 1.92 0.19 0.79 0.13 0.91

2.58 0.52 0.34 2.44 0.17 0.32 0.04 0.32 2.06 0.11 0.07 1.60 0.38 0.30 7.03 1.31 0.08 1.46 0.36 0.37 7.22 0.30 0.12 0.14 1.95 0.19 0.75 0.14 0.91

18.9% 33.5% 601.4% 13.8% -21.5% 11.4% -50.8% 57.4% 43.4% .. 67.8% 62.7% 116.0% 11.3% 12.1% 60.6% -3.3% .. 15.1% 44.9% -0.2% 42.9% 81.3% -2.8% 31.3% -39.8% -51.0% 14.3% 5.3%

13.21 1.41 1.26 4.69 0.83 29.21 1.85 0.33 18.26 2.22 1.03 9.71 0.18 1.87

19.53 2.26 1.40 4.94 1.15 22.74 2.06 0.78 28.64 3.26 1.36 9.67 0.24 2.46

21.31 2.36 2.44 5.05 1.93 22.40 2.36 1.88 33.80 10.55 1.68 18.28 0.41 3.70

25.16 3.11 2.79 5.79 2.78 22.09 2.65 3.57 33.85 10.02 2.18 25.67 0.47 4.37

23.73 3.22 2.91 7.20 2.90 11.46 2.15 5.39 30.38 9.85 2.44 29.11 0.52 4.47

20.11 4.23 3.67 8.35 2.89 22.76 3.60 6.63 35.71 11.05 2.64 29.03 0.60 5.41

21.74 4.77 3.35 8.83 2.98 22.90 3.76 8.23 42.99 12.15 2.77 26.50 0.73 5.85

23.30 5.25 2.73 9.21 2.87 24.94 4.35 10.26 41.59 13.03 2.60 27.01 0.82 6.18

23.74 5.59 3.15 9.02 3.16 27.24 3.85 10.19 44.30 13.48 2.60 26.56 0.86 6.46

25.26 5.74 3.15 8.88 3.31 29.33 3.94 10.72 44.22 13.92 2.65 26.14 0.91 6.62

27.02 6.17 3.23 8.89 3.30 25.66 3.29 11.57 48.32 14.36 2.65 25.96 0.91 6.82

13.9% 91.6% 10.9% 23.4% 13.8% 123.9% 53.0% 114.7% 59.1% 45.7% 9.0% -10.8% 74.5% 52.5%

1.78 .. 7.36 .. 2.86 3.51 .. 2.00 5.61 .. .. 3.16 4.74

1.85 .. 8.28 .. 3.39 3.37 .. 1.97 6.62 .. .. 3.63 5.46

2.84 .. 9.46 .. 5.07 3.99 .. 2.71 7.93 .. .. 4.05 6.38

2.43 .. 9.07 .. 5.13 4.17 .. 3.34 7.63 .. .. 5.48 6.71

1.90 5.49 8.60 4.51 6.62 6.13 4.78 6.35 7.20 6.19 6.23 .. 6.48

0.59 0.98 6.36 3.39 8.01 11.97 4.47 6.22 5.16 4.05 6.51 .. 4.56

1.03 3.61 5.21 3.92 9.03 13.94 4.20 5.71 3.84 5.20 7.02 .. 4.29

1.26 3.69 5.93 4.71 9.64 14.71 4.10 6.29 4.34 6.38 7.59 .. 4.88

1.12 3.83 5.83 4.59 9.26 15.26 4.02 6.53 4.22 6.93 7.66 .. 4.89

1.45 4.00 5.95 4.65 9.21 15.48 4.06 6.40 4.24 6.75 7.66 .. 4.90

1.33 4.37 6.18 4.66 9.13 16.02 3.94 6.15 4.39 7.18 7.72 .. 5.07

-29.8% -20.3% -28.1% 3.3% 37.9% 161.3% -17.6% -3.0% -39.1% 16.1% 23.8% .. -21.7%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 51

CO2 emissions / population Emissions de CO 2 / population tonnes CO 2 / capita

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.15

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.09

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.49

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.51

5.77 8.76 11.27 23.06 5.25 14.46 5.14 6.87 8.95 6.88 14.70 2.20 12.71 13.26 5.84 12.62

1.06 4.01 5.83 11.14 1.40 10.56 1.01 3.49 3.91 2.49 10.69 0.91 8.21 7.63 4.46 8.39

1.10 3.50 5.52 10.57 0.93 8.75 0.93 2.87 3.21 1.56 10.35 0.68 8.04 5.94 4.72 7.74

1.07 3.42 5.80 12.01 0.68 10.03 1.04 3.20 3.51 1.84 10.65 0.77 9.13 6.89 4.64 8.14

1.14 3.51 6.07 12.26 0.73 10.38 1.11 3.23 3.72 1.91 10.60 0.81 8.24 6.59 4.47 8.06

1.37 3.71 6.24 11.82 0.88 11.10 1.05 3.29 3.99 2.03 10.70 0.85 8.56 6.50 4.20 8.12

1.38 3.56 6.58 11.28 1.04 11.89 1.01 3.51 4.03 1.94 11.14 0.93 8.90 6.63 4.25 8.42

-76.2% -59.3% -41.6% -51.1% -80.2% -17.8% -80.4% -48.9% -55.0% -71.8% -24.2% -57.9% -30.0% -50.0% -27.2% -33.3%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

3.41 0.50 0.92 2.14 1.13 0.68 2.08 0.73 0.60 0.35 0.41 0.08 0.40 2.91 90.60 0.60 1.64 0.24 1.15 6.26 1.85 4.70 3.00 1.54

3.30 0.67 1.26 1.63 1.12 0.85 2.70 0.97 0.90 0.48 0.49 0.08 0.42 3.68 61.92 0.65 1.88 0.26 1.22 5.76 1.93 4.93 4.06 1.70

3.41 0.81 1.46 1.90 1.19 0.93 2.90 1.05 1.33 0.37 0.60 0.11 0.46 3.05 51.21 0.55 1.49 0.44 1.19 7.33 1.91 6.12 3.72 1.88

2.92 0.75 1.23 1.61 1.21 0.74 3.03 0.93 1.33 0.35 0.41 0.12 0.39 2.01 25.72 0.48 1.21 0.39 0.93 8.15 1.04 5.45 3.20 1.63

3.08 0.82 1.29 2.42 1.29 0.85 2.60 1.05 1.28 0.42 0.37 0.13 0.44 3.01 15.00 0.44 1.02 0.45 0.88 9.29 1.21 5.32 4.16 1.69

3.31 1.09 1.48 2.71 1.52 1.28 2.02 1.42 1.43 0.83 0.60 0.12 0.70 3.37 15.83 0.53 1.54 0.72 0.99 9.66 1.41 5.37 4.22 1.86

3.60 0.92 1.74 3.45 1.46 1.16 2.22 1.99 1.51 0.84 0.79 0.16 0.71 3.78 17.69 0.69 1.59 0.61 1.03 13.79 1.61 5.28 4.32 2.05

3.23 1.03 1.67 3.32 1.31 1.28 2.33 1.95 1.72 0.88 0.81 0.18 0.89 3.93 20.07 0.74 1.88 0.65 0.94 16.11 1.25 4.69 4.70 1.96

3.55 1.16 1.74 3.63 1.35 1.29 2.26 1.92 1.69 0.88 0.83 0.17 0.95 3.93 20.34 0.76 1.72 0.64 1.07 16.79 1.62 4.97 4.66 2.06

3.59 1.29 1.75 3.61 1.33 1.25 2.16 1.84 1.80 0.89 0.86 0.18 0.94 3.69 20.19 0.75 1.75 0.58 1.04 17.57 1.59 5.23 4.74 2.08

3.80 1.36 1.76 3.64 1.30 1.35 2.36 1.94 1.89 0.86 0.84 0.18 1.02 4.33 20.81 0.72 1.83 0.59 1.01 20.28 1.85 5.52 5.02 2.14

23.4% 66.9% 36.2% 50.2% 1.1% 58.8% -9.2% 85.2% 47.5% 103.4% 128.0% 37.1% 133.4% 43.9% 38.8% 62.5% 79.4% 30.5% 14.7% 118.3% 53.5% 3.8% 20.6% 26.2%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

0.04 2.93 .. 2.08 0.36 0.21 4.61 1.14 .. 0.17 0.02 0.27 0.61 2.82 0.22 0.45 0.37 0.29 0.41

0.06 8.74 .. 2.63 0.39 0.29 4.77 1.31 .. 0.13 0.02 0.29 0.67 3.71 0.20 0.52 0.35 0.33 0.46

0.08 13.64 .. 4.04 0.43 0.47 6.12 1.70 .. 0.15 0.03 0.32 0.67 5.25 0.25 0.73 0.27 0.51 0.55

0.09 13.16 .. 3.74 0.55 0.52 6.75 2.09 6.08 0.16 0.03 0.42 0.50 5.94 0.23 0.80 0.29 0.31 0.63

0.12 13.08 .. 5.62 0.69 0.79 5.66 2.71 6.01 0.10 0.05 0.55 0.59 9.45 0.22 1.45 0.26 0.29 0.79

0.16 15.94 0.12 7.45 0.84 1.00 3.45 3.82 4.42 0.16 0.08 0.65 0.87 10.79 0.30 2.46 0.38 0.27 0.96

0.18 13.96 0.19 9.69 0.96 1.28 3.00 4.84 3.68 0.18 0.13 0.71 0.90 9.47 0.56 2.63 0.56 0.29 1.10

0.22 15.32 0.23 10.93 0.98 1.39 2.97 4.91 3.62 0.19 0.11 0.70 0.87 9.23 0.59 3.15 0.75 0.32 1.15

0.22 14.18 0.26 11.29 1.03 1.45 3.02 5.28 3.66 0.20 0.10 0.76 0.87 9.26 0.64 3.41 0.96 0.35 1.22

0.24 13.62 0.27 11.55 1.06 1.50 3.14 5.68 3.76 0.21 0.11 0.76 0.86 9.93 0.63 3.40 0.97 0.33 1.24

0.24 15.10 0.29 11.87 1.13 1.50 3.18 5.90 3.93 0.20 0.11 0.79 0.77 9.62 0.57 3.42 0.98 0.34 1.28

103.3% 15.4% .. 111.3% 62.3% 90.7% -43.8% 117.9% -34.7% 104.8% 142.1% 44.6% 30.9% 1.8% 160.3% 136.3% 283.6% 17.8% 61.7%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

0.95 2.27 0.96

1.15 2.42 1.15

1.43 2.91 1.44

1.62 4.09 1.63

1.95 5.79 1.97

2.48 5.83 2.50

2.41 5.96 2.42

2.97 6.08 2.99

3.51 5.94 3.52

3.88 5.98 3.89

4.27 6.11 4.28

119.4% 5.5% 117.8%

* Data for individual countries of the Former USSR are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.52 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Per capita emissions by sector* in 2006 Emissions 2006 par habitant ventilées par secteur* kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 Main activity producer emissions from fuel electricity and heat combustion World

Unallocated Other energy auto- industries** producers

Manuf. industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

4 284

1 591

170

205

838

987

721

494

11 177 12 635 18 756 8 292 10 770 8 826 2 441

4 026 4 522 7 339 2 386 4 022 3 312 1 006

599 373 288 361 590 1 365 66

531 630 1 004 408 402 349 126

1 691 1 835 2 201 1 370 2 263 1 475 633

2 841 3 579 5 922 2 162 2 214 1 239 356

2 411 3 110 4 967 2 010 1 967 835 315

1 489 1 698 2 002 1 605 1 279 1 086 254

Annex I Kyoto Parties

9 227

3 020

737

447

1 622

1 970

1 680

1 430

Non-OECD Total

2 641

1 080

129

128

663

364

305

277

OECD Total

10 929

3 918

356

554

1 636

2 989

2 615

1 476

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

16 516 3 974 19 000 15 215

3 361 1 083 7 772 5 840

151 207 303 268

1 982 439 897 868

3 041 577 2 110 1 812

4 891 1 334 6 034 4 823

3 801 1 267 5 093 4 080

3 090 333 1 883 1 602

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

19 018 9 492 9 858 8 884 10 551

10 765 2 989 3 638 2 118 3 930

389 605 734 1 141 625

886 326 450 305 413

2 329 2 286 1 958 1 219 2 190

3 761 1 921 1 783 3 501 2 110

3 253 1 720 1 624 3 136 1 884

887 1 365 1 295 601 1 283

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

8 795 11 120 11 783 10 149 12 693 5 973 9 998 8 428 5 598 7 176 10 565 7 611 23 642 10 912 7 905 8 024 5 323 6 947 7 435 5 315 5 828 3 285 8 863 7 599

1 450 2 164 5 408 4 894 5 601 506 3 658 3 926 1 785 23 3 364 2 234 2 414 2 837 153 4 124 1 810 1 519 2 154 941 12 979 2 922 2 356

600 151 753 232 717 321 528 30 23 121 273 532 486 32 290 252 315 220 82 216 147 498 328

917 430 330 467 483 253 329 372 169 142 294 982 2 465 211 119 1 018 343 264 156 92 571 351

1 767 3 342 2 252 983 2 427 1 141 1 433 868 812 2 186 1 311 1 342 3 583 2 239 1 497 1 020 841 1 786 1 436 1 208 864 859 1 056 1 286

2 495 2 392 1 709 2 445 2 516 2 080 1 867 1 994 1 283 2 931 3 196 2 044 14 191 2 156 2 960 1 001 1 793 1 123 2 549 2 471 2 179 579 2 157 1 831

2 373 2 310 1 646 2 288 2 271 1 982 1 768 1 672 1 258 2 678 3 100 1 969 14 105 2 084 2 183 961 1 729 941 2 217 2 324 2 152 502 1 950 1 701

1 566 2 640 1 330 1 128 948 1 673 2 184 1 238 1 526 2 036 2 432 1 425 2 922 2 212 800 1 378 507 1 187 733 349 2 401 631 1 659 1 446

8 066

2 614

344

367

1 328

1 928

1 801

1 485

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

European Union - 27

* This table shows per capita emissions for the same sectors which are present throughout this publication. In particular, the emissions from electricity and heat production are shown separately and not reallocated as in the table on pages II.55-II.57. Total CO2 has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach. ** Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 53

Per capita emissions by sector in 2006 Emissions 2006 par habitant ventilées par secteur kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 Main activity producer emissions from fuel electricity and heat combustion

Unallocated Other energy industries autoproducers

Manuf. industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

Non-OECD Total

2 641

1 080

129

128

663

364

305

277

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

2 576 517 344 2 444 171 321 38 324 2 059 114 68 1 598 376 301 7 027 1 305 77 1 458 355 369 7 216 303 121 140 1 945 193 747 145 911

715 16 8 799 9 13 128 731 38 290 101 56 3 491 468 1 59 62 137 4 394 69 19 14 670 2 423 29 387

12 2 2 239 2 167 70 15 225 3 1 91 3 9 18

376 22 4 1 7 143 17 4 16 538 12 67 2 96 10 20 6 4 46

348 185 18 468 14 15 13 28 511 6 18 621 61 39 1 018 204 15 124 31 48 1 011 31 13 14 333 82 121 9 144

557 209 208 839 117 276 8 73 436 29 41 329 155 151 1 578 61 53 878 158 127 937 174 71 89 445 82 94 53 197

450 209 208 817 117 217 8 62 397 29 41 329 145 87 1 576 39 48 787 157 121 864 173 71 89 445 74 87 46 180

569 84 108 99 27 16 17 88 238 39 10 175 55 38 402 489 9 396 38 40 553 19 15 20 385 18 106 44 119

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

27 020 6 175 3 231 8 887 3 304 25 661 3 286 11 566 48 318 14 360 2 653 25 962 911 6 820

8 991 1 399 834 5 614 1 182 11 777 1 591 4 568 3 506 4 739 1 105 12 888 177 2 203

1 972 76 72 75 8 173 996 56 25 209

5 134 221 215 388 117 5 411 2 838 16 909 1 703 96 456 87 579

6 940 1 088 724 242 535 4 728 354 2 071 12 686 3 344 463 6 546 89 1 335

3 662 1 531 1 142 1 434 847 3 580 938 1 595 6 809 3 423 734 5 435 296 1 600

3 662 1 531 1 142 1 434 840 3 580 938 1 595 6 809 3 347 702 5 435 296 1 587

320 1 860 317 1 136 548 165 403 494 234 155 200 638 238 893

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

1 333 4 370 6 180 4 660 9 132 16 023 3 939 6 154 4 385 7 183 7 721 5 069

8 2 878 3 288 1 053 4 546 3 939 2 482 4 717 1 769 4 321 2 892 2 393

44 65 177 66 28 129 156 390 48 163

47 32 256 435 3 334 4 213

273 291 1 111 968 1 321 2 129 575 970 1 105 1 422 918

634 623 1 045 1 329 2 379 9 954 502 1 281 576 944 2 245 860

573 613 955 1 234 2 375 9 954 492 1 281 554 943 2 225 825

327 480 302 809 858 247 157 580 422 1 110 522

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.54 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Per capita emissions by sector in 2006 Emissions 2006 par habitant ventilées par secteur kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 Main activity producer emissions from fuel electricity and heat combustion

Unallocated Other energy industries autoproducers

Manuf. industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

1 376 3 563 6 585 11 281 1 039 11 886 1 007 3 509 4 026 1 937 11 138 926 8 896 6 632 4 253 8 420

299 1 652 2 777 8 050 251 6 165 292 914 1 061 914 3 841 76 2 513 2 315 1 329 3 034

30 656 168 55 31 74 2 569 396 3 1 378

313 158 109 69 554 491 460 1 305 175 163 349

481 279 1 326 808 136 2 391 286 514 780 155 1 559 2 013 777 1 399

172 565 604 1 696 349 675 209 1 452 1 267 247 1 595 581 556 643 325 1 081

172 527 431 1 570 346 593 134 1 335 1 166 189 840 581 556 463 173 643

424 724 1 063 450 234 2 102 220 575 394 546 1 115 270 4 522 1 090 1 655 1 179

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

3 801 1 363 1 756 3 641 1 304 1 347 2 361 1 939 1 895 860 845 182 1 020 4 326 20 812 719 1 832 592 1 012 20 283 1 853 5 522 5 021 2 137

713 276 107 990 132 62 1 441 716 322 173 183 18 355 1 165 2 362 294 372 150 3 825 502 814 1 513 333

179 10 74 41 46 32 49 202 139 6 21 1 160 2 460 45 21 17 37 177 76

303 215 131 142 112 17 14 17 22 7 2 1 868 67 2 562 108 1 250 190

680 119 519 1 185 388 239 426 145 297 175 171 43 290 103 3 296 95 326 29 292 12 072 215 1 460 352 546

1 121 418 743 1 020 453 904 186 590 874 408 380 91 321 1 039 9 144 264 916 532 373 1 607 706 1 689 1 491 743

970 366 677 955 434 903 186 480 783 408 376 39 321 599 7 795 256 400 523 370 1 607 702 1 678 1 435 682

805 325 181 265 173 91 245 269 240 91 91 29 54 858 1 681 65 174 31 109 200 321 271 1 488 249

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

244 15 097 286 11 866 11 866 1 126 1 500 3 182 5 895 203 112 791 771 9 619 573 3 421 982 342 1 282

91 6 426 87 4 963 4 963 563 403 505 2 189 43 255 286 4 715 148 990 240 68 519

663 1 731 1 731 70 1 109 1 128 26 37 62

1 4 640 355 355 37 176 1 433 11 12 34 2 230 9 218 62

67 492 10 2 766 2 766 256 431 2 018 1 503 40 37 266 132 1 130 80 999 337 82 331

29 2 673 83 1 596 1 596 91 324 42 1 483 77 31 169 259 1 520 273 842 236 101 190

22 2 673 82 1 551 1 551 84 294 42 1 472 75 31 146 208 1 520 234 834 220 61 175

55 205 105 455 455 109 165 616 178 32 44 88 59 23 62 244 142 53 119

4 274 6 113 4 283

2 081 4 813 2 096

50 50

156 155

1 345 293 1 339

280 644 281

190 644 192

363 363 363

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 55

Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors* in 2006 Emissions 2006 par habitant avec allocation de l'électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation* kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

Other energy industries**

Manufacturing industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

4 284

290

1 539

1 011

721

1 445

11 177 12 635 18 756 8 292 10 770 8 826 2 441

780 761 1 232 478 489 939 168

3 234 3 384 4 207 2 413 3 835 3 204 1 179

2 919 3 635 5 943 2 220 2 295 1 386 364

2 411 3 110 4 967 2 010 1 967 835 315

4 244 4 855 7 375 3 181 4 152 3 297 731

Kyoto Parties

9 227

699

3 016

2 060

1 680

3 451

Non-OECD Total

2 641

211

1 226

383

305

821

OECD Total

10 929

677

3 059

3 038

2 615

4 155

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

16 516 3 974 19 000 15 215

2 170 482 1 112 1 052

4 433 1 303 4 083 3 497

4 921 1 342 6 050 4 840

3 801 1 267 5 093 4 080

4 993 847 7 755 5 825

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

19 018 9 492 9 858 8 884 10 551

1 401 374 450 343 478

7 095 3 437 4 262 2 445 3 955

3 893 1 989 1 809 3 542 2 177

3 253 1 720 1 624 3 136 1 884

6 628 3 692 3 337 2 554 3 941

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

8 795 11 120 11 783 10 149 12 693 5 973 9 998 8 428 5 598 7 176 10 565 7 611 23 642 10 912 7 905 8 024 5 323 6 947 7 435 5 315 5 828 3 285 8 863 7 599

951 574 766 539 527 280 421 538 370 161 352 1 159 2 470 819 150 1 117 408 279 156 104 658 443

2 488 4 447 4 422 1 976 5 672 1 374 3 210 1 877 1 277 2 200 2 513 2 326 5 445 3 621 1 577 2 365 1 680 2 443 2 424 1 555 940 1 424 2 230 2 300

2 581 2 432 1 860 2 475 2 547 2 101 1 958 2 010 1 323 2 931 3 208 2 112 14 236 2 193 2 962 1 074 1 813 1 154 2 598 2 488 2 191 584 2 237 1 885

2 373 2 310 1 646 2 288 2 271 1 982 1 768 1 672 1 258 2 678 3 100 1 969 14 105 2 084 2 183 961 1 729 941 2 217 2 324 2 152 502 1 950 1 701

2 774 3 667 4 735 5 159 3 946 2 218 4 409 4 003 2 626 2 045 4 683 2 821 3 961 3 938 896 3 766 1 679 2 233 2 004 993 2 542 1 173 3 737 2 971

8 066

479

2 419

1 988

1 801

3 181

World

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

European Union - 27

* Emissions from electricity and heat generation have been allocated to final consuming sectors in proportion to the electricity and heat consumed. The detailed unallocated emissions are shown in the table on pages II.52-II.54. Total CO2 has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach. ** Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.56 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2006 Emissions 2006 par habitant avec allocation de l'électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

Other energy industries

Manufacturing industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Non-OECD Total

2 641

211

1 226

383

305

821

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

2 576 517 344 2 444 171 321 38 324 2 059 114 68 1 598 376 301 7 027 1 305 77 1 458 355 369 7 216 303 121 140 1 945 193 747 145 911

389 22 4 1 7 143 27 4 16 538 28 67 2 346 10 1 20 6 4 1 59

599 190 20 1 008 18 22 13 80 768 17 18 741 116 74 1 565 422 15 136 45 94 3 506 52 24 19 702 86 311 16 324

572 209 208 839 117 276 8 73 436 29 41 330 155 151 1 578 76 53 878 158 127 1 061 174 71 89 445 82 94 53 203

450 209 208 817 117 217 8 62 397 29 41 329 145 87 1 576 39 48 787 157 121 864 173 71 89 445 74 87 46 180

1 017 96 116 597 33 22 18 164 712 68 10 500 100 59 3 346 780 9 443 85 146 2 303 67 25 31 777 19 339 74 325

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

27 020 6 175 3 231 8 887 3 304 25 661 3 286 11 566 48 318 14 360 2 653 25 962 911 6 820

5 134 238 215 388 130 7 206 2 838 16 909 2 394 96 456 87 694

8 600 1 598 724 1 723 883 4 728 772 2 531 16 097 3 797 917 8 166 89 1 785

3 662 1 531 1 142 1 434 847 3 580 938 1 595 6 809 3 423 734 5 435 296 1 600

3 662 1 531 1 142 1 434 840 3 580 938 1 595 6 809 3 347 702 5 435 296 1 587

9 624 2 808 1 151 5 341 1 443 10 147 1 577 4 602 8 503 4 746 907 11 905 440 2 741

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

1 333 4 370 6 180 4 660 9 132 16 023 3 939 6 154 4 385 7 183 7 721 5 069

49 32 472 463 8 108 554 106 34 367

286 1 092 2 306 1 230 1 939 2 129 1 499 1 349 1 721 2 612 2 959 1 814

634 623 1 081 1 348 2 414 9 954 511 1 281 612 975 2 283 891

573 613 955 1 234 2 375 9 954 492 1 281 554 943 2 225 825

364 2 623 2 320 1 620 4 771 3 939 1 821 3 524 1 498 3 490 2 445 1 997

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other sectors

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 57

Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2006 Emissions 2006 par habitant avec allocation de l'électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

Other energy industries

Manufacturing industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

1 376 3 563 6 585 11 281 1 039 11 886 1 007 3 509 4 026 1 937 11 138 926 8 896 6 632 4 253 8 420

447 356 445 105 744 3 22 572 44 1 382 1 627 313 189 884

557 791 2 583 2 702 165 5 539 368 656 1 043 405 3 909 32 640 3 387 1 065 3 066

179 605 672 1 747 361 761 212 1 463 1 272 257 1 818 581 602 741 350 1 224

172 527 431 1 570 346 593 134 1 335 1 166 189 840 581 556 463 173 643

640 1 719 2 974 6 387 408 4 842 423 1 369 1 139 1 231 4 029 313 6 027 2 191 2 649 3 247

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

3 801 1 363 1 756 3 641 1 304 1 347 2 361 1 939 1 895 860 845 182 1 020 4 326 20 812 719 1 832 592 1 012 20 283 1 853 5 522 5 021 2 137

303 215 131 156 112 17 14 17 22 7 2 1 868 67 2 562 108 1 274 192

1 106 220 607 1 869 446 262 856 536 386 270 250 52 387 1 807 5 951 165 365 29 383 14 503 352 1 879 934 740

1 127 418 744 1 026 453 904 199 590 874 408 380 91 321 1 039 9 144 264 916 532 373 1 607 706 1 692 1 491 744

970 366 677 955 434 903 186 480 783 408 376 39 321 599 7 795 256 400 523 370 1 607 702 1 678 1 435 682

1 264 510 273 589 293 163 1 293 796 612 175 214 39 312 1 479 3 848 290 551 31 190 1 612 687 676 2 596 461

Bangladesh Brunei Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

244 15 097 286 11 866 1 126 1 500 3 182 5 895 3 925 203 112 791 771 9 619 573 3 421 982 342 1 282

1 4 640 491 37 176 1 433 11 12 34 2 531 9 218 65

105 1 817 24 5 988 541 587 2 270 2 663 1 316 58 37 340 232 2 804 130 1 517 463 117 585

29 2 673 83 1 629 104 324 42 1 485 529 77 31 169 260 1 569 273 843 239 101 195

22 2 673 82 1 551 84 294 42 1 472 353 75 31 146 208 1 520 234 834 220 61 175

108 5 967 179 3 758 443 413 868 1 314 2 080 57 44 269 245 2 715 160 843 281 123 437

4 274 6 113 4 283

302 301

2 698 758 2 686

295 644 297

190 644 192

979 4 711 1 000

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.58 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Electricity and heat output * Production d'électricité et de chaleur * terawatt hours

2006

% change 90-06

.. 17 054.4 17 601.4 18 005.0 18 755.0 18 899.2 19 512.8 20 266.8 21 083.5 22 018.4 22 796.3

..

.. 12 726.4 12 637.2 12 798.6 13 131.4 13 022.2 13 250.5 13 478.4 13 706.2 14 004.8 14 134.5 .. 8 182.8 8 674.6 8 868.7 9 153.3 9 007.7 9 279.9 9 454.6 9 679.8 9 939.3 9 966.2 .. 4 240.3 4 485.0 4 567.1 4 730.5 4 522.5 4 740.2 4 756.6 4 823.9 4 974.5 4 955.8 2 547.1 2 769.4 2 942.0 3 026.3 3 121.0 3 192.9 3 217.4 3 384.8 3 504.2 3 580.8 3 617.9 1 025.1 1 173.1 1 247.7 1 275.2 1 301.8 1 292.2 1 322.3 1 313.2 1 351.7 1 384.1 1 392.5 .. 4 457.3 3 851.5 3 813.5 3 848.7 3 888.3 3 836.4 3 878.9 3 870.4 3 893.6 3 980.9 .. 4 328.0 4 964.2 5 206.4 5 623.6 5 877.0 6 262.3 6 788.4 7 377.3 8 013.6 8 661.8

.. .. .. 42.0% 35.8% .. ..

1990 World

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

8 862.6

8 500.0

8 591.7

8 782.8

8 865.8

8 881.4

9 070.0

9 500.7

..

Non-OECD Total

..

7 984.5

7 955.7

8 136.9

8 496.4

8 741.9

9 058.7

9 592.7 10 136.5 10 753.8 11 465.5

..

OECD Total

..

9 069.9

9 645.7

9 868.2 10 258.6 10 157.3 10 454.1 10 674.1 10 946.9 11 264.5 11 330.9

..

489.3 124.1 .. ..

568.1 157.5 3 672.2 4 397.8

569.5 181.2 3 915.5 4 666.2

588.0 189.9 3 979.1 4 757.0

614.9 203.6 4 115.6 4 934.2

599.6 209.1 3 922.9 4 731.6

611.0 214.6 4 129.2 4 954.8

600.3 217.8 4 156.2 4 974.4

610.6 224.1 4 213.3 5 047.9

636.7 242.0 4 337.8 5 216.5

622.2 249.6 4 333.7 5 205.5

27.1% 101.1% .. ..

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

155.0 837.9 105.4 32.3 1 130.5

173.0 964.8 190.8 35.3 1 364.0

195.6 1 015.8 225.7 36.3 1 473.3

203.0 1 034.0 248.5 38.2 1 523.8

207.4 1 055.1 327.4 39.2 1 629.2

216.5 1 036.3 347.6 39.4 1 639.9

226.2 1 055.0 369.9 41.1 1 692.2

227.9 1 044.1 382.4 41.2 1 695.7

234.3 1 074.3 418.1 43.2 1 769.8

245.1 1 095.7 441.3 43.3 1 825.4

251.3 1 097.5 454.8 43.7 1 847.2

62.2% 31.0% 331.6% 35.3% 63.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

57.2 73.0 105.3 51.6 78.5 422.8 672.2 34.8 49.0 6.0 14.2 213.1 0.6 76.1 123.4 339.9 28.7 34.8 151.2 167.7 58.2 57.5 317.8 3 133.6

66.1 76.3 109.4 69.7 91.2 497.5 648.5 41.3 51.1 7.2 17.6 237.4 0.6 100.5 124.2 253.9 33.6 38.1 165.8 193.6 65.9 86.2 332.5 3 308.2

69.1 86.3 108.5 76.4 102.3 513.9 659.5 46.5 56.9 8.2 20.9 253.7 0.6 120.1 118.4 249.5 39.8 38.1 194.2 204.7 66.3 111.0 361.1 3 506.1

73.2 88.4 104.8 73.2 104.0 528.0 658.0 49.7 58.0 9.6 21.8 259.3 0.6 117.9 124.8 243.2 43.9 38.7 206.7 201.1 72.8 116.4 393.4 3 587.4

73.2 89.2 111.6 69.2 104.8 573.7 660.1 53.8 54.4 9.9 23.7 269.9 0.7 121.9 141.9 237.8 44.9 41.0 222.2 189.1 70.2 129.4 402.7 3 695.3

75.4 85.2 115.7 73.4 112.5 591.3 671.1 53.4 56.3 10.2 24.6 271.9 0.9 125.6 122.0 246.6 48.0 48.1 233.2 209.9 75.4 126.2 408.9 3 785.8

74.1 87.3 115.6 74.6 115.1 601.4 669.8 54.3 53.4 11.3 24.8 277.5 3.2 127.6 133.2 240.1 48.0 46.4 241.6 194.9 69.7 134.2 408.9 3 807.0

72.1 90.0 123.7 82.4 131.6 608.7 799.8 58.4 51.9 11.2 24.9 286.3 3.3 128.5 110.1 252.3 49.1 46.4 257.9 184.2 69.9 144.8 416.6 4 004.0

77.6 90.8 123.9 76.5 133.1 617.1 810.9 59.3 51.1 11.4 25.2 348.4 4.0 135.7 113.6 248.6 47.8 45.4 277.2 201.0 68.5 155.9 406.0 4 129.2

79.7 91.9 120.6 72.3 115.9 620.0 839.8 60.0 53.4 11.3 25.6 350.5 4.1 147.7 140.8 250.0 50.0 45.9 288.9 208.7 62.6 171.8 411.1 4 222.6

79.1 93.9 120.1 81.7 137.7 615.1 854.0 60.8 52.9 12.8 27.7 365.7 4.3 137.7 125.0 255.5 52.4 44.2 299.1 193.6 67.0 187.4 410.1 4 278.1

38.4% 28.6% 14.1% 58.1% 75.4% 45.5% 27.1% 74.9% 8.1% 113.7% 94.5% 71.6% 584.9% 80.9% 1.3% -24.8% 82.7% 27.1% 97.8% 15.5% 15.1% 225.8% 29.1% 36.5%

..

3 327.2

3 476.4

3 506.0

3 578.6

3 697.0

3 696.3

3 908.9

4 017.4

4 073.5

4 124.2

..

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

European Union - 27

9 225.8

2005

9 384.0

* Includes electricity, CHP and heat only from both main activity producer and autoproducer plants. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the output for some countries and regions is not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 59

Electricity and heat output Production d'électricité et de chaleur terawatt hours

2006

% change 90-06

9 592.7 10 136.5 10 753.8 11 465.5

..

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Non-OECD Total

..

7 984.5

7 955.7

8 136.9

8 496.4

8 741.9

9 058.7

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

19.7 1.0 0.0 1.0 2.8 0.4 6.2 2.9 52.0 0.2 1.5 1.1 6.1 4.2 11.4 12.3 0.4 1.2 15.9 1.1 186.6 1.9 1.9 0.3 7.7 7.9 7.8 8.8 364.3

23.3 1.3 0.1 1.1 3.2 0.3 4.7 4.0 63.0 0.2 1.7 1.3 5.0 4.7 13.5 13.8 6.9 1.0 15.1 1.4 203.0 2.0 2.2 0.3 9.1 7.6 6.6 10.3 406.5

24.8 1.3 0.1 1.1 3.4 0.1 5.3 4.8 68.5 0.2 1.6 1.3 5.9 4.5 14.4 13.5 7.7 1.2 16.1 1.4 200.4 2.4 2.4 0.2 10.0 7.8 7.1 10.4 418.0

25.4 1.4 0.1 0.9 3.5 0.3 6.0 4.8 78.1 0.2 1.7 1.3 7.2 4.1 15.5 13.7 9.7 1.4 14.7 1.9 207.8 2.5 2.5 0.2 10.6 7.8 7.0 11.1 441.6

26.6 1.6 0.1 1.0 3.5 0.3 5.9 4.9 83.3 0.2 2.0 1.4 7.9 4.6 16.1 15.6 11.9 1.4 15.5 2.2 208.2 2.6 2.8 0.1 11.4 7.9 7.9 11.5 458.4

27.6 1.8 0.1 1.1 3.3 0.4 6.1 5.3 89.2 0.3 2.0 1.5 7.3 4.8 17.5 16.7 12.7 1.4 19.7 2.5 215.7 2.9 2.9 0.2 11.8 8.2 8.6 11.8 483.2

29.6 2.0 0.1 1.1 3.7 0.4 6.4 5.1 95.2 0.3 2.3 1.5 5.9 5.2 18.9 18.1 10.9 1.4 20.2 2.6 232.3 3.4 2.7 0.2 12.4 8.3 8.8 12.2 511.1

31.3 2.2 0.1 1.0 4.1 0.5 6.9 5.4 101.3 0.3 2.5 1.5 6.0 5.6 20.2 19.3 11.7 1.4 24.2 2.7 242.5 3.9 2.9 0.2 13.1 8.5 9.7 12.8 541.8

33.9 2.6 0.1 1.0 4.1 0.4 7.4 5.6 108.7 0.3 2.8 1.6 6.8 6.0 22.3 22.5 13.3 1.7 23.5 3.0 242.9 4.1 3.0 0.2 13.8 8.9 10.3 13.0 563.9

35.2 3.0 0.1 1.0 4.0 0.5 7.9 5.5 115.4 0.3 3.3 1.7 8.4 6.5 24.0 23.2 14.7 1.6 23.1 2.5 251.9 4.2 2.8 0.2 14.1 9.4 9.8 13.5 587.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

4.6 85.0 29.0 30.4 5.6 24.1 5.5 6.5 6.0 97.8 16.6 25.0 2.4 338.6

5.8 103.4 30.9 38.0 6.7 30.5 8.3 8.2 8.1 114.6 21.2 33.4 2.9 412.1

6.0 112.7 31.6 39.2 7.1 32.1 8.2 8.4 8.6 119.0 22.8 37.1 3.1 435.9

6.3 121.4 31.9 43.0 7.4 32.9 7.8 9.1 9.1 126.2 25.2 39.9 3.4 463.6

6.8 130.1 32.3 43.8 7.5 34.8 8.2 9.7 10.0 133.7 26.7 43.2 3.6 490.4

7.3 140.8 33.9 45.4 8.1 36.9 9.7 10.3 10.9 141.7 28.0 46.9 3.8 523.6

7.8 152.6 28.3 47.0 8.0 39.8 10.5 10.7 12.0 153.0 29.5 49.5 4.1 552.9

8.4 166.0 32.3 48.5 9.0 41.3 10.2 11.5 13.2 159.4 32.1 52.4 4.4 588.7

8.7 180.4 30.4 49.8 10.1 43.7 10.1 12.6 14.4 175.0 34.9 60.7 4.8 635.7

9.8 201.0 31.9 51.8 11.6 47.6 9.3 13.6 15.3 179.8 37.3 66.8 5.3 681.1

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

4.5 4.5 78.9 12.5 2.5 0.1 7.7 1.6 139.0 39.8 14.3 305.4

5.1 9.7 57.8 14.4 3.0 0.1 9.2 1.7 127.8 43.3 15.4 287.5

5.6 10.8 53.4 15.8 3.1 0.1 9.0 1.9 110.6 38.3 14.7 263.3

5.0 10.9 54.7 13.8 3.4 0.1 8.9 1.9 104.9 39.0 16.2 258.9

3.9 11.1 58.0 15.6 3.6 0.1 8.2 1.9 107.1 40.6 17.1 267.3

3.9 11.3 56.0 15.5 3.8 0.1 7.9 2.1 98.2 40.9 17.1 256.8

5.3 11.9 57.3 16.2 4.1 0.1 8.5 2.2 97.0 41.3 16.5 260.4

5.6 13.5 55.5 16.7 4.2 0.1 8.3 2.2 94.1 45.0 18.0 263.3

5.5 13.6 58.4 16.1 4.4 0.1 8.6 2.2 94.9 50.0 17.9 271.9

5.2 14.4 59.5 15.6 4.7 0.2 8.6 2.3 97.0 49.0 17.8 274.1

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.60 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Electricity and heat output Production d'électricité et de chaleur terawatt hours

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

% change 90-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

6.5 28.4 105.4 17.4 8.9 163.0 17.2 16.8 32.1 10.2 3 095.9 16.2 9.8 492.5 77.6 4 097.9

6.9 25.8 110.7 16.7 7.7 126.9 14.6 17.7 34.1 8.8 2 589.3 15.5 11.7 414.5 75.6 3 476.5

6.4 23.7 111.4 16.4 7.7 121.1 16.5 14.2 27.9 7.4 2 604.5 16.8 11.0 400.0 75.9 3 461.0

6.8 23.4 103.6 16.0 7.4 130.2 18.7 13.0 24.5 5.4 2 678.4 15.1 11.2 378.7 77.7 3 510.1

6.3 24.4 107.2 16.0 6.9 137.2 17.3 13.7 27.6 5.9 2 674.9 15.3 12.0 384.4 77.7 3 527.0

6.0 25.6 105.7 16.1 8.1 150.6 15.2 13.2 31.3 5.1 2 638.5 16.2 12.1 389.4 79.5 3 512.7

5.9 27.8 107.3 17.4 8.1 163.3 17.5 13.3 33.1 5.3 2 665.9 17.5 12.2 380.5 79.5 3 554.8

6.4 28.1 111.1 17.8 7.9 168.8 18.4 13.3 32.5 7.2 2 665.1 17.5 13.5 377.2 80.0 3 564.9

6.8 27.5 111.2 17.6 8.0 174.1 18.5 13.6 28.3 7.7 2 683.1 18.1 14.5 382.5 77.7 3 589.2

6.5 30.1 112.7 17.2 7.7 181.5 19.1 13.2 26.6 8.0 2 780.0 18.0 15.5 368.4 79.2 3 683.7

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

67.0 3.0 275.6 28.0 42.7 4.9 12.5 5.5 8.4 3.4 3.4 0.5 2.7 5.8 1.0 1.8 3.5 42.2 16.1 4.3 6.3 73.4 9.0 621.2

74.0 3.7 321.9 35.5 45.6 5.4 14.1 7.7 10.9 3.8 4.5 0.7 3.4 6.5 1.1 2.2 4.2 50.9 18.6 5.2 9.6 80.9 10.0 720.4

80.5 3.9 335.6 38.4 44.2 6.2 14.5 7.7 10.3 3.8 5.2 0.7 3.2 6.6 1.1 2.1 4.6 52.0 19.0 5.2 7.2 80.6 10.3 742.9

88.9 3.9 350.1 41.3 44.6 6.9 15.0 8.5 10.6 3.9 6.0 0.5 3.7 6.6 1.1 2.3 4.9 53.5 19.9 5.5 7.6 85.2 10.6 781.1

90.1 4.0 328.9 43.9 44.1 6.9 15.3 10.3 11.1 3.9 5.9 0.6 3.9 6.7 1.1 2.5 5.1 45.3 20.8 5.6 9.3 90.1 10.8 766.1

84.5 4.2 346.6 45.5 45.9 7.5 15.7 11.5 11.9 4.1 6.2 0.5 4.2 6.9 1.1 2.7 5.3 48.2 22.0 5.6 9.6 89.0 11.1 789.8

92.0 4.3 366.0 48.8 47.6 7.6 15.8 13.5 11.5 4.4 6.6 0.5 4.5 7.1 1.2 2.7 5.6 51.8 22.9 6.4 8.6 91.8 11.2 832.6

100.2 4.5 388.7 52.0 51.0 8.2 15.6 13.8 12.6 4.4 7.0 0.5 4.9 7.2 1.2 2.8 5.8 51.9 24.3 6.4 5.9 98.5 11.3 878.8

105.5 4.9 404.1 54.5 51.6 8.3 15.3 12.9 13.4 4.8 7.6 0.6 5.6 7.4 1.2 2.9 5.8 51.2 25.5 7.1 7.7 105.8 11.6 915.1

115.0 5.3 421.0 57.6 54.3 8.7 16.5 14.2 15.4 5.6 7.9 0.6 6.0 7.5 1.3 3.0 6.0 53.8 27.4 7.0 5.6 110.4 11.9 961.7

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

10.8 2.0 0.2 129.1 417.6 58.9 23.0 45.5 10.6 4.1 1.2 57.0 33.6 22.2 4.8 80.1 14.6 8.4 923.6

12.9 2.5 0.4 158.8 496.9 77.3 17.0 60.7 10.3 4.1 1.3 65.4 38.4 28.4 5.7 90.1 21.7 10.0 1 101.7

14.5 2.4 0.4 165.6 537.4 84.3 18.6 65.2 10.8 4.6 1.5 65.8 41.3 29.5 6.2 90.0 23.6 11.3 1 173.0

15.8 2.5 0.5 180.5 562.2 92.6 19.4 69.3 11.0 5.1 1.7 68.1 45.3 31.7 6.7 96.0 26.6 12.7 1 247.6

17.4 2.6 0.5 184.5 581.0 101.6 20.2 71.4 10.7 4.7 1.9 72.4 47.0 33.1 6.5 102.4 30.6 13.7 1 302.3

18.7 2.7 0.6 195.2 598.4 108.2 19.8 74.2 11.2 5.1 2.1 75.7 48.5 34.7 6.8 109.0 35.8 14.2 1 360.8

19.7 3.2 0.6 205.2 635.2 112.9 21.0 78.5 11.5 5.4 2.3 80.8 52.9 35.3 7.6 117.0 40.9 14.3 1 444.4

21.5 3.3 0.8 215.1 667.6 120.2 22.0 82.0 12.4 5.6 2.4 85.7 56.0 36.8 8.0 125.7 46.0 15.1 1 526.0

22.6 3.3 0.9 223.6 699.2 127.4 22.9 84.8 12.6 6.0 2.6 93.8 56.5 38.2 8.8 132.2 53.5 15.3 1 604.3

24.3 3.3 1.2 231.5 744.1 133.1 22.4 91.6 12.8 6.2 2.7 98.4 56.7 39.4 9.4 138.7 56.5 16.4 1 688.7

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

.. .. ..

1 305.6 27.9 1 333.5

1 519.6 31.4 1 551.0

1 613.3 29.5 1 642.8

1 762.2 31.3 1 793.5

1 898.0 32.4 1 930.4

2 097.5 34.3 2 131.8

2 401.0 35.5 2 436.5

2 736.0 37.1 2 773.1

3 135.4 38.5 3 173.8

3 549.8 38.6 3 588.4

.. .. ..

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 61

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur * grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

..

472

494

489

486

492

488

496

502

501

505

502

.. .. .. 399 482 .. ..

419 459 526 357 461 342 627

435 467 555 338 452 360 643

430 458 542 328 467 360 633

428 456 539 326 469 357 622

435 468 566 325 480 355 618

426 454 522 332 505 357 619

429 455 527 326 522 366 630

421 447 526 316 507 355 651

418 443 522 306 511 355 646

414 436 512 306 506 359 652

418 442 520 309 508 356 650

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

352

357

355

354

355

361

366

353

349

350

351

Non-OECD Total

..

474

515

514

512

511

518

535

552

555

565

557

OECD Total

..

470

476

467

465

476

461

462

454

450

444

450

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

203 538 .. ..

184 507 579 526

221 572 604 556

212 561 591 543

222 566 586 540

231 568 617 566

217 570 567 524

226 576 571 529

209 528 572 526

196 555 570 523

184 541 559 513

196 541 567 521

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

813 434 520 128 486

808 411 540 113 472

861 381 497 216 459

867 397 482 239 469

863 401 447 230 465

890 402 477 278 479

938 422 454 250 494

919 445 449 295 506

914 428 475 275 499

922 427 460 312 499

921 418 464 309 495

919 424 466 299 498

245 344 597 476 227 109 553 990 433 1 740 575 2 588 588 3 641 516 376 427 48 22 568 672 435

214 357 602 430 247 76 522 946 444 2 727 545 1 340 530 4 670 569 375 453 50 22 512 529 394

208 315 589 390 212 100 506 797 432 3 703 513 249 470 5 663 471 351 379 53 28 530 477 377

193 278 580 363 212 86 489 779 412 4 697 494 258 468 6 664 539 340 443 49 22 549 441 367

180 284 596 339 211 83 494 817 410 1 642 499 255 447 4 671 479 267 430 42 22 519 461 364

203 272 584 336 242 71 506 831 394 1 668 483 240 460 6 660 442 241 382 42 21 544 474 362

196 266 561 332 253 76 508 814 391 1 635 506 329 458 5 662 512 215 434 52 22 472 460 364

234 274 524 357 293 80 434 778 425 1 600 516 330 463 8 662 413 255 378 59 23 444 478 358

228 281 525 308 254 78 436 776 392 1 574 416 334 440 7 664 452 240 382 51 24 419 485 347

223 271 525 282 193 92 405 776 341 1 582 413 328 387 6 657 501 229 396 44 26 426 484 338

214 260 527 341 242 85 404 725 344 1 535 404 326 394 7 659 416 223 350 48 26 438 505 339

222 271 526 310 229 85 415 759 359 1 564 411 329 407 6 660 456 231 376 48 25 428 491 341

..

416

392

383

382

378

382

376

363

355

354

357

World

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

European Union - 27

* CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by the output of electricity and heat generated from fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar and biomass. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.62 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

Non-OECD Total

..

474

515

514

512

511

518

535

552

555

565

557

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

699 177 951 1 800 10 9 4 275 443 1 463 42 255 3 72 1 131 869 64 37 292 881 878 465 284 185 588 7 920 381 687

706 202 678 1 248 15 9 5 517 467 687 25 344 231 282 1 069 730 3 45 338 878 927 466 42 454 608 10 908 398 710

693 341 659 1 575 11 114 4 414 455 700 10 326 187 412 1 056 758 3 30 350 908 890 428 126 399 598 7 812 414 680

686 382 601 1 876 10 4 379 412 713 11 326 68 562 1 022 770 5 21 407 782 893 533 192 561 574 7 740 469 669

687 381 955 1 318 16 4 394 381 749 9 272 115 392 996 764 4 29 340 799 829 533 70 1 493 584 7 848 478 623

699 354 950 1 323 27 4 409 437 659 8 282 255 271 971 766 3 75 354 645 819 632 57 333 564 7 717 481 626

700 373 752 1 320 31 96 3 384 432 694 6 306 277 200 978 737 3 74 340 520 845 743 51 216 554 7 515 486 638

700 216 740 1 739 28 83 3 404 473 722 6 322 84 280 888 750 3 75 400 555 866 828 138 442 532 7 572 480 652

671 154 709 1 851 39 103 3 445 471 677 3 376 147 307 907 724 1 76 383 634 848 637 268 352 476 7 572 489 636

688 98 696 1 851 43 102 3 436 470 690 3 347 276 317 879 708 1 76 386 726 869 614 316 459 546 7 573 489 645

686 156 715 1 814 36 96 3 428 471 697 4 348 169 301 891 727 2 75 390 638 861 693 241 418 518 7 572 486 644

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

815 605 698 821 834 638 654 830 1 131 815 586 737 946 728

822 562 678 766 807 650 783 751 865 815 596 710 995 705

852 582 678 767 747 673 815 809 823 811 598 708 921 709

868 568 731 761 708 689 733 796 771 810 567 728 930 706

840 578 813 773 702 670 751 817 781 778 559 746 930 706

835 560 751 823 741 624 722 829 782 751 554 764 919 691

883 534 787 818 680 663 709 853 779 739 563 805 884 687

881 532 702 809 683 754 565 885 649 762 556 913 874 697

890 528 700 798 631 808 667 854 618 752 590 844 841 692

825 514 701 774 602 643 695 856 626 755 604 820 823 670

865 525 701 794 638 735 642 865 631 756 584 859 846 686

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

37 173 429 272 822 766 839 957 440 900 339 492

17 802 480 322 843 766 751 932 351 864 394 486

39 709 446 306 856 766 685 903 360 730 367 457

49 797 431 303 838 760 680 862 396 807 330 485

60 767 463 313 777 754 778 1 022 412 764 340 497

58 825 433 357 756 760 722 815 412 795 372 502

30 849 470 380 833 755 665 809 451 825 367 530

32 741 471 300 773 766 679 896 418 781 337 504

34 752 450 311 789 740 644 855 400 664 328 478

32 802 448 318 758 730 619 834 429 716 332 499

33 765 456 310 773 745 647 862 416 720 332 494

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 63

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

214 502 323 680 487 448 127 238 175 514 292 50 931 383 433 315

258 540 304 715 162 439 123 198 177 685 326 45 610 332 485 334

225 614 297 700 154 438 104 218 178 631 327 41 791 339 483 336

236 648 306 691 193 480 106 200 161 739 321 41 795 347 458 334

243 561 297 678 133 422 101 189 149 767 321 41 795 330 467 330

153 490 297 663 72 465 106 188 125 738 327 27 795 325 475 334

148 523 292 717 76 465 94 183 114 755 329 27 795 381 454 342

120 511 301 701 100 457 90 166 116 515 325 28 795 316 448 332

138 504 296 665 103 449 82 162 139 519 325 27 795 331 442 333

138 473 296 640 145 520 79 167 139 476 329 28 795 344 446 341

132 496 298 669 116 475 83 165 131 503 326 28 795 330 446 335

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

273 480 55 261 205 156 1 137 876 314 403 306 327 327 888 717 484 317 2 186 711 53 219 691 183

344 448 62 418 213 68 1 170 831 287 369 450 379 381 831 718 632 446 0 195 709 33 237 579 201

365 312 82 459 177 21 1 032 850 236 273 338 289 261 823 719 605 224 0 171 708 187 218 510 204

338 304 88 331 201 8 1 024 759 215 288 392 346 280 821 717 610 231 152 691 57 210 496 196

267 507 104 261 191 14 991 658 272 302 421 340 329 824 717 613 399 120 694 3 282 486 205

258 469 86 262 187 15 1 090 734 281 310 484 399 282 803 718 563 270 143 772 4 278 501 197

275 448 79 279 176 20 1 138 661 299 296 404 320 352 795 717 558 356 148 731 2 245 514 193

317 525 85 341 163 17 1 075 605 302 275 434 301 451 785 718 557 266 206 759 150 245 507 204

307 513 84 328 163 27 1 012 590 369 263 384 307 411 734 718 539 275 198 709 103 189 509 193

303 505 81 294 150 47 1 019 624 396 217 334 305 413 830 717 550 229 172 724 296 208 509 194

309 514 84 321 159 31 1 035 606 356 252 384 304 425 783 718 549 256 192 731 183 214 508 197

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

601 880 1 816 530 927 552 481 556 610 508 26 405 509 939 51 606 294 353 713

588 865 2 074 575 922 607 500 539 595 600 73 411 591 774 204 608 468 289 724

592 831 1 764 593 920 626 552 528 560 572 34 468 501 656 229 596 397 261 723

556 795 1 798 618 939 596 584 517 587 457 12 479 498 664 427 564 420 243 729

602 799 1 940 629 935 679 583 541 585 405 7 463 530 635 406 562 392 223 733

604 818 1 970 617 920 655 568 591 613 376 2 443 482 595 435 548 424 254 719

574 801 1 880 650 904 711 542 525 554 426 1 371 460 574 378 528 375 287 708

628 802 1 301 644 943 690 528 538 526 414 6 397 457 556 429 539 407 310 726

557 782 1 205 651 936 694 522 641 533 365 4 380 495 544 398 535 406 308 726

584 821 1 005 659 944 677 533 655 523 338 4 413 435 536 314 511 396 308 729

590 801 1 170 651 941 687 528 611 528 372 4 397 462 545 380 528 403 308 727

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

.. .. ..

803 854 804

823 741 821

798 716 796

765 712 764

740 720 739

748 725 748

776 795 776

805 831 806

787 809 788

788 855 788

793 832 794

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.64 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using coal/peat* Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Charbon/tourbe* grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

..

884

910

901

879

899

881

891

913

910

913

912

.. .. .. 858 1 033 .. ..

839 924 941 861 992 614 985

860 918 927 855 1 004 663 1 008

857 909 914 847 1 007 675 984

840 911 917 847 1 003 613 950

874 959 984 867 1 004 616 939

851 919 919 868 1 012 627 928

854 910 917 847 993 666 942

858 914 923 850 987 660 983

864 905 912 844 974 711 962

866 906 911 852 976 717 963

863 908 915 849 979 696 969

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

759

796

802

768

778

789

798

800

819

822

814

Non-OECD Total

..

849

915

904

857

852

855

884

922

925

928

925

OECD Total

..

910

906

900

897

939

905

898

904

894

895

898

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1 010 921 .. ..

992 919 938 940

944 930 926 927

935 1 084 913 915

934 1 090 916 919

916 1 058 988 985

897 1 063 921 921

899 1 011 918 918

927 1 004 923 924

873 979 914 913

864 897 913 911

888 960 917 916

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

963 1 099 2 017 2 056 1 101

968 1 006 1 250 2 055 1 028

1 021 976 1 107 2 748 1 023

1 044 966 1 105 2 476 1 025

1 046 961 891 2 753 977

1 064 950 940 2 471 988

1 101 940 898 2 663 984

1 073 930 943 1 878 981

1 062 925 987 1 854 987

1 065 903 971 1 634 973

1 061 906 980 1 681 977

1 063 912 979 1 723 979

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

866 990 736 577 504 1 053 825 1 137 910 917 963 3 170 859 1 100 666 886 745 936 467 495 1 199 910 810

922 1 024 777 555 536 1 111 854 1 126 905 923 987 3 701 907 574 682 854 795 911 473 908 1 132 880 825

954 1 013 775 544 566 1 069 821 916 953 950 997 918 637 679 869 843 910 579 1 142 943 824

898 1 104 777 521 556 1 036 813 923 893 964 1 006 961 663 682 851 811 899 624 1 131 916 818

845 992 782 519 546 921 814 986 871 898 974 951 612 689 865 760 917 638 1 080 906 819

840 1 072 777 517 567 881 873 981 931 897 963 960 721 681 849 700 915 621 1 082 898 830

865 1 088 787 538 572 899 871 987 940 912 976 962 663 686 842 788 912 608 1 102 890 834

846 1 092 773 600 622 886 820 989 955 908 967 965 664 687 838 838 910 616 1 068 901 818

926 1 136 790 556 613 905 818 1 006 987 877 942 958 583 692 843 778 891 585 1 045 927 823

940 1 180 780 536 532 895 803 1 000 962 868 970 788 654 687 857 786 883 638 916 934 813

941 1 237 787 602 590 923 839 1 003 916 866 976 756 662 689 859 790 859 619 1 015 917 822

936 1 184 785 565 578 908 820 1 003 955 870 963 834 633 689 853 785 878 614 992 926 819

..

821

817

811

813

824

828

815

821

814

819

818

World

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

European Union - 27

* CO2 emissions from coal consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by output of electricity and heat generated from coal. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 65

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using coal/peat Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Charbon/tourbe grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

Non-OECD Total

..

849

915

904

857

852

855

884

922

925

928

925

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

1 815 912 1 346 938 1 116 1 718 1 287 957 952

1 252 880 2 384 1 004 1 120 1 693 1 270 957 1 007

1 588 856 1 148 955 1 111 1 636 1 379 956 964

1 900 839 1 262 960 1 107 1 636 1 383 956 966

1 325 821 1 403 884 1 116 1 527 1 362 956 894

1 329 821 1 346 882 1 116 1 527 1 287 956 890

1 326 817 1 336 905 1 114 1 575 1 311 955 908

1 776 839 1 344 930 1 113 1 617 1 321 955 935

1 856 860 1 330 902 1 111 1 654 1 321 955 911

1 856 851 1 327 929 1 106 1 688 1 321 956 936

1 830 850 1 334 920 1 110 1 653 1 321 956 927

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

849 849

855 855

848 848

844 844

858 858

851 851

855 855

859 859

855 855

863 863

859 859

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

977 892 1 038 1 080 1 382 861 1 568 694 1 030

1 686 929 1 061 1 007 793 1 444 847 1 058

799 1 622 875 1 017 984 827 1 354 830 1 019

920 1 615 853 894 956 823 1 367 817 1 013

967 1 554 882 938 1 012 826 1 308 827 1 000

759 1 686 870 907 964 830 1 335 878 1 020

1 898 1 479 897 859 942 824 1 277 839 1 000

1 898 1 436 934 913 976 845 1 261 828 1 020

1 898 1 445 960 874 916 822 1 120 784 976

1 898 1 450 946 850 905 853 1 152 783 991

1 898 1 444 947 879 932 840 1 178 798 995

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.66 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using coal/peat Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Charbon/tourbe grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

498 931 967 450 517 498 525 804 471 1 222 1 140 535

509 1 009 443 535 583 460 1 025 557 1 130 1 121 589

414 1 016 453 531 580 441 1 011 592 1 024 1 019 612

425 1 002 494 527 697 468 1 011 501 1 042 1 019 541

501 984 433 509 608 500 1 010 509 939 1 019 533

489 954 477 508 564 487 1 058 523 953 1 019 551

499 963 483 668 537 526 1 013 565 1 120 1 018 596

530 986 480 608 508 477 400 558 1 091 1 018 583

511 952 455 474 533 435 398 634 1 166 1 018 640

487 922 535 475 474 433 390 645 1 085 1 018 666

510 953 490 519 505 448 396 612 1 114 1 018 630

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2 026 1 565 960 1 167 886 1 313

1 435 1 432 971 1 054 887 1 144

1 149 1 348 1 018 1 208 887 1 055 1 165

1 246 1 474 1 026 1 246 886 1 029 1 112 1 262

1 370 1 496 1 068 1 095 886 957 1 113 1 294

1 945 1 524 1 130 1 191 886 957 1 112 1 320

1 709 1 576 1 243 1 110 886 925 1 112 1 306

1 420 1 484 1 242 1 266 886 919 1 112 1 300

1 372 1 627 1 235 1 100 886 929 1 112 1 334

1 235 1 665 1 158 1 086 886 948 1 112 1 300

1 342 1 592 1 212 1 151 886 932 1 112 1 312

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

842 1 213 806 1 253 855 613 1 575 1 436 986 1 362 1 128

894 1 215 981 1 226 901 598 1 439 684 1 003 1 422 1 126

924 1 220 1 038 1 218 855 560 1 474 919 970 1 414 1 138

920 1 203 836 1 217 975 586 1 484 936 959 1 423 1 111

910 1 199 1 072 1 208 771 585 1 544 892 955 1 545 1 114

890 1 153 967 1 208 856 612 1 604 921 976 1 193 1 075

947 1 161 1 025 1 208 1 083 552 1 855 971 989 922 1 094

962 1 224 983 1 208 793 523 1 993 909 989 925 1 124

970 1 244 1 027 1 208 930 530 2 247 1 151 980 926 1 149

961 1 270 980 1 208 1 134 519 2 346 1 031 812 925 1 159

965 1 246 997 1 208 952 524 2 195 1 030 927 925 1 144

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

.. .. ..

987 855 984

1 001 845 998

952 879 951

911 868 911

901 875 901

902 879 902

918 889 917

969 998 969

937 957 938

931 1 025 931

945 993 946

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 67

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using oil * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Pétrole * grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

..

593

654

660

667

657

659

663

651

664

648

655

.. .. .. 635 630 .. ..

485 605 506 611 652 352 770

555 659 771 582 643 397 786

560 652 766 581 633 394 779

573 659 789 589 630 403 756

558 643 705 600 631 400 751

563 635 743 575 624 410 749

578 654 741 596 623 401 744

558 625 761 503 620 385 732

576 638 738 561 615 401 737

531 589 776 497 574 394 732

555 617 758 520 603 393 734

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

487

509

514

526

524

530

537

498

528

487

504

Non-OECD Total

..

575

642

653

672

666

676

671

678

685

679

680

OECD Total

..

620

672

669

660

645

636

652

615

636

596

616

701 734 .. ..

624 690 491 582

651 756 786 766

613 765 784 766

613 756 811 775

687 756 707 724

688 795 750 763

705 851 747 772

668 733 777 753

685 813 744 760

709 821 784 793

687 789 768 768

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

652 630 765 1 223 640

743 651 682 1 087 658

623 644 645 643

552 634 689 639

557 631 482 589

634 631 484 583

742 620 410 568

1 111 615 400 986 565

1 643 607 404 744 553

1 247 606 420 781 561

1 144 563 415 679 528

1 344 592 413 734 547

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

500 403 430 413 341 603 497 746 457 520 756 672 1 021 693 1 640 385 693 381 802 297 498 899 660 616

422 341 351 551 323 506 363 737 574 490 736 663 1 226 534 1 035 451 709 753 795 301 556 951 672 610

472 464 480 560 318 565 320 746 592 340 723 655 534 370 450 637 688 583 340 656 921 534 590

449 907 551 589 319 538 334 761 577 327 712 665 386 372 444 624 926 650 339 460 889 460 589

378 729 550 624 322 238 438 731 599 296 696 704 536 400 463 593 757 630 333 349 852 431 598

413 536 473 562 358 201 564 730 637 327 736 706 563 383 452 623 405 657 326 342 735 563 602

388 511 456 531 344 191 473 743 555 270 759 640 536 281 456 621 414 654 316 339 672 553 575

421 825 440 407 382 275 496 749 574 270 792 690 530 316 456 616 410 645 324 342 668 641 593

420 828 406 400 361 320 376 721 779 781 766 489 534 299 484 596 382 660 345 351 688 668 510

391 747 398 389 344 585 718 714 751 624 740 472 383 401 492 600 400 696 329 363 654 609 561

384 749 406 395 372 575 411 694 827 781 825 451 403 321 510 550 403 603 331 368 740 573 504

398 775 403 394 359 493 502 710 786 728 777 471 440 341 495 582 395 653 335 361 694 617 525

..

560

551

559

572

578

561

583

508

559

504

524

World

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

European Union - 27

* CO2 emissions from oil consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by output of electricity and heat generated from oil. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.68 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using oil Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Pétrole grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

Non-OECD Total

..

575

642

653

672

666

676

671

678

685

679

680

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

1 178 2 835 951 1 054 893 1 587 1 219 692 660 1 463 641 803 836 728 1 290 916 907 833 693 980 819 972 1 495 1 058 921 917 743 904

1 184 1 034 696 1 054 916 1 587 1 155 665 678 691 860 887 981 1 600 1 194 767 762 833 839 931 992 1 524 1 058 938 917 718 861

1 135 1 034 678 1 051 907 794 1 097 1 068 768 703 836 846 1 465 1 253 1 194 750 866 804 964 948 855 1 488 769 934 743 2 556 742 927

863 1 037 616 1 051 919 1 155 970 708 717 828 777 802 1 083 1 144 769 1 058 804 966 1 045 1 030 1 488 1 309 907 922 1 539 850 936

840 1 006 985 1 050 853 1 155 970 698 752 1 003 648 720 1 198 1 111 820 1 058 812 965 1 012 1 031 1 509 2 516 937 896 2 020 850 943

968 1 004 981 1 085 753 1 097 970 773 661 756 680 824 1 160 1 089 801 1 027 740 965 993 1 137 1 482 780 919 896 3 175 856 947

864 986 771 1 085 733 705 1 045 1 042 744 696 794 676 811 1 124 1 067 793 840 740 963 845 1 138 1 459 732 1 000 896 2 963 868 936

869 988 749 1 055 600 997 893 778 725 882 682 665 1 069 943 793 814 740 964 876 1 137 1 499 799 953 896 1 965 873 880

929 984 716 1 026 698 954 635 791 680 794 697 860 1 041 1 003 787 907 999 988 917 911 1 411 589 960 847 2 117 869 893

932 988 696 1 026 716 914 1 587 720 696 953 702 827 1 040 1 078 796 794 999 1 002 871 910 1 494 798 839 847 2 117 869 874

910 987 721 1 036 671 955 1 038 763 700 876 694 784 1 050 1 008 792 838 913 984 888 986 1 468 729 917 864 2 066 870 882

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

968 712 777 860 734 753 1 056 804 777 968 946 811

1 051 691 557 814 725 865 1 054 813 765 928 995 794

1 020 691 603 756 730 849 1 056 830 763 925 921 800

883 745 578 717 746 778 1 056 844 729 953 930 793

812 829 518 716 722 783 1 056 805 728 976 930 781

830 763 730 755 667 776 1 055 743 730 999 919 756

816 799 695 686 700 814 1 055 718 714 1 052 884 748

810 713 721 753 795 634 1 055 763 730 1 194 874 765

840 711 713 700 847 744 1 015 744 732 1 194 841 773

1 216 1 057 712 716 675 693 751 977 746 776 1 194 823 787

405 902 712 717 709 778 710 1 016 751 746 1 194 846 775

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

501 583 321 456 822 766 376 932 378 418 978 412

504 582 504 575 843 766 355 932 335 419 750 449

811 582 497 584 856 766 344 903 373 419 406 485

665 288 511 582 838 760 434 862 374 394 477 488

658 425 635 639 777 754 376 1 022 385 422 667 496

599 511 577 630 756 760 382 815 392 676 523 516

1 115 499 595 622 833 755 328 809 406 688 436 551

1 203 476 524 578 773 766 333 896 411 437 441 567

1 709 482 540 531 789 740 324 855 395 381 463 537

1 189 474 575 547 758 730 392 834 389 427 396 545

1 367 477 546 552 773 745 350 862 399 415 433 549

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 69

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using oil Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Pétrole grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

306 600 352 349 1 349 1 033 341 356 760 328 481 606 369

725 359 368 1 056 850 350 388 565 394 370 705 417

725 364 368 1 055 686 372 382 875 384 366 698 413

725 359 365 1 052 1 102 376 383 805 398 372 530 429

725 353 412 2 999 806 357 403 839 391 377 594 413

725 346 404 2 603 1 277 339 415 835 407 395 730 435

725 343 419 2 603 670 355 421 815 392 433 527 419

725 370 380 2 603 227 372 477 345 372 771 442 390

725 350 396 2 603 476 350 527 402 392 889 380 410

577 362 408 2 603 492 387 463 379 383 940 398 397

676 361 395 2 603 398 370 489 376 382 867 407 399

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

632 972 810 1 086 891 918 1 197 998 810 938 873 669 845 923 717 842 1 027 926 964 810 1 200 826 938

878 1 070 805 893 889 830 1 246 927 714 788 924 704 871 860 718 820 922 1 715 800 1 058 823 925 681 897

896 838 780 760 874 974 1 099 1 009 777 737 773 688 787 851 719 794 719 1 467 763 1 058 814 1 036 598 854

1 013 925 800 678 864 949 1 084 836 761 593 769 716 734 849 717 748 781 854 1 058 850 889 582 838

1 141 1 266 790 720 864 980 1 050 687 756 672 769 649 842 844 717 748 787 863 1 058 1 126 1 148 568 847

1 059 1 267 698 805 861 936 1 156 792 749 653 774 761 690 826 718 714 764 827 1 058 1 104 1 026 585 845

1 132 1 272 762 728 874 1 119 1 209 689 739 697 774 611 682 820 717 741 727 793 1 058 1 214 796 600 827

922 1 275 701 769 877 747 1 127 653 698 602 775 573 875 813 718 741 782 735 705 820 1 119 593 841

808 1 275 760 714 877 818 1 057 689 720 619 811 587 618 760 718 772 769 908 794 821 765 596 784

716 1 275 728 883 874 772 1 055 682 705 490 810 582 737 861 717 762 588 649 635 843 769 596 773

815 1 275 730 789 876 779 1 080 675 707 570 798 581 743 812 718 758 713 764 711 828 885 595 799

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

1 004 847 1 816 701 1 105 685 1 379 778 481 894 827 757 736 1 201 696 741 900 805 812

1 045 866 2 074 688 1 081 860 1 380 713 496 1 082 771 751 1 086 893 656 741 899 698 843

939 722 1 764 692 1 003 737 1 380 722 548 917 761 747 891 707 703 744 936 617 782

1 078 690 1 798 695 1 036 786 1 379 742 606 868 755 755 757 707 820 749 914 592 794

1 182 794 1 940 680 1 035 693 1 380 736 600 778 755 758 801 707 778 805 936 498 783

1 121 762 2 076 695 870 713 1 379 733 700 747 850 773 825 707 720 751 907 553 768

1 084 762 2 010 720 915 775 1 379 731 682 738 850 675 686 707 669 725 894 597 777

1 017 766 1 350 741 930 709 1 379 751 726 736 971 795 724 707 679 715 891 621 774

1 097 766 1 269 745 923 691 1 379 647 864 735 1 020 692 689 707 656 729 870 618 752

1 097 770 1 050 729 865 606 1 378 679 906 797 1 020 749 663 707 620 739 870 617 728

1 070 767 1 223 738 906 669 1 379 693 832 756 1 004 746 692 707 652 728 877 619 752

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

.. .. ..

619 813 620

631 795 631

650 844 651

637 942 637

635 934 636

645 1 011 645

667 863 667

667 818 667

683 935 683

648 979 648

666 911 666

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.70 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using gas* Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Gaz* grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

..

366

395

396

389

389

391

386

388

390

391

390

.. .. .. 403 469 .. ..

332 457 502 372 455 265 563

359 458 532 367 439 287 558

360 455 532 370 432 288 547

350 415 459 353 428 296 543

348 407 453 340 429 297 543

349 404 435 346 447 298 539

344 390 426 328 447 302 527

342 389 436 320 448 298 531

344 386 435 316 448 301 532

344 388 433 317 463 299 529

343 388 435 318 453 299 531

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

294

318

320

324

323

326

326

319

320

321

320

Non-OECD Total

..

326

362

363

374

380

385

386

388

393

392

391

OECD Total

..

453

452

449

411

402

400

387

388

386

390

388

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

371 555 .. ..

360 542 509 504

388 544 539 532

379 536 541 532

407 529 462 463

411 486 455 455

395 461 437 436

424 468 427 430

392 497 438 442

395 512 437 443

398 550 434 446

395 520 437 443

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

496 465 496 506 470

417 457 389 533 448

383 443 351 490 429

374 436 356 469 423

362 433 336 471 417

392 431 353 451 419

583 432 338 440 431

577 432 325 439 429

560 434 347 428 428

570 432 343 429 426

577 450 349 438 437

569 439 346 432 431

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

384 454 237 222 241 337 372 459 343 499 475 662 434 289 442 423 217 241 488 521 397

404 412 227 235 274 335 314 435 359 480 466 307 363 302 303 429 457 218 232 419 426 371

348 384 250 254 243 340 343 481 298 490 446 201 318 257 281 436 333 302 253 232 437 411 364

344 346 284 255 233 325 360 518 296 507 439 221 341 296 296 392 387 352 220 230 408 386 368

314 335 271 250 238 251 345 505 305 460 431 206 300 293 303 364 333 311 227 230 346 382 349

320 311 267 249 242 249 314 482 286 473 402 202 313 328 311 346 278 281 222 232 359 387 337

308 310 269 250 242 246 326 446 315 445 435 327 316 288 327 347 239 325 252 233 357 379 342

315 336 266 252 244 240 259 434 335 421 420 322 317 283 316 347 240 316 219 237 347 379 327

300 334 284 254 243 233 259 416 308 407 348 328 308 288 329 339 251 324 216 236 355 388 321

310 348 273 249 233 242 260 459 305 412 344 325 282 283 333 337 241 319 219 238 357 384 318

290 307 283 252 247 254 257 416 312 389 336 326 297 282 329 331 236 342 217 242 341 390 318

300 330 280 252 241 243 259 430 308 403 343 326 296 284 330 335 243 328 217 239 351 387 319

..

357

350

357

343

330

336

324

315

312

313

313

World

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

European Union - 27

* CO2 emissions from gas consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by output of electricity and heat generated from gas. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II. 71

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using gas Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Gaz grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

Non-OECD Total

..

326

362

363

374

380

385

386

388

393

392

391

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

690 736 529 876 591 652 410 604 533 563

695 813 515 875 591 527 515 602 568 588

687 615 515 919 591 628 515 611 555 573

682 598 467 929 591 778 628 628 536 545

685 622 442 894 591 1 106 515 804 550 523

695 606 484 893 529 1 155 515 518 804 529 542

702 573 600 484 899 632 1 674 515 512 803 521 544

702 576 596 490 915 662 775 515 517 803 602 502 550

677 573 600 490 919 662 332 724 515 519 803 602 440 537

687 572 600 490 910 591 334 684 515 516 804 603 503 543

688 574 599 490 915 638 222 728 515 517 803 602 482 543

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

815 507 516 681 539 776 1 131 830 543 730 680

822 507 524 769 531 690 865 817 543 702 645

852 507 525 688 539 759 823 784 543 700 638

868 507 541 671 553 742 771 766 543 721 637

840 529 529 626 539 765 781 749 543 740 651

835 527 535 646 478 780 782 759 543 758 654

883 525 542 667 516 809 779 761 543 798 660

881 511 548 622 586 848 649 760 543 906 668

890 516 552 582 627 819 618 761 543 836 661

799 451 468 576 510 830 626 765 543 812 619

857 493 522 593 574 832 631 762 543 852 650

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

302 423 322 241 319

287 296 337 234 288 280 294

275 285 337 238 285 259 290

287 296 339 238 295 260 237 294

287 283 324 235 292 270 249 290

287 288 346 236 309 258 271 302

287 261 313 249 349 268 278 320

287 232 318 255 313 268 246 293

287 236 304 243 311 230 260 284

287 244 323 242 315 229 244 291

287 237 315 247 313 242 250 289

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.72 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using gas Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Gaz grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Average 04-06

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

328 341 299 223 934 559 309 247 255 402 259 517 931 273 422 272

473 305 284 229 923 615 309 230 267 680 288 517 610 282 467 297

457 445 281 227 924 535 309 249 270 609 286 517 791 300 472 299

457 582 298 232 887 591 309 240 268 734 293 517 795 317 465 308

458 521 288 235 616 585 309 241 268 769 298 517 795 308 466 311

454 444 292 236 393 585 309 239 257 744 301 338 795 294 467 311

455 481 289 236 348 585 309 236 257 752 297 337 795 347 468 314

351 496 298 231 369 644 309 238 260 525 299 348 795 293 469 310

404 496 297 233 389 800 309 236 264 527 305 342 795 283 469 314

442 496 297 234 450 737 309 234 257 483 305 349 795 264 469 313

399 496 297 233 403 727 309 236 260 512 303 346 795 280 469 312

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

437 845 740 602 646 377 670 716 675 580 572

576 764 550 452 534 477 670 711 814 714 635

520 563 494 410 534 477 670 710 824 708 580

514 605 496 383 534 477 670 693 753 703 552

490 1 043 455 387 534 477 646 697 717 711 539

482 882 478 356 534 477 937 646 776 741 703 543

474 635 445 347 534 502 977 646 732 451 652 692 503

467 898 472 382 534 502 903 646 762 578 652 659 510

448 738 473 424 534 502 965 907 711 469 652 681 512

459 743 451 415 535 502 883 895 727 536 719 697 524

458 793 465 407 534 502 917 816 734 528 674 679 515

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

586 881 510 539 575 569 843 594 1 051 447 468 514 545

588 865 470 554 487 526 751 464 881 443 495 551 518

595 832 443 448 484 556 692 545 848 454 486 601 506

555 796 458 503 495 532 686 550 1 185 472 489 591 514

597 799 467 493 560 555 637 537 313 449 506 584 526

603 819 434 538 475 582 654 529 380 449 503 643 523

573 801 405 469 472 457 725 536 387 488 483 522 482

639 802 355 480 507 471 725 526 379 488 475 546 485

552 782 362 480 429 578 725 537 368 488 472 546 490

583 822 385 480 469 544 725 536 356 488 472 546 491

591 802 367 480 468 531 725 533 368 488 473 546 489

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

.. .. ..

516 859 524

415 540 477

353 500 426

334 468 388

315 467 375

304 448 360

326 457 367

325 451 365

351 454 378

370 472 397

349 459 380

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.73

GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TOTALS

TOTAUX MONDIAUX ET REGIONAUX

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.74 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

World / Monde Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 30000

25000

25000

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 30000

20000 15000 10000

20000 15000 10000

5000

5000

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 29000

100%

28000 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

27000 26000 25000 24000 23000 22000 21000 20000

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

20000 18000

120

16000

100

14000 12000 TWh

1994

80

10000 8000

60

6000

40

4000 20

2000 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.75

World / Monde Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

20 987.6 21 475.4

21 829.0 22 089.9

23 508.5 23 786.4

25 107.8 25 460.4

26 331.8 26 802.0

27 146.3 27 622.0

28 002.7 28 408.2

33.4% 32.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

366 714 386 463 420 154 8 758.8 9 230.5 10 035.2 24 080.6 27 001.2 31 802.2 33 070.4 37 504.6 45 240.0 5 262.4 5 675.9 6 072.8

445 687 10 645.0 33 780.0 49 647.5 6 305.8

466 559 11 143.6 35 146.2 52 222.8 6 383.0

479 703 11 457.5 36 352.4 54 690.8 6 459.7

491 529 11 740.0 37 759.4 57 564.5 6 536.0

34.0% 34.0% 56.8% 74.1% 24.2%

56.3 0.74 0.51 3.98

56.4 0.75 0.50 4.13

56.6 0.75 0.50 4.20

57.0 0.74 0.49 4.28

-0.5% -14.9% -23.3% 7.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

57.2 0.87 0.63 3.99

56.5 0.81 0.58 3.85

56.0 0.74 0.52 3.87

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Oil

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport ** of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers ** Memo: international aviation **

11 686.3 7 842.0 501.3 207.6 2 670.6 14.7 450.2 279.2 11 892.1 218.8 - 13.0 -

10 768.3 711.9 170.3 665.6 1 554.0 6 271.5 4 691.9 1 394.9 650.4 10 886.7 100.2 18.2 582.6 397.1

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

5 444.7 1 816.2 400.8 463.5 1 220.3 166.6 20.3 1 377.4 930.0 5 525.1 89.0 - 8.6 -

103.4 29.7 36.7 1.6 32.1 3.3 0.0 104.3 0.9 0.0 -

28 002.7 10 399.7 1 109.1 1 338.3 5 477.1 6 452.8 4 712.2 3 225.8 1 859.5 28 408.2 408.9 - 3.4 582.6 397.1

33.4% 49.8% 93.1% 32.2% 20.8% 40.9% 43.6% -3.5% 2.3% 32.3%

62.8% 55.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. ** World includes international marine bunkers and international aviation.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

7 842.0 4 691.9 2 670.6 1 816.2 1 579.6 1 554.0 1 220.3 930.0 744.6 711.9 665.6 28 002.7

69.1% 43.2% 21.5% 49.8% 40.1% 15.6% 24.0% 45.2% 1.3% -34.6% 18.1% 33.4%

Level assessment (%) *** 19.1 11.4 6.5 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.0 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.6 68.3

Cumulative total (%) 19.1 30.6 37.1 41.5 45.4 49.2 52.1 54.4 56.2 58.0 59.6 68.3

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.76 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Annex I Parties / Parties de l'Annexe I Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

16000

16000

14000

14000 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

12000 10000 8000 6000

12000 10000 8000 6000

4000

4000

2000

2000

0 1990

0 1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

2004

Gas

2006

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 14600

100%

14400 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

14200 14000 13800 13600 13400 13200

0%

13000 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

12000

TWh

1996

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

10000

100

8000

80

6000

60

4000

40

2000

20

0 1990

1994

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

Gas

1998

2000

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

Hydro

2004

2006

Other

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.77

Annex I Parties / Parties de l'Annexe I Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

13 907.1 14 110.9

13 194.6 13 287.2

13 778.8 13 888.4

14 088.6 14 172.8

14 156.9 14 294.0

14 179.6 14 345.0

14 158.1 14 291.9

1.8% 1.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

235 303 231 558 244 672 5 620.1 5 530.7 5 843.9 19 815.1 21 547.3 25 000.0 22 257.3 23 355.1 27 164.2 1 176.5 1 208.8 1 234.4

248 614 5 938.0 26 142.0 28 650.3 1 250.9

252 732 6 036.4 26 964.3 29 636.1 1 256.5

254 732 6 084.2 27 639.1 30 448.1 1 261.4

254 592 6 080.8 28 432.1 31 421.4 1 266.7

8.2% 8.2% 43.5% 41.2% 7.7%

56.7 0.54 0.49 11.26

56.0 0.53 0.48 11.27

55.7 0.51 0.47 11.24

55.6 0.50 0.45 11.18

-5.9% -29.0% -27.9% -5.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

59.1 0.70 0.62 11.82

57.0 0.61 0.57 10.92

56.3 0.55 0.51 11.16

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

4 824.6 3 736.3 300.8 71.3 615.9 0.3 100.0 69.2 4 884.2 16.4 43.2 -

Oil 5 595.1 199.4 101.3 390.7 741.3 3 464.1 3 050.3 698.3 319.2 5 638.3 11.3 31.9 287.4 230.4

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

3 644.5 1 133.7 323.0 209.4 759.5 134.4 3.1 1 084.5 724.2 3 674.6 28.5 1.6 -

93.9 29.7 34.0 1.6 25.8 2.8 0.0 94.8 0.9 0.0 -

14 158.1 5 099.1 759.1 672.9 2 142.5 3 598.8 3 053.4 1 885.7 1 112.7 14 291.9 57.0 76.8 287.4 230.4

1.8% -0.1% 71.5% 3.7% -15.4% 20.2% 25.5% -13.7% -6.9% 1.3%

23.0% 41.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

3 736.3 3 050.3 1 133.7 759.5 741.3 724.2 615.9 413.8 390.7 379.0 360.3 14 158.1

9.2% 25.5% 14.3% -0.8% -8.8% 20.8% -35.0% -5.6% -1.6% -20.5% 24.1% 1.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 20.4 16.6 6.2 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 77.2

Cumulative total (%) 20.4 37.0 43.2 47.3 51.4 55.3 58.7 61.0 63.1 65.2 67.1 77.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.78 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Annex II Parties / Parties de l'Annexe II Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 12000

10000

10000

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 12000

8000 6000 4000

8000 6000 4000

2000

2000

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 11600

100%

11400 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

11200 11000 10800 10600 10400 10200 10000 9800

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

10000 9000

160

8000

140

7000

120

6000 TWh

1994

100

5000

80

4000 3000

60

2000

40

1000

20

0

0

1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.79

Annex II Parties / Parties de l'Annexe II Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

9 809.8 9 846.5

10 213.9 10 241.4

11 018.7 11 080.0

11 238.7 11 265.3

11 332.8 11 406.5

11 345.1 11 445.9

11 220.8 11 303.2

14.4% 14.8%

169 722 182 783 198 303 4 053.7 4 365.7 4 736.4 18 836.7 20 755.1 24 088.4 18 940.6 20 882.4 24 392.0 799.2 827.7 853.1

199 878 4 774.0 25 118.2 25 491.0 870.9

203 757 4 866.6 25 868.0 26 244.2 876.7

204 934 4 894.8 26 479.4 26 862.7 882.5

203 455 4 859.5 27 197.4 27 599.7 888.1

19.9% 19.9% 44.4% 45.7% 11.1%

56.2 0.45 0.44 12.91

55.6 0.44 0.43 12.93

55.4 0.43 0.42 12.86

55.2 0.41 0.41 12.64

-4.6% -20.8% -21.5% 2.9%

57.8 0.52 0.52 12.27

55.9 0.49 0.49 12.34

55.6 0.46 0.45 12.92

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

3 727.3 3 118.0 134.4 52.2 400.5 0.3 21.9 10.4 3 781.2 15.9 38.0 -

Oil 4 948.4 167.6 62.2 331.4 642.1 3 132.2 2 758.7 613.0 283.8 4 970.9 - 8.3 30.8 281.2 205.6

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

2 473.8 700.6 116.0 175.9 565.9 45.4 2.8 870.0 547.1 2 479.7 5.0 1.0 -

71.3 29.3 18.7 20.6 2.7 0.0 71.3 0.0 -

11 220.8 4 015.5 331.2 559.5 1 629.2 3 177.9 2 761.5 1 507.6 841.3 11 303.2 12.6 69.8 281.2 205.6

14.4% 26.2% 13.3% 5.6% -7.2% 25.6% 29.5% -0.8% -0.3% 14.8%

25.8% 62.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

3 118.0 2 758.7 700.6 642.1 565.9 547.1 400.5 373.5 331.4 329.2 322.9 11 220.8

23.5% 29.4% 131.8% 6.0% 8.3% 22.8% -35.6% 5.7% 0.2% -7.8% 29.6% 14.4%

Level assessment (%) ** 22.3 19.7 5.0 4.6 4.0 3.9 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.3 80.2

Cumulative total (%) 22.3 42.0 47.0 51.6 55.6 59.5 62.4 65.1 67.4 69.8 72.1 80.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.80 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Annex II: North America / Annexe II: Amérique du Nord Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7000

6000

6000 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7000

5000 4000 3000 2000

5000 4000 3000 2000

1000

1000

0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6600

100%

6400 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

6200 6000 5800 5600

20% 5400 5200 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

6000

160

5000

140

TWh

4000

120 100

3000

80 2000

60 40

1000

20 0 1971

0 1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.81

Annex II: North America / Annexe II: Amérique du Nord Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

5 295.5 5 277.2

5 598.4 5 587.4

6 225.6 6 232.9

6 243.0 6 246.8

6 322.8 6 353.5

6 340.8 6 408.7

6 235.6 6 306.9

17.8% 19.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

89 420 2 135.8 7 598.6 7 709.6 277.9

97 071 106 958 106 482 2 318.5 2 554.6 2 543.3 8 564.9 10 489.7 11 023.5 8 685.7 10 637.7 11 181.5 295.9 313.1 323.0

108 728 2 596.9 11 421.4 11 584.2 326.1

109 507 2 615.5 11 772.5 11 940.3 329.3

108 457 2 590.4 12 109.8 12 282.2 332.5

21.3% 21.3% 59.4% 59.3% 19.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

59.2 0.70 0.69 19.06

58.2 0.55 0.55 19.39

57.9 0.54 0.53 19.26

57.5 0.51 0.51 18.76

-2.9% -26.1% -26.1% -1.6%

57.7 0.65 0.64 18.92

58.2 0.59 0.59 19.88

58.6 0.57 0.56 19.33

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2 197.2 2 015.0 31.2 13.3 132.4 5.4 0.2 2 264.7 9.4 58.1 -

Oil 2 674.5 59.9 13.4 186.4 274.7 1 926.0 1 649.8 214.0 77.9 2 670.6 - 38.4 34.5 89.9 50.4

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1 336.8 351.5 46.3 134.0 316.9 42.8 1.5 445.4 269.0 1 344.5 1.4 6.3 -

27.0 13.6 4.8 7.9 0.8 27.0 0.0 -

6 235.6 2 440.0 95.7 333.7 731.9 1 968.8 1 651.2 665.5 347.1 6 306.9 - 27.6 98.9 89.9 50.4

17.8% 30.5% 0.5% 5.8% -6.6% 27.5% 33.9% -3.2% -4.8% 19.5%

-3.9% 21.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

2 015.0 1 649.8 351.5 316.9 276.3 274.7 269.0 186.4 176.4 136.1 134.0 6 235.6

24.7% 33.8% 125.9% -2.0% 3.2% 13.3% 1.1% -0.5% 7.7% 6.4% 7.2% 17.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 26.3 21.5 4.6 4.1 3.6 3.6 3.5 2.4 2.3 1.8 1.7 81.2

Cumulative total (%) 26.3 47.7 52.3 56.5 60.1 63.6 67.1 69.6 71.9 73.6 75.4 81.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.82 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Annex II: Europe / Annexe II: Europe Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4000

3500

3500 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 4000

3000 2500 2000 1500

3000 2500 2000 1500

1000

1000

500

500

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3450

100%

3400 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

3350 3300 3250 3200

20% 3150 3100 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 3500

1990 = 100 180

3000

160 140

2500 TWh

120 2000

100

1500

80 60

1000

40 500

20

0 1971

0 1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.83

Annex II: Europe / Annexe II: Europe Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 161.6 3 207.0

3 149.2 3 178.5

3 229.7 3 263.2

3 376.2 3 402.9

3 382.5 3 415.4

3 353.2 3 396.1

3 341.3 3 357.3

5.7% 4.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

57 469 1 372.6 6 794.9 7 934.4 377.3

60 127 1 436.1 7 368.3 8 600.9 384.4

63 911 66 420 67 334 67 524 67 049 1 526.5 1 586.4 1 608.2 1 612.8 1 601.4 8 478.9 8 836.0 9 043.3 9 196.4 9 455.5 9 903.3 10 328.6 10 569.4 10 748.2 11 050.7 390.0 396.2 398.6 400.9 403.0

16.7% 16.7% 39.2% 39.3% 6.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

55.0 0.47 0.40 8.38

52.4 0.43 0.37 8.19

50.5 0.38 0.33 8.28

50.8 0.38 0.33 8.52

50.2 0.37 0.32 8.49

49.7 0.36 0.31 8.36

49.8 0.35 0.30 8.29

-9.4% -24.0% -24.1% -1.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

860.8 664.3 50.7 21.8 110.9 13.1 10.1 859.4 6.2 - 7.6 -

Oil 1 556.7 60.7 24.9 109.1 220.8 869.5 808.9 271.8 163.0 1 565.7 20.9 - 11.9 168.5 125.7

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

884.5 222.1 58.3 33.5 208.8 1.7 1.2 360.0 249.4 893.0 5.9 2.5 -

39.3 14.4 11.6 11.3 1.9 0.0 39.3 0.0 -

3 341.3 961.5 145.5 164.4 551.9 871.2 810.1 646.8 422.6 3 357.3 33.1 - 17.0 168.5 125.7

5.7% 9.2% 7.6% 6.9% -11.9% 23.4% 24.5% -1.9% 1.3% 4.7%

54.5% 91.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

808.9 664.3 249.4 222.1 220.8 208.8 163.0 110.9 110.5 109.1 108.7 3 341.3

24.4% -4.7% 58.5% 274.1% 3.2% 19.8% -11.9% -52.6% 48.6% 2.7% -19.1% 5.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 18.8 15.4 5.8 5.2 5.1 4.8 3.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 77.6

Cumulative total (%) 18.8 34.2 40.0 45.2 50.3 55.1 58.9 61.5 64.1 66.6 69.1 77.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.84 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Annex II: Pacific / Annexe II: Pacifique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1800

1600

1600 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1800

1400 1200 1000 800 600

1400 1200 1000 800 600

400

400

200

200

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1700

100%

1650 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1600 1550 1500 1450 1400 1350 1300 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

TWh

1400

140

1200

120

1000

100

800

80

600

60

400

40

200

20

0

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators

1600

1981

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 160

1976

1996

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1971

1994

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.85

Annex II: Pacific / Annexe II: Pacifique Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 352.6 1 362.3

1 466.3 1 475.4

1 563.3 1 583.8

1 619.6 1 615.5

1 627.5 1 637.7

1 651.1 1 641.1

1 643.9 1 639.0

21.5% 20.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

22 833 545.4 4 443.2 3 296.6 144.0

25 585 611.1 4 821.9 3 595.8 147.3

27 435 655.3 5 119.8 3 851.0 150.0

26 976 644.3 5 258.7 3 980.9 151.7

27 695 661.5 5 403.3 4 090.6 152.0

27 902 666.4 5 510.5 4 174.1 152.3

27 950 667.6 5 632.1 4 266.8 152.6

22.4% 22.4% 26.8% 29.4% 6.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

59.2 0.30 0.41 9.39

57.3 0.30 0.41 9.95

57.0 0.31 0.41 10.42

60.0 0.31 0.41 10.68

58.8 0.30 0.40 10.71

59.2 0.30 0.40 10.84

58.8 0.29 0.39 10.77

-0.7% -4.1% -6.1% 14.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

669.3 438.8 52.4 17.1 157.2 0.3 3.4 0.1 657.1 0.3 - 12.5 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

717.2 47.0 23.9 35.8 146.6 336.7 300.1 127.2 42.9 734.6 9.2 8.2 22.8 29.5

252.5 127.0 11.4 8.4 40.2 0.9 0.1 64.6 28.6 242.2 - 2.4 - 7.8 -

5.0 1.2 2.3 1.4 5.0 0.0 -

1 643.9 614.0 90.0 61.4 345.4 337.9 300.2 195.3 71.6 1 639.0 7.1 - 12.1 22.8 29.5

21.5% 42.1% 45.0% 0.8% -0.1% 20.8% 20.6% 13.3% 15.9% 20.3%

9.4% 55.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

438.8 300.1 157.2 146.6 127.0 84.3 52.4 47.0 42.9 40.2 36.6 1 643.9

107.5% 20.6% -7.8% -2.0% 45.6% -11.1% 56.7% -64.7% 8.7% 61.6% 20.3% 21.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 21.7 14.9 7.8 7.3 6.3 4.2 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 81.5

Cumulative total (%) 21.7 36.6 44.4 51.7 58.0 62.1 64.7 67.1 69.2 71.2 73.0 81.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.86 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Economies in Transition / Economies en transition Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

4500

4500

4000

4000

3500

3500

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

3000 2500 2000 1500

3000 2500 2000 1500

1000

1000

500

500

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

2004

Gas

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4300

100%

4100 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40%

3900 3700 3500 3300 3100 2900

20%

2700 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2500 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

2000 1800

100

1600 1400

80

TWh

1200 1000

60

800 40

600 400

20

200 0 1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

Gas

1998

2000

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

Hydro

2004

2006

Other

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.87

Economies in Transition / Economies en transition Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 970.5 4 126.3

2 828.0 2 888.5

2 559.6 2 605.0

2 647.8 2 704.1

2 616.8 2 678.0

2 618.1 2 679.5

2 697.6 2 746.1

-32.1% -33.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

63 365 1 513.4 838.2 3 007.1 321.1

46 187 1 103.2 628.0 2 110.1 319.5

43 150 1 030.6 712.3 2 332.2 313.9

45 440 1 085.3 813.3 2 694.5 309.3

45 549 1 087.9 867.0 2 885.5 308.0

46 220 1 104.0 913.5 3 041.7 306.8

47 201 1 127.4 973.5 3 244.9 305.6

-25.5% -25.5% 16.1% 7.9% -4.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

62.7 4.74 1.32 12.37

61.2 4.50 1.34 8.85

59.3 3.59 1.10 8.16

58.3 3.26 0.98 8.56

57.4 3.02 0.91 8.50

56.6 2.87 0.86 8.53

57.2 2.77 0.83 8.83

-8.8% -41.5% -37.0% -28.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

995.6 576.0 161.2 17.3 173.1 0.0 68.0 48.7 997.9 - 3.0 5.3 -

Oil 569.3 30.0 37.7 54.6 86.8 289.9 254.9 70.3 30.2 590.5 20.4 0.8 3.1 21.9

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1 110.1 405.8 203.1 33.3 185.7 88.7 0.4 193.6 162.7 1 134.3 23.5 0.7 -

22.5 0.4 15.3 1.6 5.2 0.1 23.4 0.9 - 0.0 -

2 697.6 1 012.1 417.2 106.8 450.7 378.7 255.3 332.1 241.5 2 746.1 41.8 6.7 3.1 21.9

-32.1% -46.5% 189.0% -6.0% -39.4% -13.1% -7.2% -48.0% -26.9% -33.4%

-68.0% -40.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other transport - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

576.0 405.8 254.9 203.1 185.7 173.1 162.7 161.2 88.3 86.8 54.6 2 697.6

-34.2% -40.7% -6.5% 436.4% -23.3% -43.4% 5.5% 102.4% 14.5% -55.3% -12.7% -32.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 14.4 10.1 6.4 5.1 4.6 4.3 4.1 4.0 2.2 2.2 1.4 67.5

Cumulative total (%) 14.4 24.6 30.9 36.0 40.7 45.0 49.1 53.1 55.3 57.5 58.8 67.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.88 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Non-Annex I Parties / Parties ne figurant pas à l'Annexe I Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

14000

14000

12000

12000 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

10000 8000 6000 4000

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

2000 0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

2004

Gas

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 14400

100%

13400 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

12400 11400 10400 9400 8400 7400

0%

6400 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

9000

TWh

1994

8000

160

7000

140

6000

120

5000

100

4000

80

3000

60

2000

40

1000

20

0

0

1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

Gas

1998

2000

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

Hydro

2004

2006

Other

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.89

Non-Annex I Parties / Parties ne figurant pas à l'Annexe I Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

6 467.2 6 751.2

7 946.5 8 114.8

8 922.0 9 090.2

10 211.3 10 479.7

11 288.5 11 621.5

12 026.2 12 336.5

12 865.0 13 136.7

98.9% 94.6%

126 689 149 585 169 333 3 025.9 3 572.8 4 044.5 4 265.5 5 453.9 6 802.3 10 813.1 14 149.5 18 075.9 4 085.9 4 467.1 4 838.4

190 940 4 560.5 7 638.0 20 997.2 5 054.9

206 969 4 943.4 8 181.9 22 586.7 5 126.5

217 715 5 200.0 8 713.3 24 242.7 5 198.4

229 276 5 476.2 9 327.3 26 143.0 5 269.3

81.0% 81.0% 118.7% 141.8% 29.0%

53.5 1.34 0.49 2.02

54.5 1.38 0.50 2.20

55.2 1.38 0.50 2.31

56.1 1.38 0.49 2.44

9.9% -9.0% -17.7% 54.3%

51.1 1.52 0.60 1.58

53.1 1.46 0.56 1.78

52.7 1.31 0.49 1.84

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

6 861.7 4 105.7 200.5 136.4 2 054.7 14.3 350.1 210.0 7 007.9 202.4 - 56.1 -

Oil 4 193.6 512.5 69.0 274.9 812.7 1 827.7 1 641.7 696.7 331.2 4 268.8 89.0 - 13.7 295.2 166.7

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1 800.3 682.5 77.8 254.1 460.8 32.2 17.2 292.9 205.8 1 850.5 60.5 - 10.3 -

9.5 2.7 6.3 0.4 9.5 0.0 -

12 865.0 5 300.7 350.0 665.3 3 334.5 1 874.3 1 658.8 1 340.1 746.9 13 136.7 351.8 - 80.1 295.2 166.7

98.9% 188.2% 165.9% 83.2% 66.6% 92.5% 95.7% 15.7% 19.9% 94.6%

137.6% 81.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

4 105.7 2 054.7 1 641.7 812.7 682.5 512.5 460.8 365.5 331.2 274.9 254.1 12 865.0

238.0% 64.2% 93.8% 53.1% 208.7% 27.0% 110.8% 41.6% 59.0% 64.9% 91.5% 98.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 18.1 9.1 7.2 3.6 3.0 2.3 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.1 56.8

Cumulative total (%) 18.1 27.2 34.4 38.0 41.0 43.3 45.3 46.9 48.4 49.6 50.7 56.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.90 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Annex I Kyoto Parties / Parties avec objectifs dans Kyoto Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

10000

10000

9000

9000

8000

8000

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000

2000

2000

1000

1000

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 9100

100%

8900 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40%

8700 8500 8300 8100

20% 7900 0%

7700 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

8000 7000

100 6000 80

TWh

5000 4000

60

3000 40 2000 20

1000 0 1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

Gas

1998

2000

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

Hydro

2004

2006

Other

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.91

Annex I Kyoto Parties / Parties avec objectifs dans Kyoto Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

8 802.1 9 001.5

7 849.1 7 931.8

7 830.0 7 909.9

8 140.6 8 195.4

8 117.5 8 202.5

8 117.8 8 200.9

8 157.5 8 201.3

-7.3% -8.9%

150 666 140 561 144 017 3 598.6 3 357.3 3 439.8 12 605.5 13 400.9 15 023.1 14 838.5 14 984.3 16 911.3 859.9 870.3 874.5

148 725 3 552.2 15 666.7 17 879.2 879.0

150 712 3 599.7 16 094.4 18 442.8 880.8

151 980 3 630.0 16 424.0 18 884.9 882.6

152 296 3 637.5 16 885.6 19 503.5 884.1

1.1% 1.1% 34.0% 31.4% 2.8%

54.7 0.52 0.46 9.26

53.9 0.50 0.44 9.22

53.4 0.49 0.43 9.20

53.6 0.48 0.42 9.23

-8.3% -30.8% -29.5% -9.9%

58.4 0.70 0.59 10.24

55.8 0.59 0.52 9.02

54.4 0.52 0.46 8.95

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2 630.6 1 769.1 264.3 56.2 457.4 0.3 83.3 58.0 2 620.0 4.5 - 15.0 -

Oil 3 084.7 142.1 86.1 227.9 479.3 1 641.1 1 483.7 508.3 238.9 3 100.5 23.7 - 7.9 196.2 179.6

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

2 375.7 743.0 272.0 110.0 479.7 100.1 1.7 670.9 469.0 2 413.3 30.8 6.8 -

66.6 16.1 29.0 1.6 17.9 2.1 0.0 67.5 0.9 0.0 -

8 157.5 2 670.3 651.3 395.6 1 434.3 1 741.5 1 485.4 1 264.6 766.0 8 201.3 59.9 - 16.1 196.2 179.6

-7.3% -18.2% 98.7% 7.6% -19.2% 13.4% 17.7% -17.5% -9.4% -8.9%

37.6% 44.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

1 769.1 1 483.7 743.0 479.7 479.3 469.0 457.4 272.0 269.3 264.3 238.9 8 157.5

-5.3% 17.9% -9.4% -0.4% -14.5% 30.9% -36.9% 390.3% -24.2% 31.2% -15.2% -7.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 16.1 13.5 6.8 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 74.2

Cumulative total (%) 16.1 29.6 36.4 40.7 45.1 49.4 53.5 56.0 58.4 60.8 63.0 74.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.92 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

OECD Total / Total OCDE Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14000

12000

12000 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14000

10000 8000 6000 4000

10000 8000 6000 4000

2000

2000

0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 13500

80%

13000

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

60% 40%

12500 12000 11500

20%

11000 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

12000

160

10000

140

TWh

8000

120 100

6000

80 4000

60 40

2000

20 0 1971

0 1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.93

OECD Total / Total OCDE Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

11 083.2 11 153.0

11 595.5 11 635.8

12 513.5 12 593.5

12 778.6 12 844.0

12 904.3 13 016.4

12 941.7 13 077.4

12 873.7 12 978.7

16.2% 16.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

189 318 204 758 222 965 4 521.8 4 890.6 5 325.4 19 910.1 22 018.6 25 676.5 20 916.9 23 164.5 27 246.3 1 043.6 1 089.8 1 129.9

226 099 5 400.3 26 828.9 28 564.4 1 155.2

230 619 5 508.3 27 666.3 29 480.1 1 163.2

232 535 5 554.0 28 352.6 30 239.5 1 170.4

231 841 5 537.4 29 168.7 31 157.5 1 177.9

22.5% 22.5% 46.5% 49.0% 12.9%

56.5 0.48 0.45 11.06

56.0 0.47 0.44 11.09

55.7 0.46 0.43 11.06

55.5 0.44 0.41 10.93

-5.1% -20.7% -22.0% 2.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

58.5 0.56 0.53 10.62

56.6 0.53 0.50 10.64

56.1 0.49 0.46 11.07

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

4 392.1 3 541.3 185.3 69.1 524.7 0.3 71.4 51.8 4 458.7 31.2 35.5 -

Oil 5 591.0 227.8 74.2 375.6 738.5 3 469.5 3 076.6 705.4 322.2 5 634.1 4.6 38.5 321.2 229.0

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

2 807.8 816.3 140.1 207.7 633.7 50.9 3.9 959.0 607.4 2 803.1 6.5 - 11.1 -

82.8 29.6 20.2 0.0 29.8 3.2 0.0 82.8 0.0 0.0 -

12 873.7 4 615.0 419.8 652.5 1 926.7 3 520.7 3 080.5 1 739.0 981.4 12 978.7 42.3 62.8 321.2 229.0

16.2% 29.9% 6.9% 9.1% -5.8% 29.1% 33.4% -1.7% -1.6% 16.4%

38.2% 69.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

3 541.3 3 076.6 816.3 738.5 633.7 607.4 524.7 392.9 383.2 375.6 351.7 12 873.7

26.6% 33.2% 149.5% 2.6% 9.4% 31.0% -28.9% 5.4% -7.3% 1.9% 36.4% 16.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 21.8 19.0 5.0 4.6 3.9 3.7 3.2 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 79.3

Cumulative total (%) 21.8 40.8 45.8 50.4 54.3 58.0 61.2 63.7 66.0 68.3 70.5 79.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.94 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

OECD North America / OCDE Amérique du Nord Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 8000

7000

7000 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 8000

6000 5000 4000 3000

6000 5000 4000 3000

2000

2000

1000

1000

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 7100

100%

6900 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6700 6500 6300 6100 5900 5700 5500 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

6000

160

5000

140

TWh

4000

120 100

3000

80 2000

60 40

1000

20 0 1971

0 1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.95

OECD North America / OCDE Amérique du Nord Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

5 588.5 5 571.5

5 908.0 5 894.8

6 582.4 6 588.7

6 613.9 6 628.8

6 697.2 6 747.9

6 743.0 6 834.6

6 651.8 6 733.1

19.0% 20.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

94 571 2 258.8 8 011.4 8 348.8 359.1

102 570 113 245 113 171 2 449.8 2 704.8 2 703.0 9 010.2 11 070.5 11 616.7 9 375.3 11 537.0 12 100.0 387.0 411.4 424.9

115 646 2 762.2 12 039.3 12 540.9 429.0

116 903 2 792.2 12 407.7 12 923.9 433.1

115 885 2 767.9 12 775.3 13 312.7 437.2

22.5% 22.5% 59.5% 59.5% 21.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

59.1 0.70 0.67 15.56

57.9 0.56 0.53 15.61

57.7 0.54 0.52 15.57

57.4 0.52 0.50 15.21

-2.9% -25.4% -25.4% -2.2%

57.6 0.66 0.63 15.27

58.1 0.59 0.57 16.00

58.4 0.57 0.55 15.57

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2 232.9 2 042.5 32.1 13.3 139.5 5.4 0.2 2 299.5 9.2 57.4 -

Oil 2 932.2 100.3 17.2 204.5 300.3 2 063.4 1 782.4 246.4 98.1 2 950.3 - 24.3 42.4 92.6 58.9

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1 459.7 396.9 63.3 161.9 344.6 45.1 1.5 447.9 271.0 1 456.3 1.4 - 4.8 -

27.0 13.6 4.8 7.9 0.8 27.0 0.0 -

6 651.8 2 553.4 117.4 379.7 792.3 2 108.6 1 783.9 700.4 369.2 6 733.1 - 13.7 94.9 92.6 58.9

19.0% 31.8% 23.4% 7.4% -7.6% 29.4% 35.4% -2.2% -3.8% 20.8%

-3.1% 25.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

2 042.5 1 782.4 396.9 344.6 300.3 281.1 271.0 204.5 176.9 161.9 148.4 6 651.8

25.8% 35.3% 142.6% -2.2% 7.2% 4.2% 1.1% -3.7% 8.0% 17.3% 8.2% 19.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 24.5 21.4 4.8 4.1 3.6 3.4 3.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.8 79.9

Cumulative total (%) 24.5 46.0 50.7 54.9 58.5 61.9 65.1 67.6 69.7 71.6 73.4 79.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.96 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

OECD Pacific / OCDE Pacifique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 2500

2000

2000

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 2500

1500

1000

1500

1000

500

500

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 2200

100%

2100 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

2000 1900 1800 1700

20% 1600 1500 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 160

2000 1800

140

1600 120

TWh

1400 1200

100

1000

80

800

60

600 40

400

20

200 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.97

OECD Pacific / OCDE Pacifique Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 581.9 1 600.9

1 831.1 1 836.8

1 994.6 2 025.0

2 078.2 2 086.1

2 106.3 2 123.6

2 120.0 2 105.2

2 120.0 2 110.4

34.0% 31.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

26 742 638.7 4 726.8 3 724.9 186.9

31 755 758.5 5 234.9 4 219.6 192.4

35 366 844.7 5 631.5 4 623.8 197.0

35 634 851.1 5 844.6 4 865.9 199.6

36 583 873.8 6 016.9 5 017.4 200.1

36 801 879.0 6 149.9 5 139.8 200.5

37 015 884.1 6 303.4 5 280.7 200.9

38.4% 38.4% 33.4% 41.8% 7.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

59.2 0.33 0.42 8.46

57.7 0.35 0.43 9.52

56.4 0.35 0.43 10.13

58.3 0.36 0.43 10.41

57.6 0.35 0.42 10.53

57.6 0.34 0.41 10.57

57.3 0.34 0.40 10.55

-3.2% 0.5% -5.5% 24.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

874.1 570.2 80.6 23.5 191.7 0.3 7.7 4.4 859.6 7.0 - 21.5 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

912.9 63.3 28.8 50.7 190.1 421.8 377.5 158.2 53.0 929.1 8.1 8.1 56.1 38.4

320.7 154.9 13.1 8.9 50.4 2.0 1.1 91.5 47.9 309.3 - 2.6 - 8.8 -

12.4 1.2 2.9 7.8 0.4 12.4 0.0 -

2 120.0 789.7 125.5 83.1 440.0 424.0 378.6 257.8 105.3 2 110.4 12.5 - 22.2 56.1 38.4

34.0% 69.3% 52.2% 20.7% 10.2% 31.3% 35.0% 6.6% 2.8% 31.8%

114.8% 93.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

570.2 377.5 191.7 190.1 154.9 105.2 80.6 63.3 53.0 50.7 50.4 2 120.0

151.5% 34.6% 3.8% 1.4% 68.3% -14.7% 49.8% -57.1% 16.3% 20.4% 101.2% 34.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 22.1 14.6 7.4 7.4 6.0 4.1 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.0 82.1

Cumulative total (%) 22.1 36.7 44.1 51.5 57.5 61.5 64.7 67.1 69.2 71.1 73.1 82.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.98 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

OECD Europe / OCDE Europe Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4500

4000

4000 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 4500

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500

1000

1000

500

500

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4200

100%

4150 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4100 4050 4000 3950 3900 3850 3800 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 4000

1990 = 100 180

3500

160

3000

140 120

2500 TWh

1994

100

2000

80 1500

60

1000

40

500

20

0

0

1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.99

OECD Europe / OCDE Europe Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 912.8 3 980.6

3 856.4 3 904.1

3 936.5 3 979.7

4 086.5 4 129.1

4 100.8 4 144.9

4 078.7 4 137.6

4 101.8 4 135.2

4.8% 3.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

68 005 1 624.3 7 171.9 8 843.3 497.6

70 433 74 355 77 295 78 390 78 831 78 941 1 682.3 1 775.9 1 846.2 1 872.3 1 882.9 1 885.5 7 773.5 8 974.5 9 367.6 9 610.1 9 795.0 10 090.0 9 569.7 11 085.5 11 598.6 11 921.8 12 175.8 12 564.2 510.4 521.6 530.8 534.2 536.8 539.8

16.1% 16.1% 40.7% 42.1% 8.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

57.5 0.55 0.44 7.86

54.8 0.50 0.40 7.56

52.9 0.44 0.36 7.55

52.9 0.44 0.35 7.70

52.3 0.43 0.34 7.68

51.7 0.42 0.34 7.60

52.0 0.41 0.33 7.60

-9.7% -25.5% -26.2% -3.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

1 285.1 928.5 72.5 32.2 193.5 0.0 58.3 47.2 1 299.6 15.0 - 0.5 -

Oil 1 745.9 64.2 28.2 120.5 248.0 984.3 916.7 300.7 171.1 1 754.7 20.8 - 12.0 172.5 131.8

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1 027.3 264.5 63.7 37.0 238.7 3.9 1.3 419.7 288.4 1 037.5 7.6 2.5 -

43.4 14.8 12.5 0.0 14.2 2.0 0.0 43.4 0.0 0.0 -

4 101.8 1 271.9 176.9 189.7 694.3 988.1 918.0 780.8 506.8 4 135.2 43.4 - 9.9 172.5 131.8

4.8% 10.8% -17.7% 7.9% -12.0% 27.7% 29.0% -3.7% -0.9% 3.9%

55.9% 93.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

928.5 916.7 288.4 264.5 248.0 238.7 193.5 171.1 131.3 129.6 120.5 4 101.8

-2.0% 28.9% 66.9% 269.4% -1.5% 18.4% -41.2% -13.6% 58.8% -15.3% 5.7% 4.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 17.4 17.2 5.4 5.0 4.7 4.5 3.6 3.2 2.5 2.4 2.3 77.1

Cumulative total (%) 17.4 34.7 40.1 45.1 49.7 54.2 57.8 61.1 63.5 66.0 68.2 77.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.100 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

European Union - 27 / Union européenne - 27 Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

4500

4500

4000

4000

3500

3500

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

3000 2500 2000 1500

3000 2500 2000 1500

1000

1000

500

500

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

2004

Gas

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4150

100%

4100 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40%

4050 4000 3950 3900

20% 3850 0%

3800 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

3500 3000

100

2500 TWh

80 2000 60 1500 40

1000

20

500 0 1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

Gas

1998

2000

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

Hydro

2004

2006

Other

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.101

European Union - 27 / Union européenne - 27 Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

4 063.1 4 126.2

3 857.9 3 919.9

3 841.6 3 884.3

4 004.9 4 050.0

4 009.9 4 047.6

3 978.7 4 019.4

3 983.0 4 022.2

-2.0% -2.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

69 329 1 655.9 6 799.4 8 548.3 472.9

69 767 72 191 75 269 76 103 76 245 76 304 1 666.3 1 724.2 1 797.8 1 817.7 1 821.1 1 822.5 7 334.6 8 455.2 8 842.0 9 060.1 9 223.4 9 500.6 9 144.3 10 544.8 11 071.0 11 364.5 11 590.4 11 962.6 478.7 482.9 487.6 489.8 492.0 493.8

10.1% 10.1% 39.7% 39.9% 4.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

58.6 0.60 0.48 8.59

55.3 0.53 0.42 8.06

53.2 0.45 0.36 7.95

53.2 0.45 0.36 8.21

52.7 0.44 0.35 8.19

52.2 0.43 0.34 8.09

52.2 0.42 0.33 8.07

-10.9% -29.9% -29.9% -6.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

1 262.5 951.5 70.3 32.2 158.7 0.0 49.9 38.3 1 278.0 16.6 - 1.1 -

Oil 1 681.7 70.8 27.5 119.9 239.8 947.7 888.1 276.0 159.1 1 691.8 20.1 - 10.1 170.9 126.2

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

998.7 254.3 60.9 29.1 243.8 4.3 1.3 406.3 278.6 1 012.3 9.8 3.9 -

40.1 14.3 11.0 0.2 13.5 1.1 0.0 40.2 0.0 0.0 -

3 983.0 1 290.9 169.7 181.3 655.8 952.0 889.4 733.3 476.1 4 022.2 46.5 - 7.4 170.9 126.2

-2.0% 1.3% -26.2% 5.4% -21.3% 26.4% 28.0% -8.4% -3.9% -2.5%

53.2% 90.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

951.5 888.1 278.6 254.3 243.8 239.8 159.1 158.7 127.7 119.9 116.8 3 983.0

-5.3% 27.9% 56.9% 144.7% -2.4% -4.8% -11.9% -51.2% 50.1% 3.3% -23.4% -2.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 18.4 17.1 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.6 3.1 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.3 76.8

Cumulative total (%) 18.4 35.5 40.9 45.8 50.5 55.1 58.2 61.2 63.7 66.0 68.2 76.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.102 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Africa / Afrique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 900

800

800 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 900

700 600 500 400 300

700 600 500 400 300

200

200

100

100

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 990

100%

940 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

890 840 790 740 690 640 590

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

540 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

700 600

100

500 TWh

80 400 60 300 40

200

20

100 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.103

Africa / Afrique Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

549.3 605.2

603.2 691.0

694.4 759.4

773.1 840.0

807.8 895.7

831.8 919.2

854.2 933.8

55.5% 54.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

16 441 392.7 459.6 1 331.5 634.9

18 788 448.7 494.2 1 417.4 719.3

21 244 507.4 590.8 1 692.4 815.2

23 440 559.9 663.8 1 892.5 874.8

24 461 584.2 697.6 1 989.8 895.2

25 171 601.2 732.4 2 089.6 916.2

25 718 614.3 773.3 2 207.4 937.5

56.4% 56.4% 68.3% 65.8% 47.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

33.4 1.20 0.41 0.87

32.1 1.22 0.43 0.84

32.7 1.18 0.41 0.85

33.0 1.16 0.41 0.88

33.0 1.16 0.41 0.90

33.0 1.14 0.40 0.91

33.2 1.10 0.39 0.91

-0.6% -7.6% -6.2% 5.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

313.3 228.3 11.3 0.1 52.9 0.0 20.8 12.7 397.3 82.4 1.6 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

375.7 47.0 5.4 14.9 51.4 180.5 168.4 76.6 45.6 360.0 - 15.7 0.1 19.1 15.9

165.2 87.4 0.1 28.2 31.2 4.2 0.7 14.1 13.2 176.5 11.5 - 0.3 -

-

854.2 362.7 16.7 43.2 135.4 184.8 169.1 111.4 71.4 933.8 78.2 1.4 19.1 15.9

55.5% 80.4% 34.0% 33.4% -0.5% 75.2% 70.3% 80.0% 75.2% 54.3%

14.0% 50.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 228.3 168.4 87.4 52.9 51.4 47.0 45.6 31.2 31.0 28.2 14.9 854.2

% change 90-06 59.4% 69.6% 236.6% -25.1% 1.9% 47.6% 44.0% 106.2% 101.7% 37.5% 27.9% 55.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 9.9 7.3 3.8 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.6 37.0

Cumulative total (%) 9.9 17.2 21.0 23.3 25.5 27.5 29.5 30.9 32.2 33.4 34.1 37.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.104 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Middle East / Moyen-Orient Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1400

1200

1200 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1400

1000 800 600 400

1000 800 600 400

200

200

0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1370

100%

1270 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1170 1070 970 870 770 670 570 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 800

1990 = 100 180

700

160

600

140 120

500 TWh

1994

100

400

80 300

60

200

40

100

20

0

0

1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.105

Middle East / Moyen-Orient Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

587.9 571.4

800.4 811.8

971.5 982.0

1 096.6 1 110.7

1 170.6 1 174.4

1 227.2 1 235.1

1 291.0 1 286.8

119.6% 125.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

9 566 228.5 443.6 770.6 131.5

13 403 320.1 523.5 911.0 147.9

16 285 389.0 639.1 1 104.6 165.9

18 577 443.7 699.4 1 228.4 177.4

19 826 473.5 747.8 1 305.5 181.3

20 917 499.6 793.1 1 378.8 185.3

21 885 522.7 837.8 1 455.5 189.3

128.8% 128.8% 88.8% 88.9% 44.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

61.5 1.33 0.76 4.47

59.7 1.53 0.88 5.41

59.7 1.52 0.88 5.85

59.0 1.57 0.89 6.18

59.0 1.57 0.90 6.46

58.7 1.55 0.89 6.62

59.0 1.54 0.89 6.82

-4.0% 16.3% 16.3% 52.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

35.7 30.9 0.1 4.7 0.0 0.0 35.1 0.5 - 1.2 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

745.5 184.2 6.3 40.5 126.7 301.9 299.5 85.8 51.6 734.1 - 4.9 - 6.5 53.9 32.8

509.8 201.9 33.2 69.1 121.3 1.0 1.0 83.3 72.9 517.6 10.4 - 2.6 -

-

1 291.0 417.0 39.6 109.5 252.8 303.0 300.5 169.1 124.5 1 286.8 6.1 - 10.3 53.9 32.8

119.6% 189.4% 41.1% 125.5% 77.8% 102.4% 103.6% 124.6% 176.8% 125.2%

86.3% 21.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Other energy industries - gas Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

299.5 201.9 184.2 126.7 121.3 72.9 69.1 51.6 40.5 34.3 33.2 1 291.0

102.9% 285.3% 123.5% 57.9% 103.8% + 222.1% 32.6% 49.1% 20.6% 55.8% 119.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 17.4 11.7 10.7 7.4 7.0 4.2 4.0 3.0 2.3 2.0 1.9 75.0

Cumulative total (%) 17.4 29.1 39.8 47.2 54.2 58.5 62.5 65.5 67.8 69.8 71.7 75.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.106 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Non-OECD Europe / Europe non-OCDE Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 450

400

400 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 450

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 400

100%

380 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

360 340 320 300 280 260 240

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

220 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

250

120

200

100 150 TWh

80 60

100

40 50 20 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.107

Non-OECD Europe / Europe non-OCDE Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

382.8 390.7

265.1 281.0

236.6 239.1

265.2 270.5

265.1 268.6

262.4 265.0

271.2 278.1

-29.1% -28.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

5 875 140.3 124.4 371.1 59.1

4 401 105.1 112.5 333.0 58.2

3 971 94.8 123.4 357.2 55.2

4 338 103.6 139.4 406.2 54.3

4 364 104.2 147.7 432.8 54.2

4 373 104.5 153.3 449.1 53.6

4 530 108.2 162.2 476.8 53.5

-22.9% -22.9% 30.5% 28.5% -9.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

65.2 3.08 1.03 6.48

60.2 2.36 0.80 4.56

59.6 1.92 0.66 4.29

61.1 1.90 0.65 4.88

60.7 1.79 0.61 4.89

60.0 1.71 0.58 4.90

59.9 1.67 0.57 5.07

-8.1% -45.7% -44.8% -21.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

128.4 103.8 4.5 1.7 13.9 0.0 4.6 3.0 130.6 3.6 - 1.4 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

92.6 10.4 2.5 7.2 16.3 45.4 44.1 10.9 4.2 94.2 0.3 1.3 5.2 2.7

49.5 13.9 1.7 2.3 18.5 0.7 0.1 12.5 8.1 52.5 2.3 0.7 -

0.7 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.7 - 0.0 -

271.2 128.0 8.7 11.4 49.1 46.0 44.1 27.9 15.3 278.1 6.2 0.7 5.2 2.7

-29.1% -24.6% -52.8% 1.3% -52.7% 34.5% 39.1% -38.2% -16.4% -28.8%

163.6% -12.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 103.8 44.1 18.5 16.3 13.9 13.9 10.4 8.1 7.2 6.7 4.5 271.2

% change 90-06 -5.6% 38.9% -63.8% -37.0% -48.8% -52.4% -66.0% 39.0% -25.9% -43.9% -49.9% -29.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 26.0 11.0 4.6 4.1 3.5 3.5 2.6 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.1 67.9

Cumulative total (%) 26.0 37.0 41.7 45.7 49.2 52.7 55.3 57.3 59.1 60.8 61.9 67.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.108 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Former USSR / Ex-URSS * Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4000

3500

3500 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 4000

3000 2500 2000 1500

3000 2500 2000 1500

1000

1000

500

500

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3900

100%

3700 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3500 3300 3100 2900 2700 2500 2300 2100

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

2000 1800

100

1600 1400

80

TWh

1200 1000

60

800 40

600 400

20

200 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

1996

CO2/GDP

* Data for 1990 and 1991 have been revised for the individual countries of Former USSR. This causes breaks in the regional time series.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.109

Former USSR / Ex-URSS * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 649.5 3 799.4

2 439.3 2 478.9

2 227.5 2 276.0

2 325.7 2 375.8

2 298.3 2 362.9

2 312.7 2 375.3

2 394.6 2 442.5

-34.4% -35.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

59 358 1 417.7 577.1 2 377.6 289.1

40 747 973.2 344.1 1 394.5 290.9

38 539 920.5 377.4 1 506.0 287.8

40 736 973.0 455.1 1 820.2 285.8

40 870 976.2 491.9 1 971.9 285.2

41 630 994.3 526.2 2 102.7 284.7

42 591 1 017.3 567.7 2 266.1 284.4

-28.2% -28.2% -1.6% -4.7% -1.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

61.5 6.32 1.53 12.62

59.9 7.09 1.75 8.39

57.8 5.90 1.48 7.74

57.1 5.11 1.28 8.14

56.2 4.67 1.17 8.06

55.6 4.40 1.10 8.12

56.2 4.22 1.06 8.42

-8.6% -33.3% -31.2% -33.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Data for 1990 and 1991 have been estimated for the individual countries of Former USSR. This may cause breaks in the regional time series.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

716.3 386.4 141.7 6.9 148.3 0.0 33.0 20.9 711.6 - 3.4 - 1.3 -

Oil 477.7 35.5 34.9 46.6 75.0 217.6 182.5 68.2 25.7 504.1 26.6 - 0.2 1.7 20.1

Gas

Other **

Total

90-06

1 182.8 440.8 200.9 44.3 172.9 89.9 0.5 233.9 170.6 1 208.1 25.4 - 0.1 -

17.8 0.1 14.5 1.4 1.8 0.1 18.7 0.9 -

2 394.6 862.7 392.0 99.2 397.9 307.5 182.9 335.2 217.2 2 442.5 49.5 - 1.6 1.7 20.1

-34.4% -51.1% 634.8% -2.9% -39.5% -25.2% -27.8% -49.2% -15.0% -35.7%

-79.1% -47.2%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other transport - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

440.8 386.4 200.9 182.5 172.9 170.6 148.3 141.7 89.4 75.0 63.3 2 394.6

-38.4% -44.7% 478.3% -27.2% -8.4% 18.9% -47.0% + 15.4% -60.4% -46.4% -34.4%

Level assessment (%) *** 12.1 10.6 5.5 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.1 3.9 2.5 2.1 1.7 66.0

Cumulative total (%) 12.1 22.8 28.3 33.4 38.1 42.8 46.9 50.8 53.3 55.4 57.1 66.0

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.110 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Latin America / Amérique latine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1200

1000

1000

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1200

800 600 400

800 600 400

200

200

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1000

100%

950 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

900 850 800 750 700 650 600 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1200

1990 = 100 140

1000

120 100

800 TWh

1994

80 600 60 400 40 200

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.111

Latin America / Amérique latine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

603.1 631.4

722.3 741.9

859.8 879.1

855.0 869.2

910.9 921.2

931.9 941.9

972.1 976.3

61.2% 54.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

14 498 346.3 1 087.6 2 078.2 356.3

16 653 397.8 1 316.3 2 500.4 387.8

19 265 460.1 1 474.1 2 803.7 418.9

19 587 467.8 1 503.5 2 891.9 437.1

20 656 493.4 1 607.5 3 076.9 443.1

21 223 506.9 1 694.9 3 236.2 449.1

22 216 530.6 1 796.0 3 424.5 455.0

53.2% 53.2% 65.1% 64.8% 27.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

41.6 0.55 0.29 1.69

43.4 0.55 0.29 1.86

44.6 0.58 0.31 2.05

43.6 0.57 0.30 1.96

44.1 0.57 0.30 2.06

43.9 0.55 0.29 2.08

43.8 0.54 0.28 2.14

5.2% -2.4% -2.2% 26.2%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

85.1 27.0 12.1 3.3 42.1 0.1 0.6 0.5 84.6 1.1 - 1.6 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

648.1 69.7 12.7 43.0 112.9 323.7 298.6 86.1 40.9 652.5 20.9 - 16.5 30.5 16.5

238.9 54.9 9.8 40.3 93.3 14.2 11.8 26.4 20.5 239.1 1.7 - 1.5 -

-

972.1 151.6 34.6 86.6 248.3 337.9 310.4 113.2 62.0 976.3 23.7 - 19.6 30.5 16.5

61.2% 103.0% 41.6% 32.7% 66.1% 68.0% 70.6% 28.4% 33.5% 54.6%

94.7% 77.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 298.6 112.9 93.3 69.7 54.9 45.2 43.0 42.1 40.9 40.3 27.0 972.1

% change 90-06 64.5% 46.3% 125.5% 87.5% 112.0% 22.8% 41.6% 36.2% 14.5% 27.2% 132.8% 61.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 12.1 4.6 3.8 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.1 39.5

Cumulative total (%) 12.1 16.7 20.5 23.3 25.5 27.4 29.1 30.8 32.5 34.1 35.2 39.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.112 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Asia (excluding China) / Asie (Chine non incluse) Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3000

2500

2500

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3000

2000 1500 1000

2000 1500 1000

500

500

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3000

100%

2800 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1994

1800

1990 = 100 180

1600

160

1400

140

1200

120

1000

100

800

80

600

60

400

40

200

20

0

0

1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.113

Asia (excluding China) / Asie (Chine non incluse) Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 274.6 1 308.5

1 693.4 1 768.8

2 120.0 2 156.5

2 334.7 2 398.3

2 501.0 2 579.1

2 597.7 2 700.6

2 717.8 2 812.9

113.2% 115.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

30 347 724.8 925.1 3 266.5 1 607.0

37 939 906.2 1 257.0 4 345.6 1 771.0

44 769 1 069.3 1 553.8 5 380.0 1 930.6

49 038 1 171.3 1 753.8 6 192.7 2 026.0

51 815 1 237.6 1 878.6 6 645.9 2 057.8

53 824 1 285.6 2 001.7 7 133.7 2 089.2

55 667 1 329.6 2 138.6 7 660.9 2 119.7

83.4% 83.4% 131.2% 134.5% 31.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

42.0 1.38 0.39 0.79

44.6 1.35 0.39 0.96

47.4 1.36 0.39 1.10

47.6 1.33 0.38 1.15

48.3 1.33 0.38 1.22

48.3 1.30 0.36 1.24

48.8 1.27 0.35 1.28

16.2% -7.8% -9.1% 61.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

1 345.8 816.8 96.2 3.8 368.7 0.2 60.1 14.8 1 370.9 20.7 4.4 -

Oil 985.9 99.4 19.0 72.2 228.8 396.3 368.8 170.1 108.5 1 022.5 39.0 - 2.4 102.0 58.7

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

384.0 183.2 14.9 55.3 103.4 5.5 2.3 21.6 17.2 417.5 28.7 4.8 -

2.1 2.1 2.1 -

2 717.8 1 099.4 132.2 131.4 700.9 402.0 371.1 251.9 140.5 2 812.9 88.3 6.8 102.0 58.7

113.2% 178.6% 299.3% 87.1% 78.2% 84.8% 93.4% 51.8% 62.9% 115.0%

127.7% 123.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

816.8 368.8 368.7 228.8 183.2 108.5 103.4 99.4 96.2 72.2 61.6 2 717.8

201.3% 92.3% 50.8% 103.1% 425.6% 60.2% 187.0% 12.2% 261.4% 121.4% 101.4% 113.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 15.8 7.1 7.1 4.4 3.5 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.2 52.6

Cumulative total (%) 15.8 22.9 30.1 34.5 38.0 40.1 42.1 44.1 45.9 47.3 48.5 52.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.114 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

China (incl. Hong Kong) / Chine (Hong Kong incl.) Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 6000

5000

5000

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 6000

4000 3000 2000

4000 3000 2000

1000

1000

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6200

100%

5700 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5200 4700 4200 3700 3200 2700 2200 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

3500 3000

200

TWh

2500 150

2000 1500

100

1000 50

500 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.115

China (incl. Hong Kong) / Chine (Hong Kong incl.) Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2 244.0 2 402.5

3 021.8 2 992.9

3 077.6 3 093.1

3 871.1 3 943.9

4 587.3 4 697.1

5 100.5 5 167.0

5 648.5 5 719.5

151.7% 138.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

36 589 873.9 553.0 1 957.9 1 140.9

44 454 1 061.8 935.0 3 438.3 1 211.0

46 967 1 121.8 1 367.2 5 149.9 1 269.3

57 738 1 379.0 1 736.2 6 651.0 1 295.2

67 090 1 602.4 1 908.8 7 320.0 1 302.9

72 773 1 738.2 2 098.3 8 061.2 1 311.3

79 421 1 896.9 2 315.0 8 915.7 1 318.7

117.1% 117.1% 318.6% 355.4% 15.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

61.3 4.06 1.15 1.97

68.0 3.23 0.88 2.50

65.5 2.25 0.60 2.42

67.0 2.23 0.58 2.99

68.4 2.40 0.63 3.52

70.1 2.43 0.63 3.89

71.1 2.44 0.63 4.28

16.0% -39.9% -44.7% 117.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

4 669.6 2 707.6 50.2 122.6 1 515.4 14.1 259.7 175.4 4 703.3 82.6 - 48.9 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

872.1 37.9 15.3 65.7 204.4 356.9 253.5 191.9 51.8 905.6 29.4 4.0 48.9 21.3

106.8 17.8 16.2 46.1 0.1 0.1 26.6 20.1 110.7 2.5 1.4 -

-

5 648.5 2 763.3 65.5 204.5 1 766.0 371.2 253.6 478.1 247.3 5 719.5 114.6 - 43.5 48.9 21.3

151.7% 331.3% 459.5% 142.4% 94.6% 206.7% 287.2% -0.2% -24.7% 138.1%

436.5% 248.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

2 707.6 1 515.4 253.5 204.4 175.4 140.1 122.6 103.5 84.2 65.7 51.8 5 648.5

354.4% 88.2% 287.0% 130.5% -44.6% 205.1% 140.5% 506.7% -19.1% 142.7% 541.5% 151.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 33.4 18.7 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6 69.8

Cumulative total (%) 33.4 52.2 55.3 57.8 60.0 61.7 63.2 64.5 65.5 66.4 67.0 69.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.117

COUNTRY TABLES

TABLEAUX PAR PAYS

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.118 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Albania / Albanie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 8

7

7 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 8

6 5 4 3

6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 8

100%

7 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

6 5 4 3

20% 2 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1996

7

1990 = 100 160

6

140

5

120 100

4

80 3 60 2

40

1 0 1971

20 1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.119

Albania / Albanie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

6.25 6.51

1.86 1.87

3.16 3.13

3.94 3.94

3.50 3.79

4.56 4.44

4.23 4.11

-32.3% -36.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

111 2.66 3.22 9.93 3.29

55 1.32 2.83 8.73 3.15

76 1.81 3.69 11.39 3.08

89 2.13 4.29 13.25 3.12

87 2.08 4.54 14.03 3.13

100 2.38 4.79 14.81 3.15

95 2.27 5.03 15.55 3.17

-14.8% -14.8% 56.5% 56.5% -3.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

56.0 1.94 0.63 1.90

33.5 0.66 0.21 0.59

41.7 0.86 0.28 1.03

44.3 0.92 0.30 1.26

40.2 0.77 0.25 1.12

45.7 0.95 0.31 1.45

44.5 0.84 0.27 1.33

-20.5% -56.8% -56.8% -29.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.10 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.10 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

4.09 0.14 0.12 0.81 2.01 1.82 1.02 0.19 3.98 - 0.01 - 0.10 .. 0.25

0.03 0.03 0.03 -

-

4.23 0.03 0.14 0.15 0.87 2.01 1.82 1.04 0.20 4.11 - 0.01 - 0.10 .. 0.25

-32.3% -94.9% x -35.2% -68.6% 187.3% 159.9% -49.3% -33.0% -36.8%

.. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.82 0.83 0.81 0.19 0.19 0.14 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.02 4.23

% change 90-06 159.9% x -51.7% x -33.8% x -49.9% -91.5% x x x -32.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 22.3 10.2 9.9 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 51.8

Cumulative total (%) 22.3 32.5 42.4 44.7 47.0 48.7 50.1 50.9 51.3 51.6 51.8 51.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.120 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Algeria / Algérie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 100

90

90

80

80

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 100

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 94

100%

89 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

84 79 74 69 64 59

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

54 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 40

1990 = 100 140

35

120

30

100

TWh

25 80 20 60

15 10

40

5

20

0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.121

Algeria / Algérie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

54.76 58.38

59.30 63.66

66.62 71.06

77.70 81.13

78.56 82.36

83.78 84.32

85.91 89.72

56.9% 53.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 001 23.92 46.37 137.32 25.28

1 091 26.05 46.96 139.09 28.27

1 227 29.30 54.79 162.27 30.51

1 397 33.37 62.92 186.34 31.89

1 404 33.54 66.19 196.03 32.37

1 452 34.69 69.70 206.42 32.85

1 537 36.70 71.79 212.61 33.35

53.4% 53.4% 54.8% 54.8% 31.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

54.7 1.18 0.40 2.17

54.4 1.26 0.43 2.10

54.3 1.22 0.41 2.18

55.6 1.23 0.42 2.44

55.9 1.19 0.40 2.43

57.7 1.20 0.41 2.55

55.9 1.20 0.40 2.58

2.3% 1.3% 1.3% 18.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.99 0.99 2.70 1.71 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

30.53 0.32 0.40 1.43 3.37 15.02 15.02 10.00 10.00 32.16 - 0.93 2.56 0.98 1.14

54.39 23.52 11.12 7.23 3.55 8.96 8.96 54.86 0.46 0.01 -

-

85.91 23.84 0.40 12.55 11.60 18.56 15.02 18.96 18.96 89.72 1.24 2.57 0.98 1.14

56.9% 127.7% -44.7% -5.1% 48.7% 57.6% 36.3% 76.3% 76.3% 53.7%

-27.6% 4.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Other energy industries - gas Residential - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other transport - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 23.52 15.02 11.12 10.00 8.96 7.23 3.55 3.37 1.43 0.99 0.40 85.91

% change 90-06 128.9% 36.3% -9.0% 24.3% 230.2% 60.9% 364.9% 67.5% 41.9% -23.0% -44.7% 56.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 17.8 11.4 8.4 7.6 6.8 5.5 2.7 2.6 1.1 0.8 0.3 65.0

Cumulative total (%) 17.8 29.2 37.6 45.1 51.9 57.4 60.1 62.6 63.7 64.4 64.8 65.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.122 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Angola Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 9

8

8 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 9

7 6 5 4 3

7 6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1 0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 10

100%

9 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

8 7 6 5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

4 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

3.5

160

3

140 2.5 TWh

120 2

100

1.5

80 60

1

40 0.5 0 1971

20 0 1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.123

Angola Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

4.08 4.29

4.03 4.11

5.17 5.26

7.60 7.82

7.42 7.73

7.81 8.13

8.56 8.81

109.9% 105.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

263 6.28 8.46 18.77 10.53

287 6.84 6.70 14.85 12.32

333 7.96 9.13 20.24 13.93

384 9.17 11.14 24.69 15.18

395 9.44 12.38 27.45 15.64

408 9.74 14.94 33.11 16.10

430 10.26 17.11 37.94 16.56

63.3% 63.3% 102.2% 102.2% 57.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

15.5 0.48 0.22 0.39

14.1 0.60 0.27 0.33

15.5 0.57 0.26 0.37

19.8 0.68 0.31 0.50

18.8 0.60 0.27 0.47

19.2 0.52 0.24 0.49

19.9 0.50 0.23 0.52

28.5% 3.8% 3.9% 33.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

7.03 0.26 0.03 0.36 1.53 3.46 3.46 1.39 0.55 7.28 0.25 - 0.00 0.00 1.04

1.53 1.53 1.53 -

-

8.56 0.26 0.03 0.36 3.06 3.46 3.46 1.39 0.55 8.81 0.25 - 0.00 0.00 1.04

109.9% 21.6% 29.2% 65.6% 244.0% 244.0% 111.4% 130.5% 105.3%

-80.0% 1.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.46 1.53 1.53 0.84 0.55 0.36 0.26 0.03 8.56

% change 90-06 244.0% 87.6% 48.1% 100.4% 130.5% 29.2% 21.6% -60.9% 109.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 4.5 2.0 2.0 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.0 11.2

Cumulative total (%) 4.5 6.5 8.5 9.6 10.4 10.8 11.2 11.2 11.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.124 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Argentina / Argentine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 160

140

140 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 160

120 100 80 60

120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 160

100%

150 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

140 130 120 110

20% 100 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

90 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

TWh

140 120

120

100

100

80

80

60

60

40

40

20

20

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 140

1976

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

0 1971

1996

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.125

Argentina / Argentine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

100.38 106.81

115.32 119.92

132.94 136.92

122.77 126.63

136.23 140.05

139.14 140.35

148.73 152.54

48.2% 42.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 929 46.07 182.21 286.10 32.58

2 281 54.47 250.26 392.95 34.84

2 592 61.92 284.20 446.25 36.90

2 499 59.68 263.47 413.69 38.01

2 643 63.13 287.26 451.05 38.37

2 659 63.51 313.63 492.45 38.75

2 893 69.10 340.15 534.09 39.13

50.0% 50.0% 86.7% 86.7% 20.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

52.0 0.55 0.35 3.08

50.6 0.46 0.29 3.31

51.3 0.47 0.30 3.60

49.1 0.47 0.30 3.23

51.5 0.47 0.30 3.55

52.3 0.44 0.28 3.59

51.4 0.44 0.28 3.80

-1.2% -20.6% -20.6% 23.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

4.79 0.98 1.61 0.00 2.19 2.73 - 2.14 0.08 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

64.91 5.08 0.67 2.84 5.69 35.73 32.03 14.90 4.23 71.56 6.96 - 0.32 2.34 ..

79.03 21.83 4.71 9.03 18.72 8.12 5.95 16.62 14.46 78.26 0.32 - 1.10 -

-

148.73 27.90 6.99 11.88 26.60 43.86 37.98 31.52 18.70 152.54 5.15 - 1.34 2.34 ..

48.2% 82.2% 48.8% -15.6% 63.3% 55.8% 45.6% 44.2% 49.4% 42.8%

5.3% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - gas Road - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

32.03 21.83 18.72 14.46 10.66 9.03 5.95 5.69 5.08 4.71 4.23 148.73

24.8% 109.7% 88.3% 71.6% 81.4% 1.6% + 16.7% 11.7% 161.3% 3.7% 48.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 9.5 6.5 5.6 4.3 3.2 2.7 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 44.2

Cumulative total (%) 9.5 16.0 21.6 25.9 29.0 31.7 33.5 35.2 36.7 38.1 39.4 44.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.126 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Armenia / Arménie * Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

25

25

20

20

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

15

10

15

10

5

5

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 27

80%

22

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

17

60%

not available

12

40%

7

20% 0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

12

120

10

100

8 TWh

1994

80 6 60 4 40 2

20

0 1990

0 1992

Oil

1994

Gas

1996

1998

2000

Nuclear

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

1990

1992

CO2/TPES

* From 1992 to 2005, emissions for the residential sector have been included with Other sectors.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1994

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.127

Armenia / Arménie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

20.46 20.52

3.42 3.42

3.40 3.40

3.25 3.25

3.46 3.46

4.12 4.12

4.14 4.14

-79.8% -79.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

331 7.90 2.82 10.99 3.55

70 1.67 1.49 5.80 3.23

86 2.07 1.91 7.46 3.08

84 2.00 2.70 10.55 3.04

89 2.12 2.99 11.66 3.03

107 2.55 3.40 13.29 3.02

108 2.59 3.86 15.07 3.01

-67.2% -67.2% 37.1% 37.1% -15.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

61.9 7.27 1.86 5.77

49.0 2.30 0.59 1.06

39.3 1.78 0.46 1.10

38.9 1.20 0.31 1.07

38.9 1.16 0.30 1.14

38.6 1.21 0.31 1.37

38.3 1.07 0.27 1.38

-38.2% -85.2% -85.2% -76.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

0.93 0.02 0.52 0.52 0.40 0.93 0.12

3.21 0.90 1.43 0.88 3.21 0.00 -

-

4.14 0.90 1.45 0.52 0.52 1.28 0.00 4.14 0.00 0.12

-79.8% -85.1% -68.3% -82.3% -82.3% -81.5% -100.0% -79.8%

-79.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.43 0.90 0.88 0.52 0.40 0.02 0.00 4.14

% change 90-06 -37.0% -53.2% -41.9% -82.3% -76.8% -99.2% -99.8% -79.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 19.7 12.4 12.1 7.2 5.5 0.3 0.0 57.2

Cumulative total (%) 19.7 32.1 44.2 51.4 56.9 57.1 57.2 57.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.128 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Australia / Australie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 450

400

400 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 450

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50 0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 410

100%

390 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

370 350 330 310 290 270

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

250 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 300

1990 = 100 140

250

120 100

200 TWh

1996

80 150 60 100 40 50

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.129

Australia / Australie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

259.81 260.93

285.19 278.56

338.66 330.38

360.95 336.99

369.57 337.78

387.17 363.36

394.45 370.42

51.8% 42.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 671 87.68 281.00 368.86 17.17

3 956 94.50 330.10 433.37 18.19

4 629 110.55 399.60 524.61 19.27

4 723 112.82 445.10 584.28 19.98

4 733 113.06 457.00 599.92 20.20

5 055 120.75 469.80 616.77 20.47

5 128 122.47 481.40 631.93 20.74

39.7% 39.7% 71.3% 71.3% 20.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

70.8 0.92 0.70 15.13

72.1 0.86 0.66 15.68

73.2 0.85 0.65 17.57

76.4 0.81 0.62 18.07

78.1 0.81 0.62 18.29

76.6 0.82 0.63 18.91

76.9 0.82 0.62 19.02

8.7% -11.4% -11.4% 25.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

226.63 210.83 0.15 2.38 12.56 0.31 0.39 0.05 212.90 - 0.54 - 13.19 -

Oil 112.29 1.18 1.54 8.72 14.94 76.81 67.39 9.10 0.83 102.81 - 6.27 - 3.21 3.21 7.29

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

55.06 11.27 6.38 7.28 20.33 0.89 0.07 8.91 6.71 54.24 0.95 - 1.77 -

0.47 0.47 0.47 0.00 -

394.45 223.29 8.07 18.38 48.30 78.00 67.46 18.40 7.59 370.42 - 5.86 - 18.17 3.21 7.29

51.8% 84.7% 55.4% 27.8% 5.0% 27.1% 23.8% 53.6% 34.8% 42.0%

50.2% 69.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - gas Residential - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

210.83 67.39 20.33 14.94 12.56 11.27 9.42 8.72 8.27 7.28 6.71 394.45

87.2% 23.6% 48.2% 15.9% -32.2% 59.3% 43.0% 21.0% 101.4% 51.1% 51.9% 51.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 37.1 11.9 3.6 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 69.4

Cumulative total (%) 37.1 48.9 52.5 55.1 57.4 59.3 61.0 62.5 64.0 65.3 66.4 69.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.130 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Austria / Autriche Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

60 50 40 30

60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 77

80%

72

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

60% 40% 20%

67 62 57

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

52 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1981

70

1990 = 100 160

60

140

50

120 100

40

80 30 60 20

40

10

20

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.131

Austria / Autriche Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

56.56 57.12

59.21 60.06

62.01 62.38

73.51 73.45

73.55 73.06

75.02 75.36

72.84 73.35

28.8% 28.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 049 25.05 150.70 181.43 7.68

1 136 27.13 167.70 201.95 7.95

1 216 29.04 193.80 233.41 8.01

1 373 32.80 199.50 240.25 8.12

1 381 33.00 204.10 245.80 8.18

1 425 34.04 208.30 250.82 8.23

1 433 34.23 215.20 259.10 8.28

36.6% 36.6% 42.8% 42.8% 7.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

53.9 0.38 0.31 7.37

52.1 0.35 0.29 7.45

51.0 0.32 0.27 7.74

53.5 0.37 0.31 9.06

53.2 0.36 0.30 9.00

52.6 0.36 0.30 9.11

50.8 0.34 0.28 8.80

-5.7% -9.8% -9.8% 19.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

15.37 5.67 2.94 4.29 1.86 0.60 0.52 16.00 0.62 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

37.96 1.11 0.63 2.16 5.82 20.21 19.65 8.02 4.87 37.83 - 0.07 - 0.05 1.75

17.21 4.56 1.02 1.14 5.76 0.45 4.28 3.03 17.21 0.00 -

2.31 0.66 0.37 1.19 0.08 2.31 0.00 -

72.84 12.01 4.97 7.60 14.64 20.66 19.65 12.97 8.41 73.35 0.55 - 0.04 1.75

28.8% 14.9% 40.4% 31.1% 32.1% 63.1% 63.2% -0.4% -14.5% 28.4%

113.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 19.65 5.82 5.76 5.67 4.87 4.56 4.29 3.15 3.03 2.94 2.16 72.84

% change 90-06 63.2% 51.2% 31.9% -2.8% -7.9% 38.9% 42.3% 27.7% 69.4% 100.5% 13.6% 28.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 20.4 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.1 4.7 4.5 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.2 75.8

Cumulative total (%) 20.4 26.5 32.5 38.4 43.5 48.2 52.7 56.0 59.1 62.2 64.4 75.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.132 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Azerbaijan / Azerbaïdjan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

70

70

60

60 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

50 40 30 20 10

50 40 30 20 10

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 75

100%

70 65

million tonnes of CO 2

80%

60 55

60%

50

not available

45

40%

40 35

20%

30 0%

25 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

25

120

20

100 15 TWh

80 60

10

40 5 20 0 1990

0 1992

Oil

1994

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.133

Azerbaijan / Azerbaïdjan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

62.69 66.54

30.85 33.25

28.17 29.33

28.14 29.06

29.19 30.41

31.14 32.37

30.23 33.37

-51.8% -49.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 092 26.08 8.95 33.83 7.16

552 13.17 3.75 14.16 7.69

484 11.55 5.27 19.92 8.05

516 12.33 7.13 26.93 8.23

544 12.99 7.85 29.68 8.31

581 13.87 9.93 37.51 8.39

589 14.08 13.35 50.45 8.48

-46.0% -46.0% 49.1% 49.1% 18.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

57.4 7.00 1.85 8.76

55.9 8.23 2.18 4.01

58.2 5.34 1.41 3.50

54.5 3.95 1.04 3.42

53.7 3.72 0.98 3.51

53.6 3.14 0.83 3.71

51.3 2.26 0.60 3.56

-10.7% -67.7% -67.7% -59.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

10.54 4.03 0.48 0.96 4.53 4.47 0.53 0.18 12.47 1.93 .. 1.48

19.69 9.98 0.25 2.18 1.41 0.27 5.61 5.46 20.90 1.21 -

-

30.23 14.01 0.25 2.66 2.37 4.80 4.47 6.14 5.64 33.37 3.14 .. 1.48

-51.8% -45.8% x 24.0% -84.1% 40.0% 42.5% -62.6% 23.2% -49.9%

.. 108.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 9.98 5.46 4.47 4.03 2.18 1.41 0.96 0.48 0.36 0.27 0.25 30.23

% change 90-06 -3.7% 19.4% 48.2% -73.9% x -90.0% 21.1% -77.6% -96.2% -7.1% x -51.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 16.8 9.2 7.5 6.8 3.7 2.4 1.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 50.9

Cumulative total (%) 16.8 26.0 33.5 40.3 44.0 46.3 48.0 48.8 49.4 49.8 50.2 50.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.134 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Bahrain / Bahrein Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1976

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 21

100%

19 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

17 15 13 11

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

9 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 12

1990 = 100 140

10

120 100

8 TWh

1981

80 6 60 4 40 2

20

0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Gas

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.135

Bahrain / Bahrein Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

11.70 10.20

11.63 11.65

14.13 13.79

16.19 15.95

16.86 16.47

18.31 17.90

19.97 19.57

70.7% 91.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

202 4.83 4.65 6.09 0.49

223 5.32 6.45 8.46 0.58

261 6.24 7.97 10.45 0.65

303 7.24 9.41 12.33 0.70

315 7.53 9.92 13.00 0.71

341 8.14 10.60 13.89 0.73

367 8.77 11.42 14.96 0.74

81.6% 81.6% 145.7% 145.7% 49.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

57.8 2.52 1.92 23.73

52.2 1.80 1.37 20.11

54.1 1.77 1.35 21.74

53.4 1.72 1.31 23.30

53.5 1.70 1.30 23.74

53.7 1.73 1.32 25.26

54.4 1.75 1.33 27.02

-6.0% -30.5% -30.5% 13.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

4.51 0.61 0.13 0.82 2.71 2.71 0.24 0.24 4.10 - 0.40 0.00 .. 1.76

15.46 6.03 1.32 2.97 5.13 15.46 -

-

19.97 6.64 1.46 3.79 5.13 2.71 2.71 0.24 0.24 19.57 - 0.40 0.00 .. 1.76

70.7% 79.9% x 31.5% 28.0% 173.4% 173.4% 90.1% 90.1% 91.9%

.. 23.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 6.03 5.13 2.97 2.71 1.32 0.82 0.61 0.24 0.13 19.97

% change 90-06 63.4% 28.0% 54.9% 173.4% x -15.1% x 90.1% x 70.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 27.1 23.0 13.3 12.1 5.9 3.7 2.7 1.1 0.6 89.6

Cumulative total (%) 27.1 50.1 63.4 75.6 81.5 85.2 87.9 89.0 89.6 89.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.136 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Bangladesh Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 40

35

35 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 40

30 25 20 15

30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 42

100%

37 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

32 27 22 17

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

12 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

30 25

200

20 TWh

150 15 100 10 50

5 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.137

Bangladesh Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

13.56 14.13

20.45 21.27

25.19 26.72

32.23 33.47

33.55 35.03

36.34 38.16

38.06 39.74

180.7% 181.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

537 12.83 29.47 124.50 113.05

670 16.00 36.54 154.34 126.30

783 18.71 47.10 198.96 139.43

920 21.98 54.49 230.19 147.74

954 22.79 57.91 244.62 150.53

1 013 24.19 61.36 259.19 153.28

1 049 25.04 65.48 276.59 155.99

95.2% 95.2% 122.2% 122.2% 38.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

25.3 0.46 0.11 0.12

30.5 0.56 0.13 0.16

32.2 0.53 0.13 0.18

35.0 0.59 0.14 0.22

35.2 0.58 0.14 0.22

35.9 0.59 0.14 0.24

36.3 0.58 0.14 0.24

43.8% 26.4% 26.4% 103.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

1.36 1.36 1.36 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

12.69 1.80 0.18 2.17 4.59 3.37 3.95 2.26 12.63 0.22 - 0.28 0.11 0.84

24.02 12.42 6.92 4.68 4.05 25.75 1.74 -

-

38.06 14.22 0.18 10.44 4.59 3.37 8.63 6.31 39.74 1.96 - 0.28 0.11 0.84

180.7% 231.7% 17.8% 131.7% 178.4% 183.1% 190.9% 209.7% 181.1%

78.6% 209.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 12.42 6.92 4.05 3.37 2.26 2.17 1.80 1.70 1.36 1.23 0.63 38.06

% change 90-06 216.8% 157.7% 665.2% 183.1% 49.9% 197.0% 390.7% 119.8% 24.3% 166.2% 294.3% 180.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 7.3 4.0 2.4 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.4 22.2

Cumulative total (%) 7.3 11.3 13.7 15.6 16.9 18.2 19.3 20.2 21.0 21.8 22.1 22.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.138 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Belarus / Bélarus Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

140

140

120

120 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

100 80 60 40 20

100 80 60 40 20

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

Coal/peat

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 129

100%

119 million tonnes of CO 2

80%

109

60%

not available 40% 20%

99 89 79 69 59

0%

49 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

45 40

100

35

TWh

30

80

25 60

20 15

40

10 20

5 0 1990

1992

Oil

1994

1996

Gas

1998

2000

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

2004

Other

2006

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.139

Belarus / Bélarus Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

114.79 117.43

59.45 63.16

55.20 59.90

57.30 62.39

59.66 65.00

60.97 63.81

64.09 68.01

-44.2% -42.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 772 42.31 14.36 54.19 10.19

1 038 24.78 9.38 35.38 10.19

1 033 24.67 12.74 48.05 10.01

1 089 26.01 15.00 56.59 9.87

1 127 26.91 16.72 63.06 9.82

1 124 26.84 18.26 68.89 9.78

1 198 28.61 20.11 75.88 9.73

-32.4% -32.4% 40.0% 40.0% -4.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

64.8 7.99 2.12 11.27

57.3 6.34 1.68 5.83

53.4 4.33 1.15 5.52

52.6 3.82 1.01 5.80

53.0 3.57 0.95 6.07

54.2 3.34 0.88 6.24

53.5 3.19 0.84 6.58

-17.4% -60.1% -60.1% -41.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2.31 0.10 0.47 0.06 0.29 0.03 1.36 1.06 2.51 0.19 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

22.14 2.31 0.75 1.47 6.55 5.01 4.15 6.05 3.64 25.45 3.20 0.11 ..

38.93 24.62 4.96 5.56 0.84 0.04 2.94 2.78 39.34 0.41 - 0.00 -

0.71 0.20 0.51 0.71 -

64.09 27.03 6.38 1.53 12.91 5.88 4.20 10.35 7.48 68.01 3.81 0.11 ..

-44.2% -30.5% -62.3% -47.1% -52.2% -41.0% -48.5% -45.9% 50.7% -42.1%

..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Road - oil Residential - oil Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 24.62 6.55 5.56 4.96 4.15 3.64 2.78 2.41 2.31 1.47 1.06 64.09

% change 90-06 78.0% -70.5% 26.1% 21.4% -49.0% 88.8% 58.2% -67.4% -90.8% -47.4% -17.0% -44.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 27.5 7.3 6.2 5.5 4.6 4.1 3.1 2.7 2.6 1.6 1.2 71.5

Cumulative total (%) 27.5 34.8 41.0 46.5 51.2 55.2 58.3 61.0 63.6 65.2 66.4 71.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.140 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Belgium / Belgique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 140

120

120 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 140

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40 20

20

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 135

100%

130 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

125 120 115 110

20% 105 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

100 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1996

90

1990 = 100 200

80

180

70

160

60

140 120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.141

Belgium / Belgique Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

110.29 111.79

120.94 122.05

127.30 130.10

127.02 129.21

124.38 126.67

120.45 122.71

117.24 121.00

6.3% 8.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 082 49.72 187.50 228.18 9.97

2 340 55.88 203.00 246.94 10.14

2 591 61.89 231.90 282.19 10.25

2 611 62.36 239.70 291.58 10.37

2 603 62.16 246.80 300.25 10.42

2 584 61.71 250.90 305.28 10.47

2 554 60.99 258.10 313.97 10.54

22.7% 22.7% 37.7% 37.6% 5.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

53.0 0.59 0.48 11.06

51.7 0.60 0.49 11.93

49.1 0.55 0.45 12.42

48.7 0.53 0.44 12.25

47.8 0.50 0.41 11.94

46.6 0.48 0.39 11.50

45.9 0.45 0.37 11.12

-13.3% -22.8% -22.8% 0.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

17.71 10.55 1.25 0.37 5.03 0.51 0.51 18.12 0.90 - 0.50 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

54.92 0.98 0.06 4.01 9.71 25.22 24.36 14.93 9.64 58.02 3.96 - 0.86 26.40 3.49

34.09 9.14 0.28 0.16 12.15 12.37 8.08 34.34 0.25 -

10.52 2.14 8.35 0.02 10.52 0.00 -

117.24 22.82 1.59 4.54 35.24 25.22 24.36 27.84 18.23 121.00 4.87 - 1.11 26.40 3.49

6.3% 3.9% -49.9% -25.4% 6.7% 26.1% 26.5% 6.8% -1.2% 8.2%

103.6% 23.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries -other Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

24.36 12.15 10.55 9.71 9.64 9.14 8.35 8.08 5.29 5.03 4.29 117.24

26.5% 64.4% -41.0% 24.4% -9.2% 238.1% 215.6% 39.2% 2.2% -66.8% 77.4% 6.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 16.8 8.4 7.3 6.7 6.6 6.3 5.7 5.6 3.6 3.5 3.0 80.7

Cumulative total (%) 16.8 25.1 32.4 39.1 45.7 52.0 57.7 63.3 66.9 70.4 73.3 80.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.142 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Benin / Bénin Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3.5

2.5 2 1.5 1

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3.5

100%

3 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

2.5 2 1.5 1

20% 0.5 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

0 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1996

0.14

1990 = 100 800

0.12

700

0.1

600 500

0.08

400 0.06 300 0.04

200

0.02 0 1971

100 1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.143

Benin / Bénin Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.25 0.24

0.22 0.21

1.41 1.48

2.26 2.29

2.41 2.42

2.52 2.47

3.01 3.01

+ +

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

70 1.68 1.41 4.39 5.18

78 1.87 1.74 5.41 6.21

84 2.01 2.26 7.02 7.23

101 2.42 2.57 8.00 7.96

105 2.52 2.65 8.25 8.22

108 2.58 2.73 8.48 8.49

118 2.82 2.84 8.83 8.76

67.7% 67.7% 101.1% 101.1% 69.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

3.6 0.18 0.06 0.05

2.8 0.13 0.04 0.04

16.8 0.63 0.20 0.20

22.2 0.88 0.28 0.28

22.9 0.91 0.29 0.29

23.3 0.92 0.30 0.30

25.5 1.06 0.34 0.34

607.4% 490.3% 489.8% 601.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

3.01 0.07 0.02 0.15 1.82 1.82 0.95 0.94 3.01 0.00 .. 0.08

+ 175.2% x 400.6% + + + + +

3.01 0.07 0.02 0.15 1.82 1.82 0.95 0.94 3.01 0.00 .. 0.08

.. 50.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.82 0.94 0.15 0.07 0.02 0.00 3.01

% change 90-06

Level assessment (%) **

+ + 400.6% 175.2% x x -

+

14.3 7.4 1.2 0.5 0.1 0.0 23.7

Cumulative total (%) 14.3 21.7 22.9 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.144 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Bolivia / Bolivie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14

12

12 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 14

100%

13 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

12 11 10 9 8 7 6

0%

5 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

6

160

5

140

TWh

4

120 100

3

80 2

60 40

1

20 0

0

1971

1976

Oil

1981

Gas

1986

1991

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.145

Bolivia / Bolivie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

5.45 5.30

8.16 8.37

7.63 11.22

9.13 9.82

10.45 12.16

11.87 12.12

12.75 13.49

134.1% 154.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

116 2.77 5.80 13.72 6.67

166 3.96 7.09 16.77 7.48

207 4.94 8.40 19.86 8.32

184 4.39 8.99 21.25 8.84

225 5.38 9.36 22.14 9.01

222 5.31 9.74 23.04 9.18

245 5.85 10.19 24.10 9.35

110.9% 110.9% 75.7% 75.7% 40.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

46.9 0.94 0.40 0.82

49.2 1.15 0.49 1.09

36.9 0.91 0.38 0.92

49.7 1.02 0.43 1.03

46.3 1.12 0.47 1.16

53.4 1.22 0.52 1.29

52.0 1.25 0.53 1.36

11.0% 33.2% 33.2% 66.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

8.95 1.05 0.08 1.16 0.17 3.55 3.06 2.95 1.07 9.73 0.79 - 0.01 ..

3.79 1.53 0.02 0.85 0.94 0.36 0.36 0.09 0.05 3.77 0.38 - 0.41 -

-

12.75 2.58 0.09 2.01 1.11 3.91 3.43 3.04 1.12 13.49 1.17 - 0.42 ..

134.1% 310.3% 32.0% 128.2% 76.5% 82.6% 94.3% 178.0% 95.1% 154.7%

..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Other transport - oil Road - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.06 1.88 1.53 1.16 1.07 1.05 0.94 0.85 0.49 0.36 0.17 12.75

% change 90-06 73.7% 262.1% 163.1% 235.1% 85.6% + 143.5% 59.2% 28.3% x -29.9% 134.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 4.4 2.7 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 18.3

Cumulative total (%) 4.4 7.1 9.3 10.9 12.5 14.0 15.3 16.5 17.2 17.7 18.0 18.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.146 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Bosnia and Herzegovina / Bosnie-Herzégovine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

25

25

20

20

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

15

10

15

10

5

5

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 28

80%

23

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

18

60%

not available

13

40%

8

20% 0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

16 14

100 12 80

TWh

10 8

60

6 40 4 20

2 0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.147

Bosnia and Herzegovina / Bosnie-Herzégovine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

23.63 23.94

3.35 3.50

13.66 13.69

14.38 14.22

14.94 15.21

15.66 15.80

17.16 17.35

-27.4% -27.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

295 7.04 1.40 5.69 4.31

64 1.53 1.51 6.14 3.42

182 4.36 5.05 20.54 3.79

184 4.41 5.77 23.47 3.90

202 4.81 6.13 24.93 3.91

211 5.05 6.44 26.19 3.92

226 5.39 6.83 27.76 3.93

-23.4% -23.4% 388.3% 388.2% -8.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

80.2 16.90 4.16 5.49

52.2 2.22 0.55 0.98

74.9 2.71 0.67 3.61

77.9 2.49 0.61 3.69

74.1 2.44 0.60 3.83

74.1 2.43 0.60 4.00

76.0 2.51 0.62 4.37

-5.2% -85.1% -85.1% -20.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

13.04 11.17 0.10 0.06 0.64 1.08 13.22 0.15 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

3.38 0.16 0.07 0.03 2.45 2.41 0.67 3.39 0.01 - 0.00 .. ..

0.74 0.13 0.48 0.13 0.11 0.75 0.01 0.00 -

-

17.16 11.30 0.26 0.13 1.14 2.45 2.41 1.88 0.11 17.35 0.17 0.02 .. ..

-27.4% 31.8% -74.9% x -81.7% 12.9% 11.0% -66.5% -61.7% -27.5%

.. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 11.17 2.41 1.08 0.67 0.64 0.48 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.07 17.16

% change 90-06 32.0% 11.0% -79.7% x -82.1% -34.2% -84.6% 18.1% 52.6% x x -27.4%

Level assessment (%) ** 49.7 10.7 4.8 3.0 2.8 2.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 76.3

Cumulative total (%) 49.7 60.3 65.2 68.1 71.0 73.1 73.8 74.4 74.9 75.3 75.6 76.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.148 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Botswana Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 5

4.5

4.5

4

4

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0 1981

0 1986

Coal/peat

1991

1996

Oil

2001

Gas

1981

2006

1986

1996

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 5

100%

4.5 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

4 3.5 3 2.5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

1.2

120

1

100

0.8 TWh

1991

80 0.6 60 0.4 40 0.2

20

0 1981

1986

1991

Coal/peat

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

2001

Oil

2006

0 1981

1986

CO2/TPES

1991

1996

CO2/GDP

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.149

Botswana Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2.93 2.93

3.33 3.35

4.19 4.20

3.93 4.09

4.10 4.10

4.31 4.31

4.54 4.54

54.7% 55.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

53 1.27 3.39 8.05 1.37

63 1.50 4.14 9.82 1.57

77 1.84 6.18 14.65 1.73

78 1.86 7.29 17.29 1.80

76 1.82 7.74 18.36 1.82

79 1.90 8.05 19.08 1.84

82 1.96 8.39 19.89 1.86

53.9% 53.9% 147.1% 147.0% 35.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

55.1 0.86 0.36 2.15

53.0 0.81 0.34 2.13

54.3 0.68 0.29 2.42

50.4 0.54 0.23 2.19

53.8 0.53 0.22 2.26

54.3 0.54 0.23 2.35

55.4 0.54 0.23 2.44

0.6% -37.4% -37.4% 13.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2.47 1.48 0.44 0.54 0.01 2.47 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

4.54 1.48 0.44 0.87 1.56 1.52 0.18 0.10 4.54 0.00 .. 0.03

54.7% 15.3% 32.9% 64.0% 140.9% 152.8% 35.6% 35.8% 55.1%

2.07 0.01 0.33 1.56 1.52 0.17 0.10 2.07 0.00 .. 0.03

.. -9.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.52 1.48 0.54 0.44 0.33 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.01 4.54

% change 90-06 152.8% 26.4% 24.4% 32.9% 234.9% 56.2% 25.8% -10.8% 150.1% -94.8% 54.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 13.1 12.8 4.6 3.9 2.9 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 39.4

Cumulative total (%) 13.1 26.0 30.6 34.5 37.3 38.2 38.8 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.150 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Brazil / Brésil Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 350

300

300 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 350

250 200 150 100

250 200 150 100 50

50 0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 350

100%

330 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

310 290 270 250 230 210

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

190 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 450

1990 = 100 160

400

140

350

120

300 TWh

1996

100

250 80

200

60

150 100

40

50

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.151

Brazil / Brésil Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

192.72 202.40

238.40 250.17

303.41 311.55

304.06 309.44

321.02 324.21

327.06 330.22

332.42 334.22

72.5% 65.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

5 861 6 735 7 948 8 370 8 829 9 065 139.99 160.87 189.83 199.92 210.87 216.52 501.60 583.42 644.48 677.99 716.70 737.81 968.07 1 125.99 1 243.83 1 308.51 1 383.22 1 423.96 149.52 161.62 174.16 181.79 184.32 186.83

9 384 224.13 765.13 1 476.68 189.32

60.1% 60.1% 52.5% 52.5% 26.6%

35.4 0.43 0.23 1.76

7.7% 13.1% 13.1% 36.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

32.9 0.38 0.20 1.29

35.4 0.41 0.21 1.48

38.2 0.47 0.24 1.74

36.3 0.45 0.23 1.67

36.4 0.45 0.23 1.74

36.1 0.44 0.23 1.75

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

47.00 8.40 8.63 3.23 26.68 0.06 49.30 2.24 0.06 -

Oil 245.54 6.22 2.81 13.85 53.31 136.22 123.70 33.14 15.10 244.76 3.91 - 4.68 10.63 3.87

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

39.88 5.70 2.53 7.75 18.24 4.49 4.49 1.17 0.46 40.16 0.26 0.02 -

-

332.42 20.32 13.97 24.82 98.23 140.76 128.19 34.32 15.56 334.22 6.41 - 4.61 10.63 3.87

72.5% 219.3% 141.7% 61.0% 70.9% 74.6% 83.7% 26.7% 13.2% 65.1%

519.6% 173.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

123.70 53.31 26.68 18.24 18.04 15.10 13.85 12.52 8.63 8.40 7.75 332.42

77.3% 49.7% 52.7% 317.3% 36.7% 12.5% 28.2% 15.5% 124.5% 107.0% 329.6% 72.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 11.3 4.9 2.4 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.7 30.3

Cumulative total (%) 11.3 16.1 18.6 20.2 21.9 23.3 24.5 25.7 26.5 27.2 27.9 30.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.152 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Brunei Darussalam Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2 1

1

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 7

100%

6.5 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

3 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 160

3.5

TWh

1996

3

140

2.5

120 100

2

80 1.5 60 1

40

0.5 0 1971

20 1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Gas

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.153

Brunei Darussalam Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3.36 4.13

4.70 5.52

4.65 6.01

5.49 6.27

5.19 6.28

5.09 6.18

5.77 6.60

71.5% 59.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

75 1.80 3.75 4.48 0.26

100 2.38 4.07 4.86 0.30

106 2.52 4.32 5.16 0.33

111 2.66 4.75 5.67 0.36

112 2.68 4.83 5.77 0.37

110 2.62 4.85 5.79 0.37

117 2.81 5.03 6.01 0.38

55.8% 55.8% 34.2% 34.2% 48.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

44.6 0.90 0.75 13.08

47.1 1.16 0.97 15.94

44.0 1.08 0.90 13.96

49.2 1.15 0.97 15.32

46.3 1.07 0.90 14.18

46.4 1.05 0.88 13.62

49.1 1.15 0.96 15.10

10.1% 27.8% 27.8% 15.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1.81 0.03 0.53 0.19 1.02 1.02 0.05 0.05 1.81 0.10 - 0.11 .. 0.23

3.96 2.43 0.25 1.24 0.03 0.03 4.79 0.83 0.01 -

-

5.77 2.45 0.25 1.77 0.19 1.02 1.02 0.08 0.08 6.60 0.93 - 0.10 .. 0.23

71.5% 126.8% x 23.0% -23.7% 86.4% 86.4% 72.6% 72.6% 59.8%

.. 105.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - gas Road - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 2.43 1.24 1.02 0.53 0.25 0.19 0.05 0.03 0.03 5.77

% change 90-06 126.4% -13.5% 86.4% + x -23.7% 5.1% x 166.6% 71.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 27.0 13.8 11.3 5.9 2.8 2.1 0.5 0.3 0.3 64.1

Cumulative total (%) 27.0 40.8 52.1 58.0 60.8 62.9 63.4 63.8 64.1 64.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.154 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Bulgaria / Bulgarie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 90

80

80 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 90

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 102

100%

92 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

82 72 62 52

0% 1971

1988

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

42 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1988 = 100 250

50 45 40

200

35 TWh

30

150

25 20

100

15 10

50

5 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.155

Bulgaria / Bulgarie * Key indicators % change

1988

1990

1995

2003

2004

2005

2006

88-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

82.07 84.56

74.94 76.17

53.40 57.54

46.38 48.40

45.34 46.47

46.02 47.74

47.54 49.06

-42.1% -42.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 330 31.76 17.06 66.22 8.98

1 206 28.81 15.00 58.20 8.72

981 23.43 13.14 50.98 8.40

823 19.67 14.45 56.07 7.82

794 18.97 15.41 59.79 7.78

840 20.07 16.37 63.53 7.74

867 20.70 17.37 67.40 7.69

-34.8% -34.8% 1.8% 1.8% -14.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

61.7 4.81 1.24 9.14

62.1 5.00 1.29 8.60

54.4 4.06 1.05 6.36

56.3 3.21 0.83 5.93

57.1 2.94 0.76 5.83

54.8 2.81 0.72 5.95

54.9 2.74 0.71 6.18

-11.1% -43.1% -43.1% -32.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Bulgaria is allowed to use 1988 as the base year.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

28.43 23.23 0.68 1.08 2.40 1.03 0.98 28.69 0.93 - 0.67 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

88-06

12.64 0.15 0.21 0.73 3.08 7.45 7.29 1.01 0.07 13.63 0.50 0.49 0.33 0.53

6.20 1.91 0.45 0.16 2.81 0.59 0.06 0.28 0.06 6.47 0.14 0.12 -

0.27 0.02 0.25 0.27 -

47.54 25.30 1.37 1.97 8.55 8.04 7.34 2.32 1.10 49.06 1.57 - 0.05 0.33 0.53

-42.1% -34.5% -23.1% 7.1% -54.1% 18.5% 8.3% -83.9% -75.6% -42.0%

-64.7% -57.9%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - coal/peat Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 23.23 7.29 3.08 2.81 2.40 1.91 1.08 0.98 0.95 0.73 0.68 47.54

% change 88-06 -2.8% 7.4% -59.4% x -78.2% -71.0% x -70.8% -78.6% -60.4% -61.6% -42.1%

Level assessment (%) *** 33.6 10.5 4.5 4.1 3.5 2.8 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 68.8

Cumulative total (%) 33.6 44.2 48.7 52.7 56.2 59.0 60.5 62.0 63.3 64.4 65.4 68.8

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.156 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Cambodia / Cambodge Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

4.5

4.5

4

4

3.5

3.5

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

3 2.5 2 1.5

3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0 1995

1997

Coal/peat

1999

2001

Oil

2003

Gas

0 1995

2006

1997

1999

2001

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2003

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4.5

100%

4 million tonnes of CO 2

80%

3.5

60%

not available

3

2.5

40%

2

20% 1.5 0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1995 = 100 250

1.4 1.2

200

TWh

1 150

0.8 0.6

100

0.4 50

0.2 0 1995

1997

1999

2001

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2003

Hydro

2006

0 1995

1997

CO2/TPES

1999

2001

CO2/GDP

2003

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.157

Cambodia / Cambodge * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

.. ..

1.40 1.40

2.42 2.28

3.13 3.16

3.51 3.54

3.73 3.76

4.06 4.11

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. .. .. ..

142 3.38 2.57 15.47 11.40

167 4.00 3.67 22.05 12.78

187 4.48 4.55 27.38 13.49

195 4.66 5.01 30.11 13.72

201 4.80 5.68 34.14 13.96

209 4.99 6.28 37.73 14.20

.. .. .. .. ..

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

9.9 0.55 0.09 0.12

14.4 0.66 0.11 0.19

16.7 0.69 0.11 0.23

18.0 0.70 0.12 0.26

18.6 0.66 0.11 0.27

19.4 0.65 0.11 0.29

.. .. .. ..

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Prior to 1995, data for Cambodia were included in Other Asia.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-06

-

-

4.06 1.24 0.15 1.18 1.17 1.49 1.18 4.11 0.05 .. 0.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

4.06 1.24 0.15 1.18 1.17 1.49 1.18 4.11 0.05 .. 0.08

.. ..

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.24 1.18 1.17 0.31 0.15 0.01 4.06

% change 90-06 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Level assessment (%) *** 5.4 5.2 5.1 1.4 0.6 0.0 17.7

Cumulative total (%) 5.4 10.6 15.7 17.0 17.7 17.7 17.7

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.158 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Cameroon / Cameroun Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3.5

2.5 2 1.5 1

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3.6

100%

3.4 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3.2 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

4.5 4

100

3.5

TWh

3

80

2.5 60

2 1.5

40

1 20

0.5 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.159

Cameroon / Cameroun Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

2.67 2.73

2.50 2.60

2.79 2.96

2.98 3.34

3.01 3.46

2.93 3.20

3.12 3.19

16.6% 16.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

211 5.03 8.79 24.35 12.24

233 5.55 7.99 22.13 14.06

266 6.35 10.08 27.90 15.86

285 6.81 11.39 31.56 17.02

292 6.97 11.82 32.72 17.41

292 6.97 12.06 33.39 17.80

297 7.08 12.53 34.69 18.18

40.8% 40.8% 42.5% 42.5% 48.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

12.7 0.30 0.11 0.22

10.7 0.31 0.11 0.18

10.5 0.28 0.10 0.18

10.5 0.26 0.09 0.18

10.3 0.25 0.09 0.17

10.0 0.24 0.09 0.16

10.5 0.25 0.09 0.17

-17.2% -18.2% -18.2% -21.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

3.12 0.17 0.07 0.26 2.12 2.12 0.50 0.50 3.19 0.07 - 0.00 0.13 0.22

16.6% 381.6% x 15.2% 22.1% 22.1% -26.6% -26.6% 16.9%

3.12 0.17 0.07 0.26 2.12 2.12 0.50 0.50 3.19 0.07 - 0.00 0.13 0.22

221.2% 45.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 2.12 0.50 0.26 0.17 0.07 3.12

% change 90-06 22.1% -26.6% 15.2% 381.6% x 16.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 5.6 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.2 8.3

Cumulative total (%) 5.6 7.0 7.7 8.1 8.3 8.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.160 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Canada Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 600

500

500

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 600

400 300 200

400 300 200

100

100

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 580

100%

560 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

540 520 500 480 460 440 420

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

400 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 700

1990 = 100 160

600

140 120

500 TWh

1996

100

400

80 300 60 200

40

100

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.161

Canada Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

432.22 423.43

465.06 452.53

532.62 517.78

554.35 535.29

550.41 536.44

556.28 548.02

538.82 526.86

24.7% 24.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

8 772 209.51 543.60 654.63 27.70

9 700 231.68 592.10 712.93 29.30

10 555 252.09 724.90 872.92 30.69

10 978 262.21 773.70 931.67 31.68

11 261 268.96 797.50 960.28 31.99

11 457 11 294 273.66 269.74 821.90 844.60 989.73 1 017.03 32.30 32.62

28.8% 28.8% 55.4% 55.4% 17.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

49.3 0.80 0.66 15.60

47.9 0.79 0.65 15.87

50.5 0.73 0.61 17.36

50.5 0.72 0.60 17.50

48.9 0.69 0.57 17.21

48.6 0.68 0.56 17.22

47.7 0.64 0.53 16.52

-3.2% -19.8% -19.8% 5.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

107.25 90.16 0.36 0.06 16.52 0.16 0.16 108.14 1.09 - 0.21 -

Oil 263.63 6.78 0.43 29.79 31.63 149.98 123.92 45.02 6.47 235.12 - 23.62 - 4.89 1.70 2.53

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

167.44 12.71 4.13 34.80 50.59 9.58 0.09 55.64 31.07 183.11 4.21 11.46 -

0.50 0.02 0.48 0.50 -

538.82 109.66 4.93 64.64 99.21 159.56 124.01 100.81 37.70 526.86 - 18.32 6.37 1.70 2.53

24.7% 13.6% 63.2% 52.6% 16.2% 28.8% 29.7% 24.4% -7.6% 24.4%

-40.6% -6.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 123.92 90.16 50.59 38.55 34.80 31.63 31.07 29.79 26.06 24.56 16.52 538.82

% change 90-06 29.7% 8.7% 13.2% 96.2% 67.1% 24.7% 17.1% 40.8% 21.2% 19.2% 8.7% 24.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 16.3 11.9 6.7 5.1 4.6 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.4 3.2 2.2 71.1

Cumulative total (%) 16.3 28.2 34.9 40.0 44.6 48.8 52.9 56.8 60.2 63.5 65.7 71.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.162 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Chile / Chili Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 70

60

60 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 70

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 70

100%

65 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

60 55 50 45 40 35

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

30 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 70

1990 = 100 180

60

160 140

50 TWh

120 40

100

30

80 60

20

40 10

20

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.163

Chile / Chili Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

31.94 31.97

39.08 41.01

53.20 57.31

52.92 57.07

58.57 63.33

58.76 63.54

59.84 62.75

87.3% 96.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

589 14.07 40.46 75.70 13.18

789 18.85 61.36 114.82 14.40

1 087 25.96 75.21 140.74 15.41

1 103 26.35 82.56 154.49 15.95

1 205 28.77 87.50 163.74 16.12

1 237 29.54 92.50 173.09 16.30

1 247 29.78 96.17 179.96 16.43

111.7% 111.7% 137.7% 137.7% 24.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

54.2 0.79 0.42 2.42

49.5 0.64 0.34 2.71

49.0 0.71 0.38 3.45

48.0 0.64 0.34 3.32

48.6 0.67 0.36 3.63

47.5 0.64 0.34 3.61

48.0 0.62 0.33 3.64

-11.5% -21.2% -21.2% 50.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

15.32 11.35 0.03 0.01 3.84 0.10 0.03 15.44 0.10 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

30.02 0.43 0.38 1.87 7.51 16.68 15.61 3.14 2.34 32.08 2.03 0.03 4.36 2.09

14.50 4.48 0.26 0.45 8.12 0.08 0.08 1.11 0.81 15.24 0.74 -

-

59.84 16.26 0.67 2.33 19.47 16.76 15.69 4.35 3.18 62.75 2.87 0.04 4.36 2.09

87.3% 223.3% -79.2% -10.5% 108.8% 99.0% 108.6% 30.6% 35.2% 96.3%

673.8% 134.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 15.61 11.35 8.12 7.51 4.48 3.84 2.34 1.87 1.07 0.81 0.80 59.84

% change 90-06 108.0% 150.6% 366.2% 65.6% x 26.0% 22.4% 48.2% 19.0% 182.7% 10.1% 87.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 16.5 12.0 8.6 7.9 4.7 4.0 2.5 2.0 1.1 0.9 0.8 63.2

Cumulative total (%) 16.5 28.5 37.0 45.0 49.7 53.7 56.2 58.2 59.3 60.2 61.0 63.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.164 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

People's Republic of China / République populaire de Chine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 6000

5000

5000

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 6000

4000 3000 2000

4000 3000 2000

1000

1000

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6200

100%

5700 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5200 4700 4200 3700 3200 2700 2200 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

3500 3000

200

TWh

2500 150

2000 1500

100

1000 50

500 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.165

People's Republic of China / République populaire de Chine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2 210.95 2 371.19

2 985.91 2 957.90

3 037.85 3 054.80

3 829.99 3 901.10

4 546.98 4 656.13

5 059.82 5 125.61

5 606.54 5 676.90

153.6% 139.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

36 142 43 877 46 301 863.24 1 047.98 1 105.89 444.60 792.79 1 198.48 1 845.63 3 291.04 4 975.16 1 135.19 1 204.86 1 262.65

57 034 1 362.24 1 557.68 6 466.25 1 288.40

66 355 1 584.87 1 715.00 7 119.34 1 296.16

72 016 1 720.08 1 889.93 7 845.51 1 304.50

78 659 1 878.74 2 092.15 8 684.98 1 311.80

117.6% 117.6% 370.6% 370.6% 15.6%

67.2 2.46 0.59 2.97

68.5 2.65 0.64 3.51

70.3 2.68 0.64 3.88

71.3 2.68 0.65 4.27

16.5% -46.1% -46.1% 119.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

61.2 4.97 1.20 1.95

68.1 3.77 0.91 2.48

65.6 2.53 0.61 2.41

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

4 640.98 2 680.33 50.18 122.64 1 515.39 14.08 258.36 174.68 4 675.99 83.94 - 48.94 -

Oil 864.40 37.76 15.32 65.66 202.46 352.53 249.07 190.67 51.72 895.81 27.38 4.03 26.10 7.29

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

101.16 12.18 16.17 46.10 0.14 0.12 26.57 20.06 105.10 2.52 1.42 -

-

5 606.54 2 730.27 65.50 204.46 1 763.95 366.75 249.19 475.60 246.47 5 676.90 113.85 - 43.49 26.10 7.29

153.6% 342.7% 459.5% 142.4% 95.1% 214.6% 308.2% -0.4% -24.8% 139.4%

468.5% +

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

2680.33 1515.39 249.07 202.46 174.68 138.95 122.64 103.46 83.68 65.66 51.72 5606.54

368.4% 88.2% 308.0% 136.5% -44.8% 206.2% 140.5% 506.9% -19.4% 142.7% 559.3% 153.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 33.3 18.8 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6 69.6

Cumulative total (%) 33.3 52.1 55.2 57.7 59.9 61.6 63.1 64.4 65.5 66.3 66.9 69.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.166 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Chinese Taipei / Taipei chinois Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 300

250

250

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 300

200 150 100

200 150 100

50

50

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 310

100%

290 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

270 250 230 210 190 170 150

20%

130 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

110 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

200

200

150

150

100

100

50

50

TWh

250

1990 = 100 250

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.167

Chinese Taipei / Taipei chinois Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

113.88 112.77

158.72 161.29

215.02 216.79

246.37 252.88

255.43 267.00

262.13 273.88

270.33 281.70

137.4% 149.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 008 47.97 170.92 261.44 20.28

2 711 64.75 242.44 370.83 21.29

3 455 82.52 321.23 491.35 22.18

4 116 98.31 340.35 520.60 22.54

4 352 103.94 361.28 552.62 22.62

4 418 105.53 375.99 575.11 22.70

4 517 107.88 393.58 602.02 22.78

124.9% 124.9% 130.3% 130.3% 12.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

56.7 0.67 0.44 5.62

58.5 0.65 0.43 7.45

62.2 0.67 0.44 9.69

59.9 0.72 0.47 10.93

58.7 0.71 0.46 11.29

59.3 0.70 0.46 11.55

59.9 0.69 0.45 11.87

5.6% 3.1% 3.1% 111.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

152.60 88.65 32.29 31.66 157.13 1.23 3.30 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

96.15 10.07 4.78 7.53 29.54 36.36 35.33 7.88 3.11 99.84 3.78 - 0.09 7.38 7.76

19.51 14.34 0.31 0.56 1.81 2.49 1.88 22.67 3.16 0.00 -

2.06 2.06 2.06 -

270.33 113.06 39.44 8.08 63.01 36.36 35.33 10.37 4.99 281.70 8.16 3.22 7.38 7.76

137.4% 215.8% 724.7% 46.5% 62.7% 89.0% 91.2% 5.7% 20.9% 149.8%

52.0% 172.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

88.65 35.33 32.29 31.66 29.54 14.34 10.07 7.53 4.78 4.77 3.11 270.33

348.1% 91.2% 707.5% 81.0% 44.4% + -34.8% 57.3% 560.0% -12.4% 1.1% 137.4%

Level assessment (%) ** 30.4 12.1 11.1 10.9 10.1 4.9 3.5 2.6 1.6 1.6 1.1 92.8

Cumulative total (%) 30.4 42.6 53.7 64.5 74.7 79.6 83.1 85.7 87.3 88.9 90.0 92.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.168 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Colombia / Colombie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 70

60

60 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 70

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 69

80%

64

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

60% 40% 20%

59 54 49

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

44 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 160

60

140

50

120

TWh

40

100

30

80 60

20

40 10 20 0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.169

Colombia / Colombie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

44.96 48.87

58.05 57.93

60.68 57.59

57.05 56.23

59.82 56.77

59.73 60.17

59.39 62.98

32.1% 28.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 036 24.75 65.37 194.29 34.88

1 222 29.18 80.04 237.89 38.26

1 148 27.42 83.78 249.00 41.68

1 141 27.26 90.00 267.48 43.68

1 154 27.56 94.38 280.50 44.32

1 198 28.60 98.84 293.75 44.95

1 265 30.21 105.55 313.70 45.56

22.1% 22.1% 61.5% 61.5% 30.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

43.4 0.69 0.23 1.29

47.5 0.73 0.24 1.52

52.9 0.72 0.24 1.46

50.0 0.63 0.21 1.31

51.9 0.63 0.21 1.35

49.9 0.60 0.20 1.33

47.0 0.56 0.19 1.30

8.2% -18.2% -18.2% 1.1%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

10.25 2.62 1.82 0.06 5.51 0.24 0.24 9.51 1.03 - 1.77 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

34.81 0.06 0.04 1.78 8.40 19.73 18.85 4.79 1.84 39.14 2.00 2.33 1.21 1.75

14.33 3.34 0.25 3.24 3.77 0.90 0.90 2.84 2.41 14.33 - 0.00 -

-

59.39 6.02 2.10 5.08 17.68 20.63 19.75 7.87 4.49 62.98 3.04 0.56 1.21 1.75

32.1% 3.4% 19.6% 51.0% 43.3% 24.1% 26.2% 55.5% 57.2% 28.9%

267.3% 12.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - gas Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 18.85 8.40 5.51 3.77 3.34 3.24 2.95 2.62 2.41 1.84 1.82 59.39

% change 90-06 20.4% 78.8% -4.7% 103.3% 15.0% 30.6% 36.3% 0.5% + -15.2% 4.8% 32.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 12.3 5.5 3.6 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.2 38.8

Cumulative total (%) 12.3 17.8 21.4 23.8 26.0 28.1 30.1 31.8 33.3 34.5 35.7 38.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.170 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Congo Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1.4

1.2

1.2 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1.4

1 0.8 0.6 0.4

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0.2

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1.6

100%

1.4 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

0 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

0.6 0.5

200

0.4 TWh

150 0.3 100 0.2 50

0.1 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.171

Congo Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.70 0.79

0.53 0.62

0.59 0.60

0.83 0.96

0.88 1.00

1.00 1.38

1.18 1.26

69.6% 59.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

33 0.80 2.80 3.15 2.42

33 0.79 2.86 3.22 2.79

36 0.85 3.22 3.62 3.20

43 1.04 3.56 4.01 3.45

45 1.08 3.69 4.15 3.53

51 1.22 3.98 4.47 3.61

50 1.21 4.23 4.76 3.69

51.2% 51.2% 51.3% 51.3% 52.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

20.9 0.25 0.22 0.29

16.0 0.18 0.16 0.19

16.6 0.18 0.16 0.18

19.1 0.23 0.21 0.24

19.6 0.24 0.21 0.25

19.7 0.25 0.22 0.28

23.5 0.28 0.25 0.32

12.2% 12.1% 12.1% 11.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1.14 0.00 0.06 1.02 0.80 0.06 0.06 1.21 0.07 0.00 .. ..

0.05 0.05 0.05 -

-

1.18 0.05 0.00 0.06 1.02 0.80 0.06 0.06 1.26 0.07 0.00 .. ..

69.6% + x -10.5% 84.1% 77.0% -21.7% -21.7% 59.9%

.. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 0.80 0.22 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.00 1.18

% change 90-06 77.0% 115.8% -21.7% -10.5% x 69.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 8.7 2.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.0 12.8

Cumulative total (%) 8.7 11.0 11.6 12.3 12.8 12.8 12.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.172 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Democratic Republic of Congo / République démocratique du Congo Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4

3.5

3.5 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 4

3 2.5 2 1.5

3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4.5

100%

4 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

3.5 3 2.5 2

20% 1.5 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 9

1990 = 100 160

8

140

7

120

6 TWh

1996

100

5 80

4

60

3 2

40

1

20

0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.173

Democratic Republic of Congo / République démocratique du Congo Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

2.96 4.13

2.10 3.05

2.10 2.03

2.18 2.11

2.24 2.17

2.28 2.21

2.33 2.27

-21.5% -45.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

499 11.91 7.66 53.57 37.94

553 13.20 5.26 36.76 45.34

618 14.76 4.31 30.11 50.69

670 16.00 4.61 32.27 55.18

690 16.48 4.92 34.41 56.92

711 16.97 5.24 36.64 58.74

733 17.51 5.51 38.50 60.64

47.1% 47.1% -28.1% -28.1% 59.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

5.9 0.39 0.06 0.08

3.8 0.40 0.06 0.05

3.4 0.49 0.07 0.04

3.3 0.47 0.07 0.04

3.2 0.45 0.07 0.04

3.2 0.43 0.06 0.04

3.2 0.42 0.06 0.04

-46.6% 9.3% 9.2% -50.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

1.04 0.76 0.28 0.28 1.08 0.05 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

2.33 0.02 0.02 0.77 0.46 0.46 1.06 0.30 2.27 0.05 - 0.10 0.01 0.36

-21.5% -13.3% -73.9% -11.3% -18.2% -18.2% -26.5% -5.2% -45.1%

1.29 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.46 0.46 0.78 0.02 1.19 - 0.10 0.01 0.36

-94.1% 13.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Road - oil Residential - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 0.76 0.76 0.46 0.28 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 2.33

% change 90-06 15.2% -32.5% -18.2% 33.3% -13.3% -79.8% -73.9% -93.6% -21.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5

Cumulative total (%) 0.8 1.6 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.174 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Costa Rica Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2 1

1

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6.5

100%

6 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

10 9

160

8

140

7

120

TWh

6 100

5

80

4 3

60

2

40

1

20

0 1971

0 1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.175

Costa Rica Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

2.61 2.80

4.45 4.24

4.55 4.72

5.34 5.49

5.49 5.20

5.42 5.20

5.92 5.96

127.1% 112.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

85 2.03 9.58 19.28 3.08

110 2.64 12.54 25.23 3.48

138 3.31 15.95 32.10 3.93

154 3.67 17.65 35.52 4.18

155 3.70 18.40 37.05 4.25

173 4.13 19.49 39.24 4.33

191 4.57 21.03 42.33 4.40

125.9% 125.8% 119.6% 119.5% 43.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

30.8 0.27 0.14 0.85

40.2 0.35 0.18 1.28

32.9 0.29 0.14 1.16

34.7 0.30 0.15 1.28

35.4 0.30 0.15 1.29

31.4 0.28 0.14 1.25

30.9 0.28 0.14 1.35

0.6% 3.5% 3.4% 58.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.17 0.17 0.19 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

5.92 0.27 0.14 0.08 1.05 3.98 3.97 0.40 0.15 5.96 - 0.01 0.05 .. 0.58

127.1% 568.1% 388.9% -34.3% 49.8% 153.2% 569.6% 172.8% 244.5% 112.6%

5.76 0.27 0.14 0.08 0.89 3.98 3.97 0.40 0.15 5.77 - 0.03 0.05 .. 0.58

.. 340.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.97 0.89 0.27 0.25 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.08 0.01 5.92

% change 90-06 569.6% 27.4% 568.1% 141.7% + 244.5% 388.9% -34.3% -99.4% 127.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 32.4 7.2 2.2 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.6 0.1 48.2

Cumulative total (%) 32.4 39.6 41.8 43.8 45.2 46.4 47.6 48.2 48.2 48.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.176 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Côte d'Ivoire Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2 1

1

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 9

100%

8 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

7 6 5 4

20% 3 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

TWh

6 5

250

4

200

3

150

2

100

1

50

0

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Hydro

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 300

1976

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1971

1996

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.177

Côte d'Ivoire Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

2.63 2.86

3.21 3.67

6.13 6.58

5.06 5.59

5.71 6.13

6.26 8.59

6.13 6.61

132.9% 130.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

185 4.41 8.27 21.11 12.78

217 5.17 8.90 22.71 14.99

287 6.86 10.43 26.60 17.05

279 6.67 10.10 25.76 17.98

290 6.93 10.26 26.18 18.28

329 7.85 10.23 26.10 18.59

305 7.29 10.65 27.16 18.91

65.1% 65.1% 28.7% 28.7% 48.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

14.3 0.32 0.12 0.21

14.8 0.36 0.14 0.21

21.3 0.59 0.23 0.36

18.1 0.50 0.20 0.28

19.7 0.56 0.22 0.31

19.1 0.61 0.24 0.34

20.1 0.58 0.23 0.32

41.1% 81.1% 81.0% 57.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

2.94 0.00 .. 0.14 0.54 1.38 1.18 0.87 0.62 3.41 0.45 0.02 0.20 0.28

3.20 2.41 .. 0.00 0.79 3.20 0.00 -

.. -

6.13 2.41 .. 0.14 0.54 1.38 1.18 1.66 0.62 6.61 0.45 0.02 0.20 0.28

132.9% 501.5% .. -26.1% 25.9% 17.0% 15.2% 288.7% 187.7% 130.9%

67.3% 4.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 2.41 1.18 0.79 0.62 0.54 0.26 0.20 0.14 0.00 0.00 6.13

% change 90-06 x 15.2% x 187.7% 25.9% 20.0% 28.7% -26.2% -99.2% x 132.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 7.0 3.4 2.3 1.8 1.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 17.8

Cumulative total (%) 7.0 10.4 12.7 14.5 16.1 16.8 17.4 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.178 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Croatia / Croatie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

25

25

20

20

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

15

10

15

10

5

5

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 23

100%

22 21

million tonnes of CO 2

80%

20 19

60%

18

not available

17

40%

16 15

20%

14 0%

13 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

14 12

100

10 TWh

80 8 60 6 40

4

20

2 0 1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

Oil

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

Other

2006

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.179

Croatia / Croatie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

21.57 21.73

15.82 16.10

17.66 17.86

20.92 21.13

20.38 20.56

20.65 20.82

20.70 20.88

-4.1% -3.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

381 9.11 21.50 47.89 4.78

300 7.15 15.59 34.72 4.67

327 7.80 18.43 41.04 4.50

369 8.80 21.41 47.68 4.44

370 8.84 22.22 49.49 4.44

373 8.91 23.17 51.61 4.44

375 8.96 24.24 53.98 4.44

-1.6% -1.6% 12.7% 12.7% -7.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

56.6 1.00 0.45 4.51

52.8 1.01 0.46 3.39

54.0 0.96 0.43 3.92

56.7 0.98 0.44 4.71

55.0 0.92 0.41 4.59

55.4 0.89 0.40 4.65

55.2 0.85 0.38 4.66

-2.5% -14.9% -14.9% 3.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2.47 1.90 0.02 0.49 0.05 0.04 2.44 - 0.03 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

13.15 1.55 0.12 1.61 1.99 5.90 5.48 1.98 0.90 13.24 0.09 0.00 0.06 0.12

5.08 1.22 0.15 0.33 1.82 1.56 1.24 5.20 0.12 0.00 -

-

20.70 4.67 0.29 1.93 4.30 5.90 5.48 3.59 2.19 20.88 0.18 0.00 0.06 0.12

-4.1% 18.2% -29.4% -47.3% -29.1% 50.8% 74.2% 0.9% 25.8% -3.9%

-57.5% -18.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 5.48 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.61 1.55 1.24 1.22 1.08 0.90 0.49 20.70

% change 90-06 74.2% -9.3% 196.2% -10.7% -35.2% -30.7% 225.9% 13.9% -29.7% 3.4% -73.2% -4.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 17.4 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.1 4.9 4.0 3.9 3.4 2.9 1.6 65.8

Cumulative total (%) 17.4 23.7 29.8 35.6 40.7 45.6 49.6 53.4 56.9 59.7 61.3 65.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.180 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Cuba Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 40

35

35 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 40

30 25 20 15

30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 34

100%

32 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

30 28 26 24 22 20

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

18 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

TWh

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 18

1990 = 100 180

16

160

14

140

12

120

10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0 1971

1996

0 1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Hydro

1996

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.181

Cuba Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

27.57 31.80

22.05 22.25

24.77 24.54

26.17 23.71

25.40 22.97

24.37 23.82

26.61 26.97

-3.5% -15.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

705 16.83 32.49 74.98 10.61

437 10.44 22.54 52.01 10.93

482 11.50 28.21 65.09 11.14

438 10.45 30.36 70.06 11.23

422 10.09 31.72 73.20 11.25

411 9.82 35.46 81.84 11.26

445 10.64 39.90 92.07 11.27

-36.8% -36.8% 22.8% 22.8% 6.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

39.1 0.85 0.37 2.60

50.5 0.98 0.42 2.02

51.4 0.88 0.38 2.22

59.8 0.86 0.37 2.33

60.1 0.80 0.35 2.26

59.3 0.69 0.30 2.16

59.7 0.67 0.29 2.36

52.7% -21.4% -21.4% -9.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.43 0.16 0.28 0.28 0.09 - 0.33 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

24.10 16.24 0.55 0.15 2.58 2.10 2.09 2.49 0.77 24.80 1.52 - 0.82 0.20 0.57

2.07 2.07 0.00 2.07 0.00 -

-

26.61 16.24 0.55 0.15 4.80 2.10 2.09 2.76 1.05 26.97 1.19 - 0.83 0.20 0.57

-3.5% 44.5% -42.3% -47.3% -5.4% -52.5% -52.4% -50.7% -57.6% -15.2%

-73.6% -43.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Residential - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 16.24 2.58 2.09 2.07 1.71 0.77 0.55 0.28 0.16 0.15 0.01 26.61

% change 90-06 44.5% -42.8% -52.4% + -45.2% -65.4% -41.7% 15.0% -69.1% -47.3% -68.4% -3.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 35.6 5.6 4.6 4.5 3.8 1.7 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.0 58.3

Cumulative total (%) 35.6 41.2 45.8 50.4 54.1 55.8 57.0 57.6 58.0 58.3 58.3 58.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.182 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Cyprus / Chypre Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 8

7

7 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 8

6 5 4 3

6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 7.5

100%

7 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

5 4.5

160

4

140

3.5

120

TWh

3 100

2.5

80

2 1.5

60

1

40

0.5

20

0 1971

0 1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.183

Cyprus / Chypre Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3.84 4.11

5.21 5.20

6.26 6.31

6.97 6.96

6.85 6.52

6.98 6.63

7.04 6.93

83.3% 68.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

67 1.60 6.10 8.87 0.58

84 2.01 7.60 11.06 0.65

101 2.41 9.15 13.31 0.69

112 2.66 9.91 14.41 0.72

104 2.49 10.27 14.95 0.74

105 2.52 10.67 15.53 0.76

110 2.62 11.08 16.12 0.77

63.1% 63.1% 81.7% 81.7% 32.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

57.2 0.63 0.43 6.62

61.9 0.69 0.47 8.01

62.0 0.68 0.47 9.03

62.5 0.70 0.48 9.64

65.9 0.67 0.46 9.26

66.2 0.65 0.45 9.21

64.3 0.64 0.44 9.13

12.4% 0.9% 0.9% 37.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.13 0.13 0.00 0.15 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

0.01 0.01 0.01 -

7.04 3.51 0.02 1.02 1.83 1.83 0.66 0.36 6.93 - 0.11 0.91 0.91

83.3% 111.9% x -100.0% 32.7% 59.8% 59.5% 272.6% 100.1% 68.5%

6.90 3.51 0.02 0.88 1.83 1.83 0.66 0.36 6.77 - 0.13 0.91 0.91

410.6% 27.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - oil Manufacturing industries -other Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.51 1.83 0.88 0.36 0.30 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 7.04

% change 90-06 111.9% 59.5% 64.6% 100.1% x -44.3% x x x x 83.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 39.3 20.5 9.9 4.0 3.4 1.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 78.9

Cumulative total (%) 39.3 59.8 69.7 73.7 77.1 78.5 78.8 78.9 78.9 78.9 78.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.184 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Czech Republic / République tchèque Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 200

180

180

160

160

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 200

140 120 100 80 60

140 120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 170

100%

160 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

150 140 130 120

20% 110 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

100 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 90

1990 = 100 160

80

140

70

120

60 TWh

1996

100

50 80

40

60

30 20

40

10

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.185

Czech Republic / République tchèque Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

155.09 161.01

123.54 127.02

121.61 125.42

120.88 125.84

122.01 126.73

119.89 125.05

120.97 126.63

-22.0% -21.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 051 48.98 55.30 149.98 10.36

1 720 41.09 52.70 142.91 10.33

1 692 40.41 56.70 153.84 10.27

1 867 44.59 61.30 166.39 10.20

1 917 45.78 64.10 173.85 10.21

1 893 45.22 68.20 184.93 10.23

1 928 46.05 72.50 196.69 10.27

-6.0% -6.0% 31.1% 31.1% -0.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

75.6 2.80 1.03 14.97

71.8 2.34 0.86 11.96

71.9 2.14 0.79 11.84

64.7 1.97 0.73 11.85

63.7 1.90 0.70 11.95

63.3 1.76 0.65 11.71

62.7 1.67 0.62 11.78

-17.0% -40.5% -40.5% -21.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

78.09 52.92 6.83 2.27 12.22 0.00 3.85 3.38 83.84 3.16 2.59 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

24.73 0.35 0.20 0.84 4.67 17.44 16.87 1.24 0.09 24.40 - 0.28 - 0.05 0.99

17.44 2.22 0.58 0.28 5.75 0.10 0.03 8.51 5.32 17.68 0.24 0.00 -

0.70 0.04 0.13 0.48 0.06 0.70 - 0.00 -

120.97 55.53 7.73 3.39 23.12 17.55 16.90 13.66 8.78 126.63 3.12 2.54 0.99

-22.0% 5.0% -22.8% -2.8% -50.0% 144.4% 145.6% -61.2% -60.0% -21.4%

52.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

52.92 16.87 12.22 6.83 5.75 5.32 4.67 3.38 3.19 2.27 2.22 120.97

4.5% 145.2% -60.3% -24.9% 1.8% 147.8% -52.6% -82.8% 50.5% -27.1% 112.9% -22.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 34.2 10.9 7.9 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.0 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.4 78.2

Cumulative total (%) 34.2 45.1 53.0 57.4 61.2 64.6 67.6 69.8 71.9 73.3 74.8 78.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.186 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Denmark / Danemark Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

60 50 40 30

60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 77

100%

72 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

67 62 57 52

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

47 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

60

160

50

140

TWh

40

120 100

30

80 20

60 40

10

20 0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.187

Denmark / Danemark Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

50.38 50.65

57.62 57.71

49.88 50.41

56.21 56.62

50.65 51.12

47.37 47.39

55.18 54.75

9.5% 8.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

750 17.92 123.90 118.93 5.14

839 20.05 139.10 133.50 5.23

811 19.36 160.10 153.68 5.34

870 20.79 162.60 156.08 5.39

846 20.20 166.00 159.41 5.40

825 19.69 171.10 164.29 5.42

876 20.93 177.20 170.07 5.44

16.8% 16.8% 43.0% 43.0% 5.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

67.2 0.41 0.42 9.80

68.6 0.41 0.43 11.02

61.5 0.31 0.32 9.34

64.6 0.35 0.36 10.43

59.9 0.31 0.32 9.38

57.4 0.28 0.29 8.74

63.0 0.31 0.32 10.15

-6.2% -23.4% -23.4% 3.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

21.63 20.56 0.01 0.87 0.20 0.02 21.27 - 0.03 - 0.33 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

21.96 1.15 0.17 0.95 2.77 13.29 12.44 3.62 1.70 21.91 0.55 - 0.60 3.34 2.56

10.63 4.57 0.53 1.59 1.67 2.27 1.57 10.60 0.03 - 0.07 -

0.97 0.33 0.56 0.04 0.04 0.97 0.00 -

55.18 26.61 1.26 2.54 5.35 13.29 12.44 6.14 3.29 54.75 0.55 - 0.99 3.34 2.56

9.5% 11.5% 76.7% 74.1% -2.9% 29.7% 36.6% -28.5% -33.0% 8.1%

10.7% 50.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 20.56 12.44 4.57 2.77 1.92 1.70 1.67 1.59 1.57 1.15 0.95 55.18

% change 90-06 -6.2% 36.6% 366.3% -7.1% -34.0% -56.3% 33.6% 212.0% 74.9% 25.4% 0.0% 9.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 29.3 17.7 6.5 3.9 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.6 1.4 78.6

Cumulative total (%) 29.3 47.0 53.5 57.4 60.2 62.6 65.0 67.2 69.5 71.1 72.5 78.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.188 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Dominican Republic / République dominicaine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 20

18

18

16

16

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 20

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 21

100%

19 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

17 15 13 11

20% 9 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

7 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

16 14

200

12

TWh

10

150

8 100

6 4

50 2 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.189

Dominican Republic / République dominicaine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

7.64 9.31

11.39 13.46

17.40 18.94

17.91 19.86

17.88 18.48

17.47 18.42

18.65 18.88

144.0% 102.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

173 4.14 11.08 31.34 7.30

249 5.95 13.58 38.40 8.01

327 7.80 19.77 55.92 8.74

337 8.06 21.00 59.38 9.18

325 7.76 21.41 60.54 9.33

327 7.81 23.40 66.16 9.47

328 7.84 25.90 73.24 9.62

89.5% 89.5% 133.7% 133.7% 31.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

44.1 0.69 0.24 1.05

45.7 0.84 0.30 1.42

53.3 0.88 0.31 1.99

53.1 0.85 0.30 1.95

55.0 0.84 0.30 1.92

53.4 0.75 0.26 1.84

56.8 0.72 0.25 1.94

28.8% 4.4% 4.4% 85.2%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2.00 1.68 0.32 2.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

16.00 4.55 1.95 0.16 1.08 5.68 4.62 2.58 2.26 16.22 0.18 0.05 .. 0.30

0.65 0.65 0.65 -

-

18.65 6.88 1.95 0.16 1.40 5.68 4.62 2.58 2.26 18.88 0.18 0.05 .. 0.30

144.0% 287.4% 44.4% x 77.3% 108.8% 75.2% 155.7% 143.5% 102.7%

.. 166.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 4.62 4.55 2.26 1.95 1.68 1.08 1.06 0.65 0.32 0.32 0.16 18.65

% change 90-06 75.2% 162.0% 143.5% 44.4% + 37.1% + x 293.4% x x 144.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 16.0 15.8 7.8 6.7 5.8 3.7 3.7 2.3 1.1 1.1 0.6 64.7

Cumulative total (%) 16.0 31.8 39.6 46.4 52.2 55.9 59.6 61.9 63.0 64.1 64.7 64.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.190 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Ecuador / Equateur Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 30

25

25

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 30

20 15 10

20 15 10

5

5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 29

100%

27 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

25 23 21 19 17 15

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

13 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 18

1990 = 100 160

16

140

14

120

12 TWh

1996

100

10 80

8

60

6 4

40

2

20

0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.191

Ecuador / Equateur Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

13.19 13.03

16.29 16.00

18.54 19.12

21.95 23.03

21.82 24.24

23.50 24.79

25.02 27.40

89.6% 110.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

257 6.13 13.33 33.24 10.27

295 7.04 15.21 37.93 11.40

347 8.29 15.94 39.75 12.31

401 9.58 18.13 45.21 12.77

423 10.10 19.57 48.79 12.92

431 10.30 20.50 51.11 13.06

471 11.24 21.42 53.41 13.20

83.4% 83.4% 60.7% 60.7% 28.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

51.4 0.99 0.40 1.28

55.3 1.07 0.43 1.43

53.4 1.16 0.47 1.51

54.7 1.21 0.49 1.72

51.6 1.12 0.45 1.69

54.5 1.15 0.46 1.80

53.2 1.17 0.47 1.89

3.4% 18.0% 18.0% 47.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

23.71 3.77 1.02 0.29 3.92 11.54 10.33 3.16 2.58 26.10 1.44 0.95 0.77 1.00

1.31 0.49 0.82 0.00 1.31 -

-

25.02 4.26 1.84 0.30 3.92 11.54 10.33 3.16 2.58 27.40 1.44 0.95 0.77 1.00

89.6% 258.0% x -63.6% 76.2% 69.3% 76.5% 47.0% 65.4% 110.4%

34.7% 158.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 10.33 3.92 3.77 2.58 1.20 1.02 0.82 0.58 0.49 0.29 0.00 25.02

% change 90-06 76.5% 76.2% 216.9% 65.4% 25.4% x x -1.5% x 2.8% -99.9% 89.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 20.7 7.8 7.5 5.2 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.0 50.1

Cumulative total (%) 20.7 28.5 36.1 41.2 43.7 45.7 47.3 48.5 49.5 50.1 50.1 50.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.192 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Egypt / Egypte Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 180

160

160 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 180

140 120 100 80 60

140 120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 164

100%

154 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

144 134 124 114 104 94 84

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

74 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 140

1990 = 100 160

120

140 120

100 TWh

1996

100

80

80 60 60 40

40

20 0 1971

20

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Hydro

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.193

Egypt / Egypte Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

79.21 81.97

83.99 87.57

110.24 109.83

130.52 131.80

137.95 135.59

149.28 147.90

152.74 151.32

92.8% 84.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 339 31.97 65.57 155.88 55.14

1 489 35.57 77.38 183.94 60.65

1 916 45.75 99.84 237.33 66.53

2 316 55.32 109.96 261.40 70.27

2 371 56.64 114.56 272.32 71.55

2 565 61.27 119.71 284.58 72.85

2 617 62.50 127.85 303.93 74.17

95.5% 95.5% 95.0% 95.0% 34.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

59.2 1.21 0.51 1.44

56.4 1.09 0.46 1.38

57.5 1.10 0.46 1.66

56.4 1.19 0.50 1.86

58.2 1.20 0.51 1.93

58.2 1.25 0.52 2.05

58.4 1.19 0.50 2.06

-1.4% -1.1% -1.1% 43.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

3.08 3.06 0.02 0.02 3.02 0.15 - 0.21 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

86.67 13.40 3.39 21.81 31.71 28.79 16.35 10.87 85.31 - 1.47 0.11 3.36 2.45

62.99 40.81 7.20 13.03 0.66 0.66 1.28 1.28 62.99 0.00 -

-

152.74 54.22 10.60 37.90 32.37 29.45 17.65 12.17 151.32 - 1.32 - 0.10 3.36 2.45

92.8% 146.1% 182.6% 33.8% 106.0% 95.4% 87.9% 29.6% 84.6%

-35.9% 454.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Other energy industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

40.81 28.79 21.81 13.40 13.03 10.87 7.20 5.48 3.39 3.06 2.91 152.74

339.8% 91.0% 4.2% 5.1% 177.2% 17.8% 796.4% x 15.2% 13.5% 358.9% 92.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 17.6 12.4 9.4 5.8 5.6 4.7 3.1 2.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 65.8

Cumulative total (%) 17.6 30.0 39.4 45.1 50.7 55.4 58.5 60.9 62.3 63.7 64.9 65.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.194 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

El Salvador Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2 1

1

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6.5

100%

6 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

6 5

200

4 TWh

150 3 100 2 50

1 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.195

El Salvador Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

2.16 2.34

4.69 4.76

5.22 5.32

5.74 5.95

5.76 5.74

5.92 5.89

5.82 5.95

169.2% 154.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

106 2.53 8.37 18.40 5.11

145 3.45 11.30 24.84 5.63

171 4.08 13.13 28.87 6.20

190 4.54 13.99 30.74 6.49

188 4.48 14.24 31.31 6.58

194 4.63 14.63 32.17 6.67

197 4.71 15.19 33.39 6.76

85.9% 85.9% 81.4% 81.4% 32.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

20.4 0.26 0.12 0.42

32.5 0.42 0.19 0.83

30.6 0.40 0.18 0.84

30.2 0.41 0.19 0.88

30.7 0.40 0.18 0.88

30.6 0.40 0.18 0.89

29.5 0.38 0.17 0.86

44.8% 48.4% 48.5% 103.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

5.82 1.17 0.04 0.05 1.18 2.76 2.76 0.61 0.61 5.95 0.11 0.03 .. 0.23

169.2% 688.7% 333.3% 114.3% 110.2% 120.2% 120.2% 272.5% 268.8% 154.8%

5.82 1.17 0.04 0.05 1.18 2.76 2.76 0.61 0.61 5.95 0.11 0.03 .. 0.23

.. 114.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 2.76 1.18 1.17 0.61 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.00 5.82

% change 90-06 120.2% 109.7% 688.7% 268.8% 114.3% 333.3% x x 169.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 23.0 9.8 9.8 5.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 48.5

Cumulative total (%) 23.0 32.8 42.6 47.6 48.0 48.4 48.4 48.5 48.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.196 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Eritrea / Erythrée Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0 1992

1994

1996

Coal/peat

1998

2000

Oil

2002

Gas

2004

0 1992

2006

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 0.9

100%

0.8 million tonnes of CO 2

80%

0.7 0.6

60%

0.5

not available

0.4

40%

0.3 0.2

20%

0.1 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

0 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1992 = 100 250

0.35 0.3

200

TWh

0.25 150

0.2 0.15

100

0.1 50

0.05 0 1992

1994

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

2004

2006

0 1992

1994

1996

CO2/TPES

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.197

Eritrea / Erythrée * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

.. ..

0.77 0.78

0.60 0.60

0.70 0.83

0.69 0.76

0.61 0.75

0.53 0.55

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. .. .. ..

42 1.00 0.61 3.49 3.21

30 0.72 0.63 3.64 3.68

36 0.85 0.74 4.24 4.18

31 0.75 0.75 4.32 4.35

32 0.77 0.76 4.34 4.53

29 0.70 0.75 4.30 4.69

.. .. .. .. ..

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

18.4 1.27 0.22 0.24

20.0 0.95 0.17 0.16

19.6 0.95 0.17 0.17

22.0 0.92 0.16 0.16

19.0 0.81 0.14 0.14

18.1 0.71 0.12 0.11

.. .. .. ..

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Prior to 1992, data for Eritrea were included in Ethiopia.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-06

-

-

0.53 0.18 0.01 0.03 0.14 0.14 0.19 0.08 0.55 0.01 .. 0.02

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

0.53 0.18 0.01 0.03 0.14 0.14 0.19 0.08 0.55 0.01 .. 0.02

.. ..

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 0.18 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.53

% change 90-06 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Level assessment (%) *** 3.3 2.5 2.0 1.4 0.5 0.2 10.0

Cumulative total (%) 3.3 5.8 7.8 9.3 9.8 10.0 10.0

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.198 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Estonia / Estonie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

40

40

35

35 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

30 25 20 15

30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1990

0 1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

2006

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 39

80%

34

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

29

60%

not available

24

40%

19

20% 0%

14 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

20 18

100

16 14

80

TWh

12 10

60

8 40

6 4

20

2 0 1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

Oil

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

Other

2006

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.199

Estonia / Estonie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

36.19 37.12

16.00 17.22

14.47 15.31

16.26 17.41

16.53 17.60

15.91 17.00

15.14 16.30

-58.2% -56.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

402 9.61 6.11 13.97 1.57

202 4.81 4.29 9.82 1.44

190 4.53 5.62 12.86 1.37

209 4.99 7.00 16.02 1.35

216 5.15 7.57 17.31 1.35

211 5.04 8.36 19.12 1.35

205 4.89 9.31 21.30 1.34

-49.1% -49.1% 52.5% 52.5% -14.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

90.0 5.93 2.59 23.06

79.4 3.73 1.63 11.14

76.4 2.57 1.13 10.57

77.8 2.32 1.02 12.01

76.7 2.18 0.96 12.26

75.4 1.90 0.83 11.82

74.0 1.63 0.71 11.28

-17.8% -72.6% -72.6% -51.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

10.28 9.76 0.05 0.10 0.29 0.08 0.07 12.58 2.40 - 0.10 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

3.10 0.21 0.04 0.04 0.26 2.28 2.11 0.28 0.03 1.96 - 1.12 - 0.02 0.67 0.09

1.76 0.84 0.13 0.01 0.54 0.24 0.11 1.76 - 0.00 -

-

15.14 10.80 0.23 0.15 1.08 2.28 2.11 0.60 0.20 16.30 1.28 - 0.12 0.67 0.09

-58.2% -57.6% -56.7% -66.0% -76.4% -3.3% -1.7% -78.7% -81.0% -56.1%

17.4% -20.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 9.76 2.11 0.84 0.54 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.21 0.17 0.13 0.13 15.14

% change 90-06 -52.8% -1.7% -52.9% -37.8% -80.8% -88.5% -77.0% -93.2% -10.8% 484.0% 160.8% -58.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 52.4 11.3 4.5 2.9 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.7 81.3

Cumulative total (%) 52.4 63.7 68.2 71.1 72.7 74.0 75.4 76.5 77.4 78.1 78.8 81.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.200 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Ethiopia / Ethiopie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 6

5

5

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 6

4 3 2

4 3 2

1

1 0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6

100%

5.5 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

3.5

160

3

140 2.5 TWh

120 2

100

1.5

80 60

1

40 0.5 0 1971

20 0 1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.201

Ethiopia / Ethiopie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

2.21 2.40

2.35 2.64

3.18 3.21

4.50 4.56

4.66 4.73

4.82 4.91

5.27 5.37

138.4% 123.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

630 15.05 6.29 41.71 54.34

690 16.47 6.32 41.89 56.60

784 18.72 7.90 52.40 65.80

859 20.51 8.32 55.13 71.43

882 21.06 9.41 62.37 73.21

906 21.63 10.37 68.73 75.17

934 22.32 11.30 74.91 77.15

48.3% 48.3% 79.6% 79.6% 42.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

3.5 0.35 0.05 0.04

3.4 0.37 0.06 0.04

4.1 0.40 0.06 0.05

5.2 0.54 0.08 0.06

5.3 0.50 0.07 0.06

5.3 0.46 0.07 0.06

5.6 0.47 0.07 0.07

60.7% 32.8% 32.6% 67.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

.. -

.. -

5.27 0.01 .. 1.35 3.15 3.15 0.76 0.76 5.37 0.10 .. 0.56

138.4% -89.4% .. -100.0% 124.2% 243.2% 243.2% 94.0% 670.6% 123.4%

5.27 0.01 .. 1.35 3.15 3.15 0.76 0.76 5.37 0.10 .. 0.56

.. 5.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.15 1.35 0.76 0.01 5.27

% change 90-06 243.2% 124.2% 670.6% -89.4% 138.4%

Level assessment (%) ** 2.7 1.1 0.6 0.0 4.5

Cumulative total (%) 2.7 3.8 4.5 4.5 4.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.202 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Finland / Finlande Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

60 50 40 30

60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 78

100%

73 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

68 63 58 53

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

48 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

100 90

160

80

140

70

120

TWh

60 100

50

80

40 30

60

20

40

10

20

0

0

1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.203

Finland / Finlande Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

54.40 52.06

56.02 53.98

53.91 54.17

72.16 72.33

66.93 68.97

55.06 56.27

66.84 67.47

22.9% 29.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 202 28.71 100.30 109.28 4.99

1 223 29.21 96.50 105.19 5.11

1 359 32.45 121.90 132.78 5.18

1 549 37.00 129.40 140.98 5.21

1 559 37.23 134.20 146.24 5.23

1 439 34.38 138.10 150.50 5.25

1 567 37.44 145.00 158.04 5.27

30.4% 30.4% 44.6% 44.6% 5.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

45.3 0.54 0.50 10.91

45.8 0.58 0.53 10.97

39.7 0.44 0.41 10.42

46.6 0.56 0.51 13.84

42.9 0.50 0.46 12.81

38.2 0.40 0.37 10.50

42.6 0.46 0.42 12.69

-5.8% -15.0% -15.0% 16.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

30.69 22.83 2.37 5.35 0.13 0.06 29.80 - 0.58 - 0.31 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

26.72 1.21 0.42 1.93 5.28 13.20 11.95 4.68 1.92 28.23 0.30 1.22 1.75 1.38

8.99 5.32 0.82 0.61 2.01 0.05 0.01 0.18 0.08 9.00 0.01 -

0.44 0.13 0.17 0.14 0.01 0.44 -

66.84 29.49 3.78 2.55 12.78 13.25 11.96 4.99 2.06 67.47 - 0.28 0.91 1.75 1.38

22.9% 88.1% 75.7% 35.2% -12.1% 14.2% 12.2% -41.6% -68.1% 29.6%

-1.8% 41.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 22.83 11.95 5.35 5.32 5.28 2.76 2.37 2.01 1.93 1.92 1.25 66.84

% change 90-06 83.7% 12.2% -26.3% 173.2% 3.6% 34.0% 76.8% -7.8% 42.5% -69.6% 32.4% 22.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 27.5 14.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.5 80.5

Cumulative total (%) 27.5 41.9 48.3 54.7 61.1 64.4 67.2 69.7 72.0 74.3 75.8 80.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.204 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

France Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 600

500

500

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 600

400 300 200

400 300 200

100

100

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 400

100%

390 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

380 370 360 350

20% 340 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

330 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

700 600

200

TWh

500 150

400 300

100

200 50

100 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.205

France Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

352.11 366.74

353.69 348.16

375.80 360.00

384.28 386.10

383.82 387.43

386.64 388.38

377.49 376.48

7.2% 2.7%

9 529 10 099 10 811 11 364 11 532 11 564 11 416 227.60 241.20 258.21 271.43 275.44 276.20 272.67 1 091.80 1 156.30 1 328.00 1 381.30 1 415.50 1 439.70 1 468.30 1 260.37 1 334.77 1 532.95 1 594.56 1 633.95 1 661.91 1 694.97 58.17 59.42 60.75 62.04 62.45 62.82 63.20

19.8% 19.8% 34.5% 34.5% 8.6%

37.0 0.32 0.28 6.05

35.0 0.31 0.27 5.95

34.8 0.28 0.25 6.19

33.8 0.28 0.24 6.19

33.3 0.27 0.23 6.15

33.4 0.27 0.23 6.15

33.1 0.26 0.22 5.97

-10.5% -20.3% -20.3% -1.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

50.43 22.64 5.38 3.50 17.53 1.38 1.38 50.80 1.50 - 1.12 -

Oil 232.98 3.85 4.32 12.09 30.34 131.31 125.09 51.06 28.01 230.37 - 2.21 - 0.41 8.97 16.86

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

90.10 5.11 7.81 0.40 24.20 0.14 0.14 52.43 34.14 91.32 1.37 - 0.14 -

3.98 0.35 2.80 0.84 3.98 - 0.00 -

377.49 31.96 20.30 16.00 72.08 131.45 125.24 105.71 63.54 376.48 0.66 - 1.67 8.97 16.86

7.2% 29.7% -5.6% -8.3% -10.0% 16.8% 16.3% 10.2% 14.9% 2.7%

12.7% 80.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Residential - gas *** Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas *** Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

125.09 34.14 30.34 28.01 24.20 23.05 22.64 18.29 17.53 12.09 7.81 377.49

16.1% 121.8% 9.3% -16.1% -1.1% -11.4% 8.3% 25.4% -37.1% -20.4% 752.4% 7.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 23.1 6.3 5.6 5.2 4.5 4.3 4.2 3.4 3.2 2.2 1.4 69.8

Cumulative total (%) 23.1 29.5 35.1 40.2 44.7 49.0 53.2 56.5 59.8 62.0 63.5 69.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. *** The high growth in gas is due to changes in methodology in 2000.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.206 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Gabon Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 2.5

2

2

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 2.5

1.5

1

1.5

1

0.5

0.5

0 1971

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 2.5

80%

2

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

60% 40% 20%

1.5 1 0.5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

0 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 300

2 1.8

250

1.6 1.4

200

TWh

1.2 1

150

0.8 100

0.6 0.4

50

0.2 0 1971

Oil

1976

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Hydro

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.207

Gabon Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.90 1.05

1.33 1.18

1.38 1.28

1.65 1.50

1.68 1.54

2.10 1.86

2.09 1.83

132.3% 74.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

52 1.24 4.30 6.31 0.92

59 1.42 5.00 7.34 1.06

65 1.54 5.07 7.44 1.18

70 1.68 5.29 7.77 1.25

71 1.69 5.36 7.87 1.27

75 1.80 5.52 8.11 1.29

76 1.82 5.59 8.20 1.31

46.6% 46.6% 30.0% 30.0% 42.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

17.3 0.21 0.14 0.98

22.3 0.27 0.18 1.26

21.3 0.27 0.19 1.17

23.5 0.31 0.21 1.32

23.7 0.31 0.21 1.32

27.8 0.38 0.26 1.63

27.4 0.37 0.26 1.60

58.5% 78.7% 78.7% 62.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1.83 0.24 0.12 0.81 0.43 0.43 0.23 0.11 1.58 0.07 - 0.31 0.48 0.20

0.27 0.14 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.25 - 0.02 -

-

2.09 0.38 0.22 0.02 0.81 0.43 0.43 0.23 0.11 1.83 0.07 - 0.33 0.48 0.20

132.3% 83.9% 276.8% -44.1% 497.5% 34.9% 34.9% 61.3% -9.7% 74.1%

506.9% 1.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Manufacturing industries - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 0.81 0.43 0.24 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.02 0.00 2.09

% change 90-06 508.3% 34.9% 187.5% 14.8% 387.5% 660.0% -9.7% 132.6% -44.1% 1.8% 132.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 10.1 5.4 3.0 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.3 0.0 26.1

Cumulative total (%) 10.1 15.5 18.4 20.2 21.7 23.2 24.6 25.8 26.0 26.1 26.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.208 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Georgia / Géorgie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

35

35

30

30 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 37

100%

32 million tonnes of CO 2

80%

27

60%

22

not available

17

40%

12

20% 7 0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

16 14

160

12

140 120

10 TWh

1994

100

8

80 6 60 4

40

2 0 1990

20 0 1992

Oil

1994

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.209

Georgia / Géorgie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

28.69 29.17

7.06 7.18

4.37 4.39

3.09 3.56

3.29 3.67

3.92 4.53

4.61 5.17

-83.9% -82.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

515 12.31 8.15 25.15 5.46

156 3.73 2.30 7.11 5.03

121 2.88 3.06 9.43 4.72

114 2.73 3.76 11.59 4.56

118 2.82 3.98 12.26 4.52

134 3.20 4.34 13.40 4.47

140 3.34 4.75 14.66 4.43

-72.8% -72.8% -41.7% -41.7% -18.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

55.7 3.52 1.14 5.25

45.3 3.07 0.99 1.40

36.2 1.43 0.46 0.93

27.0 0.82 0.27 0.68

27.9 0.83 0.27 0.73

29.3 0.90 0.29 0.88

32.9 0.97 0.31 1.04

-40.9% -72.5% -72.5% -80.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

2.00 0.06 0.02 0.07 1.51 1.51 0.34 0.17 2.01 0.00 - 0.00 .. 0.11

2.55 1.05 0.29 0.50 0.04 0.03 0.68 0.53 3.12 0.56 0.00 -

-

4.61 1.11 0.31 0.60 1.55 1.53 1.04 0.71 5.17 0.57 0.00 .. 0.11

-83.9% -91.6% x -90.7% -58.7% -55.7% -80.1% -80.7% -82.3%

.. -81.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.51 1.05 0.53 0.50 0.29 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.07 0.06 0.03 4.61

% change 90-06 -56.5% -77.1% -79.8% -83.8% x -84.1% -83.0% -49.3% -96.4% -99.2% -97.5% -83.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 11.9 8.3 4.2 3.9 2.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.3 36.4

Cumulative total (%) 11.9 20.2 24.3 28.3 30.5 31.9 33.3 34.4 35.0 35.5 35.8 36.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.210 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Germany / Allemagne Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1200

1000

1000

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1200

800 600 400

800 600 400

200

200

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 990

100%

970 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

950 930 910 890 870 850 830

20%

810 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

790 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 700

1990 = 100 180

600

160 140

500 TWh

120 400

100

300

80 60

200

40 100

20

0 1971

0 1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.211

Germany / Allemagne Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

950.42 971.70

869.33 877.47

827.14 843.88

842.05 849.01

843.38 843.55

811.27 820.05

823.46 821.34

-13.4% -15.5%

14 890 14 311 14 367 14 545 14 627 14 456 14 593 355.65 341.82 343.16 347.41 349.36 345.27 348.56 1 543.20 1 720.50 1 900.20 1 919.60 1 939.90 1 955.10 2 011.20 1 730.06 1 928.79 2 130.32 2 152.05 2 174.84 2 191.89 2 254.73 79.36 81.66 82.19 82.52 82.50 82.46 82.37

-2.0% -2.0% 30.3% 30.3% 3.8%

63.8 0.62 0.55 11.98

60.7 0.51 0.45 10.65

57.6 0.44 0.39 10.06

57.9 0.44 0.39 10.20

57.7 0.43 0.39 10.22

56.1 0.42 0.37 9.84

56.4 0.41 0.37 10.00

-11.6% -33.5% -33.5% -16.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

339.27 265.14 23.54 6.17 40.54 3.87 2.38 328.53 - 3.48 - 7.25 -

Oil 297.71 3.69 4.96 19.94 33.80 153.77 145.61 81.55 55.46 304.48 10.22 - 3.45 8.11 20.69

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

182.23 28.26 14.88 0.95 43.68 94.47 67.30 184.07 0.61 1.24 -

4.26 4.18 0.08 4.26 -

823.46 301.26 43.46 27.07 118.01 153.77 145.61 179.89 125.13 821.34 7.34 - 9.46 8.11 20.69

-13.4% -2.6% -30.2% -13.1% -34.2% -2.9% -2.1% -14.4% -1.6% -15.5%

4.1% 64.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

265.14 145.61 67.30 55.46 43.68 40.54 33.80 28.26 27.17 26.09 23.54 823.46

-5.4% -2.1% 114.8% 0.3% 0.7% -56.8% -19.6% 53.1% 83.1% -34.1% -54.2% -13.4%

Level assessment (%) ** 25.8 14.2 6.5 5.4 4.2 3.9 3.3 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 80.0

Cumulative total (%) 25.8 39.9 46.5 51.9 56.1 60.0 63.3 66.1 68.7 71.2 73.5 80.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.212 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Ghana Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

9

9

8

8

million tonnes of CO 2

10

million tonnes of CO 2

10

7 6 5 4 3

7 6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 9

100%

8 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

7 6 5 4

20% 3 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

9 8

200

7

TWh

6 150

5 4

100 3 2

50

1 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.213

Ghana Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

2.71 2.85

3.31 3.59

5.13 5.50

7.08 7.04

6.22 6.22

6.74 7.10

8.64 8.49

218.9% 198.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

223 5.34 3.26 25.04 15.58

273 6.53 4.03 30.88 17.89

330 7.89 4.97 38.15 20.15

357 8.52 5.69 43.62 21.58

354 8.45 6.00 46.06 22.06

372 8.89 6.36 48.78 22.54

398 9.50 6.75 51.81 23.01

78.0% 78.0% 106.9% 106.9% 47.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

12.1 0.83 0.11 0.17

12.1 0.82 0.11 0.19

15.5 1.03 0.13 0.25

19.9 1.25 0.16 0.33

17.6 1.04 0.14 0.28

18.1 1.06 0.14 0.30

21.7 1.28 0.17 0.38

79.2% 54.1% 54.2% 116.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

8.64 2.32 0.09 1.40 3.57 3.34 1.26 0.51 8.49 0.11 - 0.27 .. 0.50

218.9% x 20.8% 191.1% 123.1% 119.9% 127.6% 30.7% 198.0%

8.64 2.32 0.09 1.40 3.57 3.34 1.26 0.51 8.49 0.11 - 0.27 .. 0.50

.. 257.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.34 2.32 1.40 0.75 0.51 0.23 0.09 8.64

% change 90-06 119.9% x 191.1% 362.5% 30.7% 180.8% 20.8% 218.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 11.5 8.0 4.8 2.6 1.8 0.8 0.3 29.7

Cumulative total (%) 11.5 19.4 24.2 26.8 28.6 29.4 29.7 29.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.214 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Gibraltar Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 0.5

0.45

0.45

0.4

0.4

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 0.5

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15

0.1

0.1

0.05

0.05

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 0.5

100%

0.45 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

0 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 300

0.16 0.14

250

0.12 200

TWh

0.1 0.08

150

0.06 100 0.04 50

0.02 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.215

Gibraltar Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.18 0.18

0.32 0.32

0.39 0.39

0.41 0.41

0.43 0.43

0.43 0.43

0.45 0.45

152.3% 152.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 0.07 0.58 0.61 0.03

5 0.11 0.63 0.66 0.03

6 0.13 0.74 0.77 0.03

6 0.14 0.79 0.83 0.03

6 0.14 0.82 0.85 0.03

6 0.15 0.83 0.87 0.03

6 0.15 0.85 0.89 0.03

129.8% 129.8% 47.5% 47.4% -3.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

64.7 0.31 0.29 6.13

70.2 0.51 0.49 11.97

70.7 0.53 0.51 13.94

70.8 0.52 0.50 14.71

70.9 0.52 0.50 15.26

70.9 0.52 0.50 15.48

71.0 0.53 0.50 16.02

9.8% 71.1% 71.1% 161.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

0.45 0.11 0.06 0.28 0.28 0.45 3.73 0.01

152.3% 80.0% 78.1% 235.5% 235.5% 152.3%

0.45 0.11 0.06 0.28 0.28 0.45 3.73 0.01

171.4% -42.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 0.28 0.11 0.06 0.45

% change 90-06 235.5% 80.0% 78.1% 152.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 59.4 23.5 12.7 95.7

Cumulative total (%) 59.4 83.0 95.7 95.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.216 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Greece / Grèce Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 100

90

90

80

80

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 100

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 104

100%

99 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

94 89 84 79

20% 74 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

69 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

TWh

70 60

120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 140

1976

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

0 1971

1996

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.217

Greece / Grèce Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

70.13 69.23

75.82 72.62

87.43 85.28

93.72 90.17

93.29 91.57

95.04 93.10

93.96 90.93

34.0% 31.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

931 22.23 100.80 159.28 10.34

985 23.53 107.30 169.46 10.63

1 168 27.90 127.10 200.77 10.92

1 253 29.92 144.90 228.95 11.02

1 277 30.51 151.60 239.43 11.06

1 299 31.03 157.40 248.61 11.10

1 303 31.12 164.00 259.04 11.15

40.0% 40.0% 62.7% 62.6% 7.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

75.3 0.70 0.44 6.78

77.0 0.71 0.45 7.13

74.8 0.69 0.44 8.01

74.8 0.65 0.41 8.50

73.0 0.62 0.39 8.43

73.2 0.60 0.38 8.56

72.1 0.57 0.36 8.43

-4.3% -17.7% -17.6% 24.2%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

34.56 32.98 1.56 0.02 0.01 34.78 0.09 0.12 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

53.07 6.42 0.25 4.07 6.88 22.20 18.61 13.25 9.06 49.80 - 1.41 - 1.86 9.74 2.76

6.29 4.36 0.05 0.07 1.24 0.03 0.03 0.53 0.33 6.32 0.02 0.00 -

0.03 0.03 0.03 -

93.96 43.77 0.33 4.14 9.68 22.23 18.64 13.80 9.39 90.93 - 1.30 - 1.73 9.74 2.76

34.0% 28.9% -32.2% 85.9% -6.8% 47.3% 62.0% 72.7% 104.4% 31.3%

22.2% 18.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 32.98 18.61 9.06 6.88 6.42 4.36 4.19 4.07 3.59 1.56 1.24 93.96

% change 90-06 15.3% 61.8% 101.0% 23.4% 20.4% x 24.4% 87.3% 0.2% -66.5% 721.0% 34.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 26.3 14.8 7.2 5.5 5.1 3.5 3.3 3.2 2.9 1.2 1.0 74.9

Cumulative total (%) 26.3 41.1 48.4 53.8 59.0 62.4 65.8 69.0 71.9 73.1 74.1 74.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.218 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Guatemala Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

10

10

million tonnes of CO 2

12

million tonnes of CO 2

12

8 6 4

8 6 4

2

2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 12

100%

11 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

10 9 8 7 6 5 4

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

9 8

200

7

TWh

6 150

5 4

100 3 2

50

1 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Hydro

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.219

Guatemala Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

3.30 3.67

6.01 5.99

8.83 9.30

9.85 9.77

10.33 10.33

10.92 11.06

11.01 11.15

233.5% 203.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

188 4.48 12.89 30.20 8.91

226 5.40 15.89 37.24 10.00

299 7.15 19.29 45.21 11.23

305 7.29 20.62 48.31 12.09

317 7.56 21.16 49.60 12.40

339 8.11 21.85 51.21 12.71

343 8.18 22.85 53.55 13.03

82.7% 82.7% 77.3% 77.3% 46.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

17.6 0.26 0.11 0.37

26.6 0.38 0.16 0.60

29.5 0.46 0.20 0.79

32.3 0.48 0.20 0.81

32.6 0.49 0.21 0.83

32.2 0.50 0.21 0.86

32.1 0.48 0.21 0.84

82.5% 88.1% 88.0% 128.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

1.49 1.02 0.47 1.49 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

11.01 2.38 0.27 2.23 4.95 4.90 1.18 0.66 11.15 0.02 0.12 0.38 0.12

233.5% + x -100.0% 197.0% 185.7% 182.8% 105.5% 107.8% 203.7%

9.51 1.35 0.27 1.76 4.95 4.90 1.18 0.66 9.65 0.02 0.12 0.38 0.12

-9.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 4.90 1.76 1.35 1.02 0.66 0.52 0.47 0.27 0.05 11.01

% change 90-06 182.8% 134.4% 734.0% x 107.8% 102.8% x x x 233.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 16.7 6.0 4.6 3.5 2.2 1.8 1.6 0.9 0.2 37.5

Cumulative total (%) 16.7 22.7 27.3 30.8 33.1 34.8 36.5 37.4 37.5 37.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.220 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Haiti Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 2

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.6

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 2

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 2

100%

1.8 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

0 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

0.8 0.7

200

0.6

TWh

0.5

150

0.4 100

0.3 0.2

50 0.1 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.221

Haiti Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

0.94 0.94

0.90 0.90

1.41 1.41

1.64 1.64

1.59 1.59

1.67 1.67

1.72 1.72

82.1% 82.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

66 1.59 4.39 14.67 7.11

72 1.72 3.42 11.41 7.84

85 2.04 3.85 12.85 8.57

94 2.24 3.81 12.73 9.01

92 2.21 3.68 12.28 9.15

105 2.50 3.74 12.50 9.30

107 2.57 3.83 12.79 9.45

61.9% 61.9% -12.8% -12.8% 32.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

14.2 0.22 0.06 0.13

12.6 0.26 0.08 0.12

16.5 0.37 0.11 0.16

17.5 0.43 0.13 0.18

17.2 0.43 0.13 0.17

16.0 0.45 0.13 0.18

16.0 0.45 0.13 0.18

12.5% 108.8% 108.9% 37.1%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

.. -

.. -

1.72 0.17 .. 0.41 0.86 0.37 0.28 0.28 1.72 - 0.00 .. 0.08

82.1% -21.5% .. 101.6% 103.8% 98.3% 263.4% 263.4% 82.7%

1.72 0.17 .. 0.41 0.86 0.37 0.28 0.28 1.72 - 0.00 .. 0.08

.. 4.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Road - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 0.50 0.41 0.37 0.28 0.17 1.72

% change 90-06 108.0% 135.0% 98.3% 263.4% -21.5% 82.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 4.9 4.0 3.6 2.8 1.7 17.0

Cumulative total (%) 4.9 8.9 12.6 15.3 17.0 17.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.222 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Honduras Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 8

7

7 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 8

6 5 4 3

6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 8

100%

7 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6 5 4 3

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

7 6

200

TWh

5 150

4 3

100

2 50

1 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.223

Honduras Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

2.14 2.18

3.88 3.88

4.41 4.41

5.84 5.84

6.40 6.40

6.42 6.42

7.11 7.11

232.6% 226.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

101 2.42 4.31 13.35 4.89

124 2.96 5.13 15.89 5.57

126 3.01 5.96 18.45 6.20

151 3.60 6.50 20.12 6.57

162 3.86 6.82 21.13 6.70

162 3.87 7.10 21.99 6.83

181 4.33 7.53 23.32 6.97

79.2% 79.1% 74.6% 74.6% 42.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

21.1 0.50 0.16 0.44

31.3 0.76 0.24 0.70

35.0 0.74 0.24 0.71

38.8 0.90 0.29 0.89

39.6 0.94 0.30 0.95

39.6 0.90 0.29 0.94

39.2 0.94 0.30 1.02

85.7% 90.5% 90.4% 133.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.45 .. 0.45 0.45 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

.. -

.. -

7.11 2.47 .. 2.02 2.24 2.24 0.38 0.16 7.11 0.00 .. 0.09

232.6% + .. -100.0% 169.3% 123.0% 123.0% 13.7% 35.3% 226.7%

6.65 2.47 .. 1.57 2.24 2.24 0.38 0.16 6.65 .. 0.09

.. x

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 2.47 2.24 1.57 0.45 0.22 0.16 7.11

% change 90-06 + 123.0% 109.5% + 2.0% 35.3% 232.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 14.2 12.8 9.0 2.6 1.3 0.9 40.8

Cumulative total (%) 14.2 27.0 36.0 38.6 39.9 40.8 40.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.224 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Hong Kong, China / Hong Kong, Chine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 47

100%

45 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

43 41 39 37 35 33

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

31 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

45 40

120

35 100

TWh

30 25

80

20

60

15 40

10

20

5 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

1986

1991

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

2001

Gas

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.225

Hong Kong, China / Hong Kong, Chine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

33.05 31.31

35.87 34.98

39.74 38.35

41.15 42.81

40.31 41.00

40.72 41.42

41.92 42.63

26.8% 36.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

447 10.68 108.42 112.25 5.71

577 13.79 142.21 147.24 6.16

666 15.90 168.75 174.71 6.67

703 16.80 178.49 184.79 6.76

734 17.53 193.80 200.64 6.79

757 18.07 208.37 215.73 6.81

762 18.19 222.80 230.67 6.86

70.4% 70.4% 105.5% 105.5% 20.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

73.9 0.30 0.29 5.79

62.1 0.25 0.24 5.83

59.7 0.24 0.23 5.96

58.5 0.23 0.22 6.08

54.9 0.21 0.20 5.94

53.8 0.20 0.19 5.98

55.0 0.19 0.18 6.11

-25.6% -38.3% -38.3% 5.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

28.61 27.27 0.04 1.29 0.75 27.27 - 1.34 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

7.69 0.12 1.97 4.41 4.41 1.20 0.06 9.75 2.05 - 0.00 22.76 14.02

5.61 5.61 5.61 -

-

41.92 33.00 2.01 4.41 4.41 2.49 0.81 42.63 0.72 - 0.00 22.76 14.02

26.8% 37.7% -36.0% -1.2% -1.1% 67.7% 34.0% 36.2%

404.0% 149.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 27.27 5.61 4.41 1.97 1.13 0.75 0.55 0.12 0.06 0.04 41.92

% change 90-06 15.4% x -1.1% -36.7% 109.8% 98.6% 60.7% -63.5% -72.6% 31.2% 26.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 61.9 12.7 10.0 4.5 2.6 1.7 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 95.2

Cumulative total (%) 61.9 74.7 84.7 89.1 91.7 93.4 94.7 94.9 95.1 95.2 95.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.226 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Hungary / Hongrie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 100

90

90

80

80

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 100

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 85

100%

80 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

75 70 65 60

0% 1971

Avg 85-87

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

55 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 85-87 = 100 140

40 35

120

30

100

TWh

25 80 20 60

15 10

40

5

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.227

Hungary / Hongrie * Key indicators % change

Avg 85-87

1990

1995

2003

2004

2005

2006 base-06

81.52 77.85

68.51 67.70

58.75 58.85

57.66 58.33

56.60 57.15

56.91 57.33

56.37 56.53

-30.8% -27.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 264 30.19 44.27 115.68 10.53

1 196 28.56 44.38 115.96 10.37

1 075 25.68 39.40 102.88 10.33

1 103 26.34 54.30 141.72 10.13

1 105 26.39 56.90 148.54 10.11

1 165 27.81 59.20 154.68 10.09

1 155 27.59 61.50 160.68 10.07

-8.6% -8.6% 38.9% 38.9% -4.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

64.5 1.84 0.70 7.74

57.3 1.54 0.59 6.61

54.6 1.49 0.57 5.69

52.3 1.06 0.41 5.69

51.2 0.99 0.38 5.60

48.9 0.96 0.37 5.64

48.8 0.92 0.35 5.60

-24.3% -50.2% -50.2% -27.7%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Hungary is allowed to use average 85-87 as the base year.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

12.37 8.99 0.01 2.43 0.94 0.91 12.19 - 0.19 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

base-06

17.83 0.62 0.02 1.21 2.20 12.92 12.67 0.87 0.42 17.50 - 0.31 - 0.02 0.80

25.84 8.10 0.21 0.48 3.48 0.01 0.01 13.56 8.51 26.51 0.73 - 0.06 -

0.34 0.26 0.08 0.34 0.00 -

56.37 17.97 0.23 1.70 8.18 12.92 12.67 15.37 9.85 56.53 0.23 - 0.07 0.80

-30.8% -29.6% -94.0% -31.8% -59.9% 60.8% 82.4% -27.8% -30.6% -27.4%

82.5%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 12.67 8.99 8.51 8.10 5.04 3.48 2.43 2.20 1.21 0.91 0.62 56.37

% change base-06 82.3% -46.2% 242.5% 70.7% 192.0% -60.9% -66.4% -48.7% -36.0% -89.9% -84.5% -30.8%

Level assessment (%) *** 16.1 11.5 10.8 10.3 6.4 4.4 3.1 2.8 1.5 1.2 0.8 71.8

Cumulative total (%) 16.1 27.6 38.4 48.7 55.2 59.6 62.7 65.5 67.0 68.2 69.0 71.8

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.228 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Iceland / Islande Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 2.5

2

2

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 2.5

1.5

1

1.5

1

0.5

0.5

0 1971

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 2.4

100%

2.2 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

2 1.8 1.6 1.4

20% 1.2 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

12

160

10

140

TWh

8

120 100

6

80 4

60 40

2

20 0 1971

0 1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.229

Iceland / Islande Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1.88 1.97

1.95 1.94

2.14 2.14

2.17 2.17

2.23 2.23

2.18 2.18

2.18 2.20

16.1% 11.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

90 2.16 6.70 6.28 0.26

97 2.32 6.80 6.36 0.27

135 3.23 8.70 8.08 0.28

141 3.38 9.30 8.62 0.29

146 3.49 10.00 9.28 0.29

151 3.61 10.70 9.94 0.30

181 4.33 10.90 10.20 0.30

100.1% 100.1% 62.7% 62.4% 19.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

20.8 0.28 0.30 7.37

20.1 0.29 0.31 7.30

15.8 0.25 0.26 7.60

15.3 0.23 0.25 7.51

15.3 0.22 0.24 7.62

14.4 0.20 0.22 7.36

12.0 0.20 0.21 7.18

-42.0% -28.6% -28.5% -2.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.31 0.31 0.31 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

0.00 0.00 0.00 -

2.18 0.01 0.66 0.89 0.81 0.62 0.01 2.20 0.02 0.11 0.53

16.1% 121.7% 24.0% 43.3% 53.7% -13.7% -80.4% 11.7%

1.87 0.00 0.35 0.89 0.81 0.62 0.01 1.89 0.02 0.11 0.53

12.7% 143.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - other Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 0.81 0.61 0.35 0.31 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.18

% change 90-06 53.7% -9.1% 27.6% 20.2% -16.6% -80.4% x 16.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 18.2 13.6 7.9 6.9 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 48.7

Cumulative total (%) 18.2 31.8 39.7 46.6 48.3 48.5 48.6 48.7 48.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.230 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

India / Inde Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1400

1200

1200 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1400

1000 800 600 400

1000 800 600 400

200

200

0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1380

100%

1280 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1180 1080 980 880 780 680 580 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 800

1990 = 100 180

700

160

600

140 120

500 TWh

1994

100

400

80 300

60

200

40

100

20

0

0

1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.231

India / Inde Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

589.30 597.79

782.57 797.14

976.52 978.11

1 042.90 1 056.86

1 114.07 1 140.14

1 160.68 1 190.23

1 249.74 1 269.73

112.1% 112.4%

13 394 16 224 19 250 20 569 21 745 22 529 23 690 319.92 387.49 459.78 491.28 519.38 538.10 565.82 269.43 347.20 460.20 544.35 589.67 644.11 703.33 1 406.32 1 812.29 2 402.09 2 841.35 3 077.89 3 362.05 3 671.20 849.52 932.18 1 015.92 1 064.40 1 079.72 1 094.58 1 109.81

76.9% 76.9% 161.0% 161.0% 30.6%

44.0 2.19 0.42 0.69

48.2 2.25 0.43 0.84

50.7 2.12 0.41 0.96

50.7 1.92 0.37 0.98

51.2 1.89 0.36 1.03

51.5 1.80 0.35 1.06

52.8 1.78 0.34 1.13

19.9% -18.8% -18.8% 62.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

844.41 585.50 59.92 2.69 157.19 39.12 10.54 863.95 19.39 0.15 -

Oil 338.67 16.51 10.71 33.98 98.58 99.10 90.80 79.79 60.20 339.12 1.54 - 1.09 0.09 12.55

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

66.66 23.14 6.66 4.87 28.00 2.10 2.10 1.89 1.57 66.66 -

-

1 249.74 625.15 77.29 41.53 283.76 101.20 92.89 120.81 72.31 1 269.73 20.93 - 0.94 0.09 12.55

112.1% 185.7% 191.5% 161.2% 67.8% 23.8% 41.2% 56.5% 66.1% 112.4%

-81.5% 137.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Road - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

585.50 157.19 98.58 90.80 60.20 59.92 33.98 28.58 28.00 23.14 19.59 1249.74

188.0% 26.9% 170.7% 38.0% 89.1% 164.8% 303.0% -3.9% 217.3% 229.2% 426.4% 112.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 24.9 6.7 4.2 3.9 2.6 2.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 53.1

Cumulative total (%) 24.9 31.5 35.7 39.6 42.1 44.7 46.1 47.3 48.5 49.5 50.3 53.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.232 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Indonesia / Indonésie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 400

350

350 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 400

300 250 200 150

300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 370

80%

320

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

60% 40%

270 220 170

20% 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

120 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

140 120

200

TWh

100 150

80 60

100

40 50

20 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.233

Indonesia / Indonésie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

140.22 146.10

192.22 215.43

264.62 264.36

298.83 301.47

316.28 326.77

330.95 337.91

334.64 344.75

138.6% 136.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

4 304 102.80 109.15 396.37 178.23

5 529 132.06 159.38 578.79 192.75

6 340 151.44 165.02 599.26 206.27

6 879 164.30 187.27 680.07 214.67

7 203 172.04 196.69 714.29 217.59

7 368 175.99 207.87 754.88 220.56

7 497 179.07 219.27 796.27 223.04

74.2% 74.2% 100.9% 100.9% 25.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

32.6 1.28 0.35 0.79

34.8 1.21 0.33 1.00

41.7 1.60 0.44 1.28

43.4 1.60 0.44 1.39

43.9 1.61 0.44 1.45

44.9 1.59 0.44 1.50

44.6 1.53 0.42 1.50

37.0% 18.8% 18.8% 90.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

108.29 57.49 50.73 0.06 0.06 108.28 - 0.01 - 0.00 -

Oil 163.61 23.22 0.24 7.99 23.08 72.35 65.51 36.72 25.76 164.02 1.67 - 1.25 1.12 2.19

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

62.74 9.12 0.01 31.18 22.32 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.04 72.46 9.71 0.00 -

-

334.64 89.82 0.25 39.18 96.13 72.36 65.52 36.89 25.86 344.75 11.37 - 1.25 1.12 2.19

138.6% 309.1% x 28.8% 192.0% 127.1% 129.1% 60.0% 41.3% 136.0%

-33.3% 127.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

65.51 57.49 50.73 31.18 25.76 23.22 23.08 22.32 10.96 9.12 7.99 334.64

129.1% 527.7% + 28.7% 40.7% 92.7% 28.3% 80.3% 130.3% + 29.0% 138.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 10.0 8.8 7.7 4.7 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.4 1.7 1.4 1.2 50.9

Cumulative total (%) 10.0 18.7 26.4 31.2 35.1 38.6 42.2 45.6 47.2 48.6 49.8 50.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.234 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Islamic Republic of Iran / République islamique d'Iran Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 500

450

450

400

400

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 500

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 470

100%

420 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

370 320 270 220

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

170 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

200

200

150

150

100

100

50

50

TWh

250

1990 = 100 250

0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.235

Islamic Republic of Iran / République islamique d'Iran Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

175.31 183.33

249.35 243.87

304.85 304.34

351.87 353.95

380.57 381.58

396.66 393.36

432.83 422.88

146.9% 130.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 882 68.83 70.29 256.54 54.40

3 964 94.68 83.07 303.18 58.95

4 974 118.80 101.29 369.66 63.94

5 840 139.47 120.93 441.34 67.04

6 324 151.04 127.08 463.77 68.07

6 618 158.08 132.62 484.01 69.09

7 155 170.89 140.31 512.09 70.10

148.3% 148.3% 99.6% 99.6% 28.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

60.8 2.49 0.68 3.22

62.9 3.00 0.82 4.23

61.3 3.01 0.82 4.77

60.3 2.91 0.80 5.25

60.2 2.99 0.82 5.59

59.9 2.99 0.82 5.74

60.5 3.08 0.85 6.17

-0.6% 23.7% 23.7% 91.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

4.23 4.21 0.02 0.02 4.77 0.54 -

Oil 225.73 34.52 2.07 2.54 32.64 106.28 106.28 47.68 24.75 215.24 - 2.67 - 7.82 1.43 3.14

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

202.87 63.58 3.23 12.92 39.42 1.03 1.03 82.69 72.93 202.87 2.77 - 2.77 -

-

432.83 98.10 5.30 15.46 76.26 107.31 107.31 130.40 97.70 422.88 0.65 - 10.60 1.43 3.14

146.9% 199.9% 84.6% 188.3% 75.4% 176.9% 176.9% 150.1% 219.1% 130.7%

-8.7% 111.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

106.28 72.93 63.58 39.42 34.52 32.64 24.75 22.93 12.92 9.77 4.21 432.83

174.3% + 305.8% 179.8% 102.5% 20.4% 0.9% 6.6% + x 84.4% 146.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 16.9 11.6 10.1 6.3 5.5 5.2 3.9 3.6 2.1 1.6 0.7 68.8

Cumulative total (%) 16.9 28.5 38.6 44.9 50.4 55.5 59.5 63.1 65.2 66.7 67.4 68.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.236 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Iraq / Irak Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 100

90

90

80

80

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 100

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 94

100%

89 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

84 79 74 69 64 59 54 49

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

44 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

TWh

35

350

30

300

25

250

20

200

15

150

10

100

5

50

0 1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators

40

1981

2000

Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 400

1976

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1971

1996

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.237

Iraq / Irak Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

52.85 50.76

71.77 74.61

75.87 72.91

67.49 72.31

79.93 81.25

82.08 83.36

86.55 89.01

63.8% 75.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

798 19.06 32.96 45.06 18.14

1 106 26.41 12.62 17.25 19.56

1 089 26.00 25.90 35.41 22.68

1 059 25.29 13.10 17.91 24.68

1 212 28.96 19.10 26.11 25.38

1 253 29.92 19.81 27.08 26.08

1 341 32.02 19.87 27.16 26.78

68.0% 68.0% -39.7% -39.7% 47.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

66.2 1.60 1.17 2.91

64.9 5.69 4.16 3.67

69.7 2.93 2.14 3.35

63.7 5.15 3.77 2.73

65.9 4.19 3.06 3.15

65.5 4.14 3.03 3.15

64.6 4.36 3.19 3.23

-2.5% 171.7% 171.7% 10.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

79.87 22.34 5.75 12.72 30.58 30.58 8.49 8.49 82.33 2.46 0.00 .. 2.48

6.68 6.68 6.68 -

-

86.55 22.34 5.75 19.40 30.58 30.58 8.49 8.49 89.01 2.46 0.00 .. 2.48

63.8% 102.6% 45.7% 34.3% 64.8% 64.8% 74.0% 74.0% 75.4%

.. -14.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 30.58 22.34 12.72 8.49 6.68 5.75 86.55

% change 90-06 64.8% 102.6% 19.3% 74.0% 76.8% 45.7% 63.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 29.2 21.3 12.1 8.1 6.4 5.5 82.5

Cumulative total (%) 29.2 50.5 62.6 70.7 77.1 82.5 82.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.238 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Ireland / Irlande Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 46

100%

44 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

42 40 38 36 34 32

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

30 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

30

160

25

140

TWh

20

120 100

15

80 10

60 40

5

20 0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.239

Ireland / Irlande Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

30.63 31.32

33.00 31.50

41.19 40.09

41.62 41.51

41.82 41.19

43.39 41.52

44.93 41.52

46.7% 32.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

432 10.32 48.90 55.11 3.51

450 10.74 61.30 69.12 3.60

594 14.18 96.40 108.63 3.80

623 14.88 113.80 128.28 3.99

629 15.02 118.80 133.90 4.06

635 15.17 126.00 141.96 4.15

647 15.46 133.20 150.10 4.25

49.8% 49.8% 172.4% 172.4% 21.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

70.9 0.63 0.56 8.74

73.4 0.54 0.48 9.17

69.4 0.43 0.38 10.84

66.8 0.37 0.32 10.43

66.5 0.35 0.31 10.30

68.3 0.34 0.31 10.46

69.4 0.34 0.30 10.56

-2.1% -46.2% -46.1% 20.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

9.68 6.89 0.06 0.08 0.52 2.14 2.04 9.69 0.38 - 0.38 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

26.03 2.21 0.03 0.52 3.67 13.59 13.19 6.01 3.68 22.45 - 0.18 - 3.40 0.38 2.40

9.21 5.21 0.43 1.39 2.19 1.47 9.38 0.15 0.01 -

-

44.93 14.31 0.51 0.60 5.58 13.59 13.19 10.34 7.19 41.52 0.35 - 3.77 0.38 2.40

46.7% 37.7% 263.4% 151.1% 17.7% 176.9% 188.4% 1.3% -2.1% 32.6%

590.3% 132.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - coal/peat Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 13.19 6.89 5.21 3.68 3.67 2.34 2.21 2.04 1.47 1.39 0.71 44.93

% change 90-06 188.4% -7.1% 172.8% 218.5% 64.8% -9.8% 108.2% -65.6% 439.0% -7.7% 225.5% 46.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 18.8 9.8 7.4 5.2 5.2 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.1 2.0 1.0 64.1

Cumulative total (%) 18.8 28.7 36.1 41.3 46.6 49.9 53.1 56.0 58.1 60.1 61.1 64.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.240 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Israel / Israël Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 70

60

60 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 70

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 68

100%

63 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

58 53 48 43

20% 38 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

33 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 60

1990 = 100 140

50

120 100

40 TWh

1996

80 30 60 20 40 10

20

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.241

Israel / Israël Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

33.57 35.32

46.32 48.59

55.51 56.30

61.60 62.92

61.39 60.74

61.52 63.00

62.64 63.47

86.6% 79.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

507 12.11 67.59 84.72 4.66

685 16.35 92.59 116.04 5.55

805 19.23 115.49 144.74 6.29

866 20.68 115.78 145.11 6.69

860 20.53 120.92 151.55 6.80

888 21.20 127.17 159.38 6.92

891 21.28 133.65 167.51 7.05

75.7% 75.7% 97.7% 97.7% 51.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

66.2 0.50 0.40 7.20

67.7 0.50 0.40 8.35

68.9 0.48 0.38 8.83

71.1 0.53 0.42 9.21

71.4 0.51 0.41 9.02

69.3 0.48 0.39 8.88

70.3 0.47 0.37 8.89

6.2% -5.6% -5.6% 23.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

30.97 30.90 0.08 29.78 - 1.19 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

27.42 4.43 0.43 2.74 1.71 10.11 10.11 8.01 2.71 29.30 0.87 1.00 0.81 1.91

4.25 4.25 4.40 0.15 -

-

62.64 39.57 0.51 2.74 1.71 10.11 10.11 8.01 2.71 63.47 0.87 - 0.04 0.81 1.91

86.6% 134.7% 11.9% 24.9% -60.3% 56.1% 57.4% 143.0% 93.3% 79.7%

114.2% 21.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 30.90 10.11 5.30 4.43 4.25 2.74 2.71 1.71 0.43 0.08 62.64

% change 90-06 233.5% 57.4% 179.6% -41.7% x 24.9% 93.4% -59.4% -4.7% x 86.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 44.6 14.6 7.7 6.4 6.1 4.0 3.9 2.5 0.6 0.1 90.5

Cumulative total (%) 44.6 59.2 66.9 73.3 79.4 83.3 87.3 89.7 90.3 90.5 90.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.242 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Italy / Italie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 500

450

450

400

400

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 500

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 470

100%

460 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

450 440 430 420 410 400 390

20%

380 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

370 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 350

1990 = 100 160

300

140 120

250 TWh

1996

100

200

80 150 60 100

40

50

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.243

Italy / Italie Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

397.79 384.79

409.66 413.52

424.68 431.88

452.38 452.08

450.01 452.58

453.82 455.69

448.03 449.92

12.6% 16.9%

6 200 6 744 7 255 7 586 7 675 7 776 148.07 161.09 173.28 181.20 183.32 185.73 937.40 998.50 1 097.30 1 121.30 1 134.80 1 135.80 1 243.55 1 324.64 1 455.77 1 487.53 1 505.43 1 506.76 56.72 56.84 56.94 57.61 58.18 58.61

7 711 184.17 1 157.00 1 534.96 58.86

24.4% 24.4% 23.4% 23.4% 3.8%

58.1 0.39 0.29 7.61

-9.4% -8.8% -8.8% 8.5%

64.2 0.42 0.32 7.01

60.7 0.41 0.31 7.21

58.5 0.39 0.29 7.46

59.6 0.40 0.30 7.85

58.6 0.40 0.30 7.74

58.4 0.40 0.30 7.74

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

62.44 49.32 1.12 0.22 11.13 0.65 0.03 64.09 1.65 - 0.00 -

Oil 222.27 22.41 7.26 16.31 31.67 119.36 114.92 25.25 15.49 221.42 - 1.15 0.30 10.95 9.00

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

159.84 56.78 7.47 0.77 35.91 0.97 0.97 57.95 39.83 160.93 1.09 0.00 -

3.48 2.97 0.22 0.28 3.48 - 0.00 -

448.03 131.49 16.08 17.30 78.99 120.32 115.88 83.85 55.35 449.92 1.58 0.30 10.95 9.00

12.6% 22.9% 3.9% -13.7% -5.9% 25.5% 26.7% 11.2% -0.7% 16.9%

30.8% 121.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

114.92 56.78 49.32 39.83 35.91 31.67 22.41 18.12 16.31 15.49 11.13 448.03

26.3% 253.3% 78.2% 50.7% 9.1% -10.4% -64.5% 83.2% 11.3% -45.6% -26.0% 12.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 20.6 10.2 8.8 7.1 6.4 5.7 4.0 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.0 80.1

Cumulative total (%) 20.6 30.7 39.5 46.7 53.1 58.7 62.7 66.0 68.9 71.7 73.7 80.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.244 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Jamaica / Jamaïque Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14

12

12 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 13

100%

12 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

11 10 9 8

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

7 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

8 7

140

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0 1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

1971

1996

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1981

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.245

Jamaica / Jamaïque Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

7.19 7.12

8.36 8.47

9.78 10.07

10.32 10.46

10.39 10.54

9.80 9.79

11.54 11.84

60.5% 66.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

123 2.95 6.62 7.69 2.39

142 3.39 8.04 9.33 2.48

164 3.93 8.03 9.32 2.59

170 4.06 8.49 9.85 2.63

171 4.08 8.58 9.96 2.64

161 3.84 8.74 10.14 2.66

192 4.59 8.97 10.41 2.67

55.8% 55.8% 35.5% 35.4% 11.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

58.3 1.09 0.94 3.01

58.9 1.04 0.90 3.37

59.5 1.22 1.05 3.78

60.7 1.22 1.05 3.93

60.9 1.21 1.04 3.93

61.0 1.12 0.97 3.69

60.0 1.29 1.11 4.33

3.0% 18.5% 18.5% 43.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.08 0.08 0.08 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

11.54 3.11 3.09 0.01 0.27 2.77 1.60 2.29 0.32 11.84 - 0.04 0.35 0.09 0.72

60.5% 67.0% x -95.6% -54.0% 157.3% 120.3% -34.9% 50.0% 66.2%

11.46 3.11 3.09 0.01 0.19 2.77 1.60 2.29 0.32 11.76 - 0.04 0.35 0.09 0.72

68.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Road - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.11 3.09 1.96 1.60 1.17 0.32 0.19 0.08 0.01 11.54

% change 90-06 67.0% x -40.5% 120.3% 233.7% 50.0% -58.3% -38.5% -95.6% 60.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 21.6 21.5 13.7 11.1 8.2 2.2 1.4 0.6 0.0 80.4

Cumulative total (%) 21.6 43.2 56.9 68.0 76.2 78.4 79.8 80.3 80.4 80.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.246 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Japan / Japon Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1400

1200

1200 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1400

1000 800 600 400

1000 800 600 400

200

200

0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1300

100%

1250 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1200 1150 1100 1050 1000 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

1200

160

1000

140

TWh

800

120 100

600

80 400

60 40

200

20 0 1971

0 1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.247

Japan / Japon * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 071.43 1 078.38

1 156.73 1 169.77

1 192.39 1 222.93

1 222.77 1 246.03

1 222.36 1 267.76

1 227.68 1 245.59

1 212.70 1 235.52

13.2% 14.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

18 586 20 966 22 049 21 528 22 225 22 122 22 088 443.92 500.77 526.62 514.20 530.83 528.38 527.56 4 122.40 4 445.40 4 667.50 4 754.60 4 885.10 4 978.30 5 087.10 2 867.16 3 091.83 3 246.29 3 306.90 3 397.65 3 462.45 3 538.13 123.48 125.47 126.84 127.72 127.76 127.77 127.76

18.8% 18.8% 23.4% 23.4% 3.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

57.7 0.26 0.37 8.68

55.2 0.26 0.37 9.22

54.1 0.26 0.37 9.40

56.8 0.26 0.37 9.57

55.0 0.25 0.36 9.57

55.5 0.25 0.35 9.61

54.9 0.24 0.34 9.49

-4.8% -8.3% -8.3% 9.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Please see the note in Chapter 1 on the revisions provided by the Japanese Administration.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

431.38 223.12 47.94 14.75 143.10 2.47 435.95 3.54 1.03 -

Oil 586.81 45.77 22.31 26.11 130.32 245.41 219.73 116.90 41.90 614.31 15.40 12.10 18.64 19.84

Gas

Other **

Total

90-06

189.98 111.77 4.66 0.84 17.68 55.03 21.54 180.71 - 3.41 - 5.85 -

4.54 1.23 2.33 0.97 4.54 0.00 -

1 212.70 381.90 77.23 41.70 292.07 245.41 219.73 174.39 63.45 1 235.52 15.52 7.29 18.64 19.84

13.2% 24.1% 37.7% -8.3% -0.8% 17.1% 17.6% 10.4% 13.7% 14.6%

5.5% 49.0%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

223.12 219.73 143.10 130.32 111.77 74.99 47.94 45.77 41.90 33.48 26.11 1212.70

126.9% 17.6% -4.4% -3.9% 44.6% -16.0% 59.3% -65.3% 9.2% 268.4% -9.9% 13.2%

Level assessment (%) *** 16.3 16.1 10.5 9.5 8.2 5.5 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.4 1.9 88.7

Cumulative total (%) 16.3 32.4 42.9 52.4 60.6 66.1 69.6 72.9 76.0 78.4 80.3 88.7

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.248 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Jordan / Jordanie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 20

18

18

16

16

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 20

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 21

100%

19 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

17 15 13 11

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

9 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

14 12

100

10 TWh

80 8 60 6 40

4

20

2 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Hydro

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.249

Jordan / Jordanie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

9.20 9.36

12.13 12.40

14.29 14.31

14.84 14.76

16.70 17.17

17.90 18.47

18.30 18.54

98.8% 98.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

146 3.50 5.13 12.10 3.17

191 4.55 7.23 17.05 4.20

217 5.19 8.46 19.97 4.80

228 5.45 9.82 23.16 5.16

269 6.42 10.64 25.12 5.29

293 7.00 11.41 26.93 5.41

300 7.16 12.15 28.91 5.54

104.8% 104.8% 136.9% 139.0% 74.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

62.8 1.80 0.76 2.90

63.6 1.68 0.71 2.89

65.8 1.69 0.72 2.98

65.0 1.51 0.64 2.87

62.1 1.57 0.67 3.16

61.1 1.57 0.66 3.31

61.0 1.51 0.63 3.30

-2.9% -16.1% -16.8% 13.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

13.61 1.86 0.41 0.65 2.96 4.69 4.65 3.04 1.93 13.85 0.24 - 0.00 0.13 0.94

4.68 4.68 4.68 -

-

18.30 6.55 0.41 0.65 2.96 4.69 4.65 3.04 1.93 18.54 0.24 - 0.00 0.13 0.94

98.8% 145.9% 35.6% 10.1% 126.6% 76.7% 75.1% 80.0% 94.4% 98.1%

.. 32.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 4.68 4.65 2.96 1.93 1.86 1.10 0.65 0.41 0.04 18.30

% change 90-06 + 75.1% 126.6% 94.4% -23.2% 59.3% 10.1% 35.6% x 98.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 20.2 20.1 12.8 8.3 8.0 4.7 2.8 1.8 0.2 78.9

Cumulative total (%) 20.2 40.3 53.1 61.4 69.4 74.2 77.0 78.7 78.9 78.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.250 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Kazakhstan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

300

300

250

250 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

200 150 100

200 150 100 50

50 0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 270

100%

250 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

230 210 190 170 150 130

0%

110 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

100 90

120

80

100

70 TWh

60

80

50 40

60

30

40

20 20

10 0 1990

0 1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

Gas

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.251

Kazakhstan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

236.41 236.96

167.02 169.27

130.18 137.40

149.57 158.76

155.81 165.94

168.15 179.16

181.96 194.29

-23.0% -18.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 084 73.65 26.35 93.16 16.35

2 187 52.24 16.18 57.20 15.82

1 767 42.20 18.29 64.67 14.88

2 048 48.92 24.92 88.09 14.91

2 156 51.49 27.31 96.55 15.01

2 374 56.69 29.96 105.91 15.15

2 572 61.42 33.13 117.14 15.31

-16.6% -16.6% 25.7% 25.7% -6.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

76.7 8.97 2.54 14.46

76.4 10.32 2.92 10.56

73.7 7.12 2.01 8.75

73.0 6.00 1.70 10.03

72.3 5.71 1.61 10.38

70.8 5.61 1.59 11.10

70.8 5.49 1.55 11.89

-7.7% -38.8% -38.8% -17.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

109.67 85.66 23.83 0.18 117.51 7.65 0.19 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

28.67 2.46 0.97 10.69 10.33 9.07 4.22 0.56 32.92 4.14 0.11 .. 0.75

43.62 6.25 7.51 2.08 27.79 43.86 0.24 - 0.00 -

-

181.96 94.38 8.47 36.60 10.33 9.07 32.18 0.56 194.29 12.03 0.30 .. 0.75

-23.0% -12.3% 50.4% -55.6% -27.6% -24.1% 21.7% x -18.0%

.. -71.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Road - oil Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

85.66 27.79 23.83 10.69 9.07 7.51 6.25 3.66 2.46 2.08 1.26 181.96

-8.4% 53.0% -60.1% -52.8% -24.1% 137.0% 79.4% -55.9% -76.8% x -45.8% -23.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 38.9 12.6 10.8 4.9 4.1 3.4 2.8 1.7 1.1 0.9 0.6 82.7

Cumulative total (%) 38.9 51.6 62.4 67.3 71.4 74.8 77.6 79.3 80.4 81.4 81.9 82.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.252 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Kenya Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

10

10

million tonnes of CO 2

12

million tonnes of CO 2

12

8 6 4

8 6 4

2

2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 12

100%

11 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

10 9 8 7 6 5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

4 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 7

1990 = 100 180

6

160 140

5 TWh

120 4

100

3

80 60

2

40 1 0 1971

20 0 1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.253

Kenya Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

6.34 6.53

7.26 6.83

8.91 9.88

7.71 7.39

8.79 9.48

9.91 10.05

11.00 11.16

73.6% 70.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

470 11.22 10.56 26.34 23.45

535 12.79 11.42 28.50 27.38

630 15.04 12.71 31.70 31.25

651 15.56 13.66 34.08 33.78

700 16.72 14.32 35.73 34.68

721 17.21 15.15 37.81 35.60

751 17.95 16.02 39.97 36.55

60.0% 60.0% 51.7% 51.7% 55.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

13.5 0.60 0.24 0.27

13.6 0.64 0.25 0.27

14.1 0.70 0.28 0.29

11.8 0.56 0.23 0.23

12.6 0.61 0.25 0.25

13.7 0.65 0.26 0.28

14.6 0.69 0.28 0.30

8.5% 14.4% 14.4% 11.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat ** Unallocated autoproducers ** Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.29 .. 0.29 0.29 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

.. -

.. -

11.00 2.06 .. 0.60 1.42 5.53 3.16 1.40 0.98 11.16 0.02 0.14 0.15 ..

73.6% + .. 113.2% -0.4% 58.1% 25.0% 43.7% 73.1% 70.8%

10.71 2.06 .. 0.60 1.13 5.53 3.16 1.40 0.98 10.87 0.02 0.14 0.15 ..

-73.4% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. ** Emissions from autoproducers in 2006 have been included with main activity producer electricity and heat.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Other transport - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.16 2.36 2.06 1.13 0.98 0.60 0.42 0.29 11.00

% change 90-06 25.0% 144.9% + 6.5% 73.1% 113.2% 2.8% -20.5% 73.6%

Level assessment (%) *** 6.1 4.6 4.0 2.2 1.9 1.1 0.8 0.6 21.2

Cumulative total (%) 6.1 10.7 14.6 16.8 18.7 19.9 20.7 21.2 21.2

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.254 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Dem. People's Rep. of Korea / Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 140

120

120 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 140

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40 20

20

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 128

100%

118 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

108 98 88 78

20% 68 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

58 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

TWh

30

300

25

250

20

200

15

150

10

100

5

50

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

2001

Hydro

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators

35

1981

2000

Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 350

1976

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

0 1971

1996

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.255

Dem. People's Rep. of Korea / Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

114.01 117.57

74.86 75.77

68.82 68.92

69.52 69.65

71.06 71.19

74.26 74.38

75.43 75.54

-33.8% -35.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 391 33.22 15.57 54.75 20.14

920 21.99 12.23 43.00 21.72

828 19.78 10.85 38.17 22.95

843 20.13 10.91 38.37 23.40

862 20.60 11.11 39.06 23.51

898 21.44 11.31 39.76 23.62

907 21.66 11.51 40.48 23.71

-34.8% -34.8% -26.1% -26.1% 17.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

82.0 7.32 2.08 5.66

81.3 6.12 1.74 3.45

83.1 6.34 1.80 3.00

82.5 6.37 1.81 2.97

82.4 6.40 1.82 3.02

82.7 6.57 1.87 3.14

83.2 6.55 1.86 3.18

1.5% -10.5% -10.5% -43.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

73.26 11.08 47.65 14.53 73.34 0.08 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

75.43 11.96 0.03 47.84 0.99 0.99 14.61 0.08 75.54 0.11 - 0.00 .. ..

-33.8% -23.7% -83.1% -37.7% -78.7% -78.7% -12.4% -85.3% -35.8%

2.18 0.88 0.03 0.20 0.99 0.99 0.08 0.08 2.20 0.03 .. ..

.. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 47.65 14.53 11.08 0.99 0.88 0.20 0.08 0.03 75.43

% change 90-06 -37.0% -10.0% -22.8% -78.7% -33.1% -83.5% -85.3% -83.1% -33.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 42.0 12.8 9.8 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 66.6

Cumulative total (%) 42.0 54.9 64.6 65.5 66.3 66.5 66.5 66.6 66.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.256 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Korea / Corée Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 600

500

500

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 600

400 300 200

400 300 200

100

100

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 520

100%

470 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

420 370 320 270

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

220 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1981

450

1990 = 100 200

400

180

350

160

300

140 120

250

100

200

80

150

60

100

40

50

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.257

Korea / Corée Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

229.30 238.60

364.80 361.43

431.29 441.14

458.60 470.58

478.86 485.92

468.92 464.11

476.10 471.44

107.6% 97.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 909 93.37 283.60 428.27 42.87

6 170 147.37 413.00 623.78 45.09

7 931 189.43 511.70 772.77 47.01

8 658 206.79 585.90 884.93 47.86

8 888 212.29 613.60 926.78 48.04

8 899 212.55 639.40 965.69 48.14

9 064 216.50 671.30 1 013.90 48.30

131.9% 131.9% 136.7% 136.7% 12.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

58.7 0.81 0.54 5.35

59.1 0.88 0.58 8.09

54.4 0.84 0.56 9.17

53.0 0.78 0.52 9.58

53.9 0.78 0.52 9.97

52.7 0.73 0.49 9.74

52.5 0.71 0.47 9.86

-10.5% -12.3% -12.3% 84.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

204.81 131.45 28.19 6.37 34.51 4.28 4.28 202.52 6.69 - 8.99 -

Oil 195.75 16.37 4.91 14.86 43.55 85.06 77.36 30.99 10.12 194.51 - 1.08 - 0.15 33.30 8.83

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

68.20 27.88 1.75 0.49 10.20 1.06 1.06 26.82 19.33 67.07 - 0.17 - 0.96 -

7.34 0.61 6.31 0.43 7.34 0.00 -

476.10 175.70 35.46 21.72 94.58 86.12 78.42 62.53 33.74 471.44 5.44 - 10.10 33.30 8.83

107.6% 410.0% 74.1% 171.7% 76.5% 99.0% 148.5% -10.2% -17.2% 97.6%

532.0% 949.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

131.45 77.36 43.55 34.51 28.19 27.88 20.87 19.33 16.37 14.86 10.20 476.10

761.6% 145.1% 14.7% 142.9% 38.4% 485.8% -26.6% + 13.4% 191.4% + 107.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 23.3 13.7 7.7 6.1 5.0 4.9 3.7 3.4 2.9 2.6 1.8 84.3

Cumulative total (%) 23.3 37.0 44.7 50.8 55.8 60.7 64.4 67.9 70.8 73.4 75.2 84.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.258 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Kuwait / Koweit Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

60 50 40 30

60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 84

100%

74 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

64 54 44 34

20% 24 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

14 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 300

50 45

250

40 35

200

TWh

30 25

150

20 100

15 10

50

5 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Gas

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.259

Kuwait / Koweit Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

24.35 19.67

41.01 41.94

50.15 54.49

59.76 60.72

67.02 68.75

74.34 76.46

66.69 67.22

173.9% 241.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

335 8.00 25.34 28.84 2.13

688 16.42 34.33 39.06 1.80

855 20.42 37.72 42.92 2.19

960 22.92 45.28 51.53 2.40

1 063 25.39 48.09 54.72 2.46

1 179 28.15 52.17 59.37 2.54

1 059 25.29 54.78 62.34 2.60

216.3% 216.3% 116.2% 116.2% 22.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

72.7 0.96 0.84 11.46

59.6 1.19 1.05 22.76

58.7 1.33 1.17 22.90

62.3 1.32 1.16 24.94

63.0 1.39 1.22 27.24

63.1 1.42 1.25 29.33

63.0 1.22 1.07 25.66

-13.4% 26.7% 26.7% 123.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

44.05 23.93 6.02 4.37 9.30 9.30 0.43 0.43 44.58 0.54 - 0.01 1.97 1.75

22.64 6.68 8.05 7.92 22.64 -

-

66.69 30.61 14.06 12.29 9.30 9.30 0.43 0.43 67.22 0.54 - 0.01 1.97 1.75

173.9% 182.1% 219.2% 132.6% 155.0% 155.0% 165.6% 165.6% 241.7%

256.2% 242.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 23.93 9.30 8.05 7.92 6.68 6.02 4.37 0.43 66.69

% change 90-06 256.5% 155.0% 123.7% 93.1% 61.4% 643.8% 269.7% 165.6% 173.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 29.1 11.3 9.8 9.6 8.1 7.3 5.3 0.5 81.0

Cumulative total (%) 29.1 40.4 50.2 59.8 67.9 75.2 80.5 81.0 81.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.260 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Kyrgyzstan / Kirghizistan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

25

25

20

20

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

15

10

15

10

5

5

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 33

100%

28

million tonnes of CO 2

80%

23

60%

18

not available 40%

13

20%

8

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

18 16

100

14

TWh

12

80

10 60

8 6

40

4 20

2 0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.261

Kyrgyzstan / Kirghizistan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

22.72 22.72

4.61 4.61

4.57 4.59

5.22 5.24

5.65 5.66

5.42 5.40

5.23 5.23

-77.0% -77.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

317 7.57 2.06 11.04 4.42

102 2.45 1.04 5.60 4.59

102 2.44 1.37 7.36 4.92

114 2.72 1.54 8.29 5.04

117 2.79 1.65 8.88 5.09

117 2.79 1.65 8.86 5.14

118 2.81 1.69 9.10 5.19

-62.9% -62.9% -17.7% -17.6% 17.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

71.6 11.05 2.06 5.14

45.0 4.42 0.82 1.01

44.7 3.34 0.62 0.93

45.8 3.38 0.63 1.04

48.4 3.42 0.64 1.11

46.4 3.29 0.61 1.05

44.4 3.09 0.57 1.01

-38.0% -72.1% -72.1% -80.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2.04 0.57 1.47 2.04 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1.68 0.01 1.09 0.69 0.58 1.69 0.01 ..

1.51 0.94 0.56 1.51 -

-

5.23 1.52 1.48 1.09 0.69 1.14 5.23 0.01 ..

-77.0% -60.9% -82.1% -66.6% -76.8% -84.4% -77.0%

..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.47 0.94 0.69 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.39 0.01 5.23

% change 90-06 -82.3% -55.8% -76.8% -90.2% -67.2% -60.2% 50.0% x -77.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 11.7 7.5 5.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 3.1 0.1 41.5

Cumulative total (%) 11.7 19.2 24.7 29.3 33.8 38.3 41.4 41.5 41.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.262 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Latvia / Lettonie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

20

20

18

18

16

16

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

Coal/peat

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 20

100%

18 million tonnes of CO 2

80%

16

60%

14

not available

12

40%

10

20% 8 0%

6 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

7

TWh

1994

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0

0

1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

Other

2006

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.263

Latvia / Lettonie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

18.35 18.41

8.78 9.04

6.81 6.35

7.44 7.11

7.46 6.94

7.58 6.92

8.03 7.61

-56.3% -58.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

329 7.85 10.42 25.16 2.67

193 4.61 5.95 14.36 2.52

156 3.74 7.83 18.92 2.37

179 4.27 9.66 23.33 2.33

184 4.40 10.50 25.35 2.31

187 4.48 11.61 28.04 2.30

193 4.61 13.00 31.38 2.29

-41.3% -41.3% 24.7% 24.7% -14.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

55.8 1.76 0.73 6.87

45.6 1.48 0.61 3.49

43.5 0.87 0.36 2.87

41.6 0.77 0.32 3.20

40.6 0.71 0.29 3.23

40.4 0.65 0.27 3.29

41.6 0.62 0.26 3.51

-25.5% -64.9% -64.9% -48.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.34 0.01 0.01 0.14 0.17 0.08 0.34 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

4.40 0.11 0.00 0.34 3.32 3.05 0.62 0.11 3.97 - 0.02 - 0.42 0.62 0.19

3.27 1.96 0.11 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.24 3.29 0.01 - 0.00 -

0.01 0.01 0.01 -

8.03 2.09 0.13 1.18 3.32 3.05 1.32 0.42 7.61 - 0.01 - 0.42 0.62 0.19

-56.3% -65.6% -96.4% -100.0% -53.5% 7.5% 31.2% -58.2% -62.3% -58.7%

-58.4% -9.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other transport - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.05 1.96 0.68 0.52 0.34 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.14 0.11 0.11 8.03

% change 90-06 32.0% -28.2% -34.0% -60.5% -75.2% -8.6% -61.8% 8.0% 19.1% -96.2% -90.9% -56.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 26.2 16.8 5.8 4.5 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 68.9

Cumulative total (%) 26.2 43.0 48.8 53.3 56.2 58.6 60.9 63.0 64.2 65.2 66.1 68.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.264 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Lebanon / Liban Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 18

16

16 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 18

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 18

100%

16 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

14 12 10 8

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

6 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

12 10

200

8 TWh

150 6 100 4 50

2 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.265

Lebanon / Liban Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

6.39 6.41

12.57 12.57

14.17 14.17

17.03 17.03

15.28 15.28

15.80 15.80

13.33 13.33

108.7% 108.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

97 2.31 8.40 8.11 2.97

190 4.54 14.94 14.41 3.49

212 5.06 16.82 16.23 3.77

249 5.96 18.89 18.22 3.92

226 5.39 20.30 19.58 3.97

233 5.57 20.50 19.78 4.01

199 4.76 20.50 19.77 4.06

106.0% 106.0% 143.9% 143.9% 36.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

66.0 0.76 0.79 2.15

66.1 0.84 0.87 3.60

66.9 0.84 0.87 3.76

68.3 0.90 0.93 4.35

67.7 0.75 0.78 3.85

67.7 0.77 0.80 3.94

66.9 0.65 0.67 3.29

1.3% -14.5% -14.5% 53.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.51 0.51 0.51 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

13.33 6.45 1.44 3.80 3.80 1.64 1.64 13.33 - 0.00 0.05 0.33

108.7% 134.4% -100.0% 344.4% 106.1% 106.1% 12.8% 12.8% 108.0%

12.81 6.45 0.92 3.80 3.80 1.64 1.64 12.81 - 0.00 0.05 0.33

.. 71.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 6.45 3.80 1.64 0.92 0.51 13.33

% change 90-06 134.4% 106.1% 12.8% 185.7% x 108.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 38.0 22.4 9.6 5.4 3.0 78.5

Cumulative total (%) 38.0 60.4 70.0 75.4 78.5 78.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.266 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Libya / Libye Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 52

80%

47

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

60% 40% 20%

42 37 32

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

27 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 30

1990 = 100 140

25

120 100

20 TWh

1981

80 15 60 10 40 5

20

0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Gas

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.267

Libya / Libye Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

27.35 27.97

35.12 40.56

39.69 42.62

41.93 44.64

43.71 46.43

42.47 45.07

42.44 44.97

55.2% 60.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

483 11.54 29.79 40.48 4.36

674 16.10 31.77 43.18 4.83

713 17.02 34.50 46.89 5.35

734 17.53 40.60 55.18 5.68

772 18.45 42.50 57.76 5.80

743 17.75 44.00 59.80 5.92

744 17.77 46.46 63.15 6.04

53.9% 53.9% 56.0% 56.0% 38.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

56.6 0.92 0.68 6.27

52.1 1.11 0.81 7.27

55.7 1.15 0.85 7.42

57.1 1.03 0.76 7.38

56.6 1.03 0.76 7.54

57.1 0.97 0.71 7.18

57.0 0.91 0.67 7.03

0.8% -0.5% -0.5% 12.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

31.22 15.29 2.06 1.92 9.53 9.52 2.43 2.43 33.76 2.53 0.28 0.55

11.22 5.79 1.19 4.23 11.22 -

-

42.44 21.08 3.25 6.15 9.53 9.52 2.43 2.43 44.97 2.53 0.28 0.55

55.2% 166.3% -61.3% 70.6% 55.6% 55.6% 87.0% 87.0% 60.8%

12.5% -13.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 15.29 9.52 5.79 4.23 2.43 2.06 1.92 1.19 0.01 42.44

% change 90-06 93.1% 55.6% x 65.8% 87.0% 5.2% 82.2% -81.5% 50.0% 55.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 26.8 16.7 10.2 7.4 4.3 3.6 3.4 2.1 0.0 74.5

Cumulative total (%) 26.8 43.5 53.7 61.1 65.4 69.0 72.3 74.4 74.5 74.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.268 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Lithuania / Lituanie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

40

40

35

35 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

30 25 20 15

30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1990

0 1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

2006

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 40

100%

35

million tonnes of CO 2

80%

30

60%

25

not available 40%

20

20%

15

0%

10 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

35 30

100

25 TWh

80 20 60 15 40

10

20

5 0 1990

Oil

1992

1994

Gas

1996

1998

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

Other

2006

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.269

Lithuania / Lituanie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

33.11 33.68

14.20 14.54

11.22 10.96

12.13 12.30

12.77 12.91

13.62 13.66

13.67 13.76

-58.7% -59.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

680 16.25 16.04 42.86 3.70

368 8.80 9.30 24.86 3.63

300 7.17 11.42 30.51 3.50

382 9.12 14.36 38.38 3.45

386 9.23 15.41 41.19 3.44

364 8.68 16.58 44.30 3.41

358 8.54 17.82 47.63 3.40

-47.4% -47.4% 11.1% 11.1% -8.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

48.7 2.06 0.77 8.95

38.5 1.53 0.57 3.91

37.4 0.98 0.37 3.21

31.8 0.84 0.32 3.51

33.1 0.83 0.31 3.72

37.5 0.82 0.31 3.99

38.2 0.77 0.29 4.03

-21.5% -62.9% -62.8% -55.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

1.07 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.53 0.50 0.20 1.07 0.00 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

7.35 0.69 0.01 1.66 0.45 4.24 3.96 0.30 0.14 7.41 0.06 0.00 0.44 0.16

5.25 2.88 0.09 0.01 1.66 0.06 0.54 0.33 5.27 0.03 0.00 -

-

13.67 3.60 0.11 1.67 2.65 4.30 3.96 1.34 0.67 13.76 0.09 0.00 0.44 0.16

-58.7% -67.2% -89.4% -0.6% -63.0% -21.3% -22.1% -80.4% -71.2% -59.2%

46.7% -61.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.96 2.88 1.66 1.66 0.69 0.53 0.45 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.21 13.67

% change 90-06 -22.1% -46.8% -45.9% -1.0% -87.4% 187.3% -88.4% -36.5% -77.2% -26.6% -75.7% -58.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 16.4 12.0 6.9 6.9 2.9 2.2 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 56.7

Cumulative total (%) 16.4 28.4 35.3 42.2 45.0 47.2 49.1 50.4 51.7 52.8 53.7 56.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.270 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Luxembourg Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 18

16

16 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 18

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 12

100%

11.5 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

11 10.5 10 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

7 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 350

4 3.5

300

3

250

TWh

2.5 200 2 150

1.5 1

100

0.5

50

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.271

Luxembourg Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

10.47 10.45

8.17 8.33

8.02 8.03

9.78 9.78

10.95 10.93

11.21 11.21

11.18 11.19

6.8% 7.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

148 3.54 12.40 14.30 0.38

140 3.34 15.10 17.36 0.41

152 3.64 20.30 23.38 0.44

176 4.21 22.10 25.48 0.45

193 4.62 23.20 26.72 0.46

197 4.71 24.30 28.06 0.47

197 4.71 25.80 29.78 0.47

33.0% 33.0% 108.1% 108.2% 23.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

70.5 0.84 0.73 27.40

58.4 0.54 0.47 19.92

52.7 0.40 0.34 18.27

55.5 0.44 0.38 21.64

56.6 0.47 0.41 23.92

56.8 0.46 0.40 24.11

56.7 0.43 0.38 23.64

-19.7% -48.7% -48.7% -13.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.43 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

7.76 0.24 6.71 6.67 0.80 0.75 7.76 0.00 1.20

2.88 1.03 0.25 1.02 0.58 0.58 2.88 0.00 -

0.11 0.11 0.11 -

11.18 1.14 0.25 1.69 6.71 6.67 1.38 1.33 11.19 0.00 1.20

6.8% + -83.7% -65.8% 157.9% 157.1% 6.9% 3.8% 7.0%

207.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - other Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 6.67 1.03 1.02 0.75 0.58 0.43 0.25 0.24 0.11 0.06 0.04 11.18

% change 90-06 157.1% x 56.3% -19.4% 75.9% -87.4% + -72.2% 54.2% 260.0% 431.1% 6.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 51.0 7.9 7.8 5.7 4.4 3.3 1.9 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 85.6

Cumulative total (%) 51.0 58.9 66.8 72.5 76.9 80.2 82.1 84.0 84.8 85.2 85.6 85.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.272 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

FYR of Macedonia / ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

10

10 million tonnes of CO 2

12

million tonnes of CO 2

12

8 6 4 2

8 6 4 2

0

0

1990

1992

1994

1996

Coal/peat

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

2006

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 10.5

100%

10 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40%

9.5 9 8.5 8

20% 7.5 0%

7 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

8

TWh

1996

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

7

140

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0 1990

1994

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

Gas

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.273

FYR of Macedonia / ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

9.12 9.60

8.78 9.13

8.44 8.57

8.30 8.47

8.15 8.31

8.25 8.41

8.02 8.28

-12.1% -13.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

114 2.72 3.93 13.34 1.91

116 2.76 3.10 10.51 1.96

113 2.71 3.59 12.17 2.01

113 2.71 3.55 12.05 2.03

113 2.70 3.70 12.54 2.03

115 2.74 3.84 13.01 2.03

116 2.76 3.95 13.41 2.04

1.6% 1.6% 0.5% 0.5% 6.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

80.2 2.32 0.68 4.78

76.0 2.83 0.84 4.47

74.4 2.35 0.69 4.20

73.2 2.34 0.69 4.10

72.2 2.21 0.65 4.02

72.0 2.15 0.63 4.06

69.4 2.03 0.60 3.94

-13.4% -12.5% -12.5% -17.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

5.15 4.62 0.06 0.44 0.03 0.01 5.20 0.04 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

2.71 0.39 0.17 0.01 0.65 1.02 1.00 0.47 0.12 2.92 0.22 - 0.00 0.02

0.16 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 -

-

8.02 5.05 0.26 0.01 1.17 1.02 1.00 0.50 0.14 8.28 0.22 0.04 0.02

-12.1% -8.1% -44.8% x -32.2% 34.9% 36.2% -23.7% -67.5% -13.8%

x

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 4.62 1.00 0.65 0.44 0.39 0.35 0.17 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.04 8.02

% change 90-06 -13.3% 36.1% -45.2% -18.1% 128.6% 62.4% -43.6% -69.3% x -67.6% x -12.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 46.8 10.1 6.6 4.5 4.0 3.5 1.7 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 81.2

Cumulative total (%) 46.8 56.9 63.5 68.0 72.0 75.5 77.2 78.5 79.3 79.8 80.2 81.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.274 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Malaysia / Malaisie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 180

160

160 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 180

140 120 100 80 60

140 120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 188

100%

168 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

148 128 108 88

20% 68 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

48 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

100 90 80

200

70 TWh

60

150

50 40

100

30 20

50

10 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Gas

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.275

Malaysia / Malaisie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

48.99 55.41

78.73 94.05

112.67 121.73

121.53 143.42

132.96 138.19

145.77 165.55

153.95 172.32

214.3% 211.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

976 23.32 45.46 99.24 18.10

1 654 39.51 71.48 156.03 20.59

2 146 51.26 90.32 197.16 23.27

2 434 58.14 99.73 217.71 24.73

2 329 55.64 106.95 233.46 25.19

2 760 65.93 112.46 245.50 25.65

2 861 68.33 119.11 260.01 26.11

193.0% 193.0% 162.0% 162.0% 44.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

50.2 1.08 0.49 2.71

47.6 1.10 0.50 3.82

52.5 1.25 0.57 4.84

49.9 1.22 0.56 4.91

57.1 1.24 0.57 5.28

52.8 1.30 0.59 5.68

53.8 1.29 0.59 5.90

7.3% 19.9% 19.9% 117.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

31.84 26.24 5.60 31.84 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

62.99 1.59 0.26 1.03 17.07 38.44 38.44 4.58 2.24 70.73 7.65 0.09 0.16 5.96

59.13 29.32 2.59 10.28 16.58 0.29 0.07 0.01 69.75 5.88 4.74 -

-

153.95 57.15 2.85 11.31 39.25 38.74 38.44 4.65 2.25 172.32 13.53 4.83 0.16 5.96

214.3% 276.5% x 299.7% 170.0% 170.9% 168.9% 117.0% 11.6% 211.0%

-42.2% 207.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

38.44 29.32 26.24 17.07 16.58 10.28 5.60 2.59 2.34 2.24 1.59 153.95

168.9% 822.1% 986.3% 56.4% 725.2% 324.9% 247.1% x + 15.3% -83.4% 214.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 18.8 14.3 12.8 8.3 8.1 5.0 2.7 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.8 75.1

Cumulative total (%) 18.8 33.1 45.9 54.2 62.3 67.3 70.0 71.3 72.4 73.5 74.3 75.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.276 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Malta / Malte Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3

2.5

2.5

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3

2 1.5 1

2 1.5 1

0.5

0.5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 2.9

100%

2.8 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

2.5

120

2

100 1.5 TWh

80 60

1

40 0.5 20 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Coal/peat

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Oil

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.277

Malta / Malte Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2.29 2.29

2.35 2.22

2.23 2.15

2.51 2.51

2.62 2.59

2.58 2.58

2.50 2.50

9.3% 9.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

32 0.77 2.38 4.23 0.36

33 0.78 3.11 5.52 0.38

32 0.77 3.87 6.88 0.39

37 0.88 3.84 6.83 0.40

39 0.93 3.79 6.72 0.40

38 0.92 3.88 6.89 0.40

37 0.88 3.98 7.06 0.41

14.1% 14.2% 67.1% 67.2% 12.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

71.2 0.96 0.54 6.35

71.8 0.76 0.43 6.22

68.6 0.57 0.32 5.71

67.9 0.65 0.37 6.29

67.4 0.69 0.39 6.53

67.4 0.67 0.37 6.40

68.2 0.63 0.35 6.15

-4.2% -34.6% -34.6% -3.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

2.50 1.92 0.52 0.52 0.06 0.06 2.50 0.07 0.23

9.3% 9.7% -100.0% 16.5% 16.5% -30.9% -30.9% 9.3%

2.50 1.92 0.52 0.52 0.06 0.06 2.50 0.07 0.23

-24.3% 7.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.92 0.52 0.06 2.50

% change 90-06 86.3% 16.5% -30.9% 9.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 72.3 19.6 2.4 94.3

Cumulative total (%) 72.3 91.9 94.3 94.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.278 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Mexico / Mexique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 450

400

400 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 450

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 450

100%

430 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

410 390 370 350 330 310 290

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

270 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

TWh

300 250

100

200

80

150

60

100

40

50

20

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

1976

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

0 1971

1996

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.279

Mexico / Mexique Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

292.94 294.34

309.56 307.41

356.76 355.78

370.97 381.96

374.32 394.46

402.20 425.96

416.26 426.16

42.1% 44.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

5 150 123.01 412.80 639.17 81.25

5 499 131.34 445.30 689.55 91.12

6 287 150.16 580.80 899.28 98.26

6 689 159.75 593.20 918.52 101.87

6 918 165.23 617.90 956.74 102.87

7 395 7 429 176.64 177.43 635.20 665.50 983.55 1 030.48 103.83 104.75

44.2% 44.2% 61.2% 61.2% 28.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

56.9 0.71 0.46 3.61

56.3 0.70 0.45 3.40

56.7 0.61 0.40 3.63

55.5 0.63 0.40 3.64

54.1 0.61 0.39 3.64

54.4 0.63 0.41 3.87

56.0 0.63 0.40 3.97

-1.5% -11.9% -11.8% 10.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

35.65 27.57 0.89 0.10 7.10 34.74 - 0.20 - 0.72 -

Oil 257.67 40.42 3.77 18.02 25.60 137.41 132.63 32.44 20.21 279.64 14.10 7.87 2.71 8.45

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

122.93 45.43 17.05 27.87 27.76 2.35 0.05 2.47 1.97 111.77 - 11.16 -

-

416.26 113.42 21.71 46.00 60.46 139.76 132.67 34.91 22.18 426.16 13.91 - 4.01 2.71 8.45

42.1% 69.7% x 20.7% -18.2% 62.8% 58.3% 23.4% 15.5% 44.8%

33.8% 54.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

132.63 45.43 40.42 27.87 27.76 27.57 25.60 20.21 18.02 17.05 12.23 416.26

58.2% 466.5% -21.7% 115.7% -5.1% 285.0% -32.2% 16.7% -28.0% x 34.7% 42.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 20.5 7.0 6.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.0 3.1 2.8 2.6 1.9 64.4

Cumulative total (%) 20.5 27.5 33.8 38.1 42.4 46.6 50.6 53.7 56.5 59.1 61.0 64.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.280 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Republic of Moldova / République de Moldavie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

35

35

30

30 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 36

100%

31

million tonnes of CO 2

80%

26

60%

21

not available 40%

16

20%

11

0%

6 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

18 16

100

14

TWh

12

80

10 60

8 6

40

4 20

2 0 1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

Gas

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

0 1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.281

Republic of Moldova / République de Moldavie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

30.18 30.24

10.92 11.38

6.48 6.54

7.32 7.35

7.51 7.62

7.86 7.99

7.42 7.54

-75.4% -75.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

416 9.94 3.62 15.81 4.39

184 4.40 1.45 6.34 4.38

120 2.87 1.29 5.63 4.15

139 3.32 1.57 6.87 3.98

141 3.37 1.69 7.37 3.93

149 3.55 1.81 7.93 3.88

142 3.39 1.89 8.27 3.83

-65.9% -65.9% -47.9% -47.7% -12.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

72.5 8.34 1.91 6.88

59.3 7.52 1.72 2.49

54.0 5.03 1.15 1.56

52.7 4.66 1.07 1.84

53.2 4.45 1.02 1.91

52.9 4.33 0.99 2.03

52.4 3.94 0.90 1.94

-27.8% -52.8% -52.9% -71.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.33 0.01 0.01 0.31 0.16 0.33 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1.88 0.05 0.04 0.80 0.70 0.99 0.77 1.89 0.00 0.01 .. 0.04

5.19 3.45 0.25 0.55 0.15 0.02 0.80 0.57 5.28 0.10 0.00 -

0.02 0.02 0.02 -

7.42 3.50 0.28 0.60 0.95 0.73 2.09 1.50 7.54 0.10 0.01 .. 0.04

-75.4% -74.0% x -100.0% -70.7% -60.4% -69.2% -82.9% 71.2% -75.1%

.. -83.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Road - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Other transport - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.45 0.77 0.70 0.57 0.55 0.25 0.22 0.22 0.16 0.15 0.12 7.42

% change 90-06 -34.9% 110.2% -69.9% 12.0% -55.5% x -57.1% -97.3% x -94.3% + -75.4%

Level assessment (%) ** 29.6 6.6 6.0 4.9 4.7 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.1 63.7

Cumulative total (%) 29.6 36.2 42.2 47.1 51.8 53.9 55.9 57.8 59.1 60.4 61.5 63.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.282 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Mongolia / Mongolie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 16

14

14 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 16

12 10 8 6

12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2

0 1985

1988

1991

Coal/peat

1994

Oil

1997

2000

Gas

2003

0 1985

2006

1988

1991

1994

1997

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2003

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 15

100%

14 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40%

13 12 11 10

20% 9 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

8 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

4

TWh

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

3.5

140

3

120

2.5

100

2

80

1.5

60

1

40

0.5

20

0 1985

1996

1988

1991

1994

Coal/peat

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1997

2000

Oil

2003

2006

0 1985

1988

1991

CO2/TPES

1994

1997

CO2/GDP

2000

2003

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.283

Mongolia / Mongolie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

12.66 12.66

10.05 10.05

8.81 8.81

8.99 8.99

9.21 9.21

9.61 9.61

10.15 10.15

-19.8% -19.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

143 3.42 0.95 3.68 2.11

114 2.73 0.82 3.19 2.28

100 2.38 0.94 3.65 2.40

103 2.46 1.05 4.09 2.48

106 2.53 1.17 4.53 2.52

109 2.61 1.25 4.85 2.55

117 2.79 1.36 5.26 2.59

-18.4% -18.4% 42.8% 42.9% 22.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

88.4 13.34 3.44 6.01

88.1 12.22 3.15 4.42

88.3 9.37 2.41 3.68

87.3 8.53 2.20 3.62

87.1 7.90 2.04 3.66

87.8 7.69 1.98 3.76

86.8 7.49 1.93 3.93

-1.7% -43.8% -43.9% -34.7%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

8.29 6.56 0.50 0.17 1.05 0.49 8.29 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

10.15 6.69 1.02 1.30 0.91 1.13 0.49 10.15 .. 0.13

-19.8% 2.9% -63.4% -14.6% -17.5% -38.1% -39.6% -19.8%

1.86 0.12 0.53 1.13 0.91 0.08 1.86 .. 0.13

.. 925.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - coal/peat Other transport - oil Other transport - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 6.56 0.91 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.49 0.22 0.17 0.12 0.08 10.15

% change 90-06 6.3% -17.5% -39.0% -18.7% -76.9% -39.6% -14.8% 6.1% -61.9% -16.7% -19.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 17.1 2.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 26.5

Cumulative total (%) 17.1 19.5 21.0 22.4 23.7 24.9 25.5 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.284 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Morocco / Maroc Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 45

40

40 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 45

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 44

80%

39

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

60% 40% 20%

34 29 24

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

19 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

25

160 20

140 120

15 TWh

100 80

10

60 40

5

20 0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.285

Morocco / Maroc Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

19.64 20.16

25.43 25.17

29.53 29.96

33.10 32.69

35.68 35.54

39.32 39.13

39.80 40.02

102.6% 98.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

302 7.21 26.72 80.70 24.17

370 8.84 27.97 84.49 26.44

441 10.54 33.33 100.68 28.47

474 11.32 38.58 116.54 29.52

513 12.26 40.22 121.48 29.84

564 13.46 40.91 123.57 30.14

585 13.98 43.88 132.55 30.50

93.9% 93.9% 64.3% 64.3% 26.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

65.1 0.74 0.24 0.81

68.7 0.91 0.30 0.96

66.9 0.89 0.29 1.04

69.8 0.86 0.28 1.12

69.5 0.89 0.29 1.20

69.8 0.96 0.32 1.30

68.0 0.91 0.30 1.31

4.5% 23.4% 23.4% 60.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

13.46 11.47 1.99 15.06 1.60 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

25.23 1.81 2.15 0.38 4.10 1.87 1.19 14.92 4.35 23.84 0.35 - 1.73 0.04 1.32

1.12 0.99 0.13 1.12 -

-

39.80 14.27 2.15 0.38 6.22 1.87 1.19 14.92 4.35 40.02 0.35 - 0.14 0.04 1.32

102.6% 120.0% 104.1% 19.0% 54.0% 59.9% 1.8% 126.9% 189.4% 98.5%

-34.9% 67.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 11.47 10.56 4.35 4.10 2.15 1.99 1.81 1.19 0.99 0.68 0.38 39.80

% change 90-06 317.3% 108.3% 189.4% 60.4% 104.1% 44.1% -51.6% 1.8% x x 19.0% 102.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 15.4 14.2 5.9 5.5 2.9 2.7 2.4 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.5 53.6

Cumulative total (%) 15.4 29.7 35.5 41.0 43.9 46.6 49.0 50.7 52.0 52.9 53.4 53.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.286 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Mozambique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3.5

2.5 2 1.5 1

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1.8

100%

1.6 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0%

0 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

TWh

14

350

12

300

10

250

8

200

6

150

4

100

2

50

0

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Gas

1996

2001

Hydro

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators

16

1981

2000

Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 400

1976

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1971

1996

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.287

Mozambique Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

1.08 1.00

1.14 1.10

1.32 1.46

1.66 1.66

1.69 1.69

1.51 1.52

1.62 1.63

50.0% 62.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

250 5.97 2.28 8.64 13.54

264 6.30 2.58 9.77 15.94

302 7.22 3.78 14.31 18.19

339 8.11 4.99 18.90 19.61

353 8.42 5.36 20.31 20.08

358 8.54 5.70 21.58 20.53

369 8.80 6.18 23.41 20.97

47.6% 47.6% 171.1% 171.2% 54.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

4.3 0.48 0.13 0.08

4.3 0.44 0.12 0.07

4.4 0.35 0.09 0.07

4.9 0.33 0.09 0.08

4.8 0.31 0.08 0.08

4.2 0.27 0.07 0.07

4.4 0.26 0.07 0.08

1.6% -44.7% -44.7% -3.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1.56 0.01 0.25 1.12 1.02 0.18 0.12 1.56 0.00 0.01 0.17

0.07 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 -

-

1.62 0.02 0.31 1.12 1.02 0.18 0.12 1.63 0.00 0.01 0.17

50.0% -86.3% 123.0% 85.4% 92.9% -21.6% 54.5% 62.7%

-89.3% 31.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.02 0.25 0.12 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.62

% change 90-06 92.9% 315.0% 54.3% 33.3% x -62.2% -82.4% x x x 50.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 4.3 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.9

Cumulative total (%) 4.3 5.4 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.288 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Myanmar Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

10

10

million tonnes of CO 2

12

million tonnes of CO 2

12

8 6 4

8 6 4

2

2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 11

100%

10 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

9 8 7 6 5 4

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

3 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

7 6

200

TWh

5 150

4 3

100

2 50

1 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Gas

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.289

Myanmar Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

3.98 4.10

6.73 6.67

8.13 8.77

8.89 9.41

9.43 9.60

10.14 10.29

9.83 9.80

146.9% 139.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

447 10.69 4.49 27.18 40.15

495 11.82 5.94 35.89 43.13

526 12.57 8.91 53.85 45.88

574 13.70 12.63 76.39 47.17

582 13.90 14.35 86.78 47.57

598 14.29 16.25 98.24 47.97

598 14.29 17.38 105.11 48.38

33.7% 33.7% 286.8% 286.8% 20.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

8.9 0.89 0.15 0.10

13.6 1.13 0.19 0.16

15.5 0.91 0.15 0.18

15.5 0.70 0.12 0.19

16.2 0.66 0.11 0.20

17.0 0.62 0.10 0.21

16.4 0.57 0.09 0.20

84.7% -36.2% -36.2% 104.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.44 0.34 0.10 0.44 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

5.34 0.29 0.19 0.53 3.71 3.61 0.62 0.43 5.31 0.14 - 0.18 0.01 0.24

4.05 1.80 0.34 1.07 0.01 0.84 4.05 0.00 -

-

9.83 2.08 0.53 1.94 3.71 3.61 1.56 0.43 9.80 0.14 - 0.18 0.01 0.24

146.9% 65.1% 62.3% 73.8% 194.5% 186.9% + + 139.1%

x 167.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.61 1.80 1.07 0.84 0.53 0.43 0.34 0.34 0.29 0.19 0.19 9.83

% change 90-06 186.9% 77.3% 136.2% x 19.0% + 43.7% 56.7% 42.9% 110.2% + 146.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 3.7 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 10.0

Cumulative total (%) 3.7 5.5 6.6 7.5 8.0 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.290 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Namibia / Namibie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

3.5

3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0 1992

1994

1996

Coal/peat

1998

2000

Oil

2002

Gas

2004

0 1992

2006

1994

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3.5

80%

3

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

2.5

60%

not available 40%

2

1.5

20% 0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1992 = 100 180

1.8

TWh

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1.6

160

1.4

140

1.2

120

1

100

0.8

80

0.6

60

0.4

40

0.2

20

0 1992

1996

0 1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

2000

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.291

Namibia / Namibie * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

.. ..

1.81 1.81

1.87 1.87

2.60 2.60

2.74 2.74

2.87 2.87

2.98 2.98

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. .. .. ..

38 0.91 2.87 9.31 1.66

43 1.03 3.41 11.06 1.88

52 1.25 3.86 12.50 1.97

56 1.34 4.09 13.25 1.99

59 1.42 4.26 13.80 2.02

62 1.48 4.46 14.43 2.05

.. .. .. .. ..

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

47.7 0.63 0.19 1.09

43.4 0.55 0.17 1.00

49.7 0.67 0.21 1.32

48.8 0.67 0.21 1.38

48.3 0.67 0.21 1.42

48.3 0.67 0.21 1.46

.. .. .. ..

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Prior to 1991, data for Namibia were included in Other Africa.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.11 0.11 0.11 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-06

-

-

2.98 0.12 0.25 1.80 1.61 0.81 2.98 .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2.87 0.01 0.25 1.80 1.61 0.81 2.87 .. ..

.. ..

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.61 0.81 0.25 0.19 0.11 0.01 2.98

% change 90-06 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Level assessment (%) *** 13.5 6.8 2.1 1.6 0.9 0.1 25.0

Cumulative total (%) 13.5 20.3 22.4 23.9 24.9 25.0 25.0

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.292 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Nepal / Népal Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3.5

2.5 2 1.5 1

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3.5

100%

3 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

2.5 2 1.5 1

20% 0.5 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

0 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 350

3

300

2.5

250

2 TWh

1996

200 1.5 150 1 100 0.5

50

0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.293

Nepal / Népal Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

0.88 0.91

1.74 1.79

3.06 3.10

2.87 2.87

2.67 2.63

3.03 3.04

3.10 3.11

250.5% 240.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

243 5.81 3.36 19.81 19.11

283 6.75 4.34 25.59 21.67

342 8.16 5.49 32.38 24.42

366 8.75 5.96 35.15 26.02

372 8.89 6.18 36.45 26.55

385 9.19 6.35 37.44 27.09

394 9.41 6.47 38.14 27.64

62.0% 62.0% 92.6% 92.5% 44.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

3.6 0.26 0.04 0.05

6.2 0.40 0.07 0.08

8.9 0.56 0.09 0.13

7.8 0.48 0.08 0.11

7.2 0.43 0.07 0.10

7.9 0.48 0.08 0.11

7.9 0.48 0.08 0.11

116.3% 82.0% 82.1% 142.1%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.98 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.98 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

3.10 0.01 1.03 0.85 0.85 1.21 0.77 3.11 0.01 0.19

250.5% x 413.1% 153.2% 153.2% 247.6% 245.6% 240.2%

2.12 0.01 0.05 0.85 0.85 1.21 0.76 2.13 0.01 0.19

293.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 0.97 0.85 0.76 0.45 0.05 0.01 0.00 3.10

% change 90-06 497.1% 153.2% 243.5% 251.3% 43.9% x x 250.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 6.6

Cumulative total (%) 2.1 3.9 5.5 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.294 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Netherlands / Pays-Bas Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 200

180

180

160

160

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 200

140 120 100 80 60

140 120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 200

100%

190 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

180 170 160 150

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

140 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 160

120

140

100

120

TWh

80

100

60

80 60

40

40 20

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.295

Netherlands / Pays-Bas Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

156.59 158.50

171.33 172.32

173.09 174.75

183.86 186.74

185.14 187.82

182.64 182.57

178.31 178.66

13.9% 12.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 810 67.12 282.00 342.43 14.95

3 058 73.03 315.80 383.55 15.46

3 199 76.40 385.10 467.67 15.92

3 409 81.41 394.10 478.64 16.22

3 461 82.66 402.90 489.35 16.28

3 449 82.38 409.00 496.74 16.32

3 354 80.12 421.30 511.67 16.34

19.4% 19.4% 49.4% 49.4% 9.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

55.7 0.56 0.46 10.48

56.0 0.54 0.45 11.08

54.1 0.45 0.37 10.87

53.9 0.47 0.38 11.33

53.5 0.46 0.38 11.37

53.0 0.45 0.37 11.19

53.2 0.42 0.35 10.91

-4.6% -23.8% -23.8% 4.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

28.85 23.76 0.09 0.50 4.39 0.12 0.03 29.78 0.93 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

67.84 0.33 1.31 12.18 15.91 35.22 34.06 2.87 0.26 67.35 - 0.03 - 0.45 55.26 10.81

78.49 22.27 3.43 3.37 16.28 0.00 0.00 33.15 17.22 78.39 - 0.10 0.00 -

3.13 3.13 3.13 0.00 -

178.31 46.36 7.95 16.05 36.58 35.22 34.06 36.14 17.51 178.66 0.81 - 0.45 55.26 10.81

13.9% 22.9% 12.3% 8.6% 7.3% 36.2% 38.2% -2.5% -8.7% 12.7%

61.1% 151.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Other energy industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

34.06 23.76 22.27 17.22 16.28 15.92 15.91 12.18 4.39 3.43 3.37 178.31

38.2% -3.4% 71.8% -6.3% -13.4% 7.4% 70.2% 4.0% -26.2% -6.1% 41.5% 13.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 15.3 10.7 10.0 7.7 7.3 7.2 7.2 5.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 80.2

Cumulative total (%) 15.3 26.0 36.0 43.8 51.1 58.3 65.4 70.9 72.9 74.4 75.9 80.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.296 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Netherlands Antilles / Antilles néerlandaises Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 18

16

16 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 18

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 5

100%

4.5 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4 3.5 3 2.5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1.2

600

1

500

0.8

400

0.6

300

0.4

200

0.2

100

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators

1.4

1976

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 700

0 1971

1996

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1981

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.297

Netherlands Antilles / Antilles néerlandaises Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) *

2.86 4.10

3.02 3.51

3.20 3.50

3.65 4.17

3.74 4.18

3.76 3.97

3.93 4.49

37.3% 9.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

63 1.50 1.05 2.36 0.19

58 1.38 1.22 2.74 0.19

59 1.41 1.20 2.71 0.18

67 1.61 1.23 2.77 0.18

68 1.62 1.25 2.80 0.18

64 1.54 1.26 2.84 0.19

72 1.73 1.29 2.89 0.19

15.5% 15.5% 22.6% 22.6% -1.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

45.7 2.73 1.21 15.00

52.3 2.48 1.10 15.83

54.3 2.66 1.18 17.69

54.3 2.96 1.32 20.07

55.3 3.01 1.34 20.34

58.3 2.97 1.32 20.19

54.3 3.06 1.36 20.81

18.9% 12.0% 12.0% 38.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * The Reference Approach in 1990 overstates emissions since data for lubricants and bitumen (which store carbon) are not available.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach * Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-06

-

-

3.93 0.45 0.46 0.35 0.62 1.73 1.47 0.32 0.32 4.49 0.22 0.33 5.34 ..

37.3% 61.1% 60.6% -19.2% -3.6% 72.2% 66.1% 50.7% 50.7% 9.3%

3.93 0.45 0.46 0.35 0.62 1.73 1.47 0.32 0.32 4.49 0.22 0.33 5.34 ..

3.1% ..

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.47 0.62 0.46 0.45 0.35 0.32 0.26 3.93

% change 90-06 66.1% -3.6% 60.6% 61.1% -19.2% 50.7% 118.5% 37.3%

Level assessment (%) *** 35.9 15.2 11.3 10.9 8.6 7.7 6.2 95.8

Cumulative total (%) 35.9 51.1 62.4 73.3 81.9 89.6 95.8 95.8

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.298 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

New Zealand / Nouvelle-Zélande Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 40

35

35 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 40

30 25 20 15

30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 39

100%

37 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

35 33 31 29 27 25 23

0%

21 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 160

50 45

140

40 120

TWh

35 30

100

25

80

20

60

15 40

10

20

5 0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.299

New Zealand / Nouvelle-Zélande Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

21.37 22.99

24.42 27.07

32.27 30.54

35.90 32.53

35.54 32.12

36.27 32.15

36.80 33.02

72.2% 43.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

576 13.76 39.80 60.57 3.36

662 15.82 46.40 70.59 3.68

758 18.09 52.70 80.11 3.86

724 17.29 59.00 89.76 4.01

737 17.60 61.20 93.07 4.06

724 17.30 62.40 94.92 4.10

734 17.54 63.60 96.72 4.14

27.5% 27.5% 59.8% 59.7% 23.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

37.1 0.54 0.35 6.36

36.9 0.53 0.35 6.64

42.6 0.61 0.40 8.36

49.6 0.61 0.40 8.95

48.2 0.58 0.38 8.75

50.1 0.58 0.38 8.84

50.1 0.58 0.38 8.88

35.1% 7.7% 7.8% 39.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

11.27 4.82 4.36 1.51 0.58 0.06 8.26 - 2.69 - 0.31 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

18.06 0.02 1.01 1.32 14.49 12.98 1.22 0.15 17.48 0.09 - 0.67 0.95 2.40

7.47 3.93 0.37 0.26 2.21 0.01 0.01 0.69 0.35 7.28 0.04 - 0.23 -

-

36.80 8.77 4.72 1.26 5.05 14.50 12.99 2.49 0.56 33.02 - 2.56 - 1.21 0.95 2.40

72.2% 163.1% 483.0% 25.9% -4.6% 68.8% 72.3% 6.0% 62.0% 43.6%

-8.8% 77.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 12.98 4.82 4.36 3.93 2.21 1.51 1.51 1.32 1.06 1.01 0.52 36.80

% change 90-06 75.2% 901.8% 460.7% 38.3% 6.9% -29.8% 44.0% 24.3% -24.2% 22.4% 47.4% 72.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 15.7 5.8 5.3 4.8 2.7 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 0.6 44.5

Cumulative total (%) 15.7 21.5 26.8 31.5 34.2 36.0 37.9 39.5 40.7 42.0 42.6 44.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.300 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Nicaragua Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

4.5

4.5 4 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4.5

100%

4 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

3.5 3 2.5 2

20% 1.5 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

3.5 3

200

TWh

2.5 150

2 1.5

100

1 50

0.5 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.301

Nicaragua Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

1.83 1.75

2.49 2.55

3.53 3.44

3.95 3.97

4.12 4.10

4.10 4.15

3.98 4.02

117.1% 129.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

89 2.12 2.82 11.04 4.14

99 2.36 3.08 12.06 4.66

115 2.75 3.94 15.41 5.11

131 3.13 4.19 16.39 5.33

138 3.30 4.40 17.23 5.39

140 3.34 4.58 17.92 5.46

145 3.45 4.75 18.58 5.53

62.9% 62.9% 68.3% 68.3% 33.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

20.7 0.65 0.17 0.44

25.2 0.81 0.21 0.53

30.7 0.90 0.23 0.69

30.2 0.94 0.24 0.74

29.9 0.94 0.24 0.76

29.4 0.90 0.23 0.75

27.5 0.84 0.21 0.72

33.2% 29.0% 29.0% 62.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

.. -

.. -

3.98 1.63 .. 0.53 1.46 1.42 0.36 0.09 4.02 - 0.03 0.07 .. 0.05

117.1% 236.2% .. -100.0% 60.7% 98.2% 102.6% 76.6% 76.0% 129.7%

3.98 1.63 .. 0.53 1.46 1.42 0.36 0.09 4.02 - 0.03 0.07 .. 0.05

.. -34.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.63 1.42 0.53 0.28 0.09 0.04 3.98

% change 90-06 236.2% 102.6% 60.7% 76.8% 76.0% 16.1% 117.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 11.7 10.2 3.8 2.0 0.6 0.3 28.5

Cumulative total (%) 11.7 21.8 25.6 27.6 28.2 28.5 28.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.302 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Nigeria / Nigéria Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 60

50

50

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 60

40 30 20

40 30 20

10

10

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 64

100%

59 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

54 49 44 39

20% 34 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

29 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

30

160

25

140

TWh

20

120 100

15

80 10

60 40

5

20 0

0

1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Gas

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.303

Nigeria / Nigéria Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) * CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) *

29.16 38.23

30.41 41.46

41.07 42.85

48.34 51.40

48.64 51.34

55.57 60.77

51.42 54.38

76.3% 42.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 969 70.90 34.98 80.32 94.45

3 367 80.42 39.54 90.80 109.01

3 738 89.27 45.98 105.59 124.77

4 096 97.84 53.29 122.38 134.66

4 177 99.77 56.54 129.84 138.00

4 398 105.04 59.99 137.76 141.36

4 399 105.07 63.53 145.92 144.72

48.2% 48.2% 81.6% 81.7% 53.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

9.8 0.83 0.36 0.31

9.0 0.77 0.33 0.28

11.0 0.89 0.39 0.33

11.8 0.91 0.40 0.36

11.6 0.86 0.37 0.35

12.6 0.93 0.40 0.39

11.7 0.81 0.35 0.36

19.0% -2.9% -2.9% 15.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * The difference in the growth rate between the Sectoral and Reference Approaches is mainly due to statistical differences for some oil products in 1990.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach * Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach * Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.02 0.02 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-06

32.32 2.04 1.09 0.89 22.86 22.73 5.43 5.43 33.34 1.03 - 0.01 1.91 0.71

19.08 6.89 8.66 3.54 21.03 2.18 - 0.23 -

-

51.42 8.92 9.75 4.45 22.86 22.73 5.43 5.43 54.38 3.21 - 0.24 1.91 0.71

76.3% 57.6% 268.3% -11.8% 96.4% 99.1% 30.5% 30.5% 42.2%

228.0% -25.2%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 22.73 8.66 6.89 5.43 3.54 2.04 1.09 0.89 0.13 0.02 51.42

% change 90-06 99.1% 776.4% 63.2% 30.5% 111.5% 43.5% -34.2% -72.3% -41.2% -87.5% 76.3%

Level assessment (%) *** 11.0 4.2 3.3 2.6 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.0 24.9

Cumulative total (%) 11.0 15.2 18.5 21.2 22.9 23.9 24.4 24.8 24.9 24.9 24.9

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.304 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Norway / Norvège * Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 45

40

40 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 45

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 60

100%

55 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

50 45 40 35

20% 30 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

25 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 160

1990 = 100 180

140

160

120

140 120

100 TWh

1996

100

80

80 60 60 40

40

20

20

0

0

1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

CO2/capita

* Large statistical differences for oil and gas cause discrepancies between the Sectoral and Reference Approaches; please see the note in Chapter 1.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2006

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.305

Norway / Norvège Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

28.45 28.50

32.81 31.84

33.79 35.89

35.40 39.55

35.95 44.55

36.68 54.77

36.85 34.32

29.5% 20.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

897 21.42 117.00 112.64 4.24

996 23.79 140.50 135.25 4.36

1 076 25.71 168.30 162.06 4.49

1 137 27.16 176.00 169.47 4.57

1 219 29.11 182.80 176.02 4.59

1 384 33.06 187.80 180.84 4.62

1 092 26.09 191.80 184.73 4.66

21.8% 21.8% 63.9% 64.0% 9.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

31.7 0.24 0.25 6.71

32.9 0.23 0.24 7.53

31.4 0.20 0.21 7.52

31.1 0.20 0.21 7.75

29.5 0.20 0.20 7.83

26.5 0.20 0.20 7.94

33.7 0.19 0.20 7.91

6.3% -21.0% -21.0% 17.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) * CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) *

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Large stastistical differences for oil and gas cause discrepancies between the Sectoral and Reference Approaches; please see note in Chapter 1.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach * Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach * Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2.63 0.18 2.44 0.01 0.01 2.93 0.16 0.14 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-06

22.44 0.07 0.01 1.77 3.17 13.77 10.17 3.65 0.71 20.23 - 1.22 - 0.99 1.56 1.11

11.27 0.02 0.14 9.72 1.30 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.01 10.66 - 0.61 -

0.51 0.43 0.01 0.07 0.51 - 0.00 -

36.85 0.71 0.15 11.49 6.98 13.79 10.17 3.73 0.73 34.32 - 1.06 - 1.46 1.56 1.11

29.5% 68.7% x 60.1% 0.7% 27.4% 33.8% 20.6% -47.8% 20.4%

12.3% -10.5%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Other energy industries - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - other Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 10.17 9.72 3.60 3.17 2.94 2.44 1.77 1.30 0.71 0.43 0.18 36.85

% change 90-06 33.7% 110.5% 11.6% -13.6% 74.2% -25.0% -30.8% x -47.8% 75.5% 30.9% 29.5%

Level assessment (%) *** 18.2 17.4 6.4 5.7 5.3 4.4 3.2 2.3 1.3 0.8 0.3 65.9

Cumulative total (%) 18.2 35.6 42.0 47.7 53.0 57.3 60.5 62.8 64.1 64.9 65.2 65.9

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.306 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Oman Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 35

30

30 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 35

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10 5

5 0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 44

100%

39 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

34 29 24 19

20% 14 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

9 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

16 14

200

12

TWh

10

150

8 100

6 4

50 2 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Gas

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.307

Oman Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

9.93 10.99

14.40 15.95

19.77 23.94

25.23 30.89

25.26 29.18

26.87 34.54

29.45 38.01

196.7% 245.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

191 4.56 12.65 19.61 1.84

263 6.28 16.83 26.08 2.17

405 9.67 19.87 30.79 2.40

523 12.49 22.02 34.12 2.46

495 11.83 22.71 35.19 2.48

587 14.02 24.37 37.76 2.51

646 15.42 26.22 40.63 2.55

238.1% 238.1% 107.2% 107.2% 38.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

52.0 0.78 0.51 5.39

54.8 0.86 0.55 6.63

48.8 0.99 0.64 8.23

48.2 1.15 0.74 10.26

51.0 1.11 0.72 10.19

45.8 1.10 0.71 10.72

45.6 1.12 0.72 11.57

-12.3% 43.1% 43.1% 114.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

12.72 2.39 0.51 4.65 4.06 4.06 1.10 0.30 13.64 0.92 0.00 .. 1.25

16.73 9.24 6.72 0.62 0.15 24.37 7.64 -

-

29.45 11.63 7.22 5.27 4.06 4.06 1.26 0.30 38.01 8.56 0.00 .. 1.25

196.7% 239.0% 264.8% 141.1% 143.8% 143.8% 90.0% 54.5% 245.9%

.. 34.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 9.24 6.72 4.65 4.06 2.39 0.80 0.62 0.51 0.30 0.15 29.45

% change 90-06 261.3% 318.6% 191.8% 143.8% 173.5% 163.5% 4.4% 35.2% 54.5% -5.4% 196.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 23.5 17.1 11.8 10.3 6.1 2.0 1.6 1.3 0.8 0.4 74.8

Cumulative total (%) 23.5 40.6 52.4 62.7 68.8 70.8 72.4 73.7 74.4 74.8 74.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.308 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Pakistan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 140

120

120 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 140

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40 20

20

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 139

100%

129 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

119 109 99 89 79 69

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

59 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 160

120

140

100

120

TWh

80

100

60

80 60

40

40 20

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Nuclear

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.309

Pakistan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

59.04 61.40

80.11 82.90

97.80 101.04

103.32 105.12

115.98 117.12

118.31 118.93

125.73 127.33

113.0% 107.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 818 43.42 49.82 176.48 107.98

2 274 54.32 62.46 221.27 122.38

2 678 63.95 73.32 259.73 138.08

2 898 69.22 80.93 286.68 148.44

3 110 74.29 86.89 307.79 152.06

3 192 76.23 93.22 330.23 155.77

3 320 79.29 99.03 350.81 159.00

82.6% 82.6% 98.8% 98.8% 47.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

32.5 1.19 0.33 0.55

35.2 1.28 0.36 0.65

36.5 1.33 0.38 0.71

35.6 1.28 0.36 0.70

37.3 1.33 0.38 0.76

37.1 1.27 0.36 0.76

37.9 1.27 0.36 0.79

16.6% 7.1% 7.1% 44.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

15.34 0.32 15.02 0.00 0.00 16.51 0.17 1.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

54.28 20.99 0.11 1.18 5.31 23.98 23.16 2.72 1.48 54.39 0.18 - 0.07 0.32 2.72

56.12 19.18 0.70 22.03 2.93 11.27 9.64 56.43 0.31 0.00 -

-

125.73 40.49 0.11 1.88 42.36 26.91 23.16 13.99 11.12 127.33 0.66 0.93 0.32 2.72

113.0% 163.7% x 231.2% 111.3% 97.2% 81.5% 48.5% 52.6% 107.4%

203.8% 94.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

23.16 22.03 20.99 19.18 15.02 9.64 5.31 2.93 1.63 1.48 1.24 125.73

81.5% 162.3% 204.4% 128.6% 102.1% 177.8% 25.8% + 154.7% -61.1% -17.1% 113.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 7.1 6.7 6.4 5.9 4.6 2.9 1.6 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.4 38.4

Cumulative total (%) 7.1 13.8 20.2 26.1 30.7 33.6 35.2 36.1 36.6 37.1 37.5 38.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.310 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Panama Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2 1

1

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 7

100%

6.5 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

7 6

200

TWh

5 150

4 3

100

2 50

1 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.311

Panama Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

2.46 2.56

4.12 4.07

4.70 5.36

5.86 5.84

5.46 5.44

5.66 5.66

6.02 6.02

144.6% 135.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

62 1.49 7.09 10.89 2.41

84 2.00 9.27 14.23 2.67

108 2.58 11.62 17.84 2.95

109 2.61 12.45 19.12 3.12

107 2.54 13.39 20.56 3.18

108 2.59 14.31 21.98 3.23

116 2.78 15.47 23.76 3.29

86.5% 86.5% 118.2% 118.2% 36.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

39.5 0.35 0.23 1.02

49.4 0.44 0.29 1.54

43.5 0.40 0.26 1.59

53.7 0.47 0.31 1.88

51.3 0.41 0.27 1.72

52.3 0.40 0.26 1.75

51.8 0.39 0.25 1.83

31.2% 12.1% 12.1% 79.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

6.02 1.22 0.15 1.07 3.01 1.32 0.57 0.36 6.02 - 0.01 .. 0.01

144.6% 200.9% 214.3% -100.0% 105.5% 161.2% 103.8% 148.1% 118.8% 135.1%

6.02 1.22 0.15 1.07 3.01 1.32 0.57 0.36 6.02 - 0.01 .. 0.01

.. -

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Other transport - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.70 1.32 1.22 1.07 0.36 0.21 0.15 6.02

% change 90-06 234.1% 103.8% 200.9% 140.9% 118.8% 220.4% 214.3% 144.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 14.6 11.3 10.5 9.2 3.1 1.8 1.3 51.9

Cumulative total (%) 14.6 26.0 36.5 45.7 48.8 50.7 51.9 51.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.312 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Paraguay Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

4.5

4.5 4 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4.5

100%

4 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

3.5 3 2.5 2

20% 1.5 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

60

160

50

140

TWh

40

120 100

30

80 20

60 40

10

20 0 1971

0 1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.313

Paraguay Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

1.91 1.94

3.45 3.45

3.25 3.25

3.68 3.69

3.73 3.74

3.44 3.45

3.56 3.56

86.1% 83.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

129 3.08 5.93 18.67 4.22

165 3.94 7.14 22.49 4.80

162 3.86 7.07 22.27 5.35

167 3.99 7.49 23.59 5.68

168 4.02 7.80 24.57 5.79

166 3.97 8.03 25.29 5.90

166 3.97 8.34 26.28 6.02

28.8% 28.8% 40.8% 40.8% 42.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

14.8 0.32 0.10 0.45

20.9 0.48 0.15 0.72

20.1 0.46 0.15 0.61

22.0 0.49 0.16 0.65

22.2 0.48 0.15 0.64

20.7 0.43 0.14 0.58

21.4 0.43 0.14 0.59

44.5% 32.2% 32.2% 30.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

.. -

.. -

3.56 .. 0.18 3.20 3.15 0.19 0.19 3.56 0.07

86.1% -100.0% .. -100.0% 16.5% 99.4% 101.4% 47.4% 47.4% 83.4%

3.56 .. 0.18 3.20 3.15 0.19 0.19 3.56 0.07

125.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.15 0.19 0.18 0.05 3.56

% change 90-06 101.4% 47.4% 16.5% 25.1% 86.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 9.0 0.5 0.5 0.1 10.2

Cumulative total (%) 9.0 9.6 10.1 10.2 10.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.314 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Peru / Pérou Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 35

30

30 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 35

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10 5

5 0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 31

100%

29 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

27 25 23 21

20% 19 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

17 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 160

30

140

25

120

TWh

20

100

15

80 60

10

40 5 20 0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.315

Peru / Pérou Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

19.21 18.22

23.72 22.83

26.43 25.98

24.96 23.37

28.88 26.88

28.46 28.30

27.93 25.88

45.4% 42.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

417 9.95 36.09 83.02 21.76

475 11.34 47.13 108.42 23.86

525 12.53 53.29 122.59 25.66

491 11.72 58.35 134.22 26.64

553 13.20 61.39 141.23 26.96

580 13.85 65.35 150.34 27.27

567 13.55 70.60 162.41 27.59

36.2% 36.2% 95.6% 95.6% 26.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

46.1 0.53 0.23 0.88

49.9 0.50 0.22 0.99

50.4 0.50 0.22 1.03

50.9 0.43 0.19 0.94

52.2 0.47 0.20 1.07

49.1 0.44 0.19 1.04

49.2 0.40 0.17 1.01

6.8% -25.7% -25.7% 14.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2.98 0.91 2.05 0.02 3.19 0.23 - 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

21.07 1.05 0.43 0.98 5.35 10.29 10.22 2.96 1.69 18.78 - 0.67 - 1.62 0.31 1.43

3.89 2.18 0.14 0.88 0.65 0.04 0.00 3.91 0.02 -

-

27.93 4.14 0.57 1.86 8.05 10.29 10.22 3.02 1.69 25.88 - 0.44 - 1.62 0.31 1.43

45.4% 414.4% -67.0% 30.0% 86.8% 51.3% 56.1% -26.9% -34.9% 42.0%

800.0% 121.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 10.22 5.35 2.18 2.05 1.69 1.27 1.05 0.98 0.91 0.88 0.65 27.93

% change 90-06 56.1% 44.8% x 270.1% -31.7% -17.0% 30.6% 39.9% x 20.4% 999.6% 45.4%

Level assessment (%) ** 14.3 7.5 3.1 2.9 2.4 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.9 39.2

Cumulative total (%) 14.3 21.8 24.9 27.8 30.1 31.9 33.4 34.8 36.0 37.3 38.2 39.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.316 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Philippines Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

60 50 40 30

60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 76

100%

71 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

66 61 56 51 46 41

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

36 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

60

160

50

140

TWh

40

120 100

30

80 20

60 40

10

20 0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.317

Philippines Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

36.05 39.56

59.46 58.53

68.92 69.34

70.41 68.64

72.25 72.58

72.39 71.60

66.50 66.35

84.5% 67.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 095 26.16 56.23 226.29 61.23

1 422 33.96 62.59 251.89 68.59

1 776 42.42 75.91 305.50 76.21

1 762 42.08 84.66 340.71 81.17

1 844 44.03 89.90 361.78 82.87

1 827 43.64 94.37 379.77 84.57

1 799 42.97 99.43 400.16 86.26

64.2% 64.2% 76.8% 76.8% 40.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

32.9 0.64 0.16 0.59

41.8 0.95 0.24 0.87

38.8 0.91 0.23 0.90

40.0 0.83 0.21 0.87

39.2 0.80 0.20 0.87

39.6 0.77 0.19 0.86

37.0 0.67 0.17 0.77

12.3% 4.3% 4.3% 30.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

22.77 15.76 .. 1.16 5.85 22.44 0.03 - 0.36 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

37.91 3.10 .. 1.75 5.56 22.38 17.98 5.13 2.35 38.08 - 0.19 0.37 0.40 2.53

5.82 5.82 .. 5.82 -

.. -

66.50 24.68 .. 2.91 11.41 22.38 17.98 5.13 2.35 66.35 - 0.16 0.01 0.40 2.53

84.5% 133.8% .. -8.5% 37.8% 261.3% 243.1% -30.8% -29.4% 67.7%

8.3% 59.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 17.98 15.76 5.85 5.82 5.56 4.39 3.10 2.78 2.35 1.75 1.16 66.50

% change 90-06 243.1% 771.3% 195.8% x -11.8% 361.7% -64.6% -32.0% -29.4% -33.8% 116.0% 84.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 13.0 11.4 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.2 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.3 0.8 48.2

Cumulative total (%) 13.0 24.5 28.7 32.9 37.0 40.1 42.4 44.4 46.1 47.4 48.2 48.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.318 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Poland / Pologne Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 500

450

450

400

400

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 500

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 480

100%

460 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

440 420 400 380 360 340 320

20%

300 0% 1971

1988

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

280 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1988 = 100 140

180 160

120

140 100

TWh

120 100

80

80

60

60 40 40 20

20 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.319

Poland / Pologne * Key indicators % change

1988

1990

1995

2003

2004

2005

2006

88-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

429.78 451.45

343.93 352.26

331.46 340.18

291.19 299.64

295.16 297.73

294.20 300.56

305.96 313.88

-28.8% -30.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

5 347 127.72 132.19 311.89 37.86

4 181 99.87 118.20 278.62 38.03

4 176 99.75 131.60 310.26 38.28

3 827 91.40 182.60 430.60 38.20

3 840 91.71 192.40 453.61 38.18

3 881 92.69 199.40 470.02 38.16

4 091 97.72 211.60 498.83 38.13

-23.5% -23.5% 60.1% 59.9% 0.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

80.4 3.25 1.38 11.35

82.3 2.91 1.23 9.04

79.4 2.52 1.07 8.66

76.1 1.59 0.68 7.62

76.9 1.53 0.65 7.73

75.8 1.48 0.63 7.71

74.8 1.45 0.61 8.02

-7.0% -55.5% -55.5% -29.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Poland is allowed to use 1988 as the base year.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

215.95 153.99 8.86 2.91 20.37 29.82 22.50 221.76 1.40 4.42 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

88-06

60.16 0.64 1.31 2.99 6.41 37.42 36.66 11.39 2.23 61.89 1.86 - 0.13 0.93 1.27

27.04 2.62 0.33 2.11 9.89 0.75 11.33 7.74 27.42 0.29 0.09 -

2.81 0.00 0.56 0.03 2.22 2.81 - 0.00 -

305.96 157.25 11.06 8.04 38.89 38.18 36.66 52.54 32.47 313.88 3.54 4.37 0.93 1.27

-28.8% -5.5% -84.0% -0.8% -36.1% 59.7% 80.3% -48.1% -48.4% -30.5%

-46.5% 13.3%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 88-06

153.99 36.66 22.50 20.37 9.89 9.16 8.86 7.74 7.32 6.41 3.60 305.96

-6.6% 80.3% -60.4% -50.5% -12.9% 135.9% -86.0% 35.2% -78.1% -1.2% 374.2% -28.8%

Level assessment (%) *** 38.9 9.3 5.7 5.1 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 0.9 77.2

Cumulative total (%) 38.9 48.1 53.8 59.0 61.5 63.8 66.0 68.0 69.8 71.4 72.3 77.2

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.320 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Portugal Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 70

60

60 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 70

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 68

100%

63 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

58 53 48 43

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

38 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

60

160

50

140

TWh

40

120 100

30

80 20

60 40

10

20 0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.321

Portugal Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

39.28 38.54

48.33 49.45

59.49 60.00

58.44 59.13

59.85 60.90

62.71 63.31

56.33 57.12

43.4% 48.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

722 17.24 84.70 131.30 10.00

867 20.71 92.20 142.88 10.03

1 057 25.24 112.70 174.53 10.23

1 079 25.76 114.90 177.96 10.44

1 111 26.53 116.60 180.65 10.50

1 137 27.15 117.50 181.98 10.55

1 065 25.43 118.90 184.16 10.58

47.5% 47.5% 40.4% 40.3% 5.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

54.4 0.46 0.30 3.93

55.7 0.52 0.34 4.82

56.3 0.53 0.34 5.82

54.2 0.51 0.33 5.60

53.9 0.51 0.33 5.70

55.2 0.53 0.34 5.94

52.9 0.47 0.31 5.32

-2.8% 2.2% 2.2% 35.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

12.95 12.85 0.11 12.85 - 0.11 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

34.61 2.46 1.09 1.05 6.54 18.96 18.27 4.52 1.75 35.29 0.37 0.30 2.00 2.28

8.28 3.86 1.10 0.21 2.25 0.02 0.02 0.85 0.47 8.50 0.22 0.00 -

0.48 0.48 0.48 -

56.33 19.16 2.67 1.26 8.90 18.98 18.30 5.37 2.22 57.12 0.59 0.20 2.00 2.28

43.4% 34.7% 355.3% -17.9% -8.6% 96.1% 102.4% 52.1% 36.5% 48.2%

4.6% 53.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Unallocated autoproducers - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 18.27 12.85 6.54 3.86 2.77 2.46 2.25 1.75 1.10 1.09 1.05 56.33

% change 90-06 102.1% 63.1% -11.1% x 48.0% -61.3% x 14.3% x 173.9% -29.9% 43.4%

Level assessment (%) ** 22.1 15.5 7.9 4.7 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 68.1

Cumulative total (%) 22.1 37.6 45.5 50.2 53.6 56.5 59.2 61.4 62.7 64.0 65.3 68.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.322 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Qatar Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 45

40

40 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 45

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 43

100%

38 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

33 28 23 18

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

13 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

18

1990 = 100 180

16

160

14

140

12

120

10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0 1971

1996

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1981

0 1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.323

Qatar Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

14.19 13.97

18.78 17.85

26.52 26.40

30.23 30.67

33.84 33.82

35.20 35.42

39.67 39.87

179.6% 185.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

273 6.52 8.82 7.90 0.47

347 8.28 10.18 9.12 0.53

506 12.08 17.76 15.91 0.62

590 14.10 20.34 18.22 0.73

654 15.62 24.57 22.01 0.76

672 16.05 26.07 23.35 0.80

758 18.12 28.36 25.40 0.82

178.0% 178.0% 221.5% 221.5% 75.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

52.0 1.61 1.80 30.38

54.2 1.85 2.06 35.71

52.5 1.49 1.67 42.99

51.2 1.49 1.66 41.59

51.8 1.38 1.54 44.30

52.4 1.35 1.51 44.22

52.3 1.40 1.56 48.32

0.6% -13.0% -13.0% 59.1%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

6.59 0.54 0.27 5.59 5.59 0.19 0.19 6.79 0.10 0.10 .. 1.82

33.08 2.88 6.71 13.34 10.14 33.08 0.00 -

-

39.67 2.88 6.71 13.88 10.42 5.59 5.59 0.19 0.19 39.87 0.10 0.10 .. 1.82

179.6% 139.2% 68.5% 449.5% 111.6% 283.3% 283.3% 106.0% 106.0% 185.3%

.. 430.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 13.34 10.14 6.71 5.59 2.88 0.54 0.27 0.19 39.67

% change 90-06 511.1% 111.8% 68.5% 283.3% 139.2% 57.6% 104.0% 106.0% 179.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 28.8 21.9 14.5 12.1 6.2 1.2 0.6 0.4 85.6

Cumulative total (%) 28.8 50.7 65.1 77.2 83.4 84.6 85.2 85.6 85.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.324 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Romania / Roumanie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 250

200

200

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 250

150

100

150

100

50

50

0 1971

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 219

100%

199 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

179 159 139 119

20% 99 0% 1971

1989

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

79 1989

2006

1991

Other energy industries Transport Other

1993

TWh

80 70

140

60

120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

1999

2001

2003

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators 1989 = 100 160

1976

1997

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1971

1995

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.325

Romania / Roumanie * Key indicators % change

1989

1990

1995

2003

2004

2005

2006

89-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

187.82 193.68

167.08 171.76

117.07 127.17

94.44 97.73

91.53 92.93

91.70 91.94

94.68 98.56

-49.6% -49.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 907 69.44 46.60 166.36 23.15

2 616 62.49 43.99 157.05 23.21

1 946 46.47 39.50 141.03 22.68

1 635 39.06 43.30 154.59 21.74

1 612 38.50 46.94 167.58 21.69

1 608 38.40 48.86 174.45 21.63

1 681 40.15 52.63 187.88 21.59

-42.2% -42.2% 12.9% 12.9% -6.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

64.6 4.03 1.13 8.11

63.9 3.80 1.06 7.20

60.2 2.96 0.83 5.16

57.8 2.18 0.61 4.34

56.8 1.95 0.55 4.22

57.0 1.88 0.53 4.24

56.3 1.80 0.50 4.39

-12.8% -55.4% -55.4% -45.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Romania is allowed to use 1989 as the base year.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

36.54 26.89 2.17 0.61 6.79 0.08 0.04 38.42 1.84 0.03 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

89-06

26.85 1.94 0.61 4.66 4.60 12.37 11.97 2.68 1.27 26.21 - 1.69 1.05 .. 0.40

30.92 9.37 0.59 1.79 9.35 0.07 9.75 5.95 33.57 2.06 0.59 -

0.37 0.00 0.15 0.20 0.01 0.37 - 0.00 -

94.68 38.20 3.37 7.21 20.94 12.44 11.97 12.52 7.26 98.56 2.20 1.68 .. 0.40

-49.6% -44.6% -47.9% -1.4% -73.3% 18.6% 33.3% -22.5% -12.8% -49.1%

.. -45.7%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 26.89 11.97 9.37 9.35 6.79 5.95 4.66 4.60 3.80 2.17 1.94 94.68

% change 89-06 -22.7% 33.3% -57.9% -79.5% -69.6% 17.3% -26.6% -55.7% 91.5% -66.4% -83.8% -49.6%

Level assessment (%) *** 17.0 7.5 5.9 5.9 4.3 3.8 2.9 2.9 2.4 1.4 1.2 59.7

Cumulative total (%) 17.0 24.5 30.4 36.3 40.6 44.4 47.3 50.2 52.6 54.0 55.2 59.7

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.326 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Russia / Russie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

2500

2500

2000

2000

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

1500

1000

1500

1000

500

500

0 1990

0 1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

2006

1990

1992

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 2500

100% million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

2300 2100 1900 1700 1500

0%

1300 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

1200

120

1000

100

800 TWh

1994

80 600 60 400 40 200

20

0 1990

0 1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

Gas

1998

2000

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

Hydro

2004

2006

Other

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.327

Russia / Russie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2 179.9 2 302.6

1 582.9 1 573.1

1 513.8 1 510.7

1 540.0 1 544.3

1 524.1 1 540.6

1 531.2 1 545.0

1 587.2 1 595.3

-27.2% -30.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

36 798 878.9 385.9 1 523.6 148.3

26 329 628.9 239.7 946.5 148.1

25 732 614.6 259.7 1 025.4 146.3

26 814 640.4 306.6 1 210.7 144.6

26 892 642.3 328.7 1 297.9 143.9

27 483 656.4 349.8 1 381.0 143.2

28 311 676.2 373.2 1 473.5 142.5

-23.1% -23.1% -3.3% -3.3% -3.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

59.2 5.65 1.43 14.70

60.1 6.60 1.67 10.69

58.8 5.83 1.48 10.35

57.4 5.02 1.27 10.65

56.7 4.64 1.17 10.60

55.7 4.38 1.11 10.70

56.1 4.25 1.08 11.14

-5.4% -24.7% -24.7% -24.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

444.6 221.1 132.4 3.4 66.7 21.0 12.0 417.2 - 27.4 - 0.0 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

321.0 20.6 34.1 35.8 46.4 148.8 119.7 35.3 18.3 338.8 17.8 - 0.0 .. 16.1

804.5 305.6 185.3 24.9 107.8 78.4 0.1 102.4 92.4 821.3 16.9 - 0.0 -

17.1 0.1 14.3 1.4 1.3 0.1 18.0 0.9 -

1 587.2 547.4 366.0 65.5 222.2 227.2 119.7 158.8 122.8 1 595.3 8.1 - 0.0 .. 16.1

-27.2% -52.9% x 15.6% -24.0% -23.3% -21.4% -57.4% -32.5% -30.7%

.. -38.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Other transport - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

305.6 221.1 185.3 132.4 119.7 107.8 92.4 78.4 66.7 46.4 35.8 1 587.2

-42.6% -48.8% x x -20.1% 3.3% -16.1% 1.8% -34.6% -46.0% -7.4% -27.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 12.8 9.2 7.7 5.5 5.0 4.5 3.9 3.3 2.8 1.9 1.5 66.3

Cumulative total (%) 12.8 22.0 29.8 35.3 40.3 44.8 48.7 51.9 54.7 56.7 58.2 66.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.328 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Saudi Arabia / Arabie saoudite Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 400

350

350 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 400

300 250 200 150

300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 390

80%

340

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

60% 40%

290 240 190

20% 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

140 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 160

200 180

140

160 120

TWh

140 120

100

100

80

80

60

60 40

40

20

20 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Gas

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.329

Saudi Arabia / Arabie saoudite Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

161.41 141.94

204.53 215.24

251.11 258.34

287.47 289.80

303.64 304.03

321.92 324.41

340.03 337.56

110.7% 137.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 568 61.33 144.13 214.80 16.38

3 721 88.87 166.00 247.40 18.51

4 471 106.80 188.44 280.85 20.66

5 150 123.01 204.25 304.40 22.05

5 524 131.93 215.00 320.44 22.53

5 883 140.50 229.10 341.44 23.12

6 117 146.11 239.64 357.15 23.68

138.2% 138.2% 66.3% 66.3% 44.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

62.9 1.12 0.75 9.85

55.0 1.23 0.83 11.05

56.2 1.33 0.89 12.15

55.8 1.41 0.94 13.03

55.0 1.41 0.95 13.48

54.7 1.41 0.94 13.92

55.6 1.42 0.95 14.36

-11.6% 26.7% 26.7% 45.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil 226.69 68.49 1.65 16.94 54.87 81.06 79.25 3.67 3.67 224.22 - 2.47 8.27 5.43

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

113.34 43.73 21.93 23.37 24.31 113.34 0.00 -

-

340.03 112.22 23.58 40.31 79.19 81.06 79.25 3.67 3.67 337.56 - 2.47 0.00 8.27 5.43

110.7% 181.8% 22.9% 82.9% 175.1% 65.3% 68.6% 46.1% 46.1% 137.8%

44.1% -11.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

79.25 68.49 54.87 43.73 24.31 23.37 21.93 16.94 3.67 1.81 1.65 340.03

68.6% 142.0% 160.4% 279.3% 215.1% 128.5% 26.5% 43.4% 46.1% -11.7% -11.3% 110.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 18.6 16.1 12.9 10.3 5.7 5.5 5.1 4.0 0.9 0.4 0.4 79.7

Cumulative total (%) 18.6 34.6 47.5 57.7 63.4 68.9 74.1 78.0 78.9 79.3 79.7 79.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.330 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Senegal / Sénégal Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 5

4.5

4.5

4

4

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 5

100%

4.5 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4 3.5 3 2.5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

3

160

2.5

140

TWh

2

120 100

1.5

80 1

60 40

0.5

20 0

0

1971

Oil

1976

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Hydro

1996

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.331

Senegal / Sénégal Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

2.01 2.19

2.47 2.53

3.59 3.65

3.81 3.95

4.46 4.57

4.64 4.73

4.46 4.72

121.6% 115.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

77 1.84 3.27 11.05 7.90

84 2.02 3.52 11.90 9.05

111 2.65 4.37 14.77 10.33

116 2.78 4.91 16.58 11.18

125 2.98 5.18 17.51 11.47

127 3.04 5.47 18.46 11.77

126 3.02 5.65 19.07 12.07

63.9% 63.9% 72.5% 72.6% 52.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

26.1 0.61 0.18 0.25

29.3 0.70 0.21 0.27

32.4 0.82 0.24 0.35

32.7 0.78 0.23 0.34

35.7 0.86 0.26 0.39

36.4 0.85 0.25 0.39

35.3 0.79 0.23 0.37

35.2% 28.4% 28.4% 44.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.40 0.40 0.40 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

4.03 1.63 0.18 0.03 0.18 1.54 1.46 0.48 0.41 4.29 0.03 0.23 0.24 0.80

0.02 0.02 0.02 -

-

4.46 1.65 0.18 0.03 0.58 1.54 1.46 0.48 0.41 4.72 0.03 0.23 0.24 0.80

121.6% 131.7% + 14.3% 138.3% 112.9% 121.1% 61.6% 220.9% 115.6%

115.0% 75.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 1.63 1.46 0.41 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.02 4.46

% change 90-06 132.5% 121.1% 220.9% x -25.4% + 24.8% -60.2% 14.3% 86.5% 121.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 7.4 6.6 1.9 1.8 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 20.2

Cumulative total (%) 7.4 14.0 15.9 17.7 18.5 19.3 19.7 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.332 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Serbia / Serbie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

70

70

60

60 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

50 40 30 20 10

50 40 30 20 10

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 67

100%

62

million tonnes of CO 2

80%

57

60%

52

not available 40%

47

20%

42

0%

37 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

45 40

120

35 100

TWh

30 25

80

20

60

15 40

10

20

5 0 1990

0 1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

Gas

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.333

Serbia / Serbie * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

61.44 61.58

44.01 44.41

42.54 41.88

51.77 51.42

56.03 56.37

50.23 50.74

53.43 54.35

-13.0% -11.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

816 19.49 10.15 37.38 9.93

570 13.62 9.94 36.61 10.86

559 13.34 9.91 36.48 8.19

678 16.19 11.02 40.57 8.12

738 17.63 11.90 43.82 8.08

673 16.08 11.56 42.56 7.44

715 17.07 12.23 45.01 7.44

-12.4% -12.4% 20.4% 20.4% -25.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

75.3 6.05 1.64 6.19

77.2 4.43 1.20 4.05

76.2 4.29 1.17 5.20

76.4 4.70 1.28 6.38

75.9 4.71 1.28 6.93

74.6 4.35 1.18 6.75

74.8 4.37 1.19 7.18

-0.7% -27.8% -27.8% 16.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Data for Serbia include Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

36.60 30.41 1.40 2.51 0.00 2.28 1.93 36.34 0.66 - 0.92 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-06

12.46 0.78 1.05 3.25 7.02 7.02 0.36 0.08 13.64 1.18 0.00 .. 0.16

4.35 0.96 0.43 2.46 0.50 0.50 4.35 - 0.00 -

0.02 0.02 0.02 -

53.43 32.15 2.90 8.22 7.02 7.02 3.14 2.51 54.35 1.84 - 0.92 .. 0.16

-13.0% -19.0% x -19.4% 58.7% 58.6% -55.9% 24.8% -11.7%

.. -62.9%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 30.41 7.02 3.25 2.51 2.46 1.93 1.40 1.05 0.96 0.78 0.50 53.43

% change 90-06 -18.9% 58.6% -52.4% 62.1% 35.4% 4.0% x x 81.3% -54.1% x -13.0%

Level assessment (%) *** 45.3 10.4 4.8 3.7 3.7 2.9 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.7 79.5

Cumulative total (%) 45.3 55.7 60.5 64.3 67.9 70.8 72.9 74.5 75.9 77.1 77.8 79.5

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.334 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Singapore / Singapour Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 66

100%

61 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

56 51 46 41 36 31

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

26 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

45 40

120

35 100

TWh

30 25

80

20

60

15 40

10

20

5 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Gas

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.335

Singapore / Singapour Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

28.80 29.26

38.03 50.91

38.13 51.99

38.62 46.37

39.23 50.62

43.13 62.27

43.13 59.92

49.8% 104.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

559 13.36 44.66 45.66 3.05

900 21.49 68.23 69.76 3.53

931 22.24 92.72 94.79 4.03

934 22.31 97.19 99.37 4.19

1 080 25.79 105.75 108.11 4.24

1 297 30.97 112.75 115.27 4.34

1 284 30.67 121.63 124.35 4.48

129.6% 129.6% 172.3% 172.3% 47.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

51.5 0.64 0.63 9.45

42.3 0.56 0.55 10.79

41.0 0.41 0.40 9.47

41.4 0.40 0.39 9.23

36.3 0.37 0.36 9.26

33.3 0.38 0.37 9.93

33.6 0.35 0.35 9.62

-34.8% -45.0% -45.0% 1.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.25 .. 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.02 - 0.23 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

27.87 6.14 .. 10.00 4.92 6.81 6.81 44.89 17.01 0.00 86.35 10.54

15.01 15.01 .. 15.01 -

.. -

43.13 21.14 .. 10.00 5.07 6.81 6.81 0.10 0.10 59.92 16.79 0.00 86.35 10.54

49.8% 51.2% .. 17.1% 164.5% 69.3% 69.3% -42.3% -42.3% 104.7%

155.0% 87.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 15.01 10.00 6.81 6.14 4.92 0.14 0.10 43.13

% change 90-06 x 17.1% 69.3% -56.1% 167.3% 94.1% 50.9% 49.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 27.8 18.6 12.6 11.4 9.1 0.3 0.2 80.0

Cumulative total (%) 27.8 46.4 59.0 70.4 79.6 79.8 80.0 80.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.336 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Slovak Republic / République slovaque Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 60

50

50

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 60

40 30 20

40 30 20

10

10

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 60

80%

55

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

60% 40% 20%

50 45 40

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

35 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 120

35 30

100

25 TWh

80 20 60 15 40

10

20

5 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.337

Slovak Republic / République slovaque Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

56.73 54.44

40.83 42.26

37.37 37.42

38.45 38.96

37.28 38.38

38.10 38.85

37.45 38.31

-34.0% -29.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

892 21.32 18.95 54.79 5.30

746 17.82 17.30 50.11 5.36

744 17.77 20.40 59.37 5.40

782 18.67 22.90 66.46 5.38

770 18.38 24.10 70.06 5.38

790 18.87 25.60 74.29 5.39

782 18.68 27.70 80.43 5.39

-12.4% -12.4% 46.2% 46.8% 1.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

63.6 2.99 1.04 10.71

54.7 2.36 0.81 7.61

50.2 1.83 0.63 6.92

49.2 1.68 0.58 7.15

48.5 1.55 0.53 6.93

48.2 1.49 0.51 7.07

47.9 1.35 0.47 6.95

-24.7% -54.8% -55.0% -35.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

16.18 6.02 0.93 3.48 5.23 0.52 0.20 17.36 0.97 0.21 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

9.13 0.03 0.31 1.62 1.60 5.09 5.07 0.48 0.04 8.43 - 0.53 - 0.16 0.12

11.96 2.13 0.35 0.39 2.73 0.97 5.40 3.00 12.32 0.35 0.00 -

0.18 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.19 0.01 - 0.00 -

37.45 8.19 1.70 5.49 9.63 6.06 5.07 6.40 3.24 38.31 0.81 0.05 0.12

-34.0% -24.6% -23.3% 33.0% -47.9% 49.7% 25.4% -62.3% -27.0% -29.6%

..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Other energy industries - coal/peat Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 6.02 5.23 5.07 3.48 3.00 2.73 2.40 2.13 1.62 1.60 0.97 37.45

% change 90-06 -26.2% -37.4% 25.4% 1.8% 17.6% -12.3% -31.1% 3.7% 260.3% -77.2% x -34.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 11.9 10.3 10.0 6.9 5.9 5.4 4.7 4.2 3.2 3.2 1.9 74.1

Cumulative total (%) 11.9 22.3 32.3 39.2 45.1 50.5 55.3 59.5 62.7 65.9 67.8 74.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.338 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Slovenia / Slovénie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 18

16

16 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 18

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2 0

0 1986

1991

Coal/peat

1996

Oil

2001

Gas

1986

2006

1991

1996

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 16

100%

15.5 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

15 14.5 14 13.5 13 12.5 12 11.5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

11 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

18 16

120

14 100

TWh

12 10

80

8

60

6 40

4

20

2 0 1990

Coal/peat

1994

Oil

1998

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

Hydro

2006

Other

0 1986

1991

CO2/TPES

1996

CO2/GDP

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.339

Slovenia / Slovénie * Key indicators % change

1986

1990

1995

2003

2004

2005

2006

86-06

14.16e 14.44e

12.46 12.83

12.96 13.52

15.15 15.26

15.30 15.41

15.34 15.44

15.50 15.60

9.4% 8.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

239e 5.72e .. .. 1.98e

234 5.58 16.11 27.94 2.00

248 5.93 15.58 27.01 1.99

292 6.96 21.05 36.51 2.00

298 7.13 21.99 38.12 2.00

304 7.26 22.87 39.66 2.00

304 7.26 24.07 41.73 2.01

27.0% 27.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

59.1e .. .. 7.15e

53.3 0.77 0.45 6.23

52.2 0.83 0.48 6.51

52.0 0.72 0.42 7.59

51.3 0.70 0.40 7.66

50.5 0.67 0.39 7.66

51.0 0.64 0.37 7.72

-13.8% 0.0% 0.0% 8.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Slovenia is allowed to use 1986 as the base year.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

5.97 5.51 0.04 0.42 6.08 0.11 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

86-06

7.44 0.04 0.01 0.90 4.51 4.47 1.98 1.14 7.44 0.00 0.09 0.07

2.01 0.25 0.04 0.01 1.46 0.25 0.22 2.01 - 0.00 -

0.07 0.00 0.07 0.07 -

15.50 5.80 0.10 0.01 2.85 4.51 4.47 2.23 1.36 15.60 0.11 0.09 0.07

9.4% 17.9% -90.2% -88.3% -22.1% 95.9% 97.1% 0.0% -38.7% 8.1%

x -25.0%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries -other Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 5.51 4.47 1.46 1.14 0.90 0.84 0.42 0.25 0.22 0.07 0.04 15.50

% change 86-06 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.4%

Level assessment (%) *** 27.0 21.9 7.2 5.6 4.4 4.1 2.1 1.2 1.1 0.3 0.2 76.0

Cumulative total (%) 27.0 49.0 56.1 61.7 66.2 70.3 72.3 73.5 74.6 75.0 75.2 76.0

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.340 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

South Africa / Afrique du Sud Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 400

350

350 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 400

300 250 200 150

300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 430

100%

410 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

390 370 350 330 310 290 270

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

250 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 160

300

140

250

120

TWh

200

100

150

80 60

100

40 50

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.341

South Africa / Afrique du Sud Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

254.61 291.09

276.77 337.67

298.56 351.78

320.79 375.31

337.53 414.97

330.36 405.64

341.96 412.37

34.3% 41.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 820 91.23 110.95 321.98 35.20

4 416 105.48 115.81 336.11 39.12

4 659 111.27 132.88 385.64 44.00

4 945 118.11 145.76 423.03 45.80

5 413 129.29 153.00 444.03 46.35

5 344 127.64 160.79 466.65 46.89

5 435 129.81 168.81 489.92 47.39

42.3% 42.3% 52.2% 52.2% 34.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

66.7 2.29 0.79 7.23

62.7 2.39 0.82 7.07

64.1 2.25 0.77 6.79

64.9 2.20 0.76 7.00

62.4 2.21 0.76 7.28

61.8 2.05 0.71 7.05

62.9 2.03 0.70 7.22

-5.6% -11.7% -11.7% -0.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

280.45 208.18 10.67 42.95 18.65 12.37 360.96 80.16 0.35 -

Oil 61.45 4.54 4.96 44.40 40.96 7.55 2.42 42.49 - 19.05 0.09 8.38 2.21

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

0.05 0.05 0.00 8.92 8.87 -

-

341.96 208.23 10.67 4.54 47.91 44.40 40.96 26.19 14.79 412.37 69.98 0.44 8.38 2.21

34.3% 57.7% 24.6% 93.7% -29.9% 52.1% 46.7% 85.6% 95.3% 41.7%

40.7% 91.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

208.18 42.95 40.96 12.37 10.67 6.28 5.12 4.96 4.54 3.44 2.42 341.96

57.7% -26.0% 46.7% 114.8% 24.6% 71.1% 78.5% -52.1% 96.6% 220.3% 33.5% 34.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 47.2 9.7 9.3 2.8 2.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.5 77.5

Cumulative total (%) 47.2 56.9 66.2 69.0 71.4 72.8 74.0 75.1 76.2 76.9 77.5 77.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.342 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Spain / Espagne Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 400

350

350 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 400

300 250 200 150

300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 360

100%

340 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

320 300 280 260 240 220

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

200 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 350

1990 = 100 160

300

140 120

250 TWh

1996

100

200

80 150 60 100

40

50

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.343

Spain / Espagne Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

205.85 212.09

233.67 239.18

283.87 286.67

309.61 312.97

327.45 332.06

339.48 341.91

327.65 335.53

59.2% 58.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 819 91.21 440.60 650.69 39.01

4 306 102.85 474.90 701.21 39.39

5 219 124.66 580.70 857.48 40.26

5 694 136.01 637.30 941.06 42.01

5 952 6 068 6 052 142.17 144.93 144.56 658.10 681.90 708.20 971.80 1 006.95 1 045.82 42.69 43.40 44.07

58.5% 58.5% 60.7% 60.7% 13.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

53.9 0.47 0.32 5.28

54.3 0.49 0.33 5.93

54.4 0.49 0.33 7.05

54.4 0.49 0.33 7.37

55.0 0.50 0.34 7.67

55.9 0.50 0.34 7.82

54.1 0.46 0.31 7.44

0.4% -1.0% -1.0% 40.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

66.59 57.91 0.72 1.39 5.50 1.07 0.85 69.20 0.00 2.62 -

Oil 190.32 11.76 2.61 13.71 28.09 112.33 97.71 21.83 10.94 193.42 3.03 0.07 26.11 9.57

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

69.97 24.49 6.36 29.71 9.40 7.05 72.13 0.48 1.69 -

0.78 0.78 0.78 -

327.65 94.94 9.69 15.10 63.30 112.33 97.71 32.30 18.84 335.53 3.51 4.37 26.11 9.57

59.2% 51.7% 380.6% 21.0% 39.2% 78.5% 85.2% 58.5% 50.8% 58.2%

127.9% 188.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

97.71 57.91 29.71 28.09 24.49 14.62 13.71 11.76 10.94 10.89 7.05 327.65

85.2% 3.1% 248.5% 20.8% + 43.6% 29.5% 96.8% 10.2% 48.3% 678.4% 59.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 22.6 13.4 6.9 6.5 5.7 3.4 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.5 1.6 75.8

Cumulative total (%) 22.6 36.0 42.9 49.4 55.0 58.4 61.6 64.3 66.8 69.4 71.0 75.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.344 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Sri Lanka Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14

12

12 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 13

100%

12 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

3 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 350

10 9

300

8

250

7 6 TWh

1996

200

5 4

150

3

100

2 50

1 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.345

Sri Lanka Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

3.74 3.98

5.52 5.77

10.82 10.72

11.38 10.88

12.43 12.52

12.33 11.77

11.39 11.43

204.2% 187.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

231 5.52 9.82 40.09 17.02

249 5.95 12.78 52.14 18.14

338 8.08 16.33 66.66 19.36

360 8.59 17.72 72.34 19.25

397 9.48 18.69 76.28 19.46

380 9.09 19.82 80.88 19.67

393 9.39 21.27 86.82 19.89

70.3% 70.3% 116.6% 116.6% 16.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

16.2 0.38 0.09 0.22

22.2 0.43 0.11 0.30

32.0 0.66 0.16 0.56

31.7 0.64 0.16 0.59

31.3 0.67 0.16 0.64

32.4 0.62 0.15 0.63

29.0 0.54 0.13 0.57

78.6% 40.5% 40.4% 160.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.26 0.26 0.26 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

11.39 2.95 0.18 1.60 5.43 4.65 1.23 0.32 11.43 0.01 0.03 0.43 0.37

204.2% + 15.2% 227.8% 119.7% 111.3% 98.4% 285.4% 187.3%

11.13 2.95 0.18 1.34 5.43 4.65 1.23 0.32 11.16 0.01 0.03 0.43 0.37

-64.1% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 4.65 2.95 1.34 0.91 0.78 0.32 0.26 0.18 11.39

% change 90-06 111.3% + 185.5% 69.6% 188.4% 285.4% + 15.2% 204.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 18.3 11.6 5.3 3.6 3.0 1.3 1.0 0.7 44.7

Cumulative total (%) 18.3 29.8 35.1 38.7 41.7 43.0 44.0 44.7 44.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.346 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Sudan / Soudan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14

12

12 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 12

100%

11 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

10 9 8 7 6 5 4

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

4.5

TWh

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 4

160

3.5

140

3

120

2.5

100

2

80

1.5

60

1

40

0.5

20

0 1971

1996

0 1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.347

Sudan / Soudan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

5.50 5.58

4.56 4.71

5.45 6.68

8.94 9.90

10.27 11.39

10.28 11.30

11.43 11.18

107.7% 100.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

446 10.66 7.10 28.46 25.93

503 12.01 9.11 36.51 29.49

564 13.48 12.37 49.57 33.35

670 16.01 14.74 59.09 35.44

708 16.90 15.51 62.16 36.15

725 17.32 16.75 67.14 36.90

742 17.71 18.93 75.86 37.71

66.1% 66.1% 166.6% 166.6% 45.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

12.3 0.78 0.19 0.21

9.1 0.50 0.12 0.15

9.7 0.44 0.11 0.16

13.3 0.61 0.15 0.25

14.5 0.66 0.17 0.28

14.2 0.61 0.15 0.28

15.4 0.60 0.15 0.30

25.0% -22.1% -22.1% 42.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

11.43 2.58 0.36 1.18 6.58 6.54 0.73 0.53 11.18 0.42 - 0.66 0.03 0.69

107.7% 424.6% + 26.8% 67.7% 66.7% 397.8% 274.7% 100.6%

11.43 2.58 0.36 1.18 6.58 6.54 0.73 0.53 11.18 0.42 - 0.66 0.03 0.69

14.3% 631.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 6.54 2.58 1.18 0.53 0.36 0.20 0.04 11.43

% change 90-06 66.7% 424.6% 26.8% 274.7% + + x 107.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 4.7 1.8 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 8.2

Cumulative total (%) 4.7 6.5 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.348 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Sweden / Suède Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 100

90

90

80

80

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 100

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 64

100%

62 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

60 58 56 54 52 50 48

0%

46 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

180 160

200

140

TWh

120 150

100 80

100 60 40

50

20 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.349

Sweden / Suède Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

52.75 51.76

57.52 54.69

52.76 49.47

54.90 54.93

53.56 54.45

50.42 51.35

48.27 50.45

-8.5% -2.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 991 47.56 201.30 201.61 8.56

2 132 50.92 208.40 208.74 8.83

2 020 48.26 245.60 245.99 8.87

2 141 51.13 259.00 259.46 8.96

2 228 53.21 269.70 270.17 8.99

2 185 52.20 278.60 279.08 9.03

2 148 51.31 290.00 290.49 9.08

7.9% 7.9% 44.1% 44.1% 6.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

26.5 0.26 0.26 6.16

27.0 0.28 0.28 6.52

26.1 0.21 0.21 5.95

25.6 0.21 0.21 6.13

24.0 0.20 0.20 5.96

23.1 0.18 0.18 5.58

22.5 0.17 0.17 5.32

-15.2% -36.5% -36.5% -13.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

8.96 4.39 0.44 0.31 3.75 0.07 0.05 10.37 2.60 - 1.18 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

34.96 1.30 0.29 2.08 6.16 22.39 21.05 2.75 0.77 35.66 2.85 - 2.15 6.57 1.96

1.99 0.50 0.02 0.01 1.06 0.05 0.05 0.35 0.08 2.06 0.01 0.06 -

2.36 2.36 2.36 -

48.27 8.55 0.74 2.40 10.97 22.44 21.11 3.17 0.90 50.45 5.45 - 3.27 6.57 1.96

-8.5% 10.0% 129.5% 47.6% -14.2% 13.5% 18.5% -69.7% -81.5% -2.5%

214.1% 82.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - other Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 21.05 6.16 4.39 3.75 2.36 2.08 1.98 1.33 1.30 1.06 0.77 48.27

% change 90-06 18.2% -18.6% -16.1% -18.8% 147.2% 56.8% -62.8% -31.6% 14.3% 79.9% -83.8% -8.5%

Level assessment (%) ** 31.0 9.1 6.5 5.5 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.1 71.1

Cumulative total (%) 31.0 40.1 46.5 52.1 55.5 58.6 61.5 63.5 65.4 67.0 68.1 71.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.350 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Switzerland / Suisse Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 45

100%

44 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

43 42 41 40

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

39 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

80 70

140

60

120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0 1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

1971

1996

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1981

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.351

Switzerland / Suisse Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

40.71 42.06

41.03 39.56

41.64 40.07

43.11 41.68

43.92 42.37

44.44 43.46

44.05 44.25

8.2% 5.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 038 24.80 224.80 204.77 6.80

1 040 24.84 225.90 205.79 7.08

1 088 26.00 249.90 227.68 7.21

1 119 26.72 253.40 230.87 7.41

1 130 26.99 259.80 236.72 7.45

1 130 27.00 266.10 242.45 7.50

1 181 28.21 274.70 250.30 7.56

13.7% 13.7% 22.2% 22.2% 11.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

39.2 0.18 0.20 5.99

39.5 0.18 0.20 5.80

38.3 0.17 0.18 5.78

38.5 0.17 0.19 5.82

38.9 0.17 0.19 5.89

39.3 0.17 0.18 5.92

37.3 0.16 0.18 5.83

-4.9% -11.4% -11.5% -2.7%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.63 0.43 0.20 0.20 0.62 - 0.01 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

33.78 0.01 0.08 1.18 2.92 16.47 16.26 13.12 9.14 33.93 0.41 - 0.25 0.03 3.68

6.28 0.08 0.19 2.02 3.98 2.29 6.32 0.05 -

3.37 1.36 1.16 0.85 3.37 - 0.00 -

44.05 0.09 1.63 1.18 6.53 16.47 16.26 18.15 11.63 44.25 0.45 - 0.25 0.03 3.68

8.2% -79.3% 99.4% 190.4% 10.3% 14.4% 17.3% -3.1% -0.6% 5.2%

-50.0% 22.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Unallocated autoproducers - other Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries -other Non-specified other sectors - other Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 16.26 9.14 3.98 2.92 2.29 2.02 1.69 1.36 1.18 1.16 0.85 44.05

% change 90-06 17.3% -10.5% -36.1% 14.6% 61.7% 47.7% 112.0% 105.0% 190.4% 65.2% x 8.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 30.1 16.9 7.4 5.4 4.2 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.6 81.4

Cumulative total (%) 30.1 47.0 54.3 59.7 64.0 67.7 70.8 73.3 75.5 77.7 79.2 81.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.352 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Syria / Syrie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 60

50

50

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 60

40 30 20

40 30 20

10

10

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 55

80%

50

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

60% 40% 20%

45 40 35

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

30 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 40

1990 = 100 140

35

120

30

100

TWh

25 80 20 60

15 10

40

5

20

0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.353

Syria / Syrie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

30.98 32.44

38.61 39.60

45.76 46.92

46.45 47.64

47.72 47.41

50.05 49.77

51.50 51.22

66.2% 57.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

489 11.68 11.77 32.38 12.72

596 14.24 17.26 47.48 14.61

735 17.57 19.33 53.17 16.51

745 17.80 21.48 59.10 17.89

753 17.99 22.54 62.01 18.39

769 18.37 23.60 64.93 18.89

792 18.92 24.78 68.18 19.41

62.0% 62.0% 110.5% 110.5% 52.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

63.4 2.63 0.96 2.44

64.7 2.24 0.81 2.64

62.2 2.37 0.86 2.77

62.3 2.16 0.79 2.60

63.3 2.12 0.77 2.60

65.1 2.12 0.77 2.65

65.0 2.08 0.76 2.65

2.6% -21.0% -21.0% 9.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

40.30 13.74 1.09 1.53 6.25 14.24 13.62 3.45 2.41 40.02 - 0.29 .. 0.32

11.19 7.70 0.33 2.73 0.43 11.19 -

-

51.50 21.44 1.09 1.85 8.98 14.24 13.62 3.89 2.41 51.22 - 0.28 .. 0.32

66.2% 292.1% 14.3% 34.1% 40.7% 50.3% 43.7% -46.9% 53.9% 57.9%

.. -62.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 13.74 13.62 7.70 6.25 2.73 2.41 1.53 1.09 1.04 0.63 0.43 51.50

% change 90-06 229.1% 43.7% 495.0% -2.1% x 53.9% 24.0% 14.3% -73.9% x -75.3% 66.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 19.1 19.0 10.7 8.7 3.8 3.4 2.1 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.6 71.7

Cumulative total (%) 19.1 38.1 48.8 57.5 61.3 64.6 66.8 68.3 69.7 70.6 71.2 71.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.354 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Tajikistan / Tadjikistan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

14

14

12

12 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4

2

2

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 26

80%

21

million tonnes of CO 2

100%

16

60%

not available

11

40%

6

20% 0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

20 18

160

16

140

14

120

TWh

12 100

10

80

8 6

60

4

40

2

20

0 1990

0 1992

1994

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

2006

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.355

Tajikistan / Tadjikistan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

11.67 11.93

5.26 5.26

4.19 4.19

4.92 4.92

5.26 5.27

5.58 5.59

6.15 6.15

-47.3% -48.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

233 5.57 2.57 13.10 5.30

137 3.27 0.98 4.98 5.77

119 2.85 0.98 4.99 6.17

131 3.13 1.30 6.61 6.39

137 3.27 1.44 7.31 6.47

143 3.42 1.53 7.80 6.55

152 3.64 1.64 8.36 6.64

-34.8% -34.8% -36.3% -36.2% 25.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

50.0 4.53 0.89 2.20

38.4 5.37 1.06 0.91

35.2 4.28 0.84 0.68

37.6 3.79 0.74 0.77

38.4 3.66 0.72 0.81

38.9 3.64 0.72 0.85

40.4 3.75 0.74 0.93

-19.2% -17.3% -17.4% -57.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.19 0.19 0.19 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

4.82 3.85 3.85 0.97 4.82 0.00 0.01

1.14 0.50 0.64 1.14 - 0.00 -

-

6.15 0.50 3.85 3.85 1.79 6.15 0.00 - 0.00 0.01

-47.3% -67.0% 148.0% 148.0% -79.2% -48.4%

..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 3.85 0.97 0.64 0.50 0.19 6.15

% change 90-06 148.0% -78.0% -62.8% -67.0% -92.5% -47.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 34.0 8.5 5.6 4.4 1.6 54.2

Cumulative total (%) 34.0 42.5 48.2 52.6 54.2 54.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.356 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

United Republic of Tanzania / République unie de Tanzanie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 6

5

5

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 6

4 3 2

4 3 2

1

1 0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 5

100%

4.5 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 200

3.5

180

3

TWh

160 2.5

140

2

120 100

1.5

80

1

60 40

0.5

20 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Gas

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.357

United Republic of Tanzania / République unie de Tanzanie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

1.71 2.04

2.52 3.01

2.57 2.30

3.32 3.32

3.82 3.82

4.52 4.52

4.79 4.79

180.6% 134.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

411 9.81 6.80 13.20 25.49

464 11.09 7.43 14.43 29.90

563 13.45 9.08 17.63 33.85

687 16.40 10.93 21.22 36.55

741 17.69 11.67 22.65 37.51

804 19.21 12.46 24.19 38.48

871 20.81 13.20 25.64 39.46

112.1% 112.1% 94.1% 94.2% 54.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

4.2 0.25 0.13 0.07

5.4 0.34 0.17 0.08

4.6 0.28 0.15 0.08

4.8 0.30 0.16 0.09

5.2 0.33 0.17 0.10

5.6 0.36 0.19 0.12

5.5 0.36 0.19 0.12

32.3% 44.5% 44.5% 81.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.19 0.12 0.07 0.19 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

3.86 0.03 0.45 2.81 2.81 0.58 0.52 3.86 0.07 0.28

0.73 0.73 0.73 -

-

4.79 0.76 0.12 0.52 2.81 2.81 0.58 0.52 4.79 0.07 0.28

180.6% 206.3% x -100.0% 37.9% 305.9% 305.9% 70.3% 52.5% 134.5%

-11.5% 26.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 2.81 0.73 0.52 0.45 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.03 4.79

% change 90-06 305.9% x 52.5% 21.7% x 629.5% x -89.7% 180.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 3.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 6.2

Cumulative total (%) 3.6 4.6 5.3 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.358 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Thailand / Thailande Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 250

200

200

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 250

150

100

150

100

50

50

0 1971

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 258

100%

238 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

218 198 178 158 138 118 98

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

78 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

160 140

200

120

TWh

100

150

80 100

60 40

50 20 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.359

Thailand / Thailande Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

78.59 81.36

141.26 143.49

159.46 162.88

195.99 204.66

213.43 222.35

214.15 227.94

217.01 232.14

176.1% 185.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 839 43.91 79.36 251.14 54.29

2 720 64.98 120.01 379.77 57.52

3 141 75.03 122.73 388.38 60.67

3 783 90.35 141.48 447.73 62.13

4 092 97.73 150.37 475.85 62.57

4 214 100.65 157.11 497.19 63.00

4 329 103.39 164.95 522.01 63.44

135.5% 135.5% 107.9% 107.9% 16.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

42.8 0.99 0.31 1.45

51.9 1.18 0.37 2.46

50.8 1.30 0.41 2.63

51.8 1.39 0.44 3.15

52.2 1.42 0.45 3.41

50.8 1.36 0.43 3.40

50.1 1.32 0.42 3.42

17.3% 32.8% 32.9% 136.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

49.79 16.94 3.31 29.54 50.07 0.01 0.27 -

Oil 112.15 6.27 0.03 7.66 29.41 53.27 52.75 15.51 5.32 119.92 7.66 0.12 5.26 10.70

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

55.08 39.58 4.76 6.16 4.40 0.18 0.18 62.15 7.04 0.03 -

-

217.01 62.80 8.09 13.82 63.35 53.44 52.93 15.51 5.32 232.14 14.71 0.41 5.26 10.70

176.1% 126.9% x + 328.4% 97.1% 106.1% 93.4% 116.2% 185.3%

208.9% 91.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - gas Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

52.75 39.58 29.54 29.41 16.94 10.19 7.66 6.27 6.16 5.32 4.76 217.01

105.5% 342.9% 438.5% 233.6% 60.2% 83.3% + -23.1% + 116.2% x 176.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 15.3 11.5 8.6 8.5 4.9 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.4 63.0

Cumulative total (%) 15.3 26.8 35.4 43.9 48.8 51.8 54.0 55.8 57.6 59.1 60.5 63.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.360 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Togo Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1.2

1

1

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1.2

0.8 0.6 0.4

0.8 0.6 0.4

0.2

0.2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1.2

100%

1 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

0 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 180

0.35

160

0.3

140 0.25 TWh

120 0.2

100

0.15

80 60

0.1

40 0.05 0 1971

20 0 1976

Oil

1981

1986

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.361

Togo Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.57 0.57

0.57 0.57

0.96 0.96

1.10 1.10

1.04 1.03

0.98 0.98

0.90 0.85

57.3% 50.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

54 1.30 1.07 5.87 3.96

67 1.61 1.08 5.89 4.52

89 2.12 1.33 7.28 5.40

98 2.33 1.42 7.77 5.91

99 2.37 1.46 8.01 6.07

101 2.42 1.48 8.11 6.24

101 2.40 1.50 8.23 6.41

85.2% 85.2% 40.2% 40.3% 61.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

10.5 0.53 0.10 0.14

8.5 0.53 0.10 0.13

10.8 0.72 0.13 0.18

11.2 0.77 0.14 0.19

10.5 0.71 0.13 0.17

9.6 0.66 0.12 0.16

8.9 0.60 0.11 0.14

-15.0% 12.2% 12.2% -2.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

0.90 0.09 0.01 0.09 0.57 0.57 0.13 0.13 0.85 - 0.04 0.01 0.11

57.3% 52.2% 50.0% 271.5% 35.6% 35.6% 133.1% 133.1% 50.1%

0.90 0.09 0.01 0.09 0.57 0.57 0.13 0.13 0.85 - 0.04 0.01 0.11

.. 3.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 0.57 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.01 0.90

% change 90-06 35.6% 133.1% 52.2% 271.5% 50.0% 57.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 5.9 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.1 9.2

Cumulative total (%) 5.9 7.2 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.362 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Trinidad and Tobago / Trinité-et-Tobago Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 30

25

25

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 30

20 15 10

20 15 10

5

5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 29

100%

27 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

9 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

8 7

200

6

TWh

5

150

4 100

3 2

50 1 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.363

Trinidad and Tobago / Trinité-et-Tobago Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

11.37 12.71

12.27 13.34

17.94 19.56

21.18 21.54

22.15 24.71

23.26 25.09

26.94 27.78

136.9% 118.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

253 6.04 5.97 8.55 1.22

266 6.35 6.40 9.16 1.27

413 9.86 8.15 11.68 1.30

466 11.12 10.39 14.88 1.32

519 12.39 11.07 15.86 1.32

533 12.74 11.95 17.11 1.32

599 14.30 13.44 19.25 1.33

136.9% 136.9% 125.1% 125.1% 8.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

45.0 1.90 1.33 9.29

46.1 1.92 1.34 9.66

43.5 2.20 1.54 13.79

45.5 2.04 1.42 16.11

42.7 2.00 1.40 16.79

43.6 1.95 1.36 17.57

45.0 2.00 1.40 20.28

0.0% 5.2% 5.3% 118.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

3.90 0.01 1.12 0.37 2.13 2.13 0.27 0.27 4.75 1.88 - 1.03 0.85 0.22

23.04 5.07 0.02 2.28 15.66 23.04 -

-

26.94 5.08 0.02 3.40 16.03 2.13 2.13 0.27 0.27 27.78 1.88 - 1.03 0.85 0.22

136.9% 111.0% -81.8% 55.4% 209.7% 60.2% 66.0% 91.7% 91.7% 118.6%

680.6% 14.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - gas Road - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 15.66 5.07 2.28 2.13 1.12 0.37 0.27 0.02 0.01 26.94

% change 90-06 221.0% 110.9% 22.4% 66.0% 242.8% 24.3% 91.7% -81.8% 200.1% 136.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 49.6 16.1 7.2 6.8 3.6 1.2 0.8 0.1 0.0 85.3

Cumulative total (%) 49.6 65.7 72.9 79.7 83.2 84.4 85.2 85.3 85.3 85.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.364 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Tunisia / Tunisie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 21

100%

20 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

19 18 17 16 15 14 13

0%

12 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

TWh

16 14

140

12

120

10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Hydro

1996

2001

Other

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

1976

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1971

1996

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.365

Tunisia / Tunisie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

12.08 12.34

14.32 14.01

18.02 17.41

19.07 18.81

19.72 19.83

19.29 19.19

19.70 19.72

63.0% 59.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

215 5.14 12.24 37.79 8.15

254 6.05 14.79 45.69 8.96

318 7.59 19.44 60.05 9.56

345 8.24 21.89 67.61 9.84

364 8.70 23.21 71.69 9.93

354 8.45 24.19 74.72 10.03

366 8.74 25.45 78.61 10.13

70.1% 70.1% 108.0% 108.0% 24.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

56.1 0.99 0.32 1.48

56.5 0.97 0.31 1.60

56.7 0.93 0.30 1.88

55.3 0.87 0.28 1.94

54.1 0.85 0.28 1.99

54.5 0.80 0.26 1.92

53.8 0.77 0.25 1.95

-4.1% -21.6% -21.6% 31.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

11.64 0.75 0.93 0.21 1.90 4.51 4.51 3.35 1.37 11.68 0.05 - 0.01 0.03 0.65

8.06 6.03 1.48 0.55 0.44 8.04 - 0.02 -

-

19.70 6.78 0.93 0.21 3.38 4.51 4.51 3.90 1.81 19.72 0.05 - 0.03 0.03 0.65

63.0% 112.0% 58.3% 0.6% 1.2% 83.0% 85.4% 70.0% 64.4% 59.9%

-58.3% 14.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 6.03 4.51 1.97 1.90 1.48 1.37 0.93 0.75 0.44 0.21 0.11 19.70

% change 90-06 191.5% 85.4% 73.0% -21.6% 148.6% 35.8% 58.3% -33.3% 404.8% 0.6% 120.5% 63.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 16.9 12.6 5.5 5.3 4.1 3.8 2.6 2.1 1.2 0.6 0.3 55.1

Cumulative total (%) 16.9 29.5 35.0 40.3 44.4 48.3 50.9 53.0 54.2 54.8 55.1 55.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.366 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Turkey / Turquie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 300

250

250

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 300

200 150 100

200 150 100

50

50 0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 260

100%

240 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

220 200 180 160

20% 140 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

120 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 160

200 180

140

160 120

TWh

140 120

100

100

80

80

60

60 40

40

20

20 0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.367

Turkey / Turquie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

126.91 138.20

152.66 157.28

200.56 203.48

202.13 203.45

207.25 209.50

216.36 219.65

239.74 242.61

88.9% 75.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 216 52.94 140.20 309.57 56.20

2 588 61.81 164.20 362.57 61.64

3 218 76.87 199.30 439.99 67.46

3 296 78.73 210.50 464.79 70.71

3 426 81.83 229.30 506.30 71.79

3 578 85.46 246.20 543.67 72.07

3 936 94.00 261.20 576.82 72.97

77.6% 77.6% 86.3% 86.3% 29.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

57.3 0.91 0.41 2.26

59.0 0.93 0.42 2.48

62.3 1.01 0.46 2.97

61.3 0.96 0.43 2.86

60.5 0.90 0.41 2.89

60.5 0.88 0.40 3.00

60.9 0.92 0.42 3.29

6.4% 1.4% 1.4% 45.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

101.75 42.32 5.21 1.82 42.30 10.10 10.10 105.11 3.45 - 0.09 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

77.34 1.83 1.52 4.73 12.35 41.95 36.60 14.96 5.27 76.80 - 0.85 0.31 3.06 2.91

60.53 27.28 3.86 0.16 8.01 0.27 0.01 20.95 14.45 60.58 0.05 -

0.13 0.13 0.13 -

239.74 71.43 10.71 6.71 62.65 42.22 36.60 46.01 29.81 242.61 2.65 0.22 3.06 2.91

88.9% 165.8% 83.6% 19.3% 85.8% 52.1% 45.4% 69.8% 40.2% 75.5%

722.0% 446.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

42.32 42.30 36.60 27.28 14.45 12.35 10.10 9.69 8.01 6.51 5.36 239.74

103.6% 117.0% 45.3% 448.7% + -3.5% -17.5% 65.9% 460.1% x 112.3% 88.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 12.6 12.6 10.9 8.1 4.3 3.7 3.0 2.9 2.4 1.9 1.6 71.1

Cumulative total (%) 12.6 25.1 36.0 44.1 48.4 52.0 55.0 57.9 60.3 62.2 63.8 71.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.368 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Turkmenistan / Turkménistan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

50

50

45

45

40

40

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 57

100%

52

million tonnes of CO 2

80%

47

60%

42

not available 40%

37

20%

32

0%

27 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

16 14

120

12

100

TWh

10 80 8 60

6 4

40

2

20

0 1990

0 1992

1994

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

2006

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.369

Turkmenistan / Turkménistan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

46.64 52.41

34.43 34.74

36.19 36.30

42.88 43.03

39.26 39.40

41.37 41.52

43.58 43.75

-6.6% -16.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

822 19.63 3.74 20.16 3.67

582 13.90 2.33 12.57 4.19

607 14.51 2.85 15.38 4.50

719 17.17 4.65 25.11 4.70

655 15.66 5.34 28.80 4.77

692 16.52 5.82 31.39 4.83

723 17.27 6.34 34.21 4.90

-12.0% -12.0% 69.5% 69.7% 33.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

56.7 12.47 2.31 12.71

59.2 14.77 2.74 8.21

59.6 12.70 2.35 8.04

59.6 9.22 1.71 9.13

59.9 7.36 1.36 8.24

59.8 7.11 1.32 8.56

60.3 6.87 1.27 8.90

6.2% -44.9% -44.9% -30.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

14.82 3.53 2.73 2.73 8.56 14.99 0.17 .. ..

28.76 12.31 2.86 13.60 28.76 -

-

43.58 12.31 6.39 2.73 2.73 22.15 43.75 0.17 .. ..

-6.6% 22.9% 36.1% 12.9% 12.9% -24.9% -16.5%

.. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Non-specified other sectors - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Road - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 13.60 12.31 8.56 3.53 2.86 2.73 43.58

% change 90-06 -13.6% 22.9% -32.1% 92.8% -0.2% 12.9% -6.6%

Level assessment (%) ** 19.2 17.4 12.1 5.0 4.0 3.9 61.6

Cumulative total (%) 19.2 36.6 48.7 53.7 57.7 61.6 61.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.370 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Ukraine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

800

800

700

700 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

600 500 400 300

600 500 400 300

200

200

100

100

0 1990

0 1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

2006

1990

1992

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 810

100% million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

710 610 510 410 310

0%

210 1971

1990

2006

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

350

TWh

1994

300

120

250

100

200

80

150

60

100

40

50

20

0

0

1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

Gas

1998

2000

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

Hydro

2004

Other

2006

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.371

Ukraine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

687.86 699.10

392.78 428.82

291.96 325.75

329.55 355.26

312.61 339.67

306.02 335.36

310.29 325.72

-54.9% -53.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

10 627 253.82 71.95 456.90 51.89

6 865 163.97 34.54 219.32 51.51

5 612 134.04 31.26 198.51 49.18

6 070 144.99 39.29 249.48 47.81

6 039 144.25 44.04 279.67 47.45

5 998 143.26 45.23 287.22 47.11

5 754 137.43 48.44 307.61 46.79

-45.9% -45.9% -32.7% -32.7% -9.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

64.7 9.56 1.51 13.26

57.2 11.37 1.79 7.63

52.0 9.34 1.47 5.94

54.3 8.39 1.32 6.89

51.8 7.10 1.12 6.59

51.0 6.77 1.07 6.50

53.9 6.41 1.01 6.63

-16.7% -33.0% -33.0% -50.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

140.97 65.52 8.76 3.37 54.74 0.00 8.58 7.20 153.42 13.78 - 1.33 -

Oil 39.33 0.72 1.97 7.34 23.20 21.52 6.10 1.77 40.17 0.87 - 0.04 .. 0.99

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

129.98 42.08 9.76 2.83 32.13 6.87 0.15 36.32 34.78 132.12 2.21 - 0.07 -

-

310.29 108.32 18.52 8.17 94.21 30.07 21.67 51.00 43.75 325.72 16.86 - 1.44 .. 0.99

-54.9% -63.6% -41.0% -66.7% -52.8% -44.6% -53.8% -36.4% -14.5% -53.4%

.. -83.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Other transport - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

65.52 54.74 42.08 34.78 32.13 21.52 9.76 8.76 7.34 7.20 6.72 310.29

-51.8% -48.1% -54.7% 70.4% -41.0% -54.2% -66.3% 261.4% -81.6% -67.2% x -54.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 13.0 10.9 8.4 6.9 6.4 4.3 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 61.8

Cumulative total (%) 13.0 23.9 32.3 39.2 45.6 49.9 51.8 53.6 55.1 56.5 57.8 61.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.372 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

United Arab Emirates / Emirats arabes unis Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 120

100

100

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 120

80 60 40

80 60 40

20

20

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 119

100%

109 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

99 89 79 69

20% 59 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

49 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 80

1990 = 100 140

70

120

60

100

TWh

50 80 40 60

30 20

40

10

20

0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

Gas

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.373

United Arab Emirates / Emirats arabes unis Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

51.61 49.89

69.99 67.65

86.06 82.12

102.06 97.34

104.85 100.04

107.30 102.69

110.29 105.65

113.7% 111.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

971 23.18 46.40 45.84 1.77

1 284 30.66 54.82 54.16 2.41

1 550 37.02 70.59 69.74 3.25

1 819 43.46 87.50 86.45 3.78

1 860 44.42 95.99 94.83 3.95

1 913 45.69 104.15 102.90 4.10

1 963 46.89 114.25 112.88 4.25

102.3% 102.3% 146.3% 146.2% 139.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

53.2 1.11 1.13 29.11

54.5 1.28 1.29 29.03

55.5 1.22 1.23 26.50

56.1 1.17 1.18 27.01

56.4 1.09 1.11 26.56

56.1 1.03 1.04 26.14

56.2 0.97 0.98 25.96

5.7% -13.2% -13.2% -10.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

31.41 1.62 0.55 3.44 23.09 23.09 2.71 2.71 26.77 - 4.64 40.83 11.33

78.88 53.13 1.39 24.36 78.88 -

-

110.29 54.75 1.94 27.81 23.09 23.09 2.71 2.71 105.65 - 4.64 40.83 11.33

113.7% 331.2% 110.7% 4.9% 106.7% 106.7% 799.0% 799.0% 111.7%

115.0% 15.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

53.13 24.36 23.09 3.44 2.71 1.62 1.39 0.55 110.29

339.7% 19.4% 106.7% -43.6% 799.0% 163.3% 121.3% 88.0% 113.7%

Level assessment (%) ** 34.8 15.9 15.1 2.3 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.4 72.2

Cumulative total (%) 34.8 50.7 65.8 68.1 69.8 70.9 71.8 72.2 72.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.374 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

United Kingdom / Royaume-Uni Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 700

600

600 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 700

500 400 300 200

500 400 300 200 100

100

0

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 590

100%

580 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

570 560 550 540 530 520

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

510 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1996

450

1990 = 100 200

400

180

350

160

300

140 120

250

100

200

80

150

60

100

40

50

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.375

United Kingdom / Royaume-Uni Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

552.97 567.72

519.07 544.15

525.56 547.95

535.91 545.47

535.62 543.96

535.42 544.91

536.48 546.81

-3.0% -3.7%

8 888 9 364 9 791 9 749 9 764 9 819 212.28 223.66 233.86 232.85 233.22 234.53 1 140.90 1 238.50 1 450.90 1 557.80 1 608.50 1 638.10 1 184.16 1 285.42 1 505.88 1 616.82 1 669.50 1 700.20 57.24 58.03 58.89 59.55 59.83 60.22

9 677 231.13 1 684.70 1 748.59 60.53

8.9% 8.9% 47.7% 47.7% 5.8%

55.4 0.32 0.31 8.86

-10.9% -34.3% -34.3% -8.3%

62.2 0.48 0.47 9.66

55.4 0.42 0.40 8.95

53.7 0.36 0.35 8.93

55.0 0.34 0.33 9.00

54.9 0.33 0.32 8.95

54.5 0.33 0.31 8.89

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

157.64 128.59 12.82 4.93 9.17 2.12 2.06 159.79 1.47 0.68 -

Oil 189.56 1.74 1.37 15.12 27.51 130.58 118.06 13.24 8.90 195.66 5.48 0.61 7.26 33.66

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

186.74 46.55 13.58 14.54 27.14 84.94 65.91 188.83 2.02 0.06 -

2.54 2.36 0.08 0.10 0.03 2.54 0.00 -

536.48 176.87 30.13 34.59 63.90 130.58 118.06 100.40 76.90 546.81 8.98 1.36 7.26 33.66

-3.0% -11.6% 125.2% 17.5% -23.5% 10.6% 10.7% -7.4% 2.6% -3.7%

-7.5% 122.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas *** Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas *** Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

128.59 118.06 65.91 46.55 27.51 27.14 19.02 15.12 14.54 13.58 12.82 536.48

-28.7% 10.7% 21.4% x 4.1% 1.5% 23.7% -24.3% 107.7% 421.7% 67.6% -3.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 19.7 18.1 10.1 7.1 4.2 4.2 2.9 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 82.1

Cumulative total (%) 19.7 37.7 47.8 54.9 59.1 63.3 66.2 68.5 70.7 72.8 74.8 82.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. *** For reasons of confidentiality, gas for main activity producer electricity is included in autoproducers for 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.376 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

United States / Etats-Unis Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7000

6000

6000 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7000

5000 4000 3000 2000

5000 4000 3000 2000

1000

1000

0

0

1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

2001

Gas

2006

1971

1976

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6000

100%

5800 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5600 5400 5200 5000 4800 1990

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1981

4500

1990 = 100 180

4000

160

3500

140

3000

120

2500

100

2000

80

1500

60

1000

40

500

20

0

0

1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

Oil

1986

Gas

1991

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

Hydro

2001

2006

Other

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.377

United States / Etats-Unis Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

4 863.3 4 853.7

5 133.3 5 134.9

5 693.0 5 715.2

5 688.6 5 711.5

5 772.4 5 817.0

5 784.5 5 860.7

5 696.8 5 780.1

17.1% 19.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

80 649 1 926.3 7 055.0 7 055.0 250.2

87 371 2 086.8 7 972.8 7 972.8 266.6

96 403 95 504 97 467 98 050 97 163 2 302.6 2 281.1 2 328.0 2 341.9 2 320.7 9 764.8 10 249.8 10 623.9 10 950.6 11 265.2 9 764.8 10 249.8 10 623.9 10 950.6 11 265.2 282.5 291.3 294.1 297.0 299.8

20.5% 20.5% 59.7% 59.7% 19.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

60.3 0.69 0.69 19.44

58.8 0.64 0.64 19.26

59.1 0.58 0.58 20.16

59.6 0.56 0.56 19.53

59.2 0.54 0.54 19.63

59.0 0.53 0.53 19.48

58.6 0.51 0.51 19.00

-2.8% -26.6% -26.6% -2.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

2 090.0 1 924.8 30.8 13.2 115.9 5.2 2 156.6 8.3 58.3 -

Oil 2 410.9 53.1 13.0 156.7 243.1 1 776.1 1 525.8 169.0 71.4 2 435.5 - 14.8 39.4 88.2 47.9

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

1 169.4 338.8 42.1 99.2 266.3 33.2 1.4 389.8 238.0 1 161.4 - 2.8 - 5.2 -

26.5 13.6 4.8 7.4 0.8 26.5 0.0 -

5 696.8 2 330.3 90.7 269.1 632.7 1 809.3 1 527.2 564.7 309.3 5 780.1 - 9.3 92.6 88.2 47.9

17.1% 31.4% -1.5% -1.5% -9.3% 27.4% 34.2% -6.9% -4.5% 19.1%

-2.8% 23.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

1 924.8 1 525.8 338.8 266.3 250.2 243.1 238.0 156.7 151.8 115.9 99.2 5 696.8

25.5% 34.1% 121.9% -4.4% 1.7% 12.0% -0.7% -5.8% 6.0% -42.7% -4.8% 17.1%

Level assessment (%) ** 27.8 22.1 4.9 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.4 82.4

Cumulative total (%) 27.8 49.9 54.8 58.6 62.2 65.8 69.2 71.5 73.7 75.3 76.8 82.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.378 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Uruguay Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 8

7

7 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 8

6 5 4 3

6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1991

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 7.5

100%

7 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2006

1990

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 250

12 10

200

8 TWh

150 6 100 4 50

2 0 1971

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

Hydro

1996

2001

Other

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.379

Uruguay Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

3.75 4.02

4.52 4.70

5.30 6.06

4.15 4.24

5.36 5.48

5.25 5.47

6.14 6.57

63.8% 63.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

94 2.25 15.35 21.75 3.11

108 2.57 18.62 26.38 3.22

129 3.08 20.67 29.28 3.30

105 2.52 18.15 25.72 3.30

120 2.86 20.30 28.76 3.30

121 2.89 21.63 30.64 3.31

134 3.19 23.16 32.79 3.31

41.7% 41.7% 50.9% 50.8% 6.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

39.8 0.24 0.17 1.21

42.0 0.24 0.17 1.41

41.1 0.26 0.18 1.61

39.3 0.23 0.16 1.25

44.7 0.26 0.19 1.62

43.3 0.24 0.17 1.59

46.0 0.27 0.19 1.85

15.6% 8.6% 8.6% 53.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.01 0.01 0.01 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

5.92 1.66 0.35 0.56 2.34 2.33 1.01 0.34 6.32 0.39 0.01 0.77 ..

0.21 0.00 0.01 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.24 0.03 -

-

6.14 1.66 0.00 0.36 0.71 2.34 2.33 1.06 0.37 6.57 0.39 0.03 0.77 ..

63.8% 462.2% -92.5% 80.2% -2.4% 55.7% 62.9% 6.4% -15.5% 63.5%

109.7% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - gas Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 2.33 1.66 0.66 0.56 0.35 0.34 0.14 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 6.14

% change 90-06 62.9% 462.2% 20.7% -22.3% 73.8% -20.2% x x x x -83.5% 63.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 5.8 4.1 1.6 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 15.2

Cumulative total (%) 5.8 9.9 11.5 12.9 13.8 14.6 15.0 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.380 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Uzbekistan / Ouzbékistan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

140

140

120

120 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40 20

20 0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

2000

2002

Gas

2004

0 1990

2006

1992

1994

1996

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2000

2002

2004

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 132

100%

127 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60%

not available 40%

122 117 112 107

20% 102 0%

97 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 140

60

120

50

100

40 TWh

1994

80 30 60 20 40 10 0 1990

20 0 1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

Gas

2002

2004

Hydro

2006

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

2002

2004

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.381

Uzbekistan / Ouzbékistan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

119.83 120.58

101.59 103.83

116.46 120.93

118.61 121.88

115.72 118.84

109.77 112.94

112.86 116.19

-5.8% -3.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 941 46.37 14.04 37.68 20.51

1 782 42.57 11.39 30.56 22.79

2 109 50.38 13.76 36.92 24.65

2 129 50.84 15.54 41.69 25.57

2 069 49.42 16.74 44.90 25.86

1 968 47.00 17.91 48.04 26.17

2 029 48.45 19.21 51.55 26.54

4.5% 4.5% 36.8% 36.8% 29.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

61.7 8.53 3.18 5.84

57.0 8.92 3.32 4.46

55.2 8.46 3.15 4.72

55.7 7.63 2.85 4.64

55.9 6.91 2.58 4.47

55.8 6.13 2.28 4.20

55.6 5.87 2.19 4.25

-9.9% -31.2% -31.2% -27.2%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

4.39 3.63 0.21 0.55 0.06 4.43 0.04 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

15.03 4.24 0.02 0.58 1.84 5.38 4.45 2.97 0.05 14.60 - 0.43 - 0.00 ..

93.44 27.41 0.06 3.76 18.56 3.24 0.14 40.41 33.38 97.15 3.71 - 0.00 -

-

112.86 35.28 0.09 4.33 20.61 8.62 4.60 43.93 33.49 116.19 3.32 - 0.00 ..

-5.8% -18.7% x 27.5% 252.9% 52.2% -15.4% -28.6% x -3.6%

..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Other transport - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

33.38 27.41 18.56 7.03 4.45 4.24 3.76 3.63 3.10 2.92 1.84 112.86

x 1.0% x -84.7% -18.0% -43.4% 55.5% -58.7% x -72.4% -68.5% -5.8%

Level assessment (%) ** 18.2 14.9 10.1 3.8 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.0 61.5

Cumulative total (%) 18.2 33.1 43.3 47.1 49.5 51.8 53.9 55.8 57.5 59.1 60.1 61.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.382 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Venezuela / Vénézuela Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 160

140

140 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 160

120 100 80 60

120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

0 1971

2006

1976

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 160

100%

150 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

140 130 120 110

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

100 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 120

1990 = 100 140

100

120 100

80 TWh

1981

80 60 60 40 40 20 0 1971

20

1976

Oil

1981

1986

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.383

Venezuela / Vénézuela Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

105.10 105.03

118.29 116.68

128.31 125.66

120.49 121.20

129.94 128.49

139.07 135.70

149.20 136.60

42.0% 30.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 839 43.92 95.26 113.85 19.75

2 174 51.93 112.85 134.86 22.04

2 375 56.73 117.15 140.00 24.31

2 225 53.14 101.84 121.70 25.67

2 386 57.00 120.46 143.95 26.13

2 530 60.44 132.91 158.83 26.58

2 605 62.22 146.64 175.24 27.02

41.7% 41.7% 53.9% 53.9% 36.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

57.2 1.10 0.92 5.32

54.4 1.05 0.88 5.37

54.0 1.10 0.92 5.28

54.2 1.18 0.99 4.69

54.4 1.08 0.90 4.97

55.0 1.05 0.88 5.23

57.3 1.02 0.85 5.52

0.2% -7.8% -7.8% 3.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.15 0.15 0.15 -

Oil 94.35 12.36 17.96 14.33 45.39 45.35 4.31 3.93 81.77 - 0.26 - 12.32 2.19 2.13

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

54.70 9.63 1.01 15.82 24.98 0.25 3.00 2.30 54.67 - 0.02 -

-

149.20 21.99 1.01 33.78 39.46 45.64 45.35 7.31 6.23 136.60 - 0.26 - 12.34 2.19 2.13

42.0% 44.3% -74.1% 46.8% 34.3% 61.5% 60.6% 38.5% 50.5% 30.1%

-12.2% 108.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Residential - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2)

% change 90-06

45.35 24.98 17.96 15.82 14.33 12.36 9.63 3.93 2.30 1.01 0.70 149.20

60.6% 38.2% 94.7% 14.7% 50.8% 118.4% 0.6% 6.3% 424.0% -70.8% -28.3% 42.0%

Level assessment (%) ** 17.9 9.9 7.1 6.3 5.7 4.9 3.8 1.6 0.9 0.4 0.3 59.0

Cumulative total (%) 17.9 27.8 34.9 41.2 46.8 51.7 55.5 57.1 58.0 58.4 58.7 59.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.384 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Vietnam / Viêt-Nam * Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 90

80

80 million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 90

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 86

100%

76 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40%

66 56 46 36

20% 26 0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

16 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 450

60

400

50

350

TWh

40

300 250

30

200 20

150 100

10

50 0

0

1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

1986

Oil

1991

1996

Gas

* A detailed sectoral breakdown is available starting in 1980.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2001

Hydro

2006

1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.385

Vietnam / Viêt-Nam Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

16.95 16.96

27.51 27.52

43.81 43.76

60.63 60.53

78.79 78.69

80.35 79.68

82.62 81.70

387.4% 381.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 018 24.32 15.02 76.30 66.20

1 260 30.09 22.28 113.18 72.98

1 556 37.17 31.17 158.37 77.64

1 847 44.11 38.30 194.59 80.90

2 101 50.18 41.28 209.75 82.03

2 147 51.29 44.77 227.43 83.11

2 189 52.29 48.42 246.00 84.11

115.0% 115.0% 222.4% 222.4% 27.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

16.7 1.13 0.22 0.26

21.8 1.24 0.24 0.38

28.2 1.41 0.28 0.56

32.8 1.58 0.31 0.75

37.5 1.91 0.38 0.96

37.4 1.80 0.35 0.97

37.7 1.71 0.34 0.98

126.7% 51.2% 51.1% 283.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

34.18 8.25 0.72 20.10 5.12 3.62 34.18 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

36.77 0.90 1.09 8.04 19.88 18.50 6.86 2.53 35.85 - 0.92 0.00 .. 0.73

11.67 11.06 0.37 0.24 11.67 -

-

82.62 20.21 2.18 28.37 19.88 18.50 11.98 6.15 81.70 - 0.92 - 0.00 .. 0.73

387.4% 333.8% x 417.0% 372.6% 393.7% 361.0% 495.4% 381.8%

.. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - coal/peat Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Other transport - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 20.10 18.50 11.06 8.25 8.04 4.33 3.62 2.53 1.50 1.38 1.09 82.62

% change 90-06 402.7% 393.7% + 139.4% 439.3% 249.1% 350.3% + 361.7% 240.2% x 387.4%

Level assessment (%) ** 9.5 8.7 5.2 3.9 3.8 2.0 1.7 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.5 38.9

Cumulative total (%) 9.5 18.2 23.4 27.3 31.1 33.1 34.8 36.0 36.7 37.4 37.9 38.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.386 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Yemen / Yémen Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0 1971

0 1971

1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 22

100%

20 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

18 16 14 12 10 8

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

6 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1990 = 100 200

6

180 5

160 140

4 TWh

120 3

100 80

2

60 40

1

20 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1991

1996

2001

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.387

Yemen / Yémen Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

6.43 7.12

9.34 9.86

13.29 13.97

16.35 16.74

17.55 18.68

19.21 19.96

19.80 20.46

207.9% 187.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

107 2.56 5.51 8.60 12.31

147 3.51 7.22 11.28 15.52

205 4.89 9.44 14.74 18.18

244 5.83 10.58 16.52 19.88

271 6.47 11.00 17.18 20.48

289 6.91 11.50 17.96 21.10

297 7.09 11.88 18.56 21.73

176.5% 176.5% 115.7% 115.7% 76.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

59.9 1.17 0.75 0.52

63.6 1.29 0.83 0.60

64.9 1.41 0.90 0.73

67.0 1.55 0.99 0.82

64.8 1.60 1.02 0.86

66.4 1.67 1.07 0.91

66.7 1.67 1.07 0.91

11.4% 42.7% 42.8% 74.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

19.80 3.85 0.54 1.88 1.93 6.42 6.42 5.17 2.09 20.46 0.45 0.21 0.39 0.35

207.9% 318.7% 69.2% 455.7% 877.6% 61.6% 61.6% 661.2% 207.0% 187.3%

19.80 3.85 0.54 1.88 1.93 6.42 6.42 5.17 2.09 20.46 0.45 0.21 0.39 0.35

-68.2% 103.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 6.42 3.85 3.09 2.09 1.93 1.88 0.54 19.80

% change 90-06 61.6% 318.7% x 207.0% 877.6% 455.7% 69.2% 207.9%

Level assessment (%) ** 17.4 10.4 8.4 5.7 5.2 5.1 1.5 53.7

Cumulative total (%) 17.4 27.9 36.2 41.9 47.1 52.3 53.7 53.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

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II.388 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Zambia / Zambie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 5

4.5

4.5

4

4

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3

100%

2.8 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

TWh

10

250

8

200

6

150

4

100

2

50

0

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1996

2001

Hydro

2002

2004

2006

Figure 6. Key indicators

12

1981

2000

Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 300

1976

1998

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1971

1996

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.389

Zambia / Zambie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2.60 2.73

2.05 2.10

1.70 1.71

1.96 2.05

2.04 2.14

2.14 2.24

2.26 2.36

-13.3% -13.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

229 5.46 3.03 7.86 8.12

245 5.86 2.82 7.33 9.26

263 6.27 3.24 8.41 10.45

284 6.78 3.69 9.58 11.07

291 6.94 3.89 10.10 11.27

298 7.12 4.09 10.62 11.48

306 7.31 4.34 11.26 11.70

33.7% 33.8% 43.2% 43.2% 44.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

11.4 0.86 0.33 0.32

8.3 0.73 0.28 0.22

6.5 0.52 0.20 0.16

6.9 0.53 0.20 0.18

7.0 0.53 0.20 0.18

7.2 0.52 0.20 0.19

7.4 0.52 0.20 0.19

-35.2% -39.5% -39.5% -39.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

0.39 0.03 0.33 0.03 0.39 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

2.26 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.96 0.96 0.87 0.21 0.04 2.36 0.10 - 0.00 0.17

-13.3% 28.5% -49.4% -8.5% -28.5% 25.2% 27.3% -37.3% -57.6% -13.7%

1.86 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.63 0.96 0.87 0.18 0.04 1.97 0.10 - 0.00 0.17

-14.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 0.87 0.63 0.33 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 2.26

% change 90-06 27.3% 0.6% -54.0% -11.7% 7.7% -8.5% -57.6% -51.7% -60.0% 28.5% -13.3%

Level assessment (%) ** 2.8 2.0 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 7.3

Cumulative total (%) 2.8 4.8 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

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II.390 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Zimbabwe Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 20

18

18

16

16

million tonnes of CO 2

million tonnes of CO 2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 20

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2

0 1971

0 1976

1981

Coal/peat

1986

1991

Oil

1996

Gas

2001

1971

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1996

2001

2006

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 19

100%

18 million tonnes of CO 2

80% 60% 40% 20%

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

9 1990

2006

1992

Other energy industries Transport Other

1994

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 6. Key indicators

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 12

1990 = 100 140

10

120 100

8 TWh

1996

80 6 60 4 40 2

20

0 1971

1976

Coal/peat

1981

1986

1991

Oil

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1996

2001

Hydro

2006

0 1971

1976

1981

CO2/TPES

1986

1991

CO2/GDP

1996

2001

2006

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - II.391

Zimbabwe Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2003

2004

2005

2006

90-06

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

16.00 15.44

14.85 15.33

12.71 12.79

10.47 10.53

9.70 9.76

10.36 10.58

9.88 10.09

-38.2% -34.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

393 9.38 6.73 28.64 10.49

417 9.96 7.15 30.41 11.79

419 10.01 7.40 31.48 12.66

400 9.55 6.17 26.23 12.94

389 9.30 5.93 25.24 13.03

407 9.71 5.62 23.90 13.12

401 9.58 5.35 22.75 13.23

2.1% 2.1% -20.6% -20.6% 26.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$ PPP) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

40.7 2.38 0.56 1.53

35.6 2.08 0.49 1.26

30.3 1.72 0.40 1.00

26.2 1.70 0.40 0.81

24.9 1.63 0.38 0.74

25.5 1.84 0.43 0.79

24.7 1.85 0.43 0.75

-39.5% -22.2% -22.2% -51.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2006 CO2 emissions by sector % change

million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation

7.88 5.55 0.05 1.34 0.02 0.91 0.00 8.08 0.33 - 0.12 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-06

-

-

9.88 5.60 0.05 1.60 1.24 1.15 1.40 0.09 10.09 0.33 - 0.12 .. 0.03

-38.2% -16.2% -67.3% -66.1% -40.2% -12.9% -41.4% -64.5% -34.6%

2.01 0.05 0.25 1.22 1.15 0.49 0.08 2.01 0.00 .. 0.03

.. -89.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2006 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Other energy industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other transport - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO2) 5.55 1.34 1.15 0.91 0.40 0.25 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.02 9.88

% change 90-06 -16.9% -69.0% -12.9% -41.9% -30.3% -31.5% -29.0% -72.0% -67.3% x -96.1% -38.2%

Level assessment (%) ** 18.0 4.3 3.7 3.0 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 32.0

Cumulative total (%) 18.0 22.3 26.0 29.0 30.3 31.1 31.4 31.6 31.8 31.9 32.0 32.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.1

PART III: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

PARTIE III : EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.3

1. SHARES AND TRENDS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS The information in Part III (with the exception of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion) has been provided by Dr. Jos G.J. Olivier from the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL, formerly called MNP) based on the EDGAR 3.2 database, the 32FT2000 dataset and preliminary data from the EDGAR 4.0 dataset developed jointly by JRC and PBL as part of and in cooperation with the Global Exchange and Interactions Activity (GEIA) of IGBP and the ACCENT Network of Excellence. Country data have been provided for 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Please see Chapter 2 for further details. Emission trends for gases and sources are provided in this discussion through 2005.

much more uncertain. Country-specific estimates of CO2 from biomass burning and F-gas emissions are particularly difficult to ascertain.

Shares by gas The contribution of non-CO2 gases to total emissions can be estimated by expressing the emissions of all the gases in CO2-equivalent units. For a given gas, emissions expressed in mass are multiplied by its specific weighting factor, the Global Warming Potential (GWP), an estimate of the relative contribution of a kilogramme of that gas to global radiative forcing, as compared to the same amount of CO2, integrated over a fixed period of time (e.g. 100 years).

To complement work regarding the emissions of CO2 from fuel combustion, the IEA elected to include the EDGAR data on other CO2 sources and on five other greenhouse gases; CH4, N2O and the fluorinated gases (or “F-gases”) HFCs, PFCs and SF6. These gases are addressed by the Kyoto Protocol.

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), following the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), uses the 100-year GWPs of 21 for CH4, 310 for N2O and 23 900 for SF6. For the most common HFCs, GWPs vary between 140 and 3 000 (1 300 for HFC-134a). For the by-product HFC-23, the GWP is 11 700. The GWPs for PFCs vary between 6 500 (CF4) to 9 200 (C2F6). These two PFCs, the ones most commonly used, are also significant sources of byproduct emissions. This chapter expresses all emission data in CO2-equivalents using these GWP values.

When considering comparative shares and trends in greenhouse gas emissions, data on gases and sources other than CO2 from fuel combustion are

In 2005, CO2 contributed 74% of global greenhouse gas emissions, CH4 about 15%, N2O about 9% and the combined F-gases about 2% (Figure 1).

CO2 emissions from fuel combustion constitute the majority of anthropogenic greenhouse (GHG) emissions. However, comprehensive analysis of emissions and emission trends considers other sources of CO2 as well as other gases.

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III.4 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

In 2005, the largest sources of GHG emissions were the sectors of energy (69%, mainly CO2 fossil fuel use), and agriculture (14%, mainly CH4 and N2O, in comparable amounts). Other sources of GHGs were CO2 from biomass burning (7%, mostly deforestation in Non-Annex I countries), and CO2 from cement production (3%, of which 45% originated in China).

For nitrous oxide (N2O), agriculture contributed 83% of emissions in 2005, mainly from synthetic fertilisers and animal waste dropped on soils (either as animal manure or by animals during grazing) and agricultural waste burning (see Figure 3). Another smaller source was N2O from industry (5%), mostly in Annex I countries.

Figure 1. Global greenhouse gas emissions by gas/source in 2005

Figure 3. Global N2O emissions in 2005

CH4-Other 3%

N2O-Other 1% F-gas-All N2O2% Agriculture 8%

Industrial Other 8% Processes 5%

Energy 4%

CH4-Agriculture 7% CH4-Energy 5%

CO2-Fossil fuel use 63%

CO2-Other 11%

As seen in Figure 2, on an individual gas basis, the major global sources for methane (CH4) in 2005 were: •

agriculture (44%), mainly from enteric fermentation by animals and animal waste, from rice cultivation and from savannah burning;

•

energy production and transmission (34%), mainly from coal production and gas production and transmission;

•

waste (18%), from landfills and wastewater. Figure 2. Global CH4 emissions in 2005

Agriculture 83%

For the fluorinated gases (see Figure 4), emissions are split between “use” and “by-products” because of the different ways they are produced. HFC use represented about half of the total in 2005, of which HFC 134a alone represented nearly half. Total byproduct emissions of HFC contributed 19% and byproduct emissions of PFCs another 10%. SF6 use represented 16%, while PFC use represented the remaining 2%. Most F-gas emissions are emitted by Annex I countries. Figure 4. Global F-gas emissions in 2005

Other 4%

SF6 use 16%

Waste 18% Energy 34%

HFC- by-product 19%

PFC use 2% PFC- by-product 10%

Agriculture 44%

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HFC use 53%

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.5

Shares by region In 2005, most methane emissions originated in NonAnnex I regions such as Asia including China (37%) and Latin America (12%). Emissions from Annex I countries contributed 32%, largely driven by emissions from the former USSR and North America. For methane, emissions from animals and their waste dominate sources in Latin America and South Asia, while emissions from rice cultivation are common in South, East and Southeast Asia. Coal production emissions are concentrated in East Asia (mainly China), North America, and EIT countries1, while emissions from gas systems are concentrated in the former USSR and North America. Methane from landfills stems mainly from Annex I countries, whereas methane emissions from wastewater disposal originate predominantly in Non-Annex I countries. Non-Annex I regions produced two-thirds of global nitrous oxide emissions in 2005: Asia including China (32%), Latin America (15%) and Africa (15%). N2O emissions from Annex I countries contributed 32% to the global total, with most emissions originating in Annex II North America (13%) and Annex II Europe (10%). Of all nitrous oxide sources, animal waste emissions occur predominantly in the Non-Annex I regions of Latin America, Africa and South Asia; N2O from fertiliser use is largest in East Asia (mainly China) and Latin America followed by North America, Annex II Europe and South Asia (mainly India). N2O emissions from crop production are largest in North America, Latin America, South Asia and East Asia. Industrial processes also emit significant volumes of N2O. The shares of Annex I countries in total CH4 and total N2O emissions were relatively low compared to their share in global CO2 emissions (46%).

In 2005, most fluorinated gas emissions originated in Annex I countries, with Annex II North America contributing 39%, Annex II Europe 13%, Annex II Pacific 12% and the EIT countries 10%. Non-Annex I countries only contributed about 25% to global F-gas emissions.

Total greenhouse gas emission trends Emissions related to fossil-fuels dominate the global trend in total greenhouse gas emissions. Between 1970 and 2005, global anthropogenic CO2 emissions increased by about 90%, CH4 by about 35%, N2O by about 45% and the F-gases by about 500%. Total emissions of all greenhouse gases - weighted by their GWP - increased by about 80% since 1970. According to the EDGAR 3.2 and 32FT2000 datasets, supplemented with preliminary EDGAR 4.0 data, global total greenhouse gas emissions increased by 26% during the 1990-2005 period (see Figure 5). A 29% growth in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion drove much of this increase. Over the same period, CO2 from biomass burning – based on satellite observations between 1997 and 2002 – is assumed to have increased by about 40%. Increases in CO2 emissions from cement production (about 90%), N2O emissions from agriculture (12%) and the F-gases (about 200%, mainly from HFC use) also contributed to the total increase. The F-gases, for which 1995 generally serves as base year, increased their share of global emissions from 0.8% in 1990 to 1.0% in 1995 and to 1.8% in 2005. Between 2000 and 2005, emission trends for all sources except CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and fugitive sources and CO2, N2O and HFC-23 emissions from industrial processes were based on global total activity data and global emission factor trends (MNP, 2007).

1. In this chapter, economies in transition covers former USSR and Eastern European countries.

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III.6 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

Figure 5. Trend in global greenhouse gas emissions 1970-2005 Gigatonnes of CO2-eq. 50

F-gases: HFCs, PFCs, SF6

45

Other CH4 and N2O 40

Waste CH4 35

Biomass burning CO2

30 25

Agriculture N2O

20

Agriculture CH4

15

Industrial processes

10

Fossil fuel: fugitive and flaring

5 0 1970

CO2 and non-CO2 from fossil fuel combustion 1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Source: EDGAR 3.2, FT2000 and EDGAR 4.0.

CO2 emission trends Energy dominates the trend in CO2 emissions, accounting for 85% of the global total CO2 emissions in 2005. About 7% less in 1970, this share now varies between 90 and 99% in most Annex I countries. Within Non-Annex I countries, the energy share in CO2 emissions varies more widely. Indeed, in some African, Latin American and Asian countries, it can be lower than 10%. Over the 1990-2005 period, total fossil fuel combustion emissions of CO2 increased about 29% worldwide (2% in Annex I countries and 86% in NonAnnex I countries). Emissions from electricity and heat production and from road transport dominated global trends. Between 1990 and 2005, CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production increased by 27% for Annex II countries and by 64% in the rest

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of the world. Over the same period, road transport emissions rose 29% in Annex II countries and 62% in the other countries. By 2005, these two sectors together accounted for about 58% of global total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. The chapter “The Energy – Climate Challenge” at the beginning of the publication provides a more complete discussion of trends in energy-related CO2 emissions. In 2005, deforestation accounted for about 8% of CO2 emissions (or 10% including unsustainable biofuel use). According to the FAO dataset of areas deforested in the 1970s and satellite observations in the late 1990s, the share of deforestation in global emissions was one-quarter less for the late 1990s than in 1970. In 2005, CO2 emissions from cement production represent over 3% of total emissions worldwide. Between 1990 and 2005, CO2 from cement production increased by about 100%, with the increase in China more than offsetting the decrease in the former USSR.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.7

methane emissions are estimated to have effectively increased by about 7% between 1990 and 2005.

CH4 emission trends Between 1970 and 2005, global methane emissions rose about 35%. In the 1980s, emissions rose about 10%, driven by growth of emissions in the former USSR from gas production and transmission (see Figure 6). In addition, enteric fermentation by ruminants and wastewater disposal contributed to the increased emissions, particularly in Non-Annex I regions. Emissions from rice cultivation are estimated to have decreased due to changes in types of rice and to other organic amendment practices. Furthermore, coal production shifted to incorporate more surface mining, which releases much less methane than underground mines. The economic decline of former USSR countries in the early 1990s strongly influenced global methane trends. The emissions from coal production, from gas transmission and from animals (enteric fermentation) decreased substantially between 1990 and 1995. It should be stressed, however, that detailed statistics for this region are rather uncertain in this period. Based on country-specific trends of activity data and emission factors for the 1995-2000 period (Olivier et al., 2005; Van Aardenne et al., 2005) and global sector trends for 2000-2005 (MNP, 2007), global total

Between 1990 and 2005, emissions in Non-Annex I countries increased about 25%, with the largest absolute growth ocurring in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Emissions in Annex I countries decreased by about 15%, mainly driven by the countries of the former Soviet Union. Annex II emissions as a whole decreased by almost 10%. Annex II Europe decreased by about 25%, mainly as a result of the policies of the United Kingdom and Germany. These two countries reduced their domestic coal production and increased methane recovery from coal mines, entailing a reduction in methane emissions from coal of more than 50%. In Annex II North America and Annex II Europe, methane emissions from landfills also decreased more than 15% due to enhanced methane recovery. In the 1990s, emissions increased from gas production (particularly in the Middle East and North America), from waste handling sectors (particularly landfills in Latin America and wastewater in South Asia), from large-scale biomass burning in developing countries and from coal production in China. These increases were partly offset by decreases in fugitive emissions from coal production and methane emissions from animals in EIT countries.

Figure 6. Trends in global and regional CH4 emissions Million tonnes of CO2-eq. 1200 Annex II N. America

East Asia

1000

South Asia

Latin America 800

Former USSR Africa

600

Southeast Asia

400

Annex II Europe Middle East

200

Annex II Pacific EIT Europe

0 1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Source: EDGAR 3.2, FT2000 and EDGAR 4.0.

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III.8 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

N2O emission trends Between 1970 and 2005, global emissions of N2O increased by more than 50%. In the 1980s, increased use of synthetic fertilisers and manure from livestock caused agricultural emissions in South Asia and East Asia to increase by 2-3% annually. These regional emission trends continued into the 1990s (see Figure 7). Emissions from Latin America and Africa also increased in the 1990s, predominantly from the same sources and from deforestation. In contrast, N2O emissions from industrial processes have decreased by 30% during the 1980s. This decrease resulted from the gradual upgrade of global production facilities for nitric acid. In 1990 about 20% of the facilities were equipped for non-selective catalytic reduction limiting NOx emissions while simultaneously reducing N2O emissions. During the 1980s, North America and Japan introduced catalytic converters in gasoline-fired cars to reduce emissions of precursors of tropospheric ozone. However, the catalytic converters contributed to the increase in N2O emissions in these countries.

Based on country-specific trends of activity data and emission factors for the 1995-2000 period (Olivier et al., 2005; Van Aardenne et al., 2005) and global sector trends for 2000-2005 (MNP, 2007), global N2O emissions are estimated to have increased by 14% between 1990 and 2005. The three-quarter reduction in industrial emissions from adipic acid manufacturing particularly limited this increase. Between 1990 and 2005, emissions in Non-Annex I countries increased by about 30%, mainly in the agricultural sector in South Asia, East Asia and Latin America. This increase was partially offset by decreasing emissions in the former USSR countries (about -60%) and, to a lesser extent, in other EIT countries. In Annex II Europe, N2O decreased by almost 10% since 1990, mainly due to emission abatement in the chemical industry and to a decrease in the use of nitrogen fertilisers. When considering these trends, one should note that the uncertainties in annual emissions of most sources of N2O are very large, e.g. the uncertainty for agricultural sources may sometimes exceed 100%.

Figure 7. Trends in global and regional N2O emissions Million tonnes of CO2-eq 700 Latin America 600 East Asia 500

Africa

Annex II N. America South Asia

400 Annex II Europe 300 Former USSR 200

Southeast Asia

Annex II Pacific

100 EIT Europe

Middle East 0 1970

1975

1980

Source: EDGAR 3.2, FT2000 and EDGAR 4.0.

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1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.9

HFC, PFC and SF6 emission trends Between 1990 and 2005, the emissions of F-gases almost tripled, mainly due to an increase in HFC emissions: emissions of HFC in 2005 were more than 7 times higher than in 1990. During the same period, PFC emissions increased by 16% while SF6 emissions increased by 10%. Annex I regions experienced large growth in F-gas emissions, with average increases on the order of 100-200%. In the Non-Annex I regions, total F-gas emission trends varied between 10% and 80%, with the largest absolute increases coming from China (included in East Asia). Based on country-specific activity data and emission factor trends for the 1995-2005 period (Olivier et al.,

2005; Van Aardenne et al., 2005) and global sector trends for 2000-2005 (MNP, 2007), global F-gas emissions increased more rapidly starting in 1995. The increase in HFC emissions (4 and ½ times higher) more than offset the 13% reduction in SF6 emissions and the 6% reduction in PFC emissions. The reductions in SF6 were mainly due to reductions in emissions from manufacture and use of switchgear for the electricity sector. At present, global emissions of HFCs other than HFC-134a exceed emissions of HFC-134a, widely used for refrigeration and air-conditioning. When considering these trends, one should note that the uncertainties in annual emissions of most sources of F-gases are very large, e.g. at a country level they may well exceed 100%. Therefore, the figures provided for individual countries should only be considered as order-of-magnitude estimates.

Figure 8. Trends in regional* F-gas emissions Million tonnes of CO2-eq.

350 Annex II N. America 300

250

200

East Asia

150

100 Annex II Europe 50

Former USSR

Annex II Pacific 0 1970

*

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Only regions with significant emissions of F-gases have been included in this figure.

Source: EDGAR 3.2, FT2000 and EDGAR 4.0.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.11

2. SOURCES AND METHODS When looking at GHG emission trends, limiting the emissions to CO2 from fuel combustion means that the estimates give an incomplete picture of total greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, to put the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion into context, information has been added from the emissions model “EDGAR”, developed by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL, formerly known as MNP), the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), to provide global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases to be used as a reference database for policy applications. The information in Part III (with the exception of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion) has been provided by Dr. Jos G.J. Olivier from PBL based on the EDGAR 3.2 and EDGAR 3.2 Fast Track 2000 (32FT2000) datasets, supplemented with prelimary EDGAR 4.0 data for selected sources. PBL and TNO (Dr. Tinus Pulles) are responsible for the calculation of the EDGAR 3.2 estimates and PBL and JRC (Dr. John A. van Aardenne) are responsible for the EDGAR 32FT2000 estimates for 2000 and for the EDGAR 4.0 data. Please see below for further details.

Background on PBL, JRC and TNO The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), is a government-funded agency that supports national and international policymakers by analysing spatial and social developments and environmental and spatial policies, which impact the human, plant and animal environment. PBL explores the future quality of this environment and advises on

possible policy options and aims to contribute to the integrated spatial and ecological considerations for European and global policy-making. PBL provides independent integrated assessments on topics such as sustainable development, energy and climate change, biodiversity, spatial planning, transport, land use and air quality. PBL acts as an interface between science and policy and provides the Dutch government and international organisations such as EU/EEA, UN, OECD and the World Bank with sound, evidencebased assessments. PBL employs about 275 people and works in close collaboration with national and international partners, to assess future policies and the effects of policies already in place. PBL analyses interrelated environmental issues and their interaction with economic, spatial and social developments. This ranges from Dutch problems in the European and global context to global topics such as climate change, as well as European and global sustainability issues. The Joint Research Centre (JRC) is a Directorate General of the European Commission (EC), which is a European centre of scientific and technical reference to support EU policies. JRC employs about 2000 people. The Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) is one of seven institutes of JRC, located in Ispra (Italy), whose aim is to provide scientific and technical support to European Union strategies for the protection of the environment, contributing to a sustainable development of Europe. The IES is engaged in five main fields of activity: global change; emissions, air quality and health; water; terrestrial and natural resources; and renewable energies. The IES covers the entire environmental sciences with particular competences in the field of earth observation and remote sensing. The main customers are several Directorates General of the European Commission. The IES has a core staff of about 250 and visiting staff of about 125.

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III.12 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2007 Edition)

The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) is an independent contract research organisation, whose main task is to apply technological knowledge with the aim of strengthening the innovative power of industry and government. TNO's activities are organised in five core areas with different areas of expertise, in which about 5000 people are employed. TNO Built Environment and Geosciences (TNO-BO) is an expert centre and contract research unit for businesses and government agencies in the field of sustainable development and environmentally oriented process innovation. This unit employs about 750 people, which are active in the following core areas: (a) sustainable development; (b) emissions to air and water and emissions from waste; (c) chain analysis to assess the effects at production and process levels; (d) evaluation of the environmental impact: the consequences of emissions for the environment; and (e) scenarios using scenario analysis. TNO has considerable expertise with emission inventories including national greenhouse gas inventories, CORINAIR and entity-level monitoring systems. Both PBL and TNO participate in the Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change of the European Environmental Agency (EEA), whose aim is to support EU policy on air pollution and climate change, together with 12 other organisations in Europe. PBL has been designated to lead the Centre. TNO contributes significantly to the assessment of the EU data submissions from the member states to UNFCCC, UNECE/CLRTAP and the EU monitoring mechanism for greenhouse gas emissions. Both organisations were also involved in the work of the IPCC’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Programme (NGGIP). The Institute for Environment and Sustainability of JRC cooperates with other European bodies like the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Space Agency (ESA), with authorities and other institutions in the EU member states and with international organizations such as UN-ECE, WHO, IPCC and NASA.

General note on EDGAR The Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, in short the EDGAR 3.2 system, has been developed jointly by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL, formerly known as MNP), which was part of the

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National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), with financial support from the Dutch Ministry of the Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment (VROM) and the Dutch National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change (NRP). The aim of the EDGAR system, which was started in 1992, is to provide global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 and of precursor gases CO, NOx, NMVOC and SO2, per source category, both at country/region levels as well as on a 1x1 degree grid. It is meant to serve as a reference database for policy applications, e.g. to provide PBL's integrated global change model IMAGE 2 with emissions data and for assessments of potentials for emission reductions, as well as for scientific studies by providing gridded emissions as input for atmospheric models. The latter function is part of the Global Exchange and Interactions Activity (GEIA), that combines efforts to produce gridded inventories for all compounds relevant for the modeling activities within the Analysis, Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES) project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and of ACCENT, a Network of Excellence funded by the EC, 6th Framework Programme (FP6), Priority 1.1.6.3 Global Change and Ecosystems. EDGAR data have also been used in the Fourth Report of IPCC Working Group III, which was published in 2007 (IPCC, 2007). Activity data were mostly taken from international statistical data sources and emission factors were selected mostly from international publications to ensure a consistent approach across countries. PBL, TNO and JRC have made all reasonable efforts to ensure that the information was generated correctly, but it is the responsibility of the EDGAR consortium to modify activity data when required to arrive at complete time series and for selecting the emission factors. It is stressed that the uncertainty in the resulting dataset at national level may be substantial, especially for methane and nitrous oxide, and even more so for the F-gases. The uncertainty is caused by the limited accuracy of international activity data used and in particular of emission factors selected for calculating emissions on a country level (Olivier et al., 1999, 2001; Olivier and Berdowski, 2001; Olivier, 2002; Olivier et al., 2005). However, since the methods used are comparable with IPCC methodologies (see below) and global totals comply with budgets used in atmospheric studies and the data were based

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.13

on international information sources, this dataset provides a sound basis for comparability. For estimating the 2000 emissions a special Fast Track method was applied to estimate the emissions consistent with the detailed estimates made for 1995 (see below). For estimating the 2005 emissions per country an extrapolation method was applied to estimate for the most significant source categories the emissions consistent with the more detailed country-specific estimates made for 2000 (see below). Moreover, for some sources the country tables have been updated for all years using preliminary EDGAR 4.0 data: CO2 emissions from fugitive sources (venting/flaring in oil and gas production) and industrial processes (cement and lime production) and N2O and HFC-23 emissions from industrial processes. Although this dataset has been constructed with great care, PBL, TNO and JRC do not accept any liability from using the data provided in this report including any inaccuracies or omissions in the data provided. For details on uncertainty and caveats identified in the dataset, as well as more detailed source category estimates, we refer to the EDGAR v4 website at http://edgar.jrc.it and EDGAR 3.2 FT2000 website at http://www.mnp.nl/edgar.

Source definitions For carbon dioxide: Fuel combustion refers to fossil fuel combustion and the unstored fraction of non-energy/feedstock use (IPCC Source/Sink Category 1A) estimated using the IPCC Sectoral Approach from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines; Fugitive refers to flaring of associated gas in oil and gas production (including indirect CO2 from methane venting) (IPCC Source/Sink Category 1B); Industrial Processes refers to cement production and lime production (IPCC Source/Sink Category 2); and Other refers to direct emissions from tropical forest fires plus 10% of biofuel combustion emissions, which is the fraction assumed to be produced unsustainably (IPCC Source/Sink Category 5). Please note that CO2 emissions from decay (decomposition) of aboveground biomass that remains after logging and deforestation and CO2 from peat fires and

decay of drained peat soils are not included. Also CO2 from fossil fuel fires, notably coal fires, are excluded.

For methane: Energy comprises production, handling, transmission and combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1A and 1B); Agriculture comprises animals, animal waste, rice production, agricultural waste burning (non-energy, on-site) and savannah burning (IPCC Source/Sink Category 4); Waste comprises landfills, wastewater treatment, human wastewater disposal and waste incineration (non-energy) (IPCC Source/Sink Category 6); and Others includes industrial process emissions and tropical and temperate forest fires and other vegetation fires (IPCC Source/ Sink Categories 2 and 5).

For nitrous oxide: Energy comprises combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1A and 1B); Agriculture comprises fertiliser use (synthetic and animal manure), animal waste management, agricultural waste burning (non-energy, on-site) and savannah burning (IPCC Source/Sink Category 4); Industrial Processes comprises non-combustion emissions from manufacturing of adipic acid and nitric acid (IPCC Source/Sink Category 2); and Others includes N2O usage, tropical and temperate forest fires and other vegetation fires, and human sewage discharge and waste incineration (non-energy) (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 3, 5 and 6).

For fluorinated gases: HFC emissions comprise by-product emissions of HFC-23 from HCFC-22 manufacture and the use of HFCs (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 2E and 2F); PFC emissions comprise by-product emissions of CF4 and C2F6 from primary aluminium production and the use of PFCs, in particular for semiconductor manufacture (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 2C, 2E and 2F); and SF6 emissions stem from various sources of SF6 use, of which the largest is the use and manufacture of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) used in the electricity distribution networks (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 2C and 2F).

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III.14 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2007 Edition)

Data sources and methodology for EDGAR 3.2 (1970-1995) Energy / Fugitive / Biofuel CO2 emissions from fuel combustion were calculated by the International Energy Agency based on Energy Balances of OECD Countries and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries (IEA/OECD, 2005) using the Sectoral Approach from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC, 1997). The data sources for fugitive CO2 emissions and CH4 and N2O from energy are listed below. Data for fossil fuel production and use for 112 countries are taken from the IEA energy statistics for OECD and Non-OECD countries 1970-1995 (extended energy balances, in ktoe units) (IEA/OECD, 1997). For the countries of the former USSR a modified dataset was used to achieve a complete time series for the new countries for 1970-1995 of which the sum converges to the older dataset for the total former USSR. For another 71 countries, the aggregated IEA data for the regions ‘Other America’, ‘Other Africa’ and ‘Other Asia’ have been split using the sectoral IEA data per region and total production and consumption figures per country of hard coal, brown coal, gas and oil from UN energy statistics (UN, 1998). Note that the EDGAR 3.0 data are based on IEA statistics published in 1997 and thus may differ somewhat from more recent IEA datasets; in particular for countries of the former USSR since the IEA data have been updated considerably. Moreover, for estimating CH4 emissions, hard coal and brown coal production data have been split into surface and underground mining based on various national reports. Biofuel data for developing countries in 1990 have been based on Hall et al. (1994), with biofuel type splits from EDGAR 2.0 (Olivier et al., 1996, 1999), which includes vegetal waste used as fuel. Data for the time series 1970-1995 were based on the trend per country in urban and rural populations. However, for Latin American countries, biofuel statistics from OLADE were used (OLADE, 1999, personal communication). Fuelwood and charcoal consumption (also production) in Annex II and EIT countries were based on FAO (1998b), thereby replacing any IEA data for biofuel combustion in the ‘Other sector’ in these countries. For biofuel combustion in industry and

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power generation in Annex II countries, the data come from the IEA dataset (IEA, 1997). However these data were often not provided for all years and all countries. Emission factors for CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil fuel production and use are described in Olivier et al. (1999), except for CO2 from gas flaring/venting, which were based on data compiled by CDIAC (Marland, 1998, personal communication) from data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and CH4 from coal mining (Olivier, 2002). For N2O from gasoline cars in road transport, the fraction of cars equipped with a catalytic converter was taken into account (based on data from Eurostat and others). The factors for biofuel combustion and charcoal production are based on a review made for the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. For CO2 from biofuels, it was assumed that 10% was produced unsustainably. For methane emissions from coal mining, the methane recovery for ten countries amounted to about 1 Tg in 1990 (of which about half was allocated to the United States and Germany). Recovery in 1995 was estimated at 2 Tg (Thakur et al., 1996; Bibler et al., 1998; and national reports to Climate Convention; as described in Olivier, 2002).

Industrial processes Production data of cement, nitric acid, iron and steel, and various chemicals were based on UN Industrial Commodity Statistics (UN, 1998). However, for many countries interpolations and extrapolations were necessary to arrive at complete time series per country for 1970-1995. Special attention had to be given to new EIT countries, in particular to former USSR countries, to match the older totals for the former countries. Cement production data were supplemented with data from the USGS. For adipic acid, production data were taken from SRI (1998) (smoothed and averaged); steel production was split into different technologies using data from IISI (1997), supplemented with UN data. For nitric acid, production data are primary based on UN statistics. However, since industry estimates of global total production are substantially higher, the data set has been expanded, first by adding countries not included in the UN nitric acid statistics, for which the amount of N in the production of nitrogen fertilisers according to FAO statistics was used as an estimate for nitric acid production, secondly by increasing the official UN production statistics of nitric acid by 40% to arrive at the estimated global industry total of about 55 Mt of HNO3.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.15

Global annual total production of HCFC-22 and consumption of HFC-134a are based on AFEAS (1997). Primary aluminium production statistics per country from UN (1998) were combined with smelters types characterised by one of five process types according to Aluminium Verlag (1998). Global consumption data of PFCs for semiconductors are taken from Mocella (1993) and for SF6 per application from S&PS (1997) and Smythe (2000). These global totals were distribution over individual countries using related variables and statistics such as CFC consumption per country, per country semiconductor production and electricity use. Emission factors for CO2, CH4 and N2O are described in Olivier et al. (1999). Note that emissions of CO2 from cement production are only a proxy for cement clinker production. The emission factors for NA production are based on IPCC (2000), assuming that in 1990, 20% of global total production is equipped with Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) technology, all in Annex II countries, and that for other plants the emission factor in 1990 is the average of the IPCC default for non-NSCR plants, whereas the emission factors for 1975 and before have been assumed to be equal to the IPCC default for “old plants”. The emission factors for the F-gases were taken from various sources (Olivier and Bakker, 2000). We note that both the variables for distributing global total consumption and the emission factor may vary widely between different plants. This means the emissions at country level of the F-gases should more or less be considered as an order of magnitude estimate.

Solvent and other product use For N2O from the use of anaesthesia in hospitals, a fixed amount of N2O per capita in Annex II countries was used, tentatively set at 25 g/cap/year, based on Kroeze (1994).

Agriculture Activity data for livestock numbers were taken from FAO (2000), which were combined with information on animal waste generated per head in IPCC (1997) to estimate the total amount of animal waste. Net crop production was also taken from FAO (2000), with harvested areas of rice production split over different ecology types (rainfed, irrigated, deep water and upland) using the draft version of March 1977 the

RICE-ECO database of FAO (Van Gnuu, 1997, personal communication). In addition, the total harvested area of rice production in China was increased by 40%, due to recognition that official harvested rice area statistics of China are largely underestimating the actual area (Denier van der Gon, personal communication, 2000). The fraction of agricultural waste associated with net crop production was based on a recent study by Smill (1999), whereas the fraction of agricultural residues burned on-site have been based on an analysis made by Bouwman (1997) and data reported in the Second National Communications. For Annex II countries 5% was assumed, for EIT countries 20% and for developing regions 30% - including amounts used as biofuel in developing countries, except for Annex II Europe, where a decreasing trend from 40% in 1970 to 5% in 1995 was assumed. Emission factors for CH4 and N2O for enteric fermentation, animal waste (confined and outside), N-fixing crops were taken from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, where a 1x1 degree grid map for non-dairy cattle from Lerner et al. (1988) and the annual average temperature per grid cell from New et al. (1999) was used to calculate the fraction of the countries in the three climate zones (cold, temperate, warm). Other additional information, such as factors for indirect emissions of N2O from agriculture, were taken from IPCC (1997) but were replaced by values updated in IPCC (2000). However, the emission factors for CH4 from rice production in 1990 were taken from a review by Neue (1997); for the period 1970-1990 an emission factor improvement based on data of Denier van der Gon (1999, 2000) was assumed. For agricultural biomass burning the emission factors for CH4 and N2O were based on IPCC (1997).

Large-scale biomass burning Biomass burning data (large-scale vegetation fires) were based on FAO reports providing ten-year or fiveyear averaged estimates per country of the change in forested areas for the 1970s, 1980s and the first half of the 1990s (FAO, 1993, 1995, 1998). Following the methodology described in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, these data were used as a proxy for estimating the amount of biomass being burned in tropical countries. Since there is no time-series data per country on this subject readily available, a smoothing function to construct a continuous time

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III.16 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2007 Edition)

series per country for the 1970-1995 period was used. Tentatively, it was assumed that 50% of the biomass removed is burned. Given the uncertainty of this figure, the fraction oxidised is assumed to be 1. For Annex II and EIT countries, forest fire statistics for 1986-1997 have been included based on UN/ECE statistics of annual area burned (UN-ECE/FAO, 1996) combined with forest biomass densities per hectare from FAO (1995). There is a large uncertainty in the assumption for the carbon density of 0.5 and the fraction of carbon that is actually being burned of 0.5, and thus in the amount of burned carbon. The data selected, although often criticised for their limited accuracy are, however, well known and relatively well documented.

of CH4 emissions from landfills in EDGAR 3.0 is a first order decay model resembling the description in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines of the more complex Tier 2 method, taking into account that the generation of methane from landfills is not an instantaneous process. Thus, the methodology calculates emissions in a specific year as the sum of delayed emissions from all MSW deposited in past years. A 40-year integration period was used, assuming emissions from MSW deposited more than 40 years ago are negligible. Based on national reports submitted to the Climate Convention, methane recovery amounts for eight OECD countries were included, amounting to about 2 Tg in 1990 and 4 Tg in 1995, about half of which was allocated to the United States (Olivier, 2002).

Emissions of CO2 from deforestation and temperate vegetation fires are calculated according to IPCC (1997) and include only direct burning effects (thus no emissions due to decay of biomass). For largescale biomass burning the emission factors for CH4 and N2O were also based on IPCC (1997), except for CH4 from deforestation fires, where the GEIA value proposed by Veldt and Berdowski (1995) was used, and N2O where post-burn emissions (Bouwman et al., 1997) were used. The emission factors of CH4 and N2O used for temperate vegetation fires are the same that are used for other large-scale biomass burning activities. For accounting purposes, net CO2 emissions from temperate vegetation fires and savannah fires have been assumed to be zero (organic carbon in a short cycle).

For domestic and industrial wastewater discharged in city sewers and subsequently treated by municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP), an approach based on per capita organics loading and industrial wastewater generation was used, selected by Doorn et al. (1997), since information on domestic wastewater generation rates are very sparse and because it is essentially the same as the default IPCC methodology (IPCC, 1997). Estimates were based on population data from the UN (1999), whereas wastewater generation was based on industrial production statistics of the United Nations (1998) combined with wastewater generation rates of Doorn et al. (1997). It is well known that in OECD countries, which cover about 60% of this source, a large fraction of the methane generated in municipal WWTPs is generally recovered. Therefore methane recovery for municipal WWTPs in Annex II countries was assumed to be 75%, effectively reducing the total emissions of OECD countries in 1990 by 0.6 Tg.

Waste handling For solid waste generation, the 1970-1995 trend in activity data per country has been based on a fit with international waste generation figures per capita for 1990 - as published by IPCC and EPA and references mentioned therein - with per capita income per country. This fit was also used to estimate the activity data for 1990, for countries not mentioned in IPCC (1997) and in an EPA report by Adler (1994). Countryspecific fractions of total MSW generated that is disposed of in landfills were based on IPCC (1997). For most countries it was assumed that this fraction has remained constant over time. Many other parameters, such as the fraction of Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC) were also based on the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines; in addition, many others were estimated through consultation of experts (Olivier et al., 2001). The methodology used for the calculation

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For untreated domestic wastewater handling, treatment and disposal emission factors and other factors were based on Doorn et al. (1999), who distinguished disposal in septic tanks, latrines and sewers. The later was divided into sewage with municipal wastewater treatment and open sewers. Emission factors for CH4 from domestic wastewater in latrines or open pits and septic tanks and from stagnant open sewers (untreated wastewater) were based on Doorn et al. (1999) following the same approach as for domestic WWTPs, but distinguishing national population into three population groups: rural and urban, with urban population further split into high and low income groups. For each of four municipal wastewater disposal types, region- and country-specific utilisation

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.17

fractions were estimated for each of these three population categories. The emissions from open sewers were increased by 25% to account for the global amount of industrial wastewater annually discharged in municipal sewers. Globally, according to the assumptions of Doorn et al. (1999) this source of CH4 appears to be as large as emissions from landfills. For N2O from human sewage the default IPCC methodology was used, with protein intake per country for various years from FAO (2000); for the small emissions of N2O from DOC in wastewater from the meat processing industry the emission factor provided by Doorn et al. (1997) was used. In addition, for domestic waste burning (i.e. by households for non-energetic purposes) a fixed amount per capita burned per year by urban households in less developed countries was used. In rural areas of the less-developed countries, it was assumed that there was no uncontrolled burning in addition to the agricultural residue burning and biofuel use that is already accounted for in other source categories. In contrast, for industrialised countries, it was assumed that domestic waste burning only occurs in rural areas, where waste incineration regulation is less well controlled.

Data sources and methodology for EDGAR 32FT2000 (2000) In general, activity data for the year 2000 have been included following the EDGAR 3.2 method as described above. The selection of emission factors was based on the assumption of unchanged control technologies compared to 1995, resulting in application of the emission factors as included in version 3.2. However, to take into account emission reductions that have occurred due to control measures implemented since 1995, “implied” emission factors have been used for those countries for which information on emission reductions were available (mainly countries that were members of the OECD in 1990; hereafter referred to as “OECD”). Implied emission factors are constructed by division of annual emissions by activity selected for the extrapolation. In general these emission factors have been taken from the CRF emission data files which are part of the National Inventory Reports (NIR) to the UNFCCC (Olivier et al., 2005; Van Aardenne et al., 2005).

Energy / Fugitive / Biofuel Activity data for fossil fuel production and use are taken from IEA statistics for OECD and Non-OECD (IEA/OECD, 2003) countries. For countries included in the aggregated IEA data for the three “other” regions the totals have been split into country data using population density figures from FAO (2005a). For other countries, for which no data are presented in the IEA statistics (mostly very small islands), the EDGAR 3.2 1990-1995 trend has been extrapolated to the year 2000. Data on hard coal and brown coal production have been split into surface and underground mining as included in EDGAR 3.2. Discontinuities with the EDGAR 3.2 data may be found due to (i) updated IEA energy statistics, in particular for former USSR countries and specific developing countries and (ii) distribution of country data included in the “other regions” of IEA using population statistics instead of data from the UN statistics applied in EDGAR 3.2. Emission factors for 2000 have in general been taken from the EDGAR 3.2 data for 1995, except in OECD countries for which control measures have been included using so-called implied emission factors. This refers in particular to non-CO2 combustion emissions from road transport, industrial combustion and power generation. Exceptions to the abovementioned activity data and emission factors are gas flaring emissions, methane emissions from fossil fuel production and international shipping emissions. Gas flaring emissions have been calculated by combining the EDGAR 3.2 values for 1995 with the 1995-2000 CO2 trends from CDIAC (Marland et al., 2003). For some countries, for which CDIAC did not report CO2 flaring emissions in the year 2000 and for which it seems unrealistic that gas flaring did not occur (e.g. Nigeria, Norway and China), constant 1995 emissions have been applied. To calculate methane emissions from fossil fuel production and distribution countryspecific trends reported to the UNFCCC have been used. For biofuel combustion in the residential/commercial sector, to maintain consistency with the 1995 emissions data, the same trend estimation procedure was used as for EDGAR 3.2: for industrialised countries the total population trend was used; for developing countries the weighted trends of rural and urban population (see Olivier et al., 2001). However, for biofuel use in industry and power generation for the

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III.18 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2007 Edition)

year 2000, data from IEA statistics for OECD and Non-OECD countries were used (IEA/OECD, 2003). Due to lack of data, for charcoal production and biofuel use in road transport, constant 1995 values have been applied. Under the assumption of unchanged control technologies in the production and use of biofuels, emission factors have been assumed to remain constant from 1995 to 2000.

Industrial processes / Solvent use Production data on iron and steel (by technology) have been taken from IISI (2004). Production data of the non-ferrous industry are based on USGS (2004), while for PFCs from primary aluminium production the fractional contribution of different processes from EDGAR 3.2 has been applied. Industrial production data for the chemical industry are from the UN commodity statistics (UN, 2004). For those countries where no UN data were available, constant 1995 values are assumed. An exception was made for N2O emissions from adipic acid and nitric acid manufacture from OECD countries, which were extrapolated from 1995 using the country-specific 1995-2000 trends reported to the UNFCCC. For the other industrial source categories the following data sources have been used: cement (USGS, 2004), paper and pulp (FAO, 2005b), food (FAO, 2005b) or constant values for countries with no data in FAO. For NMVOC from solvents, the trend in total population was used (FAO, 2005b). Emission factors have been assumed to remain constant from 1995 to 2000 except for country-specific trends of N2O emissions from adipic acid manufacture in OECD countries which showed an average emission decrease of about 75%. For the largest sources of HFC, PFC and SF6 emissions, country-specific or OECD-average trends reported to the UNFCCC were used for OECD countries, while reported global total emissions, production or consumption trends were used as a proxy for NonOECD countries. HFC-23 byproduct emissions from HCFC-22 manufacturing from OECD countries were extrapolated from 1995 using the country-specific 1995-2000 trend reported to the UNFCCC. For NonOECD countries the global total HCFC-22 production trend reported by AFEAS (2005) of 0% was used. Emissions from HFC-134a use were dealt with in the same way, using a 1995-2000 trend factor of 2.7 for non-reporting OECD countries. For Non-OECD countries the global total HFC-134a emissions trend reported by AFEAS was used. For emissions from

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other HFC use from OECD countries the same procedure was followed. PFC by-product emissions from aluminium production from OECD countries were extrapolated from 1995 using the countryspecific 1995-2000 emission trend reported to the UNFCCC. For Non-OECD countries the 1995 emissions were extrapolated using the 1995-2000 trend of country-specific primary aluminium production reported by USGS. PFC emissions from semiconductor manufacture and from PFC use as solvent from OECD countries were extrapolated from 1995 using the country-specific 1995-2000 trend reported to the UNFCCC; for all other countries the reported OECD total trend was used. PFC emissions from all other sources were assumed to remain constant. SF6 emissions from semiconductor manufacture and from use in magnesium production from OECD countries were extrapolated from 1995 using the country-specific 1995-2000 trend reported to the UNFCCC. For NonOECD countries the global total consumption trend reported by RAND was used (Smythe, 2004), except for magnesium production where the UNFCCC trend for OECD countries was used as a proxy.

Agriculture To calculate N2O emissions from fertiliser application, the IFA nitrogen fertiliser consumption trend (FAO, 2005b) and the amount of animal waste used for fertiliser scaled with the livestock numbers from FAO (2005a) have been used. CH4 emissions from rice cultivation and from ruminants are based on total harvest area trends and total cattle trend data, respectively, from FAO (2005b). Nitrous oxide emissions from confined animal waste have also been scaled to total cattle trend data from FAO (2005b). N2O emissions from crop production and crop residues have been scaled using selected FAO crop data (FAO, 2005a). Indirect N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition and from leaching and run-off are scaled to the trend in the sum of N2O emissions from fertiliser application, confined animal waste and crop residues. Emissions from agricultural waste burning are discussed under large-scale biomass burning. All emission factors have been assumed to remain constant from 1995 to 2000.

Large-scale biomass burning Large-scale biomass burning emissions have been taken from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED; Van der Werf et al., 2003), except for agricultural waste

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.19

burning which was scaled to trends in the production of selected FAO crops (EDGAR 3.2 method). The ecosystem database of Olson et al. (1983) was aggregated into five classes: shrub/bush, forest, agriculture and other (e.g. urban regions/deserts). GFED 1.0 data in agricultural regions were attributed to savannah and grassland fires. There is an insignificant overlap with the EDGAR category for agricultural waste burning, which is presented separately with constant 1995 emissions. In addition, for N2O the indirect post-burn emissions from tropical forest fires have been extrapolated using the calculated 1995-2000 trend in direct N2O emissions from that source category. Given the structural difference in both activity data and emission factors of the GFED-based emission dataset and EDGAR 3.2 biomass burning emissions, four variants of large-scale biomass burning are included in the dataset. This allows for comparison with EDGAR 3.2 estimates for earlier years (Van Aardenne et al., 2005). Here the GFED with multi-year (1997-2002) averaged activity data and EDGAR 3.2 emission factors were used for 2000.

Waste handling Landfill emissions (net CH4) from OECD countries and a few EIT countries were extrapolated from 1995 onwards using the country-specific 1995-2000 trends reported to the UNFCCC. For Non-OECD countries, where methane recovery is assumed to be insignificant, the 1990-1995 emission trend was extrapolated since annual landfill emissions are less sensitive to recent changes in activity data as they are the sum of emissions from waste which was deposited several decades ago. Wastewater treatment and disposal emissions of net CH4 have been extrapolated using the 1995-2000 trend of total national population, except for wastewater treatment by OECD countries for which country-specific 1995-2000 trends reported to the UNFCCC were used or the reported OECD total trend. N2O from wastewater treatment from OECD countries and a few EIT countries was extrapolated using the country-specific 1995-2000 trend reported to the UNFCCC. For Non-OECD countries the 1995 emissions were extrapolated using the 1995-2000 trend of total national population. N2O from wastewater disposal was extrapolated using the 1995-2000 trend of total national population. Finally, emissions from uncontrolled waste incineration were kept constant.

Data sources and methodology for 2005 (EDGAR 4.0, 1970-2005) In general, emissions for the year 2005 have been estimated using either preliminary EDGAR 4.0 data for selected sources or extrapolations from 2000 for main sources. The latter was done using reported emission trends for Annex I countries (e.g. coal mining, landfills, F-gases), trends in key activity data (e.g. cattle numbers for livestock, population for landfills), and extrapolation using the 1995-2000 trend (N2O from energy and agriculture). The smaller sources have been assumed to remain at the 2000 level (e.g. the three “Other” subcategories and SF6 emissions). To take into account emission reductions that have occurred due to control measures implemented since 2000, officially reported emissions were used for Annex I countries (mainly countries that were members of the OECD in 1990). These emission trends have been taken from the CRF emission data files which are part of the National Inventory Reports (NIR) to the UNFCCC. For EDGAR 4.0 the same method as for EDGAR 3.2 as described above was applied, however, taking more explicitly into account changes of emission factors over time due to the application of control technology or other emission reduction measures. Preliminary EDGAR 4.0 data have been used in the country tables for all years for fugitive CO2 emissions from flaring/venting in oil and gas production (including indirect CO2 from venting of methane) and for industrial processes: CO2 emissions from cement and lime production, N2O emissions from adipic acid and nitric acid production and HFC-23 by-product emissions from HCFC-22 manufacture. We note that new EDGAR 4.0 estimates for all sources have been made for all years, some of which were not yet available at the time of printing of this report. For final data of the EDGAR 4.0 dataset, including more detailed source category estimates per country for the period 1970-2005 we refer to the EDGAR v4 website at http://edgar.jrc.it.

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III.20 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2007 Edition)

References Adler, M.J. (1994). International anthropogenic methane emissions: estimates for 1990. EPA, Washington, DC, USA, EPA report no. 230-R-93-010, January 1994.

FAO (1993). Forest resources assessment 1990; Tropical countries. FAO, Rome. Report FP-112. FAO (1995). Forest resources assessment 1990; Global analysis. FAO, Rome. Report FP 124. FAO (1998). State of the Worlds Forests 1997. FAO, Rome. FAO (1998b). FAOSTAT Forestry Data. Data downloaded from http://faostat.fao.org.

AFEAS (1997). Production, sales and atmospheric release of fluorocarbons through 1995. Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS) Program Office, Washington DC, USA. Also see: http://www.afeas.org/production_and_sales.html

FAO (2000). FAOSTAT Agricultural Data.

AFEAS (2005). Production and sales data available through 2003. At website: http://www.afeas.org/ prodsales_download.html on July 2005.

FAO (2005b) FAOSTAT Agricultural Data (Annual time series on population).

Aluminium Verlag (1998). Primary Aluminium Smelters and Producers of the World, Vol. 2, Compiled by R. Pawlek. Aluminium Verlag, Düsseldorf, Germany. Bibler, C.J., Marshall, J.S. and R.C. Pilcher (1998). Status of worldwide coal mine methane emissions and use. Int. J. of Coal Geology, 35, 283-310. Bouwman, A.F., Lee, D.S., Asman, W.A.H., Dentener, F.J., Van Der Hoek, K.W. and J.G.J. Olivier (1997). A Global High-Resolution Emission Inventory for Ammonia, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 11:4, 561-587. Denier van der Gon, H. (1999). Changes in CH4 emission from rice fields from 1960 to 1990s, The declining use of organic inputs in rice farming. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13, 1053-1062. Denier van der Gon, H. (2000). Changes in CH4 emission from rice fields from 1960 to 1990s, Impacts of modern rice technology. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, 61-72. Doorn, M.R.J., Strait, R.P., Barnard, W.R. and B. Eklund (1997). Estimates of global greenhouse gas emissions from industrial and domestic waste water treatment. Report no. NRMRL-RTP-086. R 8/18/97. Pechan & Ass., Durham. Doorn, M.J. and D.S. Liles (1999). Quantification of methane emissions and discussion of nitrous oxide, and ammonia emissions from septic tanks, latrines, and stagnant open sewers in the world. EPA, Washington DC, USA. EPA report EPA-600/R-99-089, October 1999.

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FAO (2005a) FAOSTAT Forest Data (Annual time series on forested wood products).

Hall D.O., Rosillo-Calle F. and Woods J. (1994). Biomass utilization in households and industry: energy use and development, Chemosphere 29, 1099-1119. IEA/OECD (1997). Energy Balances of OECD and Non-OECD Countries on-line data service, 1997. At http://data.iea.org. IEA/OECD (2003). Energy Balances of OECD and Non-OECD Countries on-line data service, 2003. At http://data.iea.org. IEA/OECD (2005). Energy Balances of OECD and Non-OECD Countries on-line data service, 2004. At http://data.iea.org. IISI (1997). 1996 Steel Statistical Yearbook, International Iron and Steel Institute, Brussels. IISI (2004). Steel statistical yearbook 2003. International Iron and Steel Institute, Brussels. IPCC (1997). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC/OECD/ IEA, Paris. IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Available online at: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg3.htm. IPCC (2000). Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC-TSU NGGIP, Japan.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.21

Kroeze, C. (1994). Nitrous oxide (N2O). Emission inventory and options for control in the Netherlands. RIVM, Bilthoven. Report no. 773001 004. Lerner, J., Matthews, E. and Fung, I. (1988). Methane emission from animals: a global high resolution database, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2, 139-156. Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres. (2003). Global, Regional, and National Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. MNP (2007). Environmental Data Compendium 2007. At http://www.mnp.nl/mnc/index-en.html. Mocella, M.T. (1993). Production and Uses of C2F6. Proceedings of the Workshop on Atmospheric effects, origins, and options for control of two potent greenhouse gases: CF4 and C2F6. US EPA, Global Change Division, April 21-22, Washington, D.C. Neue, H.U. (1997). Fluxes of methane from rice fields and potential for mitigation. Soil Use and Management, 13, 258-267. New, M.G., Hulme, M. and P.D. Jones (1999). Representing 20th century space-time climate variability. I: Development of a 1961-1990 mean monthly terrestrial climatology. J. Climate, 12, 829-856. Olivier, J.G.J. and J. Bakker (2000). Historical global emission trends of the Kyoto gases HFCs, PFCs and SF6. Proceedings of “Conference on SF6 and the Environment: Emission Reduction Strategies”, November 2-3, San Diego. EPA, Washington DC, USA. Conference Proceedings published at http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/electricpower-sf6/conf/ agenda_00.html. Olivier, J.G.J., Bouwman, A.F., Van der Maas, C.W.M., Berdowski, J.J.M., Veldt, C., Bloos, J.P.J., Visschedijk, A.J.H., Zandveld, P.Y.J. and Haverlag, J.L. (1996). Description of EDGAR Version 2.0: A set of global emission inventories of greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances for all anthropogenic and most natural sources on a per country basis and on 1ox1o grid. RIVM, Bilthoven, December 1996. RIVM report nr. 771060 002 / TNO-MEP report nr. R96/119.

Olivier, J.G.J., Bouwman, A.F., Berdowski, J.J.M., Veldt, C., Bloos, J.P.J., Visschedijk, A.J.H., Van der Maas, C.W.M. and P.Y.J. Zandveld (1999). Sectoral emission inventories of greenhouse gases for 1990 on a per country basis as well as on 1o x 1o. Environmental Science & Policy, 2, 241-264. Olivier, J.G.J., Berdowski, J.J.M., Peters, J.A.H.W., Bakker, J., Visschedijk, A.J.H. and J.P.J. Bloos (2001). Applications of EDGAR. Including a description of EDGAR 3.2: reference database with trend data for 1970-1995. RIVM, Bilthoven. RIVM report 773301 001/NRP report 410200 051. Available online at: http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/ 410200051.html. Olivier, J.G.J. and J.J.M. Berdowski (2001). Global emissions sources and sinks. In: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R. and B.J. Heij (eds.), The Climate System, pp. 33-78, A.A. Balkema Publishers/Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands, ISBN 90 5809 255 0. Olivier (2002). On the Quality of Global Emission Inventories, Approaches, Methodologies, Input Data and Uncertainties, Thesis Utrecht University, Utrecht, ISBN 90 393 3103 0. Available online at: http://www.library.uu.nl/digiarchief/dip/diss/2002-1025131210/inhoud.htm. Olivier, J.G.J., Van Aardenne, J.A., Dentener, F., Pagliari, V., Ganzeveld, L.N. and J.A.H.W. Peters (2005). Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions: regional trends 1970-2000 and spatial distribution of key sources in 2000. Env. Sc., 2 (2-3), 81-99. DOI: 10.1080/15693430500400345. Olson, J. S., Watts, J. A. and L. J. Allison (1983). Carbon in live vegetation of major world ecosystems. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Technical Report ORNL-5862, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. Smill, V. (1999). Nitrogen in crop production: an account of global flows. Global Biochemical Cycles, 13, 647-662. Smythe, K. D. (2000). Production and Distribution of SF6 by End-Use Application. Proceedings of “Conference on SF6 and the Environment: Emission Reduction Strategies”, San Diego, November 2-3, 2000. EPA, Washington DC, USA. Conference Proceedings published at http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/ electricpower-sf6/conf/proceedings.html.

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III.22 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2007 Edition)

Smythe, K. (2004). Trends in SF6 Sales and End-Use Applications: 1961-2003. In: Proceedings for the Conference on SF6 and the Environment, Scottsdale, Arizona, December 1-3, 2004. At website: http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/electricpower-sf6/conf/ agenda_dec04.html. S&PS (1997). Sales of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) by end-use applications. Annual sales for 1961 through 1996. Sales projections for 1997 through 2000. Washington, USA, March 1997. Science & Policy Services (S&PS), now RAND. SRI (1998). Adipic acid production data 1974-1997. SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, USA. Table dated January-1998, received 30-1-1998. Thakur, P. C., H. G. Little and W. G. Karis (1996). Global Coalbed Methane Recovery and Use, in: Riemer, P. and A. Smith (eds.) (1996). Proceedings of the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gases Mitigation Options Conference, Pergamon-Elsevier, 789-794. UN (1998). Industrial commodity production statistics 1970-1995. UN Statistical Division, New York. Data file received 30-3-1998. UN (1999). UN World Population Prospects, 1996 Revision. UN Population Division, New York.

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UN (2004). Industrial commodity production statistics 1970-2001. UN Statistical Division, New York. UN-ECE/FAO (1996). Forest Fire Statistics 19931995. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe & Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Timber Bulletin, Vol. XLIX, No. 4, ECE/TIM/BULL/49/4, United Nations, 1996. USGS (2004). U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook 2002, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Van Aardenne, J.A., Dentener, F.D., Olivier, J.G.J., Peters, J.A.H.W. and L.N. Ganzeveld (2005). The EDGAR 3.2 Fast Track 2000 dataset (32FT2000). Available from: http://www.mnp.nl/edgar/model/ v32ft2000edgar/docv32ft2000/index.jsp. Van der Werf, G.R., Randerson, J.T., Collatz, G.J. and L. Giglio (2003). Carbon emissions from fires in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 9, 547-562. Veldt C. and Berdowski J.J.M. (1995). GEIA - Note on the combustion of biomass fuels (Emission factors for CO, CH4 and NMVOC). TNO-MW, Delft. TNO Techn. Report R 94/218.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.23

TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

TOTAL DES EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE

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III.24 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb. Monde *

Fugitive

20 987.6

201.6

Parties de l'Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

13 907.1 9 809.8 5 295.5 3 161.6 1 352.6 3 970.5 6 467.2

49.9 21.4 12.4 8.3 0.7 28.5 151.6

Parties Kyoto (Annexe I)

8 802.1

41.8

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

732.0 2 401.3

346.1 56.0 226.6 41.8 54.5 29.5 118.9 9.7 53.2 2.6 106.4 14.2 385.8 2 345.3 284.2

Soutes internat.

613.3

-

Total Non-OCDE

9 291.2

177.6

11 083.2

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

14 359.2 10 099.7 5 392.0 3 298.5 1 409.1 4 119.6 9 349.9

27.0

9 155.2 -

613.3

440.1 2 322.0

24.0

291.9

432.2 292.9 4 863.3 5 588.5

4.4 2.6 8.1 15.0

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

259.8 1 071.4 229.3 21.4 1 581.9

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe

56.6 110.3 155.1 50.4 54.4 352.1 950.4 70.1 68.5 1.9 30.6 397.8 10.5 156.6 28.4 343.9 39.3 56.7 205.8 52.8 40.7 126.9 553.0 3 912.8

Total OCDE

Union européenne - 27

4 063.1

87.1% 2 268.6

97.2% 1 357.0 97.3% 656.9 98.4% 502.6 96.1% 113.8 96.0% 40.6 97.1% 696.2 70.8% 911.6 96.6%

879.5

2 821.7 1 098.5

Other

Share of energy

Total

148.5

6 337.4

35.8%

684.3 446.0 167.8 177.5 100.6 220.5 2 137.4

499.8 406.7 255.0 107.8 43.8 88.0 598.7

35.2 25.4 15.3 6.0 4.1 9.6 113.3

2 576.3 1 534.9 940.7 405.2 189.1 1 014.4 3 761.0

52.7% 42.8% 53.4% 28.1% 21.4% 68.6% 24.2%

506.1

262.6

24.2

1 672.4

52.6%

-

-

-

-

-

12 230.8

77.4% 1 492.1

2 271.8

634.4

119.9

4 518.2

33.0%

79.3

11 478.3

96.8%

776.5

549.9

464.2

28.6

1 819.2

42.7%

7.6 16.7 47.0 71.2

0.7 35.2 28.8 64.7

444.9 347.4 4 947.1 5 739.4

98.1% 85.1% 98.5% 97.6%

35.3 22.9 467.3 525.4

18.7 43.6 149.2 211.5

24.7 27.5 230.3 282.5

4.4 1.8 10.9 17.1

83.0 95.8 857.7 1 036.5

42.5% 23.9% 54.5% 50.7%

0.4 0.0 0.3 0.7

4.4 48.5 16.9 0.4 70.1

0.6 2.0 1.5 0.0 4.1

265.1 1 121.9 247.7 22.1 1656.8

98.1% 95.5% 92.6% 98.1% 95.5%

23.2 15.7 6.9 1.7 47.5

70.1 8.0 10.4 22.5 111.0

9.3 31.4 9.5 3.2 53.4

1.5 2.6 0.6 0.0 4.7

104.0 57.7 27.4 27.4 216.5

22.3% 27.2% 25.2% 6.2% 21.9%

0.2 0.3 1.2 0.1 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 4.3 8.3

3.7 5.0 4.4 0.9 1.0 15.3 26.1 6.9 2.6 0.1 0.9 22.9 0.3 1.8 0.7 8.6 3.7 3.0 14.8 2.9 2.6 13.1 9.4 150.5

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.3 4.1 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.0 10.5

60.5 115.4 159.6 51.7 56.6 371.8 978.7 77.3 71.4 1.9 31.5 421.3 10.8 159.3 30.4 352.7 43.2 59.8 221.3 56.5 43.7 140.0 566.7 4 082.1

93.5% 95.6% 97.2% 98.0% 96.0% 94.8% 97.2% 90.8% 96.0% 97.1% 97.2% 94.4% 97.0% 98.8% 97.3% 97.5% 91.1% 94.8% 93.1% 93.4% 93.2% 90.7% 98.3% 96.1%

0.9 1.6 12.3 0.4 0.6 10.3 52.2 0.5 6.9 0.0 0.8 4.8 0.1 3.3 2.9 63.5 0.2 3.2 5.8 0.5 0.3 3.9 28.6 203.6

4.5 5.5 5.9 4.4 2.5 35.2 35.3 3.1 4.0 0.2 9.3 19.0 9.5 2.1 19.3 3.8 2.9 14.6 3.3 3.3 17.8 21.8 227.4

2.7 2.8 3.9 0.8 4.3 10.3 21.4 2.5 3.3 0.1 1.4 17.7 0.1 6.3 2.7 6.9 2.7 1.3 10.1 3.8 1.1 5.1 17.0 128.3

0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 6.9

8.2 10.2 22.2 5.7 7.4 56.7 109.9 6.4 14.2 0.3 11.6 42.3 0.2 19.3 7.6 90.0 7.4 7.5 31.6 7.7 4.8 27.0 67.7 566.1

11.0% 15.4% 55.1% 6.5% 7.4% 18.2% 47.5% 7.9% 48.8% 1.5% 6.9% 11.3% 22.3% 17.3% 37.8% 70.6% 3.2% 42.4% 18.3% 6.8% 6.6% 14.6% 42.2% 36.0%

146.7

11.3

4 228.3

100%

Waste

-

7.1

-

24 322.4

Share of Energy Agricult. energy

96.3%

229.4

231.5

127.1

7.0

595.0

38.5%

* Total Monde inclue le total Non-OCDE, le total OCDE ainsi que les soutes internationales. Sources: AIE, méthode sectorielle pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie. Base de données EDGAR 3.2 pour les autres émissions. En général, pour les émissions autres que celles de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie, les estimations sont sujettes à une incertitude significativement plus grande.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.25

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy 135.3

Industrial processes

Agriculture 2 919.1

HFCs Other

201.2

Share of energy

Total

208.2

3 463.8

3.9%

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

Total

74.2

34 391.7

80.5

113.4

Share of energy 68.6%

World *

66.8 52.4 36.1 10.8 5.5 13.9 68.5

1 098.3 783.1 342.3 288.2 152.6 272.0 1 820.8

192.8 153.6 47.1 97.0 9.5 39.0 8.4

75.1 67.9 37.8 25.6 4.5 6.7 133.1

1 433.0 1 057.1 463.4 421.7 172.0 331.7 2 030.8

4.7% 5.0% 7.8% 2.6% 3.2% 4.2% 3.4%

67.6 65.2 34.2 19.8 11.3 2.4 6.7

61.2 41.1 20.5 15.5 5.2 19.5 19.3

84.2 80.7 49.4 18.1 13.1 1.3 29.2

18 581.6 12 878.7 6 900.1 4 178.7 1 799.8 5 488.8 15 196.9

82.8% 81.8% 84.7% 78.8% 77.8% 85.8% 50.0%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

32.2

735.6

154.6

38.2

960.7

3.4%

33.9

47.1

37.9

11 907.3

81.9%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

613.3

100.0%

Internat. bunkers

78.2

1 973.1

52.5

136.0

2 239.8

3.5%

7.4

36.6

25.7

19 058.6

57.9%

Non-OECD Total

57.1

946.0

148.7

72.2

1 224.0

4.7%

66.8

43.9

87.7

14 719.9

81.1%

OECD Total

2.4 1.2 33.7 37.4

34.3 66.0 308.0 408.3

12.2 0.9 34.9 48.0

1.7 2.1 36.1 40.0

50.7 70.2 412.7 533.7

4.8% 1.8% 8.2% 7.0%

0.5 0.7 33.7 34.9

6.9 0.5 13.5 21.0

5.4 0.6 44.1 50.1

591.4 515.4 6 308.8 7 415.6

80.2% 62.0% 85.2% 83.2%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1.3 4.1 0.8 0.1 6.2

103.9 14.9 7.8 33.8 160.3

0.6 8.9 0.9 0.0 10.4

0.3 4.1 0.1 0.0 4.5

106.1 32.0 9.5 33.9 181.5

1.2% 12.9% 8.0% 0.2% 3.4%

0.7 10.6 0.9 0.0 12.1

1.2 3.7 0.5 0.3 5.7

0.7 12.3 4.1 0.1 17.2

477.9 1 238.1 290.0 83.8 2 089.8

59.6% 88.1% 81.7% 27.9% 78.3%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.2 3.7 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.8 13.5

4.7 6.1 8.9 8.1 3.8 59.5 57.0 11.9 8.3 0.4 11.1 27.4 11.0 2.9 25.3 5.9 3.4 31.0 4.7 2.7 43.3 39.9 377.3

0.8 3.6 1.1 1.0 1.5 21.7 8.9 0.7 3.2 0.0 0.9 6.7 0.0 6.4 2.1 4.4 0.6 0.5 2.3 0.8 0.2 0.1 22.9 90.3

0.1 1.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 6.1 7.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 1.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.3 0.5 0.1 0.5 3.8 27.7

5.7 11.2 10.7 10.0 6.0 88.4 77.5 13.1 11.9 0.4 12.8 35.6 0.0 19.3 5.3 31.6 6.9 4.7 35.3 6.3 3.2 44.3 68.5 508.8

2.8% 2.4% 4.7% 2.0% 4.5% 1.3% 4.8% 2.3% 1.8% 1.7% 0.8% 2.7% 43.0% 1.9% 2.0% 4.4% 2.1% 3.4% 2.0% 4.3% 6.8% 0.9% 2.7% 2.7%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 2.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 19.8

1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.5 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.5 2.3 4.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.7 0.2 0.6 1.2 17.2

0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 4.1 6.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 2.3 1.6 20.5

75.6 137.0 192.6 67.6 70.3 527.7 1 177.3 97.5 98.3 3.5 56.0 503.9 11.1 203.9 48.3 474.8 57.7 71.9 292.6 71.5 52.4 214.2 708.8 5 214.5

76.2% 81.8% 87.2% 75.8% 78.5% 69.0% 85.6% 72.8% 77.0% 54.2% 56.3% 80.1% 95.1% 79.0% 67.4% 86.1% 68.9% 83.5% 72.6% 75.0% 78.7% 61.3% 82.9% 79.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

80.2%

European Union - 27

14.0

365.9

96.1

27.8

503.8

2.8%

19.8

13.5

16.9

5 377.3

* Total World includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international bunkers. Sources: IEA, Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. EDGAR 3.2 database for other emissions. In general, estimates for emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion are subject to significantly larger uncertainties.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.26 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

9 291.2

177.6

440.1

2 322.0

12 230.8

77.4%

1 492.1

2 271.8

634.4

119.9

4 518.2

33.0%

Algérie Angola Bénin Botswana Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d'Afrique Afrique

54.8 4.1 0.3 2.9 2.7 0.7 3.0 2.6 79.2 .. 2.2 0.9 2.7 6.3 27.4 19.6 1.1 .. 29.2 2.0 254.6 5.5 1.7 0.6 12.1 2.6 16.0 14.7 549.3

8.7 1.8 0.2 2.2 3.4 7.2 38.4 0.0 61.8

3.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.2 7.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.5 2.7 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.2 4.6 0.1 0.3 0.2 2.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 27.8

4.2 13.8 2.6 0.3 16.6 9.0 157.0 5.4 4.2 0.3 12.1 23.3 9.8 4.8 0.2 2.0 10.4 1.6 34.7 3.3 8.9 29.5 23.0 1.7 0.8 18.4 4.2 78.9 481.2

70.8 19.8 3.1 3.2 19.6 9.7 160.5 8.3 92.6 .. 14.5 27.6 12.9 11.9 36.3 24.3 11.5 .. 103.7 5.6 268.1 35.1 25.0 2.4 15.5 21.4 20.7 94.0 1 120.1

89.6% 29.5% 8.3% 91.1% 13.7% 7.2% 2.0% 31.8% 87.9% .. 15.3% 15.5% 21.0% 53.3% 95.2% 80.7% 9.4% .. 65.1% 36.0% 95.0% 15.7% 6.8% 23.5% 77.8% 12.2% 77.3% 15.6% 54.6%

11.4 2.9 0.4 0.0 2.1 1.3 2.9 1.0 7.8 0.2 3.7 1.5 0.7 3.0 6.9 0.6 1.6 0.2 28.2 0.2 27.4 8.5 5.7 0.3 1.0 0.8 2.4 12.1 134.9

3.6 9.0 1.6 0.1 6.0 0.5 11.9 2.7 9.1 1.6 30.6 0.2 2.3 13.9 1.0 5.2 5.8 3.9 20.2 4.2 16.3 27.5 17.8 1.0 1.6 7.1 7.1 82.5 294.5

3.4 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.3 4.2 1.5 6.4 0.3 4.4 0.1 1.8 2.5 0.8 3.2 1.5 0.2 10.6 0.9 8.2 2.6 2.6 0.4 1.2 0.9 1.2 12.1 74.2

0.2 0.7 0.1 0.9 0.5 8.8 0.2 0.0 0.4 1.3 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.2 0.7 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.2 3.6 22.2

18.6 13.6 2.7 0.1 10.5 2.7 27.7 5.4 23.2 2.1 39.1 3.1 5.3 19.4 8.7 9.1 9.4 4.3 59.7 5.6 52.3 39.8 26.9 1.8 3.7 9.8 10.8 110.2 525.8

61.2% 21.5% 16.0% 11.3% 20.2% 48.1% 10.4% 18.8% 33.4% 11.0% 9.3% 46.6% 13.8% 15.7% 79.1% 6.2% 17.5% 3.7% 47.3% 4.5% 52.4% 21.4% 21.3% 18.3% 26.3% 8.2% 22.2% 10.9% 25.7%

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

11.7 175.3 52.8 33.6 9.2 24.3 6.4 9.9 14.2 161.4 31.0 51.6 6.4 587.9

0.0 21.8 8.0 1.3 1.4 0.5 4.1 2.0 39.1

0.1 7.6 6.5 1.6 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 5.9 1.5 1.6 0.4 27.1

0.0 7.2 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.5 11.2

11.8 211.9 68.2 35.2 10.3 26.2 7.3 11.4 14.3 168.4 37.6 55.4 7.3 665.3

99.2% 93.0% 89.2% 95.5% 89.5% 98.0% 87.8% 99.2% 99.0% 96.1% 93.3% 96.8% 88.1% 94.2%

1.5 27.1 4.9 0.1 0.1 6.3 0.1 1.4 2.0 35.2 1.5 18.5 1.1 99.9

0.0 17.9 3.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.8 2.4 0.3 1.9 28.7

0.1 9.4 3.2 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 2.7 1.8 0.3 1.6 21.5

0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

1.6 54.7 11.1 1.0 1.1 6.8 0.7 2.0 2.2 39.7 5.8 19.1 4.6 150.6

93.0% 49.6% 44.1% 7.4% 11.4% 92.8% 11.6% 71.4% 91.3% 88.6% 26.1% 97.0% 23.9% 66.4%

Albanie Bosnie-Herzégovine Bulgarie Croatie Chypre Gibraltar ex-RY de Macédoine Malte Roumanie Serbie Slovénie Europe Non-OCDE

6.2 23.6 74.9 21.6 3.8 0.2 9.1 2.3 167.1 61.4 12.5 382.8

0.0 0.7 3.1 0.3 3.6 7.6

0.3 0.2 3.5 1.5 0.6 0.3 0.0 4.7 2.2 0.8 14.0

0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 1.4

6.8 24.5 78.5 26.3 4.4 0.2 10.0 2.3 172.3 67.3 13.3 405.7

92.5% 99.4% 95.4% 93.5% 87.2% 100.0% 94.5% 99.8% 97.0% 96.7% 93.6% 96.2%

0.4 0.3 3.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 24.0 1.5 0.3 31.3

1.5 1.3 4.7 1.5 0.1 0.6 0.0 14.1 10.1 1.0 35.0

0.3 0.4 1.8 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 3.9 1.2 0.4 9.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5

2.2 2.0 9.6 4.0 0.3 0.0 1.2 0.1 42.3 12.9 1.7 76.2

18.5% 15.1% 31.7% 39.1% 3.4% 7.2% 18.9% 3.3% 56.8% 11.3% 16.6% 41.1%

Total Non-OCDE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.27

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Share of energy

Total

78.2

1 973.1

52.5

136.0

2 239.8

3.5%

7.4

36.6

25.7

19 058.6

57.9%

Non-OECD Total

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 2.7 0.1 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.7 11.9

8.0 4.1 1.9 4.4 7.1 0.2 8.5 2.0 15.0 1.3 49.7 0.2 3.8 21.3 2.8 14.2 2.1 4.1 24.7 6.0 23.3 37.1 21.3 1.9 3.7 3.5 8.0 92.5 372.6

0.4 1.4 1.0 0.4 0.5 3.7

0.2 0.9 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.6 10.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.8 1.4 0.9 0.1 0.0 1.2 0.2 4.3 26.8

8.8 5.1 2.1 4.4 8.3 0.8 19.4 2.5 17.0 1.3 50.7 1.9 4.5 21.8 2.9 14.4 2.9 4.2 28.1 6.2 26.5 39.4 23.3 2.0 4.3 4.8 9.0 98.5 415.0

2.3% 2.9% 2.9% 0.9% 1.9% 4.0% 2.1% 6.5% 3.2% 2.8% 1.2% 1.8% 2.6% 2.2% 3.3% 0.7% 8.5% 0.6% 9.6% 1.0% 5.3% 2.4% 4.9% 2.6% 1.9% 2.9% 2.6% 1.7% 2.9%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.8 1.4 0.2 0.1 2.5

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7

98.4 38.5 7.9 7.8 39.2 13.2 207.6 16.1 135.0 .. 104.3 32.6 22.9 53.1 48.0 47.8 23.9 .. 191.6 17.4 348.3 114.3 75.2 6.2 23.5 36.0 40.5 302.7 2 066.0

76.2% 23.2% 9.5% 38.5% 12.6% 15.2% 3.1% 23.6% 66.4% .. 6.2% 17.7% 15.5% 18.6% 86.6% 42.5% 12.5% .. 51.4% 13.4% 81.4% 13.1% 11.4% 15.3% 55.9% 9.8% 46.0% 9.4% 36.7%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.0 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.0

0.0 47.3 6.3 1.5 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.2 7.8 7.5 0.8 5.0 79.3

0.3 0.3 0.2 0.8

0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

0.1 48.6 6.6 1.9 1.2 0.2 0.7 0.9 0.2 8.2 7.9 0.9 5.1 82.5

49.3% 1.4% 3.7% 5.7% 3.5% 25.8% 4.3% 2.9% 9.1% 5.2% 1.9% 9.4% 1.1% 2.4%

0.0 0.0

1.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 2.0

0.0 2.1 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 5.9

15.3 317.4 86.3 38.9 12.5 33.5 8.7 14.3 16.7 218.6 51.2 75.7 17.0 906.3

86.1% 70.9% 76.4% 86.8% 74.8% 95.7% 74.4% 89.4% 97.0% 90.3% 71.7% 95.5% 44.6% 80.4%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 1.2

2.3 1.1 9.5 2.3 0.5 0.8 0.0 19.2 8.0 1.0 44.8

3.4 0.9 4.8 0.7 9.7

0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.8

2.3 1.1 13.2 3.4 0.5 0.0 0.9 0.1 24.7 9.1 1.1 56.5

1.7% 4.9% 1.6% 2.8% 3.1% 100.0% 6.2% 17.2% 1.5% 3.2% 4.4% 2.1%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.5 0.7 1.5 0.3 0.6 3.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

11.3 28.1 101.3 34.4 5.2 0.2 12.0 2.4 240.8 89.5 16.7 541.9

59.2% 87.9% 77.1% 76.5% 74.1% 96.8% 80.4% 94.4% 79.5% 74.6% 76.6% 78.0%

Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.28 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

20.5 62.7 114.8 36.2 28.7 236.4 22.7 18.4 33.1 30.2 2 179.9 11.7 46.6 687.9 119.8 3 649.5

3.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 21.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 25.3

0.7 0.5 1.9 0.6 0.3 5.1 0.7 0.7 1.9 1.3 53.2 0.6 0.6 17.7 3.6 89.5

0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 9.0 0.3 0.2 2.7 1.1 15.5

21.4 66.6 116.9 36.9 29.2 241.9 23.7 19.3 35.3 31.7 2 263.9 12.5 47.5 708.4 124.6 3 779.8

95.7% 98.7% 98.2% 98.1% 98.1% 97.9% 95.9% 95.1% 93.8% 95.2% 97.3% 93.0% 98.3% 97.1% 96.2% 97.2%

1.9 9.5 6.3 1.0 2.6 29.4 0.4 1.3 3.3 2.0 473.7 0.4 30.0 94.7 27.7 684.2

0.7 4.0 11.2 1.3 2.4 23.0 3.8 2.4 3.8 2.1 98.7 2.7 2.7 40.6 11.5 210.9

0.5 1.0 1.7 0.4 0.8 2.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 51.9 0.6 0.5 9.6 2.4 74.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 1.5 9.0

3.1 14.5 19.2 2.6 5.8 55.3 4.7 4.3 7.7 4.8 631.4 3.7 33.2 146.4 41.6 978.4

60.5% 65.5% 32.5% 36.6% 44.7% 53.2% 8.0% 31.2% 42.1% 42.5% 75.0% 10.3% 90.4% 64.7% 66.6% 69.9%

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine Amérique latine

100.4 5.4 192.7 31.9 45.0 2.6 27.6 7.6 13.2 2.2 3.3 0.9 2.1 7.2 2.9 1.8 2.5 1.9 19.2 11.4 3.7 105.1 12.4 603.1

5.3 0.8 2.3 0.4 0.8 1.7 0.4 2.5 7.5 21.6

1.8 0.3 17.0 2.0 4.1 0.3 2.0 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.3 0.2 3.0 1.1 36.5

27.5 74.0 465.1 9.5 50.0 7.0 3.9 3.3 33.9 0.8 12.9 0.5 10.7 2.9 0.0 21.6 11.9 18.7 47.3 0.5 0.3 83.5 8.1 894.0

135.0 80.5 677.1 43.8 99.9 9.9 33.5 11.5 49.6 3.3 16.7 1.6 13.0 10.4 2.9 23.5 14.5 20.9 68.0 14.6 4.3 199.1 21.7 1 555.2

78.3% 7.7% 28.8% 73.8% 45.8% 26.3% 82.4% 66.6% 30.0% 65.8% 19.8% 58.3% 16.5% 69.2% 99.2% 7.8% 16.9% 9.2% 28.8% 94.6% 86.5% 56.6% 57.5% 40.2%

7.3 0.6 9.3 2.5 6.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.6 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.5 2.0 0.1 14.3 0.5 48.8

63.0 9.4 204.8 5.9 31.4 2.6 6.8 3.4 6.5 1.5 2.9 1.7 3.3 0.5 0.0 2.5 1.7 9.5 7.5 0.1 12.9 15.9 2.3 396.2

10.2 1.3 44.8 5.3 8.6 0.6 2.7 1.5 2.2 1.0 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.9 5.6 0.4 1.1 6.5 2.0 99.9

1.6 4.2 26.8 0.5 2.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.9 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.2 1.2 0.7 1.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.4 50.6

82.1 15.6 285.7 14.2 49.2 3.7 9.9 5.3 12.2 2.7 5.9 2.9 5.0 1.2 0.1 4.7 3.0 11.7 17.3 2.5 14.1 41.5 5.2 595.6

8.9% 3.7% 3.2% 17.7% 13.0% 3.9% 2.2% 3.5% 13.1% 8.8% 12.3% 7.7% 6.5% 2.1% 34.8% 4.8% 3.4% 2.9% 8.7% 77.6% 0.7% 34.4% 10.4% 8.2%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodge Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Mongolie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d'Asie Asie

13.6 3.4 .. 113.9 589.3 140.2 114.0 49.0 12.7 4.0 0.9 59.0 36.1 28.8 3.7 78.6 17.0 10.5 1 274.6

0.1 .. 10.0 9.1 3.1 0.0 0.1 22.3

0.2 0.0 .. 8.7 23.4 8.1 7.9 2.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 3.7 3.2 0.9 0.3 9.1 1.7 0.1 70.9

18.8 0.6 .. 1.9 102.3 217.9 2.4 93.2 0.2 75.8 9.7 19.4 64.0 4.1 42.6 29.1 109.7 791.8

32.6 4.1 .. 124.4 724.9 375.4 124.3 148.1 13.2 80.0 10.7 82.1 103.2 29.7 8.1 130.4 47.8 120.5 2 159.6

41.7% 83.3% .. 91.5% 82.7% 39.8% 91.7% 35.1% 95.7% 5.0% 8.3% 71.9% 34.9% 96.9% 46.2% 60.3% 35.5% 8.8% 60.1%

8.9 1.6 .. 1.9 82.3 63.8 2.0 8.8 0.1 3.4 2.8 10.7 4.8 0.1 1.2 3.5 5.5 3.4 204.8

58.8 0.0 .. 425.8 78.3 4.6 4.9 6.3 27.0 28.1 55.8 21.9 0.0 6.6 55.3 37.2 20.9 831.6

13.8 0.0 .. 3.3 116.6 27.3 3.1 2.7 0.3 5.7 2.6 16.0 9.0 0.6 2.4 7.8 9.2 4.9 225.1

0.1 0.0 .. 0.2 0.8 10.8 0.1 4.9 0.6 4.0 0.3 0.3 3.2 0.1 2.3 1.2 4.6 33.6

81.6 1.6 .. 5.4 625.4 180.2 9.8 21.3 7.4 40.2 33.8 82.8 38.8 0.7 10.3 68.9 53.0 33.7 1 295.1

10.9% 94.5% .. 35.9% 13.2% 35.4% 20.3% 41.5% 1.9% 8.6% 8.4% 12.9% 12.3% 11.8% 11.5% 5.1% 10.3% 10.0% 15.8%

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

2 211.0 33.1 2 244.0

-

173.4 0.9 174.3

126.9 0.0 126.9

2 511.3 34.0 2 545.3

88.0% 97.3% 88.2%

288.1 0.0 288.2

474.9 0.0 474.9

128.8 1.1 129.9

3.5 3.5

895.4 1.2 896.5

32.2% 2.7% 32.1%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.29

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 7.6 0.0 0.1 2.1 0.2 12.1

0.8 3.9 11.5 1.4 2.6 22.6 4.1 2.5 3.8 3.0 114.6 3.1 3.9 53.3 14.0 245.3

3.1 0.7 4.0 0.1 13.0 0.1 21.0

0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 4.9

0.9 4.1 15.3 1.6 3.4 23.6 4.2 2.7 4.2 3.3 129.2 3.1 4.2 69.4 14.3 283.4

6.4% 2.9% 2.8% 10.7% 1.7% 2.8% 1.6% 3.6% 6.8% 4.8% 5.9% 1.3% 1.9% 3.1% 1.3% 4.3%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4

0.2 15.8 0.1 0.1 16.1

0.0 1.2 1.2

25.4 85.4 151.4 41.2 38.4 320.8 32.6 26.3 47.2 39.7 3 043.9 19.4 84.9 924.2 180.5 5 061.3

88.2% 88.3% 80.2% 90.7% 81.6% 83.2% 71.0% 75.3% 77.7% 81.4% 88.1% 62.2% 90.5% 84.9% 81.8% 86.4%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

0.2 0.0 2.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 4.6

62.9 9.2 188.0 7.3 17.4 2.8 12.4 3.9 6.4 2.0 3.8 2.4 2.8 1.0 0.0 2.2 1.7 8.7 10.8 0.3 15.1 15.8 3.8 380.5

0.1 4.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.0 5.2

1.9 5.1 33.8 0.6 3.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 2.3 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.8 1.2 3.1 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.4 62.4

65.1 14.3 227.8 8.2 21.1 3.4 13.6 4.1 8.8 2.0 4.8 2.5 3.6 1.2 0.0 3.8 2.5 10.0 14.3 0.3 15.2 21.7 4.5 452.8

0.3% 0.3% 0.9% 2.9% 1.8% 1.4% 2.1% 1.6% 1.1% 3.3% 3.2% 1.8% 2.4% 2.0% 44.6% 1.6% 1.1% 0.8% 1.6% 3.5% 0.2% 0.8% 5.4% 1.0%

0.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.5

1.5 3.2 0.6 0.3 5.5

0.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 2.0

284.0 110.4 1 195.8 66.2 170.4 17.1 57.0 20.9 70.6 8.1 27.4 7.0 21.6 12.8 3.0 32.0 20.0 42.5 99.5 17.5 33.6 263.6 31.6 2 612.6

39.8% 6.2% 17.2% 53.0% 30.8% 16.4% 49.3% 37.8% 23.4% 30.6% 15.3% 17.4% 11.8% 56.4% 96.7% 6.6% 12.9% 5.5% 21.4% 90.4% 11.5% 48.2% 41.8% 26.0%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

1.7 0.0 .. 0.6 12.5 3.6 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 1.6 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.6 26.4

20.6 0.0 .. 0.0 211.0 43.4 8.5 4.8 9.9 9.0 4.8 52.8 13.1 0.1 2.0 18.1 11.6 17.4 427.0

.. 0.1 1.1 0.1 0.6 2.0

0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.6 13.0 0.0 5.9 0.1 4.8 0.3 0.4 3.7 0.0 0.1 2.8 1.4 5.5 38.9

22.4 0.1 .. 0.7 225.2 60.2 9.2 11.6 10.0 14.4 5.7 55.4 18.0 0.2 2.4 21.3 13.9 23.5 494.3

7.5% 11.8% 77.7% 5.6% 6.0% 8.0% 8.3% 0.3% 4.2% 9.2% 2.9% 6.4% 69.7% 9.4% 2.4% 6.8% 2.4% 5.3%

.. 0.8 0.0 0.8

.. 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.3 2.3

0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 5.5 1.2 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.9 12.6

136.6 5.8 .. 130.6 1 583.6 617.2 143.6 182.0 30.6 134.6 50.2 221.0 160.1 31.1 20.8 222.2 114.7 179.9 3 964.6

17.7% 85.6% .. 89.1% 43.8% 35.1% 81.3% 34.0% 41.9% 6.0% 8.5% 32.3% 26.2% 93.4% 24.8% 37.2% 20.4% 8.1% 38.5%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

19.8 0.2 20.0

423.5 0.0 423.6

10.0 10.0

1.8 0.0 1.8

455.2 0.2 455.4

4.4% 84.2% 4.4%

2.8 2.8

4.6 4.6

1.2 0.0 1.2

3 870.5 35.4 3 905.8

65.1% 94.1% 65.3%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.30 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb. Monde *

21 829.0

Fugitive 196.3

Parties de l'Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

13 194.6 10 213.9 5 598.4 3 149.2 1 466.3 2 828.0 7 946.5

38.7 28.6 20.0 7.9 0.6 9.9 157.6

Parties Kyoto (Annexe I)

7 849.1

23.0

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

891.9 2 195.7

295.7 59.9 221.7 44.7 58.8 31.4 107.5 9.9 55.4 3.3 56.3 15.1 596.2 2 135.8 225.2

Soutes internat.

688.0

-

Total Non-OCDE

9 545.5

163.8

11 595.5

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

13 588.8 10 508.9 5 708.7 3 274.5 1 525.7 2 909.2 10 836.1

29.1

8 126.4 -

688.0

591.1 2 117.9

32.4

300.8

465.1 309.6 5 133.3 5 908.0

4.5 3.7 15.5 23.8

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

285.2 1 156.7 364.8 24.4 1 831.1

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe

59.2 120.9 123.5 57.6 56.0 353.7 869.3 75.8 58.8 1.9 33.0 409.7 8.2 171.3 32.8 331.5 48.3 40.8 233.7 57.5 41.0 152.7 519.1 3 856.4

Total OCDE

Union européenne - 27

3 857.9

87.7% 2 202.9

97.4% 1 179.9 97.5% 638.9 98.4% 501.6 96.4% 93.7 96.1% 43.6 97.5% 537.7 74.8% 1 023.0 96.9%

713.1

2 816.0 1 168.9

Other

Share of energy

Total

152.5

6 340.3

34.7%

607.1 434.5 178.3 160.8 95.4 156.2 2 208.9

488.2 391.9 241.3 105.0 45.6 90.8 680.8

50.1 45.7 36.9 5.0 3.8 4.2 102.4

2 325.3 1 510.9 958.0 364.5 188.4 788.9 4 015.1

50.7% 42.3% 52.4% 25.7% 23.1% 68.2% 25.5%

424.1

265.4

45.2

1 447.7

49.3%

-

-

-

-

-

12 418.3

78.2% 1 455.0

2 290.8

711.8

103.7

4 561.3

31.9%

77.8

12 006.6

96.8%

747.9

525.3

457.1

48.8

1 779.1

42.0%

7.0 17.4 51.9 76.3

0.9 29.6 30.5 61.0

477.5 360.3 5 231.2 6 069.0

98.3% 86.9% 98.4% 97.7%

44.0 22.8 457.5 524.4

20.5 41.8 157.8 220.0

25.9 32.3 215.4 273.6

32.2 1.5 4.7 38.4

122.6 98.4 835.4 1 056.5

35.9% 23.2% 54.8% 49.6%

0.3 0.1 0.3 0.6

4.4 50.6 27.9 0.4 83.3

0.8 2.4 2.1 0.1 5.5

290.7 1 209.8 394.9 25.2 1920.6

98.2% 95.6% 92.4% 97.9% 95.4%

25.2 16.6 4.5 1.9 48.1

65.6 8.1 10.3 21.7 105.6

9.4 33.5 11.7 2.7 57.3

1.3 2.5 0.9 0.0 4.7

101.5 60.6 27.3 26.3 215.7

24.8% 27.3% 16.5% 7.1% 22.3%

0.3 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 4.6 8.1

3.2 5.3 3.3 1.4 0.7 12.0 25.8 6.9 1.8 0.0 0.8 19.3 0.4 1.7 0.9 8.8 3.9 2.2 14.2 1.4 2.0 17.7 7.7 141.2

0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.6 2.0 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 11.3

62.9 126.5 126.9 59.5 58.3 368.0 897.4 83.0 61.0 2.0 33.8 429.6 8.5 173.6 34.7 340.8 52.4 43.1 248.7 60.1 43.6 170.7 531.7 4 017.0

94.1% 95.6% 97.3% 97.3% 96.0% 96.2% 97.0% 91.4% 96.2% 98.0% 97.6% 95.4% 95.7% 98.9% 97.0% 97.3% 92.4% 94.7% 94.0% 95.8% 94.2% 89.5% 98.5% 96.2%

1.0 1.1 8.9 0.6 0.5 8.3 40.4 0.5 6.4 0.0 0.7 5.4 0.1 3.7 5.1 60.3 0.2 2.8 5.2 0.5 0.3 3.3 20.2 175.4

4.2 5.5 3.6 4.3 2.1 32.7 27.6 3.1 2.4 0.2 9.7 15.6 8.9 2.1 14.6 3.6 1.7 13.7 3.2 3.2 16.5 21.2 199.6

2.9 3.0 3.5 0.9 4.5 8.6 23.8 2.7 3.4 0.1 1.5 18.6 0.1 5.6 2.9 7.6 2.9 1.3 11.3 3.9 1.2 5.5 10.6 126.2

0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 5.7

8.2 9.9 16.2 5.7 7.3 50.1 92.6 6.5 12.2 0.3 11.9 40.1 0.2 18.3 10.1 82.7 7.5 5.9 31.0 7.7 4.7 25.5 52.3 507.0

11.9% 11.3% 55.0% 9.7% 7.4% 16.5% 43.6% 8.2% 52.5% 1.5% 6.1% 13.5% 30.8% 20.1% 50.3% 72.9% 2.0% 47.4% 16.8% 6.8% 7.4% 13.0% 38.6% 34.6%

127.7

12.2

4 004.9

100%

Waste

-

7.1

-

25 112.9

Share of Energy Agricult. energy

96.5%

187.7

193.6

124.6

5.8

511.6

36.7%

* Total Monde inclue le total Non-OCDE, le total OCDE ainsi que les soutes internationales. Sources: AIE, méthode sectorielle pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie. Base de données EDGAR 3.2 pour les autres émissions. En général, pour les émissions autres que celles de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie, les estimations sont sujettes à une incertitude significativement plus grande.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.31

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy 144.5

Industrial processes

Agriculture 2 985.2

HFCs Other

188.7

Share of energy

Total

210.6

3 529.0

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

4.1%

120.1

98.6

Total

143.5

35 344.5

Share of energy 69.0%

World *

111.2 101.0 38.0 56.4 6.5 9.7 33.3

1 484.8 1 288.4 369.3 782.2 136.9 158.2 1 500.4

251.3 220.2 44.1 165.5 10.6 25.5 - 62.6

153.0 149.7 57.3 88.2 4.1 2.8 57.7

2 000.2 1 759.2 508.7 1 092.3 158.2 196.2 1 528.8

5.6% 5.7% 7.5% 5.2% 4.1% 5.0% 2.2%

110.6 105.3 55.4 31.9 18.0 5.2 9.5

79.3 54.1 26.8 13.4 14.0 24.5 19.3

111.9 102.0 58.4 24.2 19.5 8.5 31.6

18 216.0 14 040.4 7 315.9 4 800.8 1 923.7 3 932.7 16 440.4

79.7% 78.2% 84.2% 68.9% 78.9% 86.1% 55.7%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

75.0

1 110.7

202.1

101.2

1 489.0

5.0%

56.5

59.6

58.3

11 237.5

77.1%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

688.0

100.0%

Internat. bunkers

83.2

2 059.2

48.5

118.8

2 309.7

3.6%

12.1

40.9

36.5

19 378.8

58.0%

Non-OECD Total

61.2

926.0

140.2

91.8

1 219.3

5.0%

108.0

57.7

107.0

15 277.6

81.4%

OECD Total

2.5 1.3 35.5 39.3

41.1 61.0 328.2 430.3

2.8 1.5 41.3 45.6

6.3 2.1 51.1 59.4

52.7 65.9 456.0 574.5

4.8% 1.9% 7.8% 6.8%

1.4 0.9 54.0 56.3

7.7 0.3 19.1 27.1

6.2 0.5 52.2 58.9

668.0 526.4 6 647.9 7 842.3

77.3% 64.1% 84.9% 82.8%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1.7 4.7 1.0 0.1 7.5

92.0 13.7 8.9 31.2 145.8

1.1 9.5 3.1 0.0 13.7

0.3 3.8 0.1 0.0 4.3

95.1 31.7 13.1 31.4 171.3

1.8% 14.9% 7.8% 0.3% 4.4%

1.4 16.4 1.1 0.1 19.1

1.2 12.4 1.8 0.3 15.7

1.0 18.3 3.0 0.1 22.5

490.9 1 349.4 441.1 83.4 2 364.8

63.6% 87.3% 84.0% 31.9% 79.8%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.3 3.7 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 1.4 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.9 14.4

4.5 6.3 5.4 6.6 3.4 58.8 50.0 12.0 5.8 0.4 12.2 27.2 0.4 10.7 3.0 22.2 5.9 2.3 28.4 4.8 2.6 38.2 38.9 350.0

0.8 0.6 1.0 0.9 1.4 9.6 10.8 0.6 1.4 0.2 0.8 7.5 0.0 6.9 1.7 5.4 0.8 0.6 2.2 0.8 0.2 5.6 21.1 80.8

0.1 1.6 0.2 0.8 0.5 6.5 5.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 1.9 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 3.7 0.5 0.1 0.6 3.9 28.2

5.6 8.8 6.9 8.6 5.6 76.1 69.6 13.2 7.5 0.6 13.8 36.4 0.5 20.0 5.1 29.4 7.4 3.2 35.1 6.5 3.2 44.8 65.8 473.4

4.5% 4.0% 5.7% 2.9% 5.1% 1.7% 5.3% 2.8% 2.3% 1.3% 0.9% 3.2% 7.0% 2.4% 2.8% 4.6% 2.4% 3.2% 2.5% 5.4% 8.8% 1.1% 2.8% 3.0%

0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 3.3 6.9 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.0 4.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 3.7 0.2 0.3 0.0 5.6 32.6

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.9 3.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.7 0.1 0.6 1.9 14.9

0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 4.2 10.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.3 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.4 2.4 25.7

77.4 145.8 150.3 74.3 71.6 503.2 1 079.5 103.8 81.3 3.0 59.9 513.8 9.2 217.9 54.3 453.6 67.6 52.3 321.0 75.8 52.5 242.9 659.7 5 070.6

78.1% 83.9% 88.4% 79.1% 79.4% 72.2% 84.7% 74.0% 80.4% 65.9% 56.6% 81.0% 89.6% 80.7% 71.5% 86.7% 72.1% 83.6% 74.7% 77.2% 79.4% 64.5% 82.7% 80.0%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

80.8%

European Union - 27

14.5

327.4

79.6

27.7

449.1

3.2%

32.4

12.1

22.9

5 033.0

* Total World includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international bunkers. Sources: IEA, Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. EDGAR 3.2 database for other emissions. In general, estimates for emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion are subject to significantly larger uncertainties.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.32 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel Comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

9 545.5

163.8

591.1

2 117.9

12 418.3

78.2%

1 455.0

2 290.8

711.8

103.7

4 561.3

31.9%

Algérie Angola Bénin Botswana Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d'Afrique Afrique

59.3 4.0 0.2 3.3 2.5 0.5 2.1 3.2 84.0 0.8 2.3 1.3 3.3 7.3 35.1 25.4 1.1 1.8 30.4 2.5 276.8 4.6 2.5 0.6 14.3 2.0 14.8 17.0 603.2

15.6 1.7 4.4 0.2 2.1 3.2 3.4 47.7 0.3 78.6

3.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 7.6 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.8 1.3 3.2 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.3 4.9 0.1 0.4 0.2 2.9 0.3 0.5 0.6 29.1

3.5 16.0 2.5 17.2 10.2 158.8 2.4 4.6 0.4 14.5 20.1 9.2 5.2 0.3 1.3 10.1 1.6 38.0 3.4 5.1 26.6 22.3 1.6 0.8 15.4 4.1 81.7 476.7

81.5 21.9 2.9 3.3 24.4 10.8 161.1 5.8 98.3 1.2 17.2 24.7 13.2 13.3 40.1 29.9 11.3 3.4 116.9 6.2 286.8 31.3 25.2 2.4 18.3 17.7 19.4 99.3 1 187.7

91.9% 26.3% 7.5% 100.0% 28.3% 4.9% 1.4% 55.0% 87.6% 65.5% 13.7% 18.5% 25.1% 54.8% 96.0% 85.2% 10.1% 53.7% 66.8% 40.2% 96.5% 14.6% 10.0% 24.4% 79.8% 11.6% 76.4% 17.1% 57.4%

12.5 3.2 0.5 0.0 1.8 1.4 3.4 1.2 9.2 0.3 4.2 1.9 0.8 3.4 7.0 0.7 1.9 0.2 32.1 0.3 29.0 9.2 6.6 0.4 1.1 0.9 2.7 13.0 148.9

3.5 9.1 1.8 0.1 6.2 0.5 12.0 2.9 10.9 1.6 31.9 0.2 3.0 13.1 0.8 4.8 5.8 3.7 24.5 4.7 15.6 29.2 18.5 1.0 1.9 7.4 5.9 83.9 304.8

3.9 1.2 0.6 0.0 1.8 0.4 5.1 1.8 7.1 0.3 5.3 0.2 2.1 3.0 1.0 3.6 1.9 0.2 12.8 1.1 8.8 3.0 3.1 0.5 1.3 1.0 1.4 13.9 86.5

0.2 0.8 0.1 0.9 0.6 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.1 3.7 21.2

20.2 14.4 3.0 0.1 10.8 2.9 29.3 5.9 27.3 2.2 41.9 3.5 6.5 19.5 8.7 9.1 10.1 4.1 70.0 6.2 53.6 42.4 28.8 1.9 4.3 10.1 10.0 114.5 561.4

62.2% 22.4% 16.0% 11.5% 16.8% 48.2% 11.7% 20.2% 33.6% 11.4% 10.1% 56.2% 12.9% 17.5% 79.7% 7.2% 19.3% 4.3% 45.8% 4.6% 54.0% 21.7% 23.0% 19.3% 26.3% 8.7% 26.6% 11.4% 26.5%

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

11.6 249.4 71.8 46.3 12.1 41.0 12.6 14.4 18.8 204.5 38.6 70.0 9.3 800.4

22.5 0.1 1.0 0.7 0.5 3.9 0.7 29.4

0.1 8.4 8.9 2.5 1.7 1.0 1.7 0.0 0.3 7.8 2.2 3.0 0.5 38.2

0.0 7.0 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.6 11.6

11.7 287.3 81.8 48.9 14.1 43.1 14.9 15.2 19.1 213.4 45.8 73.9 10.5 879.6

99.0% 94.6% 87.8% 94.8% 86.1% 97.5% 84.2% 99.4% 98.4% 96.1% 92.8% 95.7% 89.2% 94.3%

1.6 36.5 2.3 0.1 0.2 6.9 0.1 1.8 2.5 45.5 2.1 25.6 1.8 127.0

0.0 19.4 2.9 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 2.1 2.2 0.3 1.9 30.3

0.1 11.2 3.5 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 3.2 2.1 0.4 2.1 25.4

0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

1.7 67.3 8.7 1.1 1.4 7.4 0.9 2.4 2.8 50.7 6.4 26.3 5.8 183.0

92.3% 54.1% 26.4% 8.4% 12.2% 93.7% 12.6% 72.7% 91.1% 89.7% 32.6% 97.2% 31.7% 69.4%

Albanie Bosnie-Herzégovine Bulgarie Croatie Chypre Gibraltar ex-RY de Macédoine Malte Roumanie Serbie Slovénie Europe Non-OCDE

1.9 3.3 53.4 15.8 5.2 0.3 8.8 2.4 117.1 44.0 13.0 265.1

-

0.1 0.1 1.4 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 3.4 1.2 1.1 9.0

0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 1.8

2.1 3.5 55.0 17.1 5.7 0.3 9.3 2.4 121.1 45.2 14.2 276.0

86.6% 96.8% 97.1% 92.3% 91.1% 100.0% 94.0% 99.8% 96.7% 97.4% 91.4% 96.1%

0.2 0.5 2.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 15.8 1.2 0.3 22.3

1.8 0.6 2.0 1.1 0.1 0.9 0.0 9.1 7.1 0.9 23.6

0.4 0.3 1.8 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 3.9 1.3 0.5 9.5

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3

2.3 1.4 6.5 3.4 0.3 0.0 1.4 0.1 29.0 9.6 1.6 55.6

8.7% 34.0% 40.0% 42.7% 3.7% 11.7% 18.2% 3.5% 54.5% 12.1% 17.3% 40.0%

Total Non-OCDE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.33

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

83.2

2 059.2

48.5

118.8

2 309.7

3.6%

12.1

40.9

36.5

19 378.8

58.0%

Non-OECD Total

0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 3.0 0.1 1.6 1.0 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.8 13.4

7.8 4.3 2.2 4.3 7.6 0.2 8.9 2.4 18.9 1.4 51.7 0.3 6.0 19.7 2.1 13.3 2.1 3.6 27.9 7.2 21.1 40.1 22.2 1.9 4.2 3.8 6.4 93.3 384.6

0.1 3.2 2.9 0.4 0.5 7.2

0.1 1.0 0.1 0.0 1.1 0.7 10.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.2 4.4 25.6

8.3 5.5 2.4 4.3 8.8 0.9 19.9 2.6 22.7 1.4 52.9 1.7 6.7 20.2 2.3 13.5 2.9 3.7 31.6 7.5 26.0 42.2 24.3 2.1 4.7 5.4 6.8 99.5 430.8

2.8% 3.1% 2.9% 0.9% 2.0% 4.0% 2.5% 7.1% 2.5% 2.9% 1.3% 2.2% 2.0% 2.7% 5.4% 1.0% 10.0% 0.7% 9.6% 1.0% 6.1% 2.4% 5.5% 2.9% 1.9% 2.9% 3.7% 0.9% 3.1%

0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

0.7 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.5

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3

110.1 41.8 8.4 7.8 44.6 14.7 210.3 14.4 149.6 4.8 112.0 29.8 26.4 53.1 51.4 52.5 24.3 11.2 218.7 19.8 367.9 115.8 78.3 6.3 27.3 33.3 36.2 313.3 2 184.1

79.6% 21.9% 9.2% 43.4% 19.9% 13.5% 2.9% 32.0% 64.1% 22.2% 6.5% 21.9% 16.2% 21.2% 88.7% 49.9% 13.9% 17.9% 51.8% 14.3% 83.5% 12.7% 13.4% 15.9% 57.9% 9.3% 49.0% 10.1% 38.6%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.0 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.2

0.0 51.3 5.7 1.6 1.4 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.3 7.6 7.8 1.3 4.8 83.8

0.4 0.1 0.5

0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

0.1 52.7 5.9 1.7 1.5 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.3 8.1 8.2 1.4 4.9 87.0

43.2% 1.4% 4.3% 8.9% 3.6% 27.3% 5.3% 2.8% 6.8% 5.8% 2.1% 7.3% 1.5% 2.6%

0.1 0.0 0.1

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5

0.0 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 4.5

13.7 408.8 96.8 52.5 16.9 51.1 16.8 18.5 22.2 273.7 60.5 102.0 21.2 1 154.8

96.8% 75.6% 76.8% 88.7% 73.0% 95.9% 75.6% 91.1% 96.2% 91.7% 74.1% 94.5% 53.2% 83.0%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 1.3

1.9 0.6 4.1 2.0 0.5 1.1 0.1 12.3 5.9 1.0 29.6

2.9 0.8 3.6 0.4 7.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4

1.9 0.6 7.4 3.1 0.6 0.0 1.2 0.1 16.4 6.6 1.1 38.9

1.4% 8.0% 4.7% 5.3% 3.5% 100.0% 5.5% 15.1% 1.8% 3.4% 4.4% 3.2%

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3

0.1 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.3 2.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

6.4 5.7 69.0 23.9 6.6 0.3 11.9 2.5 167.7 61.6 17.2 372.9

32.5% 68.8% 81.7% 72.9% 79.5% 98.2% 76.2% 94.0% 79.4% 73.7% 77.4% 77.4%

Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.34 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel Comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

3.4 30.9 59.4 16.0 7.1 167.0 4.6 8.8 14.2 10.9 1 582.9 5.3 34.4 392.8 101.6 2 439.3

1.1 9.9 0.0 11.0

0.1 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.1 1.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.2 6.7 1.9 37.4

0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 10.4 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.5 14.0

3.6 31.1 60.6 16.4 7.2 169.7 4.9 9.2 14.9 11.1 1 628.2 5.4 34.8 400.8 104.0 2 501.7

94.4% 99.1% 98.1% 97.9% 97.4% 99.1% 94.6% 95.4% 95.2% 98.7% 97.8% 96.7% 99.1% 98.0% 97.7% 97.9%

0.6 5.5 6.0 0.5 0.7 17.9 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.3 371.4 0.5 15.6 58.6 31.5 512.3

0.6 3.4 8.8 0.8 1.6 21.5 3.1 1.0 2.1 1.8 70.1 2.6 3.1 31.8 10.9 163.1

0.5 1.0 1.9 0.4 0.8 2.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 53.9 0.6 0.6 9.8 2.8 77.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.7 3.6

1.7 9.9 16.6 1.6 3.1 42.1 4.1 2.2 4.0 3.6 498.1 3.8 19.2 100.9 45.2 756.3

33.7% 55.7% 35.9% 28.4% 22.8% 42.4% 11.3% 30.6% 30.6% 34.4% 74.6% 13.7% 81.0% 58.1% 69.7% 67.7%

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine Amérique latine

115.3 8.2 238.4 39.1 58.0 4.4 22.1 11.4 16.3 4.7 6.0 0.9 3.9 8.4 3.0 2.5 4.1 3.4 23.7 12.3 4.5 118.3 13.4 722.3

4.0 1.9 2.3 0.3 0.7 1.5 0.4 2.0 12.3 25.3

2.8 0.4 18.2 2.4 5.5 0.5 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.9 0.3 0.3 3.5 1.0 42.4

13.3 71.1 369.0 6.2 41.1 6.2 3.6 2.8 29.5 1.1 13.1 0.5 10.2 2.1 0.0 23.9 11.9 16.6 41.5 0.4 0.3 75.2 7.8 747.5

135.4 81.6 627.9 48.0 105.4 11.1 26.5 14.9 48.4 6.3 19.7 1.6 14.2 10.9 3.0 26.6 16.4 20.4 67.5 14.9 5.1 209.3 22.2 1 537.5

88.1% 12.4% 38.3% 82.0% 55.7% 40.1% 83.1% 76.2% 36.7% 74.9% 30.4% 56.9% 27.3% 77.0% 99.2% 9.4% 25.2% 16.9% 35.7% 95.1% 88.6% 62.4% 60.2% 48.6%

10.3 0.7 9.2 1.9 7.9 0.1 0.2 0.2 2.1 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 1.6 2.2 0.1 19.6 0.6 59.1

63.6 9.9 217.4 6.5 33.2 2.2 5.4 3.5 7.7 1.6 2.6 1.8 2.8 0.6 0.0 2.6 1.7 9.4 8.3 0.1 15.3 17.5 2.7 416.4

11.9 1.6 53.6 7.8 10.4 0.8 2.8 1.7 2.6 1.1 1.8 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.6 1.1 6.5 0.6 1.2 8.0 2.2 119.9

0.8 4.1 21.4 0.3 2.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.1 1.3 0.7 0.9 2.3 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.3 42.3

86.6 16.3 301.6 16.4 53.7 3.4 8.6 5.6 14.1 3.1 5.8 3.2 4.7 1.3 0.1 5.0 3.1 11.7 18.7 2.9 16.7 49.4 5.7 637.7

11.9% 4.4% 3.0% 11.5% 14.8% 2.0% 2.8% 3.9% 14.6% 12.5% 13.0% 7.7% 7.1% 2.4% 35.8% 5.1% 3.6% 2.7% 8.4% 75.5% 0.6% 39.7% 9.9% 9.3%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodge Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Mongolie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d'Asie Asie

20.5 4.7 1.4 158.7 782.6 192.2 74.9 78.7 10.1 6.7 1.7 80.1 59.5 38.0 5.5 141.3 27.5 9.3 1 693.4

1.0 3.0 9.6 5.4 0.0 0.5 19.5

0.2 0.0 10.8 33.7 11.6 8.4 5.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 3.9 5.2 1.6 0.4 17.1 3.3 0.1 102.3

18.0 0.8 26.5 1.9 101.9 207.5 2.6 94.4 0.3 75.0 10.4 20.0 58.9 3.8 32.2 29.9 74.6 758.6

38.7 6.5 27.9 171.4 921.1 421.0 85.8 183.8 10.4 82.0 12.3 104.0 123.6 39.6 9.8 190.6 61.2 84.1 2 573.8

52.9% 87.5% 5.0% 92.6% 85.3% 47.9% 87.2% 45.8% 96.6% 8.2% 14.2% 77.0% 48.1% 96.0% 56.5% 74.1% 45.8% 11.1% 66.6%

9.9 1.9 0.8 2.4 94.4 85.5 1.9 11.3 0.1 3.9 3.2 12.3 5.1 0.4 1.2 4.9 6.8 3.3 249.2

59.7 0.0 9.0 431.8 86.8 4.7 5.1 7.1 35.6 27.7 61.3 26.5 0.0 6.8 58.1 41.0 12.1 873.3

15.0 0.1 1.4 3.7 128.7 32.3 3.4 3.0 0.4 6.2 2.9 18.6 10.0 0.7 2.5 8.4 10.2 4.6 252.0

0.0 0.0 1.7 0.2 0.5 10.1 0.1 4.9 0.6 3.9 0.3 0.3 2.8 0.1 1.7 1.2 3.8 32.3

84.6 2.0 12.8 6.2 655.5 214.7 10.0 24.4 8.2 49.6 34.1 92.5 44.5 1.1 10.7 73.1 59.1 23.8 1 406.9

11.6% 94.7% 5.9% 38.0% 14.4% 39.8% 18.8% 46.5% 1.8% 7.8% 9.5% 13.3% 11.5% 35.1% 11.6% 6.7% 11.4% 14.0% 17.7%

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

2 985.9 35.9 3 021.8

-

332.6 332.6

107.6 107.6

3 426.1 35.9 3 462.0

87.2% 100.0% 87.3%

336.2 0.0 336.3

479.1 0.0 479.1

140.0 1.3 141.3

3.6 3.6

958.9 1.3 960.2

35.1% 2.8% 35.0%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.35

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.2 8.0

0.5 2.8 7.7 0.7 1.3 17.5 3.0 1.1 1.8 2.3 56.6 2.3 3.7 30.3 10.2 141.8

2.3 0.5 2.5 0.3 4.6 0.0 10.3

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.7

0.5 3.1 10.4 0.8 1.8 18.3 3.1 1.1 1.9 2.4 65.0 2.3 4.1 36.6 10.4 161.9

3.5% 9.5% 1.8% 10.0% 1.1% 3.9% 0.9% 5.2% 3.8% 1.7% 7.5% 1.1% 1.1% 3.7% 1.8% 5.0%

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 4.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 4.6

0.0 21.9 0.1 0.1 22.1

0.3 0.1 2.3 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 5.3

66.0 10.1 207.0 8.6 18.0 2.8 7.7 4.0 7.8 1.9 4.1 2.5 2.7 1.0 0.0 2.3 1.8 8.8 11.9 0.2 16.4 17.5 3.8 407.0

0.1 6.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.0 8.3

0.9 4.9 28.4 0.3 2.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 2.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 1.6 0.8 1.1 2.7 0.0 0.0 5.2 0.4 53.5

67.2 15.0 244.5 9.4 21.3 3.4 8.9 4.2 9.9 2.1 5.1 2.6 3.5 1.2 0.0 4.0 2.6 9.9 15.0 0.3 16.5 22.9 4.5 474.1

0.4% 0.3% 0.9% 3.1% 2.3% 1.1% 2.3% 1.8% 1.1% 5.2% 3.2% 1.9% 2.5% 3.4% 51.3% 1.7% 1.5% 0.9% 1.7% 4.9% 0.2% 1.0% 6.1% 1.1%

0.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.1

1.8 0.0 0.1 0.8 14.3 3.9 0.6 1.1 0.0 0.6 0.6 1.8 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.1 0.6 29.7

27.5 0.0 2.4 0.0 240.5 50.4 7.8 5.3 12.4 10.5 5.4 65.2 13.9 0.0 2.3 20.9 18.0 19.9 502.6

0.2 1.4 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.9 3.4

0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 12.1 0.0 5.9 0.1 4.7 0.3 0.3 3.3 0.0 0.1 2.0 1.4 4.7 37.0

29.3 0.1 4.3 1.0 256.2 66.6 8.4 12.4 12.5 15.8 6.3 67.9 18.5 1.1 2.7 23.7 20.5 25.2 572.7

6.1% 16.9% 3.3% 78.8% 5.6% 5.9% 7.1% 8.8% 0.2% 4.1% 9.5% 2.7% 6.8% 13.9% 9.1% 3.0% 5.2% 2.3% 5.2%

23.2 0.2 23.4

509.7 0.0 509.7

11.2 11.2

0.2 0.0 0.2

544.2 0.2 544.5

4.3% 93.8% 4.3%

Total -

Share of energy

0.0 8.4 8.4

5.9 44.1 87.7 18.8 12.1 230.1 12.1 12.6 20.8 17.2 2 225.5 11.6 58.1 538.6 159.8 3 455.0

68.1% 83.0% 74.8% 88.1% 64.1% 81.1% 42.2% 75.7% 74.3% 71.1% 88.5% 50.1% 86.1% 84.1% 83.4% 86.0%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

0.1 2.9 0.3 0.1 3.4

0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.7

289.7 112.9 1 179.1 73.9 180.6 17.9 44.1 24.8 72.4 11.4 30.6 7.4 22.4 13.4 3.2 35.6 22.1 42.0 101.3 18.1 38.3 282.7 32.6 2 656.5

44.8% 9.6% 21.4% 56.3% 37.2% 25.4% 51.0% 47.2% 27.5% 45.5% 22.6% 16.3% 19.2% 63.1% 96.7% 7.9% 19.3% 9.2% 25.6% 90.6% 12.2% 53.2% 43.7% 30.6%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

-

-

0.0 0.0

1.0 -

1.5 0.3 0.0

0.0 4.6 0.7 0.7 0.5

0.1 0.0 1.0

0.3 1.3 3.4

0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 2.0 10.8

152.6 8.5 45.0 178.6 1 839.9 703.3 105.0 221.1 31.2 147.5 52.7 265.0 186.9 42.7 23.1 288.2 140.9 136.4 4 568.6

21.0% 88.7% 5.1% 90.6% 48.6% 41.4% 73.6% 43.7% 32.8% 7.6% 10.6% 35.6% 35.2% 90.4% 30.3% 51.0% 25.4% 9.7% 43.6%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

3.4 3.4

8.1 8.1

8.4 0.3 8.7

4 949.2 37.7 4 986.9

67.6% 95.8% 67.8%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.36 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb. Monde *

Industrial Fugitive processes

23 508.5

179.0

Parties de l'Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

13 778.8 11 018.7 6 225.6 3 229.7 1 563.3 2 559.6 8 922.0

28.6 19.7 9.6 9.2 0.9 8.7 150.5

Parties Kyoto (Annexe I)

7 830.0

23.4

CH4 Other

Total

994.1 3 310.0

305.1 52.4 233.0 38.3 66.3 20.4 115.2 12.5 51.5 5.4 53.8 13.9 689.0 3 257.6 227.2

Soutes internat.

807.7

-

Total Non-OCDE

10 187.3

150.6

Total OCDE

12 513.5

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

14 164.9 11 309.6 6 321.9 3 366.7 1 621.0 2 635.9 13 019.1

32.6

8 113.2 -

807.7

680.4 3 206.2

28.5

313.7

532.6 356.8 5 693.0 6 582.4

4.6 8.6 5.0 18.2

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

338.7 1 192.4 431.3 32.3 1 994.6

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe

62.0 127.3 121.6 49.9 53.9 375.8 827.1 87.4 55.3 2.1 41.2 424.7 8.0 173.1 33.8 292.0 59.5 37.4 283.9 52.8 41.6 200.6 525.6 3 936.5

Union européenne - 27

3 841.6

84.6% 2 354.5

97.5% 1 192.9 97.6% 662.1 98.6% 524.3 96.2% 89.0 96.5% 48.8 97.4% 526.9 69.7% 1 161.6 96.8%

705.6

2 896.9 1 221.1

Other

Share of energy

Total

268.1

6 740.6

547.7 422.3 172.6 149.6 100.1 110.5 2 349.2

467.2 367.6 232.4 91.3 43.9 93.5 753.9

40.2 24.9 12.0 3.4 9.4 15.2 227.9

2 248.0 1 476.8 941.3 333.3 202.2 746.0 4 492.5

53.1% 44.8% 55.7% 26.7% 24.1% 70.6% 25.9%

373.3

253.7

32.7

1 365.3

51.7%

-

-

-

-

14 224.5

72.7% 1 591.6

2 385.6

780.6

237.0

4 994.8

31.9%

103.8

12 959.5

96.8%

762.9

511.3

440.5

31.1

1 745.8

43.7%

8.1 20.5 58.2 86.8

1.0 63.3 19.4 83.8

546.4 449.2 5 775.5 6 771.1

98.3% 81.3% 98.7% 97.5%

48.1 26.7 476.2 551.0

20.2 45.8 152.4 218.4

27.0 37.0 205.4 269.4

4.7 4.6 7.3 16.6

99.9 114.1 841.4 1 055.4

48.2% 23.4% 56.6% 52.2%

0.6 0.0 0.2 0.9

4.8 46.1 25.5 0.5 77.0

2.8 2.2 0.9 0.3 6.3

346.9 1 240.8 457.7 33.3 2078.7

97.8% 96.1% 94.2% 97.6% 96.0%

28.3 17.4 5.8 3.1 54.6

71.5 7.4 9.5 21.2 109.7

9.6 31.9 13.7 2.4 57.6

6.7 2.7 0.9 0.0 10.3

116.0 59.5 29.9 26.7 232.1

24.4% 29.3% 19.4% 11.5% 23.5%

0.4 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 5.4 9.4

3.4 4.8 2.9 1.1 0.9 11.8 22.3 7.7 2.0 0.1 1.4 21.9 0.4 1.7 1.0 9.2 5.3 2.1 20.0 1.7 1.9 18.4 8.0 149.9

0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.0 3.7 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.8 13.7

65.8 132.3 124.7 51.8 55.9 391.7 852.2 95.4 57.6 2.2 42.6 447.4 8.4 175.5 36.3 301.8 64.9 39.5 304.7 55.6 44.2 219.3 539.8 4 109.6

94.2% 96.2% 97.6% 97.2% 96.4% 96.0% 97.2% 91.7% 95.9% 96.8% 96.8% 94.9% 95.4% 98.8% 96.8% 96.7% 91.7% 94.6% 93.2% 95.1% 94.3% 91.6% 98.4% 96.0%

1.1 1.3 9.3 0.8 0.6 6.2 36.8 0.7 5.9 0.0 0.9 7.0 0.1 3.6 7.7 46.3 0.6 2.9 5.0 0.4 0.4 3.9 15.8 157.3

3.8 5.1 2.9 4.0 1.8 32.4 25.6 2.9 2.4 0.2 1.2 15.6 0.0 8.0 1.9 12.2 3.7 1.3 16.2 2.8 2.9 14.9 21.4 183.2

2.4 2.3 3.1 0.9 3.9 8.2 12.9 3.4 3.6 0.1 1.4 18.4 0.1 4.7 3.1 8.3 2.7 1.3 14.9 3.6 1.1 6.1 7.1 113.6

0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 4.2

7.5 9.0 15.4 5.7 6.3 47.3 76.3 7.1 11.8 0.3 3.5 41.6 0.2 16.5 12.6 67.0 7.1 5.5 36.4 6.9 4.4 25.2 44.7 458.3

14.1% 14.4% 60.4% 14.2% 8.8% 13.1% 48.3% 10.1% 49.6% 1.6% 25.6% 16.9% 37.0% 22.1% 60.8% 69.1% 8.1% 52.3% 13.8% 6.2% 8.3% 15.6% 35.3% 34.3%

16.7

4 002.7

96.2%

163.5

176.7

111.3

4.2

455.7

* Total Monde inclue le total Non-OCDE, le total OCDE ainsi que les soutes internationales. Sources: AIE, méthode sectorielle pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie. Base de données EDGAR 32FT2000 pour les autres émissions. En général, pour les émissions autres que celles de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie, les estimations sont sujettes à une incertitude significativement plus grande.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

34.9%

-

136.6

100%

Waste

-

7.8

-

27 991.7

Share of Energy Agricult. energy

35.9%

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.37

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy 153.2

Industrial processes

Agriculture 3 105.8

HFCs Other

181.2

Share of energy

Total

321.6

3 761.8

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

4.1%

323.8

Total

108.1

124.7

39 050.6

Share of energy 67.1%

World *

68.2 58.9 37.6 13.6 7.6 8.7 85.0

965.0 796.6 377.3 277.3 142.0 128.3 2 140.7

132.6 98.0 29.5 62.8 5.7 29.8 48.6

95.8 90.7 58.2 26.9 5.6 4.6 225.8

1 261.7 1 044.2 502.6 380.6 161.0 171.3 2 500.1

5.4% 5.6% 7.5% 3.6% 4.7% 5.1% 3.4%

243.3 223.8 142.6 47.1 34.2 18.4 80.5

80.6 51.0 22.8 10.7 17.5 29.0 27.5

91.9 82.6 39.0 19.3 24.3 8.5 32.7

18 090.5 14 188.1 7 970.2 4 157.6 2 060.3 3 609.2 20 152.4

83.3% 82.9% 85.3% 80.4% 78.7% 86.0% 51.2%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

32.5

583.1

98.0

38.7

752.3

4.3%

106.1

61.8

56.7

10 455.4

82.2%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

807.7

100.0%

Internat. bunkers

89.3

2 162.4

61.8

224.5

2 537.9

3.5%

91.8

52.9

38.0

21 939.8

54.8%

Non-OECD Total

64.0

943.4

119.4

97.2

1 223.9

5.2%

232.0

55.2

86.7

16 303.1

82.0%

OECD Total

2.6 1.4 35.0 39.0

42.8 64.4 334.5 441.7

2.1 1.0 27.4 30.5

1.8 5.0 56.4 63.2

49.3 71.8 453.3 574.5

5.3% 1.9% 7.7% 6.8%

6.5 2.8 136.0 145.4

4.6 0.2 18.2 23.0

4.6 0.3 34.4 39.3

711.4 638.5 7 258.8 8 608.7

82.7% 61.6% 85.5% 83.5%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

2.2 5.3 1.3 0.1 8.9

100.0 12.6 8.4 29.5 150.4

1.4 4.3 6.5 0.0 12.2

1.5 4.1 0.0 0.0 5.6

105.1 26.2 16.2 29.6 177.1

2.1% 20.2% 8.0% 0.4% 5.0%

2.8 31.0 2.5 0.4 36.7

1.1 16.3 2.8 0.2 20.4

0.7 23.5 2.8 0.1 27.1

572.6 1 397.3 511.9 90.3 2 572.1

64.6% 87.0% 85.6% 39.5% 80.0%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.7 3.6 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.6 0.2 1.2 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.6 2.2 16.1

4.2 6.3 5.2 6.2 3.3 59.5 50.8 12.0 6.2 0.4 11.8 26.7 9.6 2.7 20.5 5.8 1.9 34.4 4.7 2.4 40.2 36.5 351.2

0.9 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.3 10.0 5.7 0.6 1.8 0.2 0.8 8.2 0.0 5.9 1.7 5.6 0.7 0.7 2.1 0.8 0.2 4.8 22.1 76.7

0.1 1.7 0.2 0.8 0.4 6.2 5.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 1.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 3.7 0.4 0.1 0.6 4.4 28.3

5.4 9.0 6.7 8.3 5.3 77.4 65.3 13.2 8.3 0.6 13.4 36.8 0.1 18.0 4.8 27.6 7.1 2.9 41.4 6.4 3.0 46.1 65.2 472.3

4.1% 4.9% 6.0% 3.0% 6.1% 2.1% 5.5% 3.5% 1.8% 1.5% 1.1% 3.8% 56.7% 3.2% 3.2% 4.2% 3.2% 2.7% 2.8% 6.5% 10.3% 1.4% 3.4% 3.4%

1.0 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.4 7.2 10.5 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.4 8.2 0.1 3.1 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.1 5.2 0.6 0.9 1.1 6.0 49.9

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.6 2.1 11.9

0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.9 9.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.6 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.8 20.3

80.0 151.7 147.3 66.6 68.1 528.4 1 015.9 116.9 78.5 3.2 60.4 536.3 8.7 214.1 55.6 397.6 79.6 48.1 389.0 70.4 52.9 293.2 659.6 5 122.2

79.1% 85.1% 89.2% 77.1% 80.5% 72.7% 85.5% 75.8% 78.1% 66.9% 69.9% 80.8% 93.2% 83.0% 77.3% 85.4% 75.8% 83.9% 74.6% 76.2% 80.0% 70.0% 83.2% 80.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

80.9%

European Union - 27

16.0

325.1

74.9

27.8

443.8

3.6%

48.6

12.1

18.1

4 981.0

* Total World includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international bunkers. Sources: IEA, Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. EDGAR 32FT2000 database for other emissions. In general, estimates for emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion are subject to significantly larger uncertainties.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.38 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Industrial Fugitive processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

10 187.3

150.6

680.4

3 206.2

14 224.5

72.7%

1 591.6

2 385.6

780.6

237.0

4 994.8

31.9%

Algérie Angola Bénin Botswana Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d'Afrique Afrique

66.6 5.2 1.4 4.2 2.8 0.6 2.1 6.1 110.2 0.6 3.2 1.4 5.1 8.9 39.7 29.5 1.3 1.9 41.1 3.6 298.6 5.5 2.6 1.0 18.0 1.7 12.7 18.9 694.4

11.1 1.7 3.5 0.2 1.6 3.1 1.9 31.3 0.3 1.8 56.6

4.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.3 12.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 1.0 0.6 1.7 4.0 0.1 0.0 1.2 0.5 5.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 3.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 38.1

2.0 227.1 18.7 26.4 23.8 370.7 115.4 5.0 0.3 7.4 1.9 14.3 5.6 0.3 0.4 23.6 0.3 46.8 0.7 5.2 21.7 52.0 7.3 0.7 43.8 1.9 161.5 1 184.7

83.9 234.2 20.3 4.2 33.2 24.4 373.1 121.9 129.4 0.9 11.0 6.6 20.4 15.0 43.6 34.0 25.1 2.2 120.4 4.8 308.7 27.3 55.0 8.6 22.2 45.8 15.1 183.0 1 973.8

92.7% 3.0% 7.0% 100.0% 19.1% 2.4% 0.6% 5.0% 86.4% 65.2% 29.0% 68.8% 25.2% 59.3% 95.5% 86.9% 5.3% 86.6% 60.1% 75.7% 96.7% 20.0% 4.7% 11.1% 82.4% 3.7% 84.4% 11.3% 38.0%

16.1 4.3 0.4 0.9 2.7 2.9 3.9 1.7 10.3 0.2 4.8 1.6 0.9 3.7 6.6 1.5 0.2 0.2 35.7 0.3 32.2 14.5 8.0 0.4 1.4 1.0 2.6 14.7 173.5

3.7 14.4 2.0 2.9 8.4 0.7 12.9 3.1 12.3 2.1 32.4 0.1 4.2 11.9 0.8 14.8 4.0 3.3 25.6 4.7 13.9 48.0 21.6 1.4 1.7 11.5 6.5 86.8 355.5

4.3 1.4 0.7 0.3 2.1 0.5 5.9 1.9 7.9 0.4 6.1 0.2 2.4 3.4 1.1 1.8 0.4 0.2 14.8 1.2 9.4 3.4 3.5 0.5 1.4 1.1 1.5 19.8 97.6

0.1 16.8 1.4 0.2 1.8 1.7 27.2 8.5 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 1.2 3.3 2.8 0.5 0.0 3.1 0.0 9.3 82.4

24.2 36.9 4.6 4.2 15.0 5.7 49.9 15.2 30.5 2.6 43.3 2.0 8.5 19.0 8.5 21.5 4.6 3.7 77.2 6.2 58.8 65.9 35.9 2.8 4.5 16.8 10.6 130.6 709.1

66.5% 11.7% 9.4% 20.8% 18.1% 49.8% 7.7% 11.3% 33.7% 7.0% 11.1% 80.5% 10.9% 19.3% 78.1% 6.8% 4.3% 5.4% 46.2% 4.9% 54.7% 22.0% 22.3% 14.8% 31.2% 5.7% 24.3% 11.3% 24.5%

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

14.1 304.8 75.9 55.5 14.3 50.2 14.2 19.8 26.5 251.1 45.8 86.1 13.3 971.5

24.2 1.8 1.0 1.9 1.1 0.8 3.1 33.8

0.0 13.4 1.0 3.6 1.3 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.5 9.2 2.4 3.1 0.7 38.1

0.0 2.6 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.6 5.8

14.2 345.1 79.8 59.1 15.8 51.9 15.7 22.3 27.1 261.7 49.6 92.4 14.6 1 049.2

99.5% 95.3% 97.4% 93.8% 90.5% 98.5% 90.1% 96.8% 98.0% 96.4% 94.0% 96.5% 91.1% 95.8%

1.8 61.5 5.3 0.1 0.2 10.5 0.1 3.2 4.9 58.3 2.7 33.2 4.0 186.0

0.0 19.7 1.4 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 1.1 2.5 0.5 2.2 29.2

0.1 12.4 3.9 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 3.8 2.4 0.5 2.5 28.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

2.0 93.6 10.7 1.1 1.6 11.1 0.9 4.2 5.2 63.1 7.7 34.2 8.7 244.1

92.8% 65.7% 49.8% 9.6% 13.3% 94.5% 12.8% 77.9% 94.5% 92.4% 35.1% 97.2% 46.0% 76.2%

Albanie Bosnie-Herzégovine Bulgarie Croatie Chypre Gibraltar ex-RY de Macédoine Malte Roumanie Serbie Slovénie Europe Non-OCDE

3.2 13.7 42.0 17.7 6.3 0.4 8.4 2.2 86.3 42.5 14.0 236.6

-

0.1 0.2 2.1 1.6 0.7 0.3 0.0 3.0 1.4 1.6 10.9

0.2 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.2 2.9

3.4 13.9 44.8 19.7 7.0 0.4 9.0 2.2 90.4 44.0 15.7 250.4

92.3% 98.5% 93.8% 89.7% 90.0% 100.0% 93.6% 99.8% 95.5% 96.8% 88.7% 94.5%

0.2 1.5 2.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 12.9 1.1 0.3 19.9

1.7 0.9 2.0 1.0 0.2 0.7 0.0 7.6 5.1 0.8 20.1

0.4 0.4 1.9 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 3.9 1.4 0.5 9.7

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4

2.3 2.8 6.0 3.4 0.3 0.0 1.2 0.1 24.4 7.7 1.6 50.0

10.6% 52.3% 32.8% 47.3% 4.4% 46.1% 17.6% 2.7% 52.6% 14.4% 21.1% 39.7%

Total Non-OCDE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.39

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

89.3

2 162.4

61.8

224.5

2 537.9

3.5%

91.8

52.9

38.0

21 939.8

54.8%

Non-OECD Total

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.1 1.7 2.1 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 2.3 16.3

8.5 6.6 2.7 3.2 9.7 0.3 8.9 2.7 21.2 1.8 56.7 0.3 7.5 19.0 2.0 9.4 7.7 4.1 30.8 8.6 22.6 48.0 24.4 3.1 5.3 5.3 7.9 108.0 436.0

0.6 3.3 1.5 0.4 0.5 6.2

0.0 17.9 1.4 0.0 2.0 1.9 29.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.5 0.0 3.4 0.0 9.4 84.6

9.4 24.8 4.2 3.3 11.8 2.2 38.5 11.9 25.2 1.8 57.5 0.4 8.6 19.6 2.2 13.2 7.8 4.1 35.4 8.6 26.8 50.1 29.0 3.7 5.8 9.3 8.2 119.7 543.1

3.2% 0.9% 1.4% 1.4% 1.7% 1.7% 1.5% 1.8% 2.7% 1.6% 1.4% 10.3% 1.8% 3.1% 6.8% 1.8% 0.5% 0.8% 9.6% 1.0% 6.5% 4.3% 5.6% 1.8% 1.8% 1.9% 3.3% 1.9% 3.0%

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6

0.9 0.7 0.2 0.5 2.3

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4

117.7 295.9 29.0 11.7 60.9 32.3 461.5 149.0 186.8 5.3 111.7 9.0 37.7 53.6 54.5 68.6 37.5 9.9 233.2 19.6 396.1 143.4 119.9 15.1 32.5 71.8 33.8 433.3 3 231.3

80.0% 3.9% 6.5% 43.8% 15.2% 10.8% 1.5% 5.4% 65.7% 15.3% 7.8% 68.7% 16.5% 24.6% 88.8% 45.5% 4.1% 21.2% 47.8% 20.3% 83.9% 15.4% 10.2% 9.5% 60.8% 3.9% 46.0% 8.7% 29.1%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.0 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.7

0.0 57.6 4.6 1.5 1.3 0.3 0.9 1.0 0.3 7.4 8.4 1.8 5.8 90.8

0.5 0.2 0.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 58.9 4.9 1.8 1.3 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.3 7.9 8.8 2.0 5.9 94.2

49.1% 1.5% 5.5% 12.4% 4.6% 22.4% 5.6% 3.0% 9.7% 6.8% 2.2% 11.0% 1.3% 2.8%

0.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.1

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7

0.0 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 4.8

16.4 499.1 95.8 63.7 18.7 64.0 17.6 27.5 32.5 334.3 66.0 129.1 29.2 1 394.0

97.4% 78.4% 86.9% 87.7% 77.8% 96.5% 81.3% 90.5% 96.7% 93.1% 75.0% 95.0% 59.5% 85.7%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 1.5

1.6 0.8 4.0 2.2 0.6 0.9 0.0 10.1 4.8 1.0 25.8

1.7 0.9 3.4 0.5 6.4

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4

1.6 1.0 6.0 3.3 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.1 13.9 5.6 1.1 34.2

2.0% 17.4% 5.2% 8.3% 4.1% 100.0% 6.6% 15.9% 2.2% 4.7% 6.5% 4.5%

0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.9 0.2 2.6

0.8 0.1 1.6 0.5 0.1 3.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

7.4 18.6 56.9 26.6 8.0 0.4 11.3 2.4 130.4 59.7 18.7 340.4

46.5% 82.3% 77.8% 73.6% 79.0% 98.7% 77.4% 93.9% 76.2% 73.6% 76.8% 75.8%

Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.40 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

3.4 28.2 55.2 14.5 4.4 130.2 4.6 6.8 11.2 6.5 1 513.8 4.2 36.2 292.0 116.5 2 227.5

12.6 1.1 8.6 0.0 22.3

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine Amérique latine

132.9 7.6 303.4 53.2 60.7 4.6 24.8 17.4 18.5 5.2 8.8 1.4 4.4 9.8 3.2 3.5 4.7 3.3 26.4 17.9 5.3 128.3 14.4 859.8

1.1 0.5 5.1 0.3 1.0 0.2 1.5 0.3 4.3 3.4 17.7

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodge Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Mongolie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d'Asie Asie

25.2 4.6 2.4 215.0 976.5 264.6 68.8 112.7 8.8 8.1 3.1 97.8 68.9 38.1 10.8 159.5 43.8 11.1 2 120.0

0.7 3.3 9.3 5.9 0.2 0.7 20.1

1.8 0.1 9.3 47.6 13.9 2.0 5.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 4.9 5.9 0.6 0.5 13.0 7.3 0.2 113.2

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

3 037.9 39.7 3 077.6

-

392.4 0.6 393.1

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

0.1 0.1 1.4 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 22.0 0.0 0.2 5.3 1.9 33.3

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.0 0.2 7.2 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.5 13.1

3.6 41.0 56.8 14.9 5.8 132.4 4.9 7.7 12.5 6.8 1 551.7 4.2 36.4 298.6 118.8 2 296.2

94.3% 99.3% 97.2% 97.4% 75.7% 99.1% 92.8% 88.6% 89.6% 94.8% 98.1% 99.0% 99.3% 97.8% 98.0% 98.0%

0.6 5.2 7.1 0.5 1.3 13.9 0.4 0.9 1.6 1.1 381.6 0.3 18.9 53.2 36.1 522.7

1.0 4.4 7.0 0.5 2.0 8.3 2.3 0.7 1.6 1.0 48.2 2.1 2.4 18.0 9.6 109.1

0.5 1.0 2.0 0.4 0.8 2.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 55.8 0.7 0.6 9.9 3.2 80.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 15.0

2.1 10.6 16.2 1.3 4.1 25.6 3.2 2.2 3.9 2.7 498.8 3.1 21.9 82.1 48.9 727.0

28.1% 49.2% 44.1% 38.6% 31.4% 54.2% 11.4% 41.2% 41.2% 41.1% 76.5% 10.7% 86.0% 64.7% 73.8% 71.9%

4.5 2.9 0.5 200.9 24.1 770.6 2.5 1.9 5.8 63.3 0.6 0.1 0.9 1.3 1.5 0.4 1.4 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.9 27.8 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 25.2 2.0 23.5 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.2 4.5 70.2 1.1 17.7 53.8 1 210.2

141.5 209.6 1 103.2 57.9 130.8 5.2 27.1 19.4 22.5 6.6 37.6 2.1 5.6 10.3 3.2 4.4 5.3 28.8 52.2 22.7 5.8 206.5 33.2 2 141.5

94.8% 3.9% 28.0% 92.4% 47.2% 87.1% 92.1% 89.9% 89.0% 79.3% 23.5% 66.8% 79.3% 94.6% 99.3% 80.4% 87.9% 11.3% 51.2% 98.1% 90.7% 63.8% 43.3% 41.0%

12.2 0.8 12.7 2.4 9.7 0.0 0.6 0.2 2.1 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 1.4 3.0 0.1 27.6 0.7 76.3

57.9 9.2 240.9 5.7 32.5 1.8 6.1 3.5 6.8 1.3 3.8 2.3 3.0 0.5 0.0 4.8 1.9 12.7 9.8 0.0 14.0 20.5 3.4 442.6

13.5 1.9 61.9 10.0 12.0 0.9 2.9 1.9 3.0 1.2 2.1 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.7 1.2 7.4 0.8 1.4 9.5 2.3 138.6

7.2 14.9 58.8 0.5 4.6 0.0 2.0 3.5 1.7 0.1 5.2 1.2 99.7

90.8 26.8 374.4 18.5 58.7 2.8 9.6 5.6 12.0 2.9 8.9 3.7 4.5 1.1 0.1 6.1 2.7 17.7 20.3 3.8 15.6 62.9 7.6 757.1

13.5% 2.8% 3.4% 12.8% 16.5% 1.3% 6.4% 4.3% 17.5% 13.8% 11.5% 6.5% 6.9% 3.3% 38.4% 5.0% 4.8% 1.7% 6.8% 78.1% 0.7% 43.9% 8.7% 10.1%

31.7 4.3 8.1 1.9 136.2 208.3 2.6 31.6 0.3 106.0 6.4 16.9 7.7 2.3 33.5 17.9 57.1 672.6

58.6 9.7 10.5 226.2 1 163.7 496.1 73.4 155.9 9.1 114.5 9.6 119.6 82.5 38.7 13.6 205.9 69.7 68.4 2 925.8

43.0% 54.6% 23.1% 95.0% 84.2% 55.2% 93.8% 76.1% 96.4% 7.3% 31.9% 81.8% 83.5% 98.5% 79.4% 77.4% 63.9% 16.3% 73.1%

10.7 1.7 0.8 2.7 104.7 81.2 3.1 14.6 0.1 4.1 3.7 15.6 3.6 0.4 1.3 7.4 13.4 3.1 272.1

63.5 0.0 9.1 0.0 473.6 92.2 3.9 5.6 8.4 41.0 29.0 67.8 29.9 0.1 6.3 58.3 46.7 15.2 950.6

16.8 0.1 1.6 1.2 141.1 36.6 3.5 3.4 0.4 6.7 3.3 21.3 11.1 0.8 2.7 9.1 11.0 5.0 275.6

1.0 0.3 1.9 0.3 2.9 13.1 0.1 1.7 0.2 7.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.3 0.6 2.5 34.4

91.9 2.1 13.4 4.2 722.4 223.1 10.6 25.3 9.2 59.3 36.1 104.7 44.6 1.3 10.2 77.1 71.6 25.8 1 532.8

11.6% 80.5% 6.0% 64.4% 14.5% 36.4% 29.2% 57.7% 1.6% 6.9% 10.4% 14.9% 8.0% 31.1% 12.3% 9.6% 18.7% 12.0% 17.8%

116.9 0.0 116.9

3 547.2 40.4 3 587.6

85.6% 98.4% 85.8%

340.7 0.5 341.1

478.4 0.0 478.4

149.5 0.6 150.0

5.2 5.2

973.7 1.0 974.8

35.0% 44.2% 35.0%

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.41

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.2 7.0

0.5 3.3 7.2 0.6 1.5 9.3 3.1 1.1 2.2 1.5 42.9 1.9 3.0 19.5 12.1 109.8

2.5 0.6 3.0 0.5 8.8 0.0 15.4

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 3.6

0.5 3.5 9.9 0.7 2.3 10.0 3.2 1.2 2.3 1.5 53.1 1.9 3.6 29.6 12.4 135.8

4.4% 7.6% 1.1% 12.2% 6.5% 5.1% 0.9% 7.4% 5.8% 2.5% 8.3% 0.5% 1.0% 3.2% 1.6% 5.2%

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 13.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 14.8

0.0 26.1 0.1 0.1 26.4

0.0 8.4 8.4

6.2 55.2 83.0 16.9 12.1 168.1 11.3 11.4 19.0 11.1 2 151.9 9.4 62.0 410.5 180.3 3 208.6

64.4% 83.7% 75.2% 89.1% 47.9% 86.6% 43.8% 68.8% 68.4% 68.9% 88.7% 48.3% 88.8% 84.3% 84.7% 86.6%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

0.3 0.0 2.6 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 5.8

73.3 11.1 215.1 9.8 18.6 2.8 7.5 3.3 8.0 2.0 4.8 4.1 3.2 1.0 0.0 2.7 1.9 9.6 14.1 0.3 16.0 19.0 4.4 432.5

0.1 7.5 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 9.4

1.4 16.0 64.3 0.1 4.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 5.6 1.2 99.9

75.2 27.2 289.5 11.0 24.0 2.9 8.5 3.4 8.2 2.1 7.1 4.1 3.3 1.1 0.0 2.8 2.0 11.9 16.1 0.3 16.1 24.8 5.9 547.5

0.4% 0.2% 0.9% 3.4% 1.6% 1.2% 2.6% 2.8% 1.3% 5.1% 2.8% 1.4% 2.5% 4.0% 67.5% 3.0% 2.7% 0.8% 1.5% 5.3% 0.3% 0.9% 4.7% 1.1%

0.3 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.0 5.0

0.1 3.1 0.3 0.1 3.6

0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.5

308.0 263.5 1 773.9 87.5 213.7 10.9 45.2 28.4 42.8 11.7 53.7 9.9 13.3 12.5 3.4 13.2 10.0 58.5 88.8 26.8 37.5 296.1 46.8 3 456.2

47.6% 3.4% 18.3% 64.3% 33.6% 42.3% 57.0% 62.5% 52.0% 49.1% 18.7% 17.2% 36.0% 78.8% 96.8% 29.6% 48.8% 6.2% 31.9% 94.3% 14.5% 53.9% 32.7% 27.8%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

1.9 0.0 0.2 1.0 15.8 4.4 0.6 1.2 0.0 0.7 0.7 2.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.2 0.6 32.4

30.6 0.0 2.5 0.0 259.3 50.6 13.3 5.8 16.8 13.5 5.8 70.9 15.9 0.1 2.5 22.7 25.3 14.5 550.1

0.0 1.4 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.0 5.6 0.2 8.5

1.0 0.3 0.8 0.0 2.3 13.9 0.0 1.8 0.1 7.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.6 3.8 35.2

33.5 0.4 3.5 1.0 278.7 69.1 13.9 9.3 16.9 22.1 6.5 73.6 16.9 5.9 2.8 26.0 27.1 18.9 626.2

5.6% 3.7% 4.4% 96.7% 5.7% 6.4% 4.2% 12.9% 0.2% 3.0% 10.8% 2.7% 6.0% 4.3% 10.2% 2.8% 4.3% 3.1% 5.2%

0.1 2.3 1.8 0.8 0.0 5.1

-

0.0 0.0

2.1 1.9 0.2 0.0

2.6 4.8 0.7 0.9 0.5

0.5 4.7

0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 12.1

184.1 12.3 27.3 236.2 2 173.8 789.2 100.6 191.1 35.2 195.8 52.1 298.6 144.4 47.7 26.7 310.0 168.4 113.1 5 106.7

20.5% 57.0% 12.3% 92.6% 50.6% 45.5% 72.1% 70.3% 25.5% 6.7% 14.4% 38.6% 50.9% 81.2% 46.4% 54.1% 35.1% 13.1% 47.9%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

23.4 0.2 23.6

517.4 0.0 517.4

15.1 15.1

0.7 0.0 0.7

556.6 0.2 556.8

4.2% 94.2% 4.2%

62.7 62.7

12.1 12.1

8.4 0.3 8.8

5 160.7 42.0 5 202.7

65.9% 96.3% 66.2%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.42 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb. Monde *

Industrial Fugitive processes

27 146.3

173.4

Parties de l'Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

14 179.6 11 345.1 6 340.8 3 353.2 1 651.1 2 618.1 12 026.2

42.9 18.6 9.9 8.1 0.6 24.3 130.4

Parties Kyoto (Annexe I)

8 117.8

36.7

Total

336.7 52.4 244.5 38.3 73.0 20.4 124.4 12.5 47.2 5.4 68.3 13.9 1 005.6 3 257.6 246.5 -

Total Non-OCDE

13 264.1

146.7

Total OCDE

12 941.7

26.6

331.5

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

556.3 402.2 5 784.5 6 743.0

3.7 8.0 6.2 17.9

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

387.2 1 227.7 468.9 36.3 2 120.0

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe

75.0 120.4 119.9 47.4 55.1 386.6 811.3 95.0 56.9 2.2 43.4 453.8 11.2 182.6 36.7 294.2 62.7 38.1 339.5 50.4 44.4 216.4 535.4 4 078.7

8 433.6 -

940.4

1 010.7 3 206.2

85.4% 2 316.1

97.3% 1 155.0 97.6% 627.1 98.5% 505.1 96.1% 74.4 96.9% 47.6 97.0% 524.3 74.0% 1 161.1 96.7%

687.5

2 968.0 1 231.7

Other

Share of energy

Total

268.1

6 783.9

34.1%

518.9 413.8 171.9 140.2 101.7 91.3 2 449.1

450.4 343.6 225.1 79.5 39.1 101.2 781.3

40.2 24.9 12.0 3.4 9.4 15.2 227.9

2 164.5 1 409.4 914.1 297.5 197.8 732.0 4 619.4

53.4% 44.5% 55.3% 25.0% 24.1% 71.6% 25.1%

349.7

244.5

32.7

1 314.5

52.3%

-

-

-

-

-

17 627.8

76.1% 1 595.3

2 466.5

809.8

237.0

5 108.6

31.2%

103.8

13 403.6

96.8%

720.8

501.5

421.9

31.1

1 675.3

43.0%

8.8 22.1 64.2 95.1

1.0 63.3 19.4 83.8

569.8 495.6 5 874.3 6 939.8

98.3% 82.8% 98.6% 97.4%

48.3 26.7 456.8 531.8

23.0 47.5 148.9 219.5

27.8 41.3 197.2 266.3

4.7 4.6 7.3 16.6

103.8 120.1 810.3 1 034.2

46.6% 22.2% 56.4% 51.4%

0.6 0.6

5.6 41.1 26.0 0.6 73.2

2.8 2.2 0.9 0.3 6.3

395.6 1 271.0 495.8 37.7 2200.1

97.9% 96.6% 94.6% 97.7% 96.4%

28.7 16.0 5.8 2.9 53.4

71.9 7.2 9.7 22.6 111.4

9.5 27.6 14.9 2.0 54.0

6.7 2.7 0.9 0.0 10.3

116.8 53.5 31.3 27.5 229.1

24.6% 30.0% 18.5% 10.4% 23.3%

0.2 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 5.1 8.1

3.8 5.2 2.9 1.2 1.0 13.1 20.2 7.9 2.1 0.0 2.1 26.4 0.4 1.2 0.8 7.7 4.6 2.4 26.1 1.8 1.3 23.8 7.2 163.3

0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.0 3.7 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.8 13.7

79.3 125.8 122.9 49.2 57.1 403.7 834.4 103.2 59.3 2.3 45.4 481.1 11.6 184.4 38.5 302.6 67.5 40.5 366.5 53.3 46.4 240.3 548.5 4 263.8

94.6% 95.7% 97.6% 96.8% 96.5% 95.9% 97.4% 92.1% 95.9% 97.9% 95.5% 94.3% 96.7% 99.1% 97.4% 97.2% 93.0% 94.1% 92.7% 94.6% 95.8% 90.0% 98.6% 95.8%

1.0 1.3 8.8 0.8 0.6 4.7 26.6 0.7 5.8 0.0 0.9 7.0 0.1 3.6 7.5 40.2 0.6 2.9 4.3 0.4 0.4 3.5 14.1 135.6

3.6 4.5 2.6 3.3 1.7 30.9 22.8 2.9 2.0 0.2 1.2 13.8 0.0 7.5 1.7 11.0 3.8 1.0 16.8 2.7 2.8 13.8 20.0 170.6

2.4 1.5 3.4 0.8 3.2 7.4 7.8 3.8 3.2 0.1 1.6 15.3 0.1 4.0 2.9 8.6 2.7 1.3 16.7 3.3 1.0 5.6 5.0 101.6

0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 4.2

7.2 7.6 14.9 4.9 5.5 43.5 58.1 7.4 11.1 0.3 3.7 36.7 0.2 15.2 12.1 60.1 7.1 5.3 38.0 6.5 4.2 23.1 39.4 411.9

14.5% 16.9% 58.7% 16.3% 10.2% 10.7% 45.7% 9.8% 52.5% 1.7% 24.4% 19.1% 40.3% 23.7% 61.8% 67.0% 8.0% 54.2% 11.3% 6.6% 8.8% 15.2% 35.7% 32.9%

147.2

16.7

4 149.8

100%

Waste

-

7.2

-

31 971.9

14 611.6 11 646.6 6 444.1 3 498.2 1 704.3 2 724.7 16 419.8

32.6

940.4

3 978.7

Other

1 342.3 3 309.9

Soutes internat.

Union européenne - 27

CH4 Share of Energy Agricult. energy

96.1%

141.8

164.6

100.3

4.2

410.9

34.5%

* Total Monde inclue le total Non-OCDE, le total OCDE ainsi que les soutes internationales. Sources: AIE, méthode sectorielle pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie. Base de données EDGAR 4 et estimations pour les autres émissions. En général, pour les émissions autres que celles de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie, les estimations sont sujettes à une incertitude significativement plus grande.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.43

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy 162.0

Industrial processes

Agriculture 3 263.7

HFCs Other

195.7

Share of energy

Total

321.6

3 943.0

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

4.1%

559.4

93.0

Total

124.7

43 475.9

Share of energy 68.5%

World *

69.8 60.8 36.6 15.3 9.0 8.1 92.2

962.8 814.1 385.5 280.5 148.0 106.5 2 300.9

133.8 97.3 27.2 66.6 3.5 32.2 61.9

95.8 90.7 58.2 26.9 5.6 4.6 225.8

1 262.2 1 062.9 507.6 389.3 166.0 151.3 2 680.8

5.5% 5.7% 7.2% 3.9% 5.4% 5.4% 3.4%

428.2 387.2 257.6 76.3 53.4 37.8 131.2

65.5 30.5 7.7 8.1 14.7 34.4 27.5

91.9 82.6 39.0 19.3 24.3 8.5 32.7

18 624.0 14 619.2 8 170.1 4 288.6 2 160.5 3 688.6 23 911.4

82.9% 82.4% 84.4% 80.5% 79.1% 86.1% 56.1%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

34.9

572.8

101.2

38.7

747.6

4.7%

179.9

60.5

56.7

10 792.8

82.2%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

940.4

100.0%

Internat. bunkers

95.7

2 299.3

71.0

224.5

2 690.4

3.6%

157.0

58.2

38.0

25 680.0

58.8%

Non-OECD Total

66.4

964.4

124.6

97.2

1 252.6

5.3%

402.5

34.8

86.7

16 855.4

81.6%

OECD Total

2.7 1.5 33.9 38.1

44.6 68.0 341.0 453.6

2.3 0.9 24.9 28.2

1.8 5.0 56.4 63.2

51.4 75.5 456.2 583.1

5.2% 2.0% 7.4% 6.5%

12.9 4.2 244.7 261.8

3.3 0.2 4.4 7.9

4.6 0.3 34.4 39.3

745.8 696.0 7 424.3 8 866.1

81.9% 63.0% 84.6% 82.7%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

2.9 5.9 1.6 0.1 10.5

108.6 11.6 8.0 27.8 156.0

1.5 2.0 12.5 0.0 15.9

1.5 4.1 0.0 0.0 5.6

114.5 23.6 22.0 28.0 188.1

2.5% 25.1% 7.2% 0.4% 5.6%

5.7 46.8 3.0 0.8 56.4

0.8 13.6 2.8 0.2 17.5

0.7 23.5 2.8 0.1 27.1

634.1 1 432.0 557.8 94.3 2 718.3

66.0% 87.3% 85.4% 42.3% 80.4%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 2.1 3.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.2 1.7 0.0 0.6 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.1 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.9 2.6 17.7

3.9 6.3 4.9 5.8 3.2 60.3 51.5 12.0 6.7 0.4 11.4 26.2 8.7 2.5 18.9 5.7 1.6 41.6 4.7 2.2 42.2 34.2 354.8

0.4 1.2 1.1 0.6 1.4 9.4 9.2 0.4 1.8 0.2 0.0 8.8 0.0 5.7 1.8 5.8 0.7 0.9 1.7 0.5 0.2 4.3 24.3 80.6

0.1 1.7 0.2 0.8 0.4 6.2 5.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 1.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 3.7 0.4 0.1 0.6 4.4 28.3

4.6 9.7 6.6 7.4 5.3 78.1 69.5 13.1 8.8 0.7 12.3 37.2 0.1 16.8 4.7 26.1 7.0 2.8 48.5 6.1 2.8 48.0 65.5 481.4

4.1% 5.1% 6.2% 3.0% 6.7% 2.7% 5.0% 4.2% 1.5% 1.5% 1.6% 4.5% 61.0% 3.3% 3.5% 3.8% 3.9% 2.1% 3.1% 8.0% 11.9% 1.8% 4.0% 3.7%

1.9 2.1 1.2 1.4 0.8 13.6 16.9 1.7 1.3 0.0 1.0 13.5 0.1 3.5 0.3 1.9 0.7 0.4 5.6 1.2 1.7 3.2 10.2 84.2

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.6 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.6 1.5 9.4

0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.9 9.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.6 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.8 20.3

93.4 145.4 145.6 63.0 68.8 543.2 990.8 125.5 80.7 3.3 62.9 570.4 12.0 220.1 57.0 391.1 82.5 48.9 459.7 68.1 55.6 316.1 666.9 5 271.0

81.6% 84.1% 88.7% 77.2% 81.3% 72.5% 85.0% 76.8% 77.9% 67.2% 70.7% 81.1% 94.7% 84.9% 79.2% 85.8% 77.1% 83.8% 75.2% 75.5% 81.3% 69.8% 83.5% 80.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

80.9%

European Union - 27

17.6

325.5

78.8

27.8

449.6

3.9%

82.1

10.5

18.1

5 121.0

* Total World includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international bunkers. Sources: IEA, Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. EDGAR 4 database plus estimates for other emissions. In general, estimates for emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion are subject to significantly larger uncertainties.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.44 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Industrial Fugitive processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

13 264.1

146.7

1 010.7

3 206.2

17 627.8

76.1%

1 595.3

2 466.5

809.8

237.0

5 108.6

31.2%

83.8 7.8 2.5 4.3 2.9 1.0 2.3 6.3 149.3 0.6 4.8 2.1 6.7 9.9 42.5 39.3 1.5 2.9 55.6 4.6 330.4 10.3 4.5 1.0 19.3 2.1 10.4 23.1 831.8

6.7 1.4 3.1 0.5 1.5 3.3 1.6 35.6 0.7 2.5 57.0

4.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.3 14.9 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.9 1.0 2.0 5.4 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.8 7.5 0.2 0.7 0.4 3.5 0.3 0.2 1.2 47.5

2.0 227.1 18.7 26.4 23.8 370.7 115.4 5.0 0.3 7.4 1.9 14.3 5.6 0.3 0.4 23.6 0.3 46.8 0.7 5.2 21.7 52.0 7.3 0.7 43.8 1.9 161.5 1 184.7

97.0 236.7 21.4 4.3 32.9 24.8 373.7 122.0 170.7 0.9 13.0 7.5 22.0 16.5 46.4 45.2 25.4 3.2 139.2 6.1 343.0 32.2 57.2 8.7 24.3 46.2 12.4 188.3 2 121.0

93.3% 3.9% 11.8% 100.0% 18.3% 4.0% 0.7% 5.1% 88.3% 67.4% 37.2% 72.4% 30.7% 60.0% 95.1% 87.0% 6.0% 90.8% 65.5% 75.5% 96.3% 31.9% 7.9% 11.3% 82.4% 4.6% 83.4% 13.6% 41.9%

16.1 4.3 0.4 0.8 2.7 2.9 3.9 1.7 10.3 0.2 4.8 1.6 0.9 3.7 6.6 0.3 2.0 0.2 35.7 0.3 32.1 14.5 8.0 0.4 1.4 1.0 2.6 14.1 173.5

3.7 14.5 2.3 3.2 8.5 0.7 13.3 3.2 14.6 1.9 36.9 0.1 4.3 13.2 0.8 5.5 7.5 3.8 26.4 4.8 14.1 49.3 25.1 1.4 1.5 11.5 6.3 98.2 376.3

4.4 1.4 0.8 0.3 2.1 0.5 6.0 2.0 8.1 0.4 6.1 0.2 2.5 3.4 1.2 4.0 2.2 0.2 15.1 1.2 9.7 3.5 3.6 0.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 16.1 99.6

0.1 16.8 1.4 0.2 1.8 1.7 27.2 8.5 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 1.2 3.3 2.8 0.5 0.0 3.1 0.0 9.3 82.4

24.3 37.0 4.8 4.5 15.1 5.7 50.3 15.3 33.0 2.4 47.7 2.0 8.6 20.3 8.5 13.2 11.7 4.3 78.3 6.3 59.2 67.3 39.5 2.8 4.4 16.8 10.4 137.8 731.7

66.3% 11.7% 8.8% 17.8% 17.9% 49.7% 7.7% 11.2% 31.2% 7.5% 10.0% 80.2% 10.7% 18.0% 77.7% 2.6% 16.9% 4.7% 45.5% 4.8% 54.3% 21.5% 20.3% 14.7% 32.1% 5.7% 24.8% 10.3% 23.7%

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

18.3 396.7 82.1 61.5 17.9 74.3 15.8 26.9 35.2 321.9 50.1 107.3 19.2 1 227.2

13.9 1.2 2.0 3.2 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.9 22.7

0.1 18.0 1.5 2.4 2.0 1.4 1.6 1.3 0.7 13.1 2.0 4.0 0.8 48.9

0.0 2.6 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.6 5.8

18.4 431.2 85.9 64.0 20.1 77.7 17.6 31.4 36.4 335.6 53.4 112.4 20.6 1 304.6

99.4% 95.2% 97.0% 96.2% 89.0% 98.2% 89.8% 95.7% 98.1% 96.0% 95.1% 96.3% 93.4% 95.8%

1.8 61.5 5.3 0.1 0.2 10.5 0.1 3.2 4.9 58.3 2.7 33.2 4.0 186.0

0.0 20.7 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.1 1.2 2.8 0.6 2.5 31.2

0.1 12.8 4.0 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.2 4.0 2.5 0.5 2.5 30.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

2.0 95.1 11.0 1.2 1.6 11.2 1.0 4.3 5.2 63.5 8.0 34.2 9.0 247.2

92.6% 64.7% 48.7% 9.3% 12.8% 93.9% 12.1% 76.1% 94.7% 91.8% 33.8% 96.9% 44.5% 75.2%

Albanie Bosnie-Herzégovine Bulgarie Croatie Chypre Gibraltar ex-RY de Macédoine Malte Roumanie Serbie Slovénie Europe Non-OCDE

4.6 15.7 46.0 20.7 7.0 0.4 8.3 2.6 91.7 50.2 15.3 262.4

-

0.3 0.5 2.9 1.9 0.9 0.4 0.0 3.5 1.4 1.7 13.5

0.2 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.2 2.9

5.1 16.2 49.6 23.0 7.9 0.4 8.9 2.6 96.3 51.6 17.3 278.9

90.2% 96.7% 92.8% 89.7% 88.5% 100.0% 92.4% 99.8% 95.2% 97.3% 88.9% 94.1%

0.2 1.5 2.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 12.2 1.1 0.3 19.2

1.5 0.9 2.0 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 7.0 4.0 0.8 17.6

0.4 0.4 2.1 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 4.0 1.5 0.5 10.3

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4

2.2 2.9 6.1 3.7 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.1 23.3 6.7 1.6 47.5

11.3% 52.0% 31.9% 44.3% 4.1% 13.4% 36.8% 2.5% 52.4% 16.4% 21.2% 40.4%

Total Non-OCDE Algérie Angola Bénin Botswana Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d'Afrique Afrique

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.45

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Share of energy

Total

95.7

2 299.3

71.0

224.5

2 690.4

3.6%

157.0

58.2

38.0

25 680.0

58.8%

Non-OECD Total

0.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.1 1.9 2.2 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 2.4 18.2

9.2 10.2 3.2 2.4 12.4 0.4 9.0 3.1 23.8 2.3 62.2 0.2 9.3 18.4 1.9 11.7 9.9 4.6 34.0 10.1 24.2 57.5 26.7 4.9 6.8 7.4 9.9 112.3 487.8

0.7 3.2 2.1 0.3 0.4 6.8

0.0 17.9 1.4 0.0 2.0 1.9 29.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.5 0.0 3.4 0.0 9.4 84.6

10.3 28.4 4.7 2.5 14.5 2.3 38.7 12.4 27.8 2.3 63.1 0.4 10.5 19.1 2.0 15.5 9.9 4.6 39.0 10.3 29.3 59.8 31.7 5.5 7.2 11.4 10.2 124.1 597.4

3.7% 0.9% 1.1% 2.0% 1.6% 1.7% 1.7% 1.9% 2.9% 0.9% 1.4% 12.1% 1.7% 3.6% 8.3% 1.8% 0.4% 0.9% 9.7% 1.0% 6.5% 3.8% 6.3% 1.4% 1.6% 1.7% 2.9% 1.9% 3.0%

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.1 1.7

0.9 0.7 0.2 0.5 2.3

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4

131.9 302.1 30.9 11.3 63.5 32.8 462.6 149.7 233.4 5.7 123.8 10.0 41.3 55.9 57.2 73.9 47.0 12.0 257.0 22.7 433.5 159.2 128.4 17.0 35.9 74.4 33.0 450.3 3 456.5

81.1% 4.6% 9.7% 45.9% 14.1% 11.9% 1.6% 5.5% 69.3% 14.4% 8.5% 71.4% 19.0% 25.5% 88.9% 54.0% 7.5% 25.8% 50.8% 22.2% 84.1% 17.0% 11.3% 8.6% 60.0% 4.4% 40.1% 9.4% 31.3%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.0 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 3.0

0.0 64.6 3.7 1.5 1.2 0.4 1.0 1.1 0.2 7.1 9.0 2.5 7.0 99.3

0.6 0.3 0.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 66.1 4.0 1.8 1.2 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.3 7.7 9.4 2.7 7.1 103.2

55.9% 1.4% 7.0% 16.7% 6.1% 19.0% 6.2% 3.2% 13.4% 7.8% 2.3% 9.7% 1.2% 2.9%

1.5 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 2.6

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7

0.0 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 4.8

20.7 593.9 101.3 69.3 23.1 90.5 19.6 37.0 41.9 408.5 70.8 149.9 36.7 1 663.1

97.7% 79.6% 87.8% 89.4% 78.8% 96.2% 81.6% 90.1% 97.1% 93.3% 75.9% 94.5% 63.5% 86.5%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 1.8

1.3 0.8 3.8 2.3 0.6 0.7 0.0 8.2 3.8 1.0 22.6

1.8 0.8 3.1 0.5 6.1

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4

1.4 1.0 5.9 3.6 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 11.8 4.7 1.1 30.9

3.1% 17.6% 4.7% 13.0% 5.0% 100.0% 8.1% 16.5% 2.7% 6.6% 9.7% 5.9%

0.1 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 5.1 0.4 7.3

0.8 0.1 2.1 0.5 0.1 3.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

8.7 21.4 62.0 30.5 9.1 0.4 10.4 2.7 134.0 68.6 20.5 368.3

55.8% 81.0% 77.8% 74.6% 77.5% 98.8% 81.9% 94.8% 77.8% 75.3% 76.9% 77.0%

Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.46 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition)

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

4.1 31.1 61.0 15.9 3.9 168.2 5.4 7.6 13.6 7.9 1 531.2 5.6 41.4 306.0 109.8 2 312.7

12.6 1.1 24.3 38.0

0.3 0.8 2.1 0.3 0.2 2.5 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2 30.2 0.1 0.2 10.2 2.7 51.1

0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.0 0.2 7.2 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.5 13.1

4.5 44.6 63.3 16.5 5.4 171.9 6.0 8.4 15.1 8.3 1 593.0 5.7 41.6 317.5 112.9 2 414.9

91.2% 97.9% 96.3% 96.6% 72.7% 98.5% 90.7% 90.0% 90.4% 94.1% 97.6% 97.3% 99.4% 96.4% 97.2% 97.3%

0.6 5.2 7.1 0.5 1.3 13.9 0.4 0.9 1.6 1.1 387.4 0.3 18.9 52.1 36.1 527.5

1.2 5.2 6.5 0.4 2.2 10.7 2.5 0.7 1.4 0.8 39.7 2.2 3.5 11.9 12.0 101.0

0.5 1.1 3.0 0.3 0.8 3.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 61.0 0.7 0.7 10.6 3.4 87.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 15.0

2.3 11.5 16.6 1.2 4.3 28.3 3.5 2.3 3.6 2.6 501.4 3.3 23.1 75.6 51.5 731.2

25.4% 45.2% 43.0% 42.6% 29.7% 49.1% 10.4% 40.3% 44.1% 43.7% 77.3% 10.2% 81.8% 68.9% 70.1% 72.1%

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine Amérique latine

139.1 11.9 327.1 58.8 59.7 5.4 24.4 17.5 23.5 5.9 10.9 1.7 6.4 9.8 3.8 4.1 5.7 3.4 28.5 23.3 5.2 139.1 16.8 931.9

1.6 0.4 4.3 0.2 0.7 0.2 1.8 0.4 3.2 12.8

5.6 2.9 0.7 200.9 23.3 770.6 2.3 1.9 5.9 63.3 1.0 0.1 0.7 1.3 1.3 0.4 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.8 1.2 27.8 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 25.2 2.3 23.5 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.2 5.2 70.2 1.1 17.7 56.9 1 210.2

149.2 213.8 1 125.2 63.2 129.7 6.5 26.5 19.2 28.0 7.4 39.9 2.4 8.0 10.5 3.8 5.1 6.3 29.0 54.7 23.7 6.0 217.7 35.7 2 211.7

94.3% 5.7% 29.4% 93.3% 46.6% 83.2% 92.5% 91.0% 90.6% 79.5% 27.3% 69.4% 80.1% 93.1% 99.4% 80.6% 89.2% 11.9% 52.8% 98.2% 88.0% 65.3% 47.1% 42.7%

12.2 0.8 12.7 2.4 9.7 0.0 0.6 0.2 2.1 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 1.4 3.0 0.1 27.6 0.7 76.3

60.3 9.4 283.1 5.9 34.0 1.4 5.9 3.7 7.4 1.5 3.8 2.3 3.9 0.5 0.0 5.1 2.2 12.6 10.3 0.0 16.0 22.1 3.4 494.8

14.7 2.1 67.2 10.9 13.4 1.0 3.0 2.0 3.4 1.3 2.2 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.1 1.0 0.7 1.4 8.1 0.8 1.5 10.8 2.4 150.7

7.2 14.9 58.8 0.5 4.6 0.0 2.0 3.5 1.7 0.1 5.2 1.2 99.7

94.3 27.1 421.8 19.6 61.7 2.5 9.5 6.0 12.9 3.2 9.0 3.7 5.4 1.2 0.1 6.4 3.0 17.7 21.5 3.8 17.7 65.7 7.7 821.5

13.0% 2.8% 3.0% 12.1% 15.7% 1.5% 6.5% 4.0% 16.3% 12.6% 11.3% 6.4% 5.7% 3.1% 32.4% 4.8% 4.2% 1.7% 6.4% 77.9% 0.6% 42.0% 8.5% 9.3%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodge Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Mongolie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d'Asie Asie

36.3 5.1 3.7 262.1 1 160.7 331.0 74.3 145.8 9.6 10.1 3.0 118.3 72.4 43.1 12.3 214.1 80.4 15.3 2 597.7

0.7 1.8 6.5 6.0 0.4 0.3 0.5 16.3

2.5 0.1 10.2 72.3 18.5 2.8 8.8 0.1 0.3 0.2 8.9 6.4 0.1 0.6 19.1 15.6 0.3 166.8

31.7 4.3 8.1 1.9 136.2 208.3 2.6 31.6 0.3 106.0 6.4 16.9 7.7 2.3 33.5 17.9 57.1 672.6

70.5 10.2 11.8 274.2 1 371.1 564.2 79.6 192.2 10.0 116.7 9.5 144.1 86.9 43.2 15.2 266.8 114.4 72.7 3 453.4

51.5% 56.6% 31.7% 95.6% 84.8% 59.8% 93.2% 78.9% 96.5% 9.0% 31.8% 82.1% 83.7% 99.8% 81.0% 80.3% 70.7% 21.1% 75.7%

10.7 1.7 0.8 2.7 104.7 81.2 3.1 14.6 0.1 4.1 3.7 15.6 3.6 0.3 1.3 7.4 13.4 2.8 271.8

64.0 0.0 10.6 0.0 461.7 92.4 3.9 5.7 4.1 42.6 29.0 73.2 29.9 0.1 6.4 60.0 50.1 14.2 947.8

16.9 0.1 1.6 1.5 143.0 37.6 3.6 3.5 0.4 6.7 3.3 21.5 11.3 0.9 2.7 9.2 11.0 4.2 278.8

1.0 0.3 1.9 0.3 2.9 13.1 0.1 1.7 0.2 7.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.3 0.6 2.5 34.4

92.5 2.1 14.9 4.4 712.3 224.3 10.6 25.5 4.8 60.8 36.0 110.3 44.9 1.3 10.3 78.8 75.1 23.7 1 532.8

11.6% 80.6% 5.4% 60.3% 14.7% 36.2% 29.0% 57.2% 3.0% 6.8% 10.4% 14.1% 8.0% 27.0% 12.2% 9.4% 17.8% 12.0% 17.7%

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

5 059.8 40.7 5 100.5

-

625.4 0.5 625.9

116.9 0.0 116.9

5 802.1 41.2 5 843.4

87.2% 98.7% 87.3%

340.6 0.4 341.1

497.9 0.0 497.9

152.1 0.6 152.7

5.2 5.2

995.8 1.1 996.8

34.2% 40.6% 34.2%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.47

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.2 7.2

0.4 3.8 6.8 0.5 1.7 5.0 3.2 1.2 2.6 0.9 32.5 1.6 2.5 12.6 14.4 89.7

3.3 0.6 3.4 0.6 9.7 0.0 17.7

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 3.6

0.4 4.0 10.4 0.6 3.4 5.5 3.3 1.4 2.9 1.0 42.6 1.6 3.2 23.3 14.7 118.2

4.9% 6.4% 0.9% 15.0% 33.1% 6.5% 1.0% 10.7% 8.7% 3.8% 9.2% 0.2% 0.8% 2.9% 1.3% 6.1%

0.4 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.0 0.7 0.0 24.6 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 28.7

0.0 30.7 0.1 0.3 31.1

0.0 8.4 8.4

7.6 60.3 90.8 18.4 13.1 206.1 12.8 13.1 22.3 11.9 2 200.7 10.7 67.9 417.0 179.7 3 332.4

62.0% 81.5% 75.1% 90.0% 48.2% 89.0% 45.5% 66.1% 69.4% 75.8% 88.5% 55.2% 88.7% 86.1% 81.3% 86.6%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

0.3 0.0 3.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 6.3

81.5 12.2 223.4 11.2 19.1 2.8 7.3 2.7 8.3 2.1 5.6 4.2 3.8 1.0 0.0 3.1 2.0 10.5 16.7 0.3 15.6 20.6 4.5 458.7

0.2 9.6 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 11.6

1.4 16.0 64.3 0.1 4.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 5.6 1.2 99.9

83.4 28.3 300.3 12.6 24.5 2.9 8.3 2.9 8.5 2.3 8.0 4.3 3.9 1.0 0.1 3.2 2.1 12.9 18.7 0.4 15.6 26.5 6.1 576.5

0.4% 0.1% 1.0% 3.6% 1.3% 1.2% 3.0% 3.9% 1.2% 5.0% 3.1% 1.6% 2.0% 4.1% 70.7% 3.2% 2.8% 0.8% 1.3% 6.0% 0.2% 1.0% 4.8% 1.1%

0.3 5.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.1 2.0 0.0 8.8

0.1 3.1 0.3 0.1 3.6

0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.5

327.6 269.3 1 856.5 95.3 216.0 11.9 44.5 28.0 49.4 13.0 57.4 10.4 17.3 12.8 3.9 14.7 11.5 59.6 95.3 27.9 39.4 312.4 49.6 3 623.6

46.8% 4.8% 18.7% 64.8% 32.6% 46.2% 57.1% 63.6% 55.7% 49.6% 21.2% 19.0% 39.5% 77.4% 97.1% 30.8% 51.1% 6.4% 32.0% 94.2% 13.7% 54.5% 35.9% 28.3%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

2.0 0.0 0.2 1.3 17.4 5.0 0.6 1.3 0.0 0.7 0.8 2.2 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.3 0.6 35.5

34.1 0.0 2.8 0.0 279.5 50.8 22.6 6.4 22.8 17.3 6.3 77.1 18.1 0.1 2.8 24.6 35.6 15.1 615.9

0.1 1.5 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.0 7.6 0.2 10.7

1.0 0.3 0.8 0.0 2.3 13.9 0.0 1.8 0.1 7.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.6 3.8 35.2

37.1 0.4 3.8 1.4 300.7 69.9 23.2 9.9 22.8 25.9 7.1 80.0 18.9 8.0 3.1 28.0 37.5 19.5 697.3

5.3% 3.8% 4.3% 92.0% 5.8% 7.1% 2.4% 13.3% 0.1% 2.7% 11.5% 2.8% 4.2% 3.5% 10.8% 2.6% 3.5% 3.2% 5.1%

0.3 2.8 2.9 1.6 0.1 7.6

2.1 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.5 4.7

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 12.1

200.2 12.9 30.5 284.8 2 393.6 859.4 117.2 228.2 37.6 203.5 52.7 335.1 151.0 55.1 28.6 374.5 226.9 116.0 5 707.9

24.5% 57.7% 15.4% 93.4% 53.7% 49.3% 66.5% 73.5% 26.0% 7.5% 14.4% 40.6% 51.1% 79.4% 48.6% 59.4% 42.1% 16.2% 51.2%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

23.4 0.2 23.6

525.3 0.0 525.3

17.2 17.2

0.7 0.0 0.7

566.7 0.2 566.9

4.1% 94.1% 4.2%

100.2 100.2

12.1 12.1

8.4 0.3 8.8

7 485.3 42.9 7 528.2

72.5% 96.5% 72.6%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

2.6 4.8 0.7 0.9 0.5

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.49

MULTILINGUAL GLOSSARIES

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.51

français

'HXWVFK

Indicateurs principaux

Hauptkennzahlen

CO2 Méthode sectorielle (Mt de CO2) CO2 Méthode de référence (Mt de CO2)

CO2 Sektorspezifischer Ansatz (MT CO2) CO2 Referenzansatz (MT CO2)

ATEP (PJ) ATEP (Mtep) PIB (milliards de $EU 2000 utilisant les taux de change) PIB (milliards de $EU 2000 utilisant les PPA) Population (millions)

PEV (PJ) PEV (Mtoe) BIP (Mrd. 2000 US$ auf Wechselkursbasis) BIP (Mrd. 2000 US$ auf Kaufkraftparitätenbasis) Bevölkerung (Mio.)

CO2 / ATEP (t CO2 par TJ) CO2 / PIB (kg CO2 par $EU 2000) CO2 / PIB (kg CO2 par $EU 2000 PPA) CO2 / Population (t CO2 par habitant)

CO2 / PEV (t CO2 pro TJ) CO2 / PIB (kg CO2 pro 2000 US$) CO2 / PIB (kg CO2 pro 2000 US$ Kaufkraftparität) t CO2 pro Kopf

Les rapports sont fondés sur la méthode sectorielle.

Verhältniszahlen basieren auf dem Sektorspezifischer Ansatz.

Emissions de CO2 par secteur en 2006

CO2-Emissionen nach Sektoren (2006)

millions de tonnes de CO 2

Mio. Tonnen CO 2

Méthode sectorielle Production d'électricité et de chaleur (activité principale) Autoproducteurs non spécifiés Autres industries de l'énergie Industries manufacturières et de construction Transport dont: transport routier Autres secteurs dont: résidentiel Méthode de référence Ecarts dus aux pertes et/ou aux transformations Ecarts statistiques Pour mémoire : soutes maritimes internationales Pour mémoire : l'aviation internationale

Sektorspezifischer Ansatz Öffentliche Elektrizitäts- und Wärmeerzeugung Nicht zugeordnete Eigenerzeuger Andere Energieindustrien Verarbeitende Industrie und Baugewerbe Verkehr davon: Straßenverkehr Andere Sektoren davon: Haushalte Referenzansatz Differenzen infolge von Verlusten und/oder Umwandlung Stat. Differenzen Anmerkung: Bunkerung von Brennstoffen durch seegehende Schiffe Anmerkung: Bunkerung von Brennstoffen im luftverkehr

La catégorie Autres inclut les déchets industriels et les déchets urbains non renouvelables.

Andern inklusive Industrieabfälle und nichterneuerbane städtische Abfälle.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.53

italiano

Japanese

Principali indicatori

ਥⷐᜰᮡ

CO2 Metodo settoriale (Mt di CO2) CO2 Metodo di base (Mt di CO2)

%1sឃ಴㊂࠮ࠢ࠲࡯೎ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ ੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛⊖ਁऩ

ATEP (PJ) ATEP (Mtep) PIL (miliardi di US$ 2000 utilizzando il tasso di cambio) PIL (miliardi di US$ 2000 utilizzando la PPA) Popolazione (milioni)

৻ᰴࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ଏ⛎ 2, ৻ᰴࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ଏ⛎ ⍹ᴤ឵▚⊖ਁऩ )&2 ం☨࠼࡞‫ޔ‬ᐕଔᩰ )&2 ం☨࠼࡞‫ޔ‬ᐕଔᩰ‫⾈⾼ޔ‬ജᐔଔ ੱญ ⊖ਁ

CO2 / ATEP (t di CO2 per TJ) CO2 / PIL (kg di CO2 per US$ 2000) CO2 / PIL (kg di CO2 per US$ 2000) CO2 / Popolazione (t di CO2 per abitante)

%1sឃ಴㊂৻ᰴࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ଏ⛎ %1sऩ2,

I rapporti sono basati sul metodo settoriale.

࡟࡯࠻ߪ࠮ࠢ࠲࡯೎ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ࠍၮߦ▚಴

Emissioni di CO2 per settore in 2006

ᐕߩㇱ㐷೎ੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛ឃ಴㊂

milioni di tonnellate di CO 2

%1s⊖ਁऩ

Metodo settoriale Produzione di elettricità e di calore (attività principale) Auto-produttori non specificati Altri settori energetici Industrie manifatturiere e della costruzione Settore dei trasporti di cui: trasporti stradali Altri settori di cui: settore domestico Metodo di base Differenza dovuta alle perdite e/o alle trasformaz. Differenza statistica Memo: bunkeraggi marittimi internazionali Memo: bunkeraggi aerei internazionali

࠮ࠢ࠲㧙೎ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴

La categoria Altri comprende rifiuti industriali e rifiuti urbani non rinnovabili.

%1sឃ಴㊂࡟ࡈࠔ࡟ࡦࠬ࡮ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ ੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛⊖ਁऩ

%1sឃ಴㊂)&2 %1sखच☨࠼࡞‫ޔ‬ᐕଔᩰ %1sឃ಴㊂)&2 %1sखच☨࠼࡞‫ޔ‬ᐕଔᩰ‫⾈⾼ޔ‬ജᐔଔ ৻ੱᒰߚࠅ%1sឃ಴㊂ ੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛ऩੱ

㔚᳇࡮ᾲଏ⛎੐ᬺ⠪ ⥄ኅ⊒ ߘߩઁߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯↥ᬺ ⵾ㅧᬺ࡮ᑪ⸳ᬺ ㆇャᬺ ࿖ౝ㆏〝ㆇㅍᬺ ߘߩઁ ࿖ౝ᳃↢࡮ኅᐸ↪ ࡟ࡈࠔ࡟ࡦࠬ࡮ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ ォ឵ࡠࠬ╬ߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ⺋Ꮕ ⛔⸘⺋Ꮕ ࡔࡕ㧦࿖㓙ᶏㆇࡃࡦࠞ࡯ ࡔࡕ㧦࿖㓙⥶ⓨࡃࡦࠞ࡯ ‫↥ޟߪޠઁߩߘޟ‬ᬺᑄ᫈‛‫ޠ‬෸߮‫ޟ‬ౣ೑↪ਇนߩㇺᏒᑄ᫈‛‫ࠍޠ‬฽߻

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2008 Edition) - III.55

español

ÐÓÑÑÊÈÉ

Indicadores Básicos

®ÑÍÎÂÍÛÅÏÎÊÀÇÀÒÅËÈ

CO2 Metodo Sectorial (Mt de CO2) CO2 Metodo Base (Mt de CO2)

&2ÑÅÊÒÎÐÍÛÉÏÎÄÕÎÄÌËÍÒ&2 &2ÑÈÑÒÅÌÍÛÉÏÎÄÕÎÄÌËÍÒ&2

TPES1 (PJ) TPES1 (Mtep)2 PIB (billón de 2000 USA$ utilizando tipos de cambio) PIB (billón de 2000 USA$ utilizando PPP3) Población (millones)

®¯¯²½3- ®¯¯²½ÌËÍÒÍÝ ¢¢¯ÌÈËËÈÀÐÄÎÂÄÎËËÀÐα¸ ÃÏÎÂÀËÞÒÍÎÌÓÊÓÐÑÓ ¢¢¯ÌÈËËÈÀÐÄÎÂÄÎËËÀÐα¸ ÃÏί¯± ­ÀÑÅËÅÍÈÅÌÈËËÈÎÍÎÂ×ÅËÎÂÅÊ

CO2 / TPES (t CO2 por TJ) CO2 / PIB (kg CO2 por 2000 USA$) CO2 / PIB (kg CO2 por 2000 USA$ PPP) CO2 / Población (t CO2 per capita)

±®®¯¯²½Ò±®ÍÀÒÍÝ ±®¢¢¯Êñ®ÍÀÄÎËËÀб¸ Ã ±®¢¢¯Êñ®ÍÀÄÎËËÀб¸ ÃÏί¯± ±®·ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÑÒÜÍÀÑÅËÅÍÈßÒÍÝÍÀ×ÅËÎÂÅÊÀ

Los ratios estan calculados a partir del metodo sectorial.

ÊÎÝÔÔÈÖÈÅÍÒÛÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÛÍÀÑÅÊÒÎÐÍÎÌÏÎÄÕÎÄÅ

Emisiones por Sector en 2006

¢ÛÁÐÎÑÛ±®ÂÃÏÎÎÒÐÀÑËßÌ

millón de toneladas de CO 2

ÌÈËËÈÎÍÎÂÒÎͱ®

Metodo Sectorial Producción de electricidad y calor (actividad principal) Autoproductores no especificados Otras Industrias de Energía Industrias Manufactureras y Construcción Transporte del cual: Carretera Otros sectores del cual: Residencial Metodo Base Diferencias por Pérdidas y/o Transformación Diferencias estadísticas Memo: Bunkers de Navegación Internacional Memo: Bunkers de Aviación Internacional

ÑÅÊÒÎÐÍÛÉÏÎÄÕÎÄ ½ËÅÊÒÐÎÑÒÀÍÖÈÈÈÒÅÏËÎÖÅÍÒÐÀËÈÎÁÙÅÃÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈß ½ËÅÊÒÐÎÑÒÀÍÖÈÈÈÒÅÏËÎÖÅÍÒÐÀËÈÏÐÅÄÏÐÈßÒÈÉ ¯ÐÎ×ÈÅÒÎÏËÈÂÍÎÝÍÅÐÃÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅÎÒÐÀÑËÈ ®ÁÐÀÁÀÒÛÂÀÞÙÈÅÎÒÐÀÑËÈÏÐÎÌÛØËÅÍÍÎÑÒÈÈÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÑÒÂÎ ²ÐÀÍÑÏÎÐÒÂÊËÞ×ÀßÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÓÞÌÎÐÑÊÓÞÁÓÍÊÅÐÎÂÊÓ

Otros incluye residuos industriales y residuos municipales no renovables.

ÂÒÎÌ×ÈÑËÅ ÂÒÎÌÎÁÈËÜÍÛÉ ¯ÐÎ×ÈÅÎÒÐÀÑËÈ

ÂÒÎÌ×ÈÑËŦÈËÈÙÍÎÊÎÌÌÓÍÀËÜÍÎÅÕÎÇßÉÑÒÂÎ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÍÛÉÏÎÄÕÎÄ °ÀÑÕÎÆÄÅÍÈÅÎÒÏÎÒÅÐÜÈÈËÈÏÅÐÅÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ ±ÒÀÒÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅÐÀÑÕÎÆÄÅÍÈÅ

ªÑÂÅÄÅÍÈÞ¬ÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀßÌÎÐÑÊÀßÁÓÍÊÅÐÎÂÊÀ ªÑÂÅÄÅÍÈÞ¬ÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀßÂÎÇÄÓØÍÀßÁÓÍÊÅÐÎÂÊÀ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɨɦ.-ɛɵɬ. ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Energy Data Manager / Statistician Possible Staff Vacancies International Energy Agency, Paris, France The IEA

Principal Qualifications

The International Energy Agency, based in Paris, acts as energy policy advisor to 27 member countries in their effort to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for their citizens. Founded during the oil crisis of 1973-74, the IEA’s initial role was to co-ordinate measures in times of oil supply emergencies. As energy markets have changed, so has the IEA. Its mandate has broadened to incorporate the “Three E’s” of balanced energy policy making: energy security, economic development and environmental protection. Current work focuses on climate change policies, market reform, energy technology collaboration and outreach to the rest of the world, especially major consumers and producers of energy like China, India, Russia and the OPEC countries.

• University degree in a topic relevant to energy, computer programming or statistics. We currently have staff with degrees in Mathematics, Statistics, Information Technology, Economics, Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Environmental Studies, Hydrology, Public Administration and Business.

The Energy Statistics Division, with a staff of around 30 people, provides a dynamic environment for young people just finishing their studies or with one to two years of work experience. Job description The data managers/statisticians compile, verify and disseminate information on all aspects of energy including production, transformation and consumption of all fuels, renewables, the emergency reporting system, energy efficiency indicators, CO2 emissions, and energy prices and taxes. The data managers are responsible for receiving, reviewing and inputting data submissions from Member countries and other sources into large computerised databases. They check for completeness, correct calculations, internal consistency, accuracy and consistency with definitions. Often this entails proactively investigating and helping to resolve anomalies in collaboration with national administrations of Member and Non-Member countries. The data managers/statisticians also play a key role in helping to design and implement computer macros used in the preparation of their energy statistics publication(s).

• Experience in the basic use of databases and computer software. Good computer programming skills in Visual Basic. • Ability to work accurately, pay attention to detail and work to deadlines. Ability to deal simultaneously with a wide variety of tasks and to organise work efficiently. • Good communication skills; ability to work well in a team and in a multicultural environment, particularly in liaising with contacts in national administrations and industry. • Very good knowledge of one of the two official languages of the Organisation (English or French). Knowledge of other languages would be an advantage. • Some knowledge of energy industry operations and terminology would also be an advantage, but is not required. Nationals of any OECD Member country are eligible for appointment. Basic salaries range from 2 900 to 3 800 Euros per month, depending on qualifications. The possibilities for advancement are good for candidates with appropriate qualifications and experience. Tentative enquiries about future vacancies are welcomed from men and women with relevant qualifications and experience. Applications in French or English, accompanied by a curriculum vitae, should be sent to: Personnel and Finance Division International Energy Agency 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Email: [email protected]

Gestionnaire de données sur l’énergie / Statisticien Vacances d’emploi éventuelles Agence internationale de l’énergie, Paris, France L’AIE l’Agence internationale de l’énergie, établie à Paris, dispense des conseils de politique énergétique à ses 27 pays membres qui s’emploient à assurer pour leurs citoyens des approvisionnements en énergie fiables, propres et à des prix abordables. Créée pendant la crise pétrolière de 1973-74, l’AIE avait pour mission dans un premier temps de coordonner les mesures à prendre en temps de crise des approvisionnements pétroliers. Au fur et à mesure que les marchés de l’énergie évoluaient, l’AIE a elle aussi changé. Son mandat s’est élargi pour prendre en considération les « trois E » qui sont à la base d’une élaboration équilibrée des politiques énergétiques : la sécurité énergétique, le développement économique et la protection de l’environnement. Les travaux actuels de l’Agence sont axés sur les politiques climatiques, la réforme des marchés, la coopération en matière de technologie de l’énergie et les relations avec le reste du monde, notamment avec de grands producteurs et consommateurs d’énergie tels la Chine, l’Inde, la Russie et les pays de l’OPEP. La Division des statistiques de l'énergie, qui compte quelque 30 personnes, offre un environnement dynamique pour de jeunes diplômés de fraîche date ou possédant une ou deux années d’expérience professionnelle. Description de poste Les gestionnaires de données/statisticiens compilent, vérifient et diffusent des informations sur tous les aspects de l’énergie, notamment la production, la transformation et la consommation de tous les combustibles, les énergies renouvelables, le système de notification des situations d’urgence, les indicateurs d’efficacité énergétique, les émissions de CO2, ainsi que les prix et la fiscalité de l’énergie. Les gestionnaires de données sont chargés de recevoir, contrôler et introduire dans des bases de données informatisées de taille importante les données communiquées par les pays membres et d'autres sources. Ils en vérifient l’exhaustivité, corrigent les calculs, et s’assurent de la cohérence interne, de l’exactitude et de l’homogénéité de ces données par rapport aux définitions. A cet effet, ils sont souvent amenés à entreprendre activement des recherches, et à aider à résoudre les anomalies en concertation avec les administrations nationales des pays membres et non membres. Les gestionnaires de données/statisticiens jouent également un rôle essentiel en contribuant à la conception et à l’exécution des macros utilisées pour préparer leur(s) publication(s) de statistiques énergétiques.

Principales qualifications • Diplôme universitaire dans un domaine se rapportant à l’énergie, aux langages de programmation ou à la statistique. Nous comptons actuellement dans nos effectifs des diplômés en mathématiques, statistiques, technologies de l'information, économie, sciences de l’ingénieur, physique, chimie, sciences de l’environnement, hydrologie, administration publique et études commerciales. • Notions pratiques de l’utilisation de bases de données et de logiciels. Bonnes compétences en programmation en langage Visual Basic. • Aptitude à travailler avec précision et sens de la minutie, ainsi qu’à respecter les délais. Aptitude à traiter simultanément des tâches variées et à s'organiser avec efficacité. • Bonne capacité de communication ; esprit d'équipe avéré et aptitude à travailler dans un environnement pluriculturel, notamment en assurant la liaison avec les contacts dans les administrations nationales et dans l’industrie. • Très bonne connaissance de l'une des deux langues officielles de l'Organisation (anglais ou français). La connaissance d’autres langues constituerait un avantage. • Une certaine connaissance des activités de l’industrie de l’énergie et de la terminologie correspondante serait également un atout, mais n’est pas indispensable. Ces postes sont ouverts aux ressortissants des pays membres de l'OCDE. Les traitements de base sont compris entre 2 900 et 3 800 euros par mois, suivant les qualifications. Les candidats possédant les qualifications et l'expérience appropriées se verront offrir des perspectives de promotion. Les demandes de renseignements sur les postes susceptibles de se libérer qui émanent de personnes dotées des qualifications et de l'expérience voulues seront les bienvenues. Les candidatures, rédigées en français ou en anglais et accompagnées d'un curriculum vitae, doivent être envoyées à l'adresse suivante : Division du personnel et des finances Agence internationale de l’énergie 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Email: [email protected]

S T A T I S T I C S PUB LI C A T I O N S

On-Line Data Services Users can instantly access not only all the data published in this book, but also all the time series used for preparing this publication and all the other statistics publications of the IEA. The data are available on-line, either through annual subscription or pay-per-view access. More information on this service can be found on our website: http://data.iea.org

Ten Annual Publications n Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, 2008 Edition No other publication offers such in-depth statistical coverage. It is intended for anyone involved in analytical or policy work related to energy issues. It contains data on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, natural gas, combustible renewables/wastes and products derived from these primary fuels, as well as for electricity and heat. Complete data are available for 2005 and 2006 and for the first time in this edition, supply estimates are available for the previous year (i.e. 2007). Historical tables summarise data on production, trade and final consumption. Each issue includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data. Published July 2008 - Price €110

n Energy Balances of OECD Countries, 2008 Edition A companion volume to Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, this publication presents standardised energy balances expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent. Energy supply and consumption data are divided by main fuel: coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydro, geothermal/solar, combustible renewables/ wastes, electricity and heat. This allows for easy comparison of the contributions each fuel makes to the economy and their interrelationships through the conversion of one fuel to another. All of this is essential for estimating total energy supply, forecasting, energy conservation, and analysing the potential for interfuel substitution. Complete data are available for 2005 and 2006 and for the first time in this edition, supply estimates are available for the previous year (i.e. 2007). Historical tables summarise key energy and economic indicators as well as data on production, trade and final consumption. Each issue includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data as well as conversion factors from original units to tonnes of oil equivalent. Published July 2008 - Price €110

n Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, 2008 Edition This publication offers the same in-depth statistical coverage as the homonymous publication covering OECD countries. It includes data in original units for more than 100 individual countries and nine main regions. The consistency of OECD and non-OECD countries’ detailed statistics provides an accurate picture of the global energy situation for 2005 and 2006. For a description of the content, please see Energy Statistics of OECD Countries above. Published August 2008 - Price €110

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n Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2008 Edition A companion volume to the publication Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, this publication presents energy balances in million tonnes of oil equivalent and key economic and energy indicators for more than 100 individual countries and nine main regions. It offers the same statistical coverage as the homonymous publication covering OECD countries, and thus provides an accurate picture of the global energy situation for 2005 and 2006. For a description of the content, please see Energy Balances of OECD Countries above. Published August 2008 - Price €110

n Electricity Information 2008 This reference document provides essential statistics on electricity and heat for each OECD member country by bringing together information on production, installed capacity, input energy mix to electricity and heat production, input fuel prices, consumption, end-user electricity prices and electricity trades. The document also presents selected non-OECD country statistics on the main electricity and heat flows. It is an essential document for electricity and heat market and policy analysts. Published August 2008 - Price €130

n Coal Information 2008 This well-established publication provides detailed information on past and current evolution of the world coal market. It presents country specific statistics for OECD member countries and selected non-OECD countries on coal production, demand, trade and prices. This publication represents a key reference tool for all those involved in the coal supply or consumption stream, as well as institutions and governments involved in market and policy analysis of the world coal market. Published August 2008 - Price €150

n Natural Gas Information 2008 A detailed reference work on gas supply and demand, covering not only the OECD countries but also the rest of the world. Contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices. The main part of the book, however, concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed gas supply and demand balance for each individual country and for the three OECD regions: North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, as well as a breakdown of gas consumption by end-user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination. Published August 2008 - Price €150

n Oil Information 2008 A comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and demand. The first part of this publication contains key data on world production, trade, prices and consumption of major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s. The second part gives a more detailed and comprehensive picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by end-user for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported extensively by origin and destination. Published August 2008 - Price €150

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n Renewables Information 2008 This reference document brings together in one volume essential statistics on renewables and waste energy sources. It presents a detailed and comprehensive picture of developments for renewable and waste energy sources for each of the OECD member countries, encompassing energy indicators, generating capacity, electricity and heat production from renewable and waste sources, as well as production and consumption of renewable and waste products. It also includes a selection of indicators for non-OECD countries. This report provides a strong foundation for renewables energy policy and market analysis to assess progress towards domestic and international objectives. Published August 2008 - Price €80

n CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 2008 Edition In order for nations to tackle the problem of climate change, they need accurate greenhouse gas emissions data. This publication provides a basis for comparative analysis of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, a major source of anthropogenic emissions. The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of the emissions of CO2 from 1971 to 2006 for more than 140 countries and regions by sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emissions factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Published November 2008 - Price €150

Two Quarterlies n Oil, Gas, Coal and Electricity, Quarterly Statistics This publication provides up-to-date, detailed quarterly statistics on oil, coal, natural gas and electricity for the OECD countries. Oil statistics cover production, trade, refinery intake and output, stock changes and consumption for crude oil, NGL and nine selected oil product groups. Statistics for electricity, natural gas and coal show supply and trade. Import and export data are reported by origin and destination. Moreover, oil as well as hard coal and brown coal production are reported on a worldwide basis. Published Quarterly - Price €110, annual subscription €350

n Energy Prices and Taxes This publication responds to the needs of the energy industry and OECD governments for upto-date information on prices and taxes in national and international energy markets. It contains prices at all market levels for OECD countries and certain non-OECD countries: import prices, industry prices and consumer prices. The statistics cover the main petroleum products, gas, coal and electricity, giving for imported products an average price both for importing country and country of origin. Every issue includes full notes on sources and methods and a description of price mechanisms in each country. Published Quarterly - Price €110, annual subscription €350

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Electronic Editions n CD-ROMs and Online Data Services To complement its publications, the Energy Statistics Division produces CD-ROMs containing the complete databases which are used for preparing the statistics publications. State-of-the-art software allows you to access and manipulate all these data in a very user-friendly manner and includes graphic facilities. These databases are also available on the internet from our online data service. Annual CD-ROMS / Online Databases

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Energy Energy Energy Energy

Statistics of OECD Countries, 1960-2007 Balances of OECD Countries, 1960-2007 Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, 1971-2006 Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 1971-2006

Price: Price: Price: Price:

€500 €500 €500 €500

(single (single (single (single

user) user) user) user)

Combined subscription of the above four series

Price: €1 200 (single user)

Electricity Information 2008 Coal Information 2008 Natural Gas Information 2008 Oil Information 2008 Renewables Information 2008 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 1971-2006

Price: Price: Price: Price: Price: Price:

€500 €500 €500 €500 €300 €500

(single (single (single (single (single (single

user) user) user) user) user) user)

Quarterly CD-ROMs / Online Databases

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Energy Prices and Taxes

Price: (four quarters) €800 (single user)

A description of these services are available on our website: http://data.iea.org

Other Online Services n The Monthly Oil Data Service The IEA Monthly Oil Data Service provides the detailed databases of historical and projected information which is used in preparing the IEA’s monthly Oil Market Report (OMR). The IEA Monthly Oil Data Service comprises three packages available separately or combined as a subscriber service on the Internet. The data are available at the same time as the official release of the Oil Market Report. The packages include: Supply, Demand, Balances and Stocks Trade Field-by-Field Supply Complete Service

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Price: Price: Price: Price:

€5 €1 €2 €8

500 650 750 250

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user) user) user) user)

A description of this service is available on our website: http://modsinfo.iea.org

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n The Monthly Gas Data Service The Monthly Gas Data Service provides for OECD countries historical and current data on natural gas supply and demand, as well as detailed information on trade origins and destinations. The packages include:

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Natural Gas Balances & Trade Historical plus 12 monthly updates

Price: €440 (single user)

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Natural Gas Balances & Trade Historical

Price: €330 (single user)

A description of this service is available on our website: http://data.iea.org

Moreover, the IEA statistics website contains key energy indicators by country, graphs on the world and OECD’s energy situation evolution from 1971 to the most recent year available, as well as selected databases for demonstration. The IEA statistics website can be accessed at: http://www.iea.org/statistics/

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IEA Publications, 9, rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15 Printed in France by Maulde & Renou Sambre SAS (61 2008 12 3 P1) ISBN 978-92-64-04238-4