Centennial of Powered Flight: A Retospective of Aerospace Research (Library of Flight Series)

Foreword This publication was prepared in order to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the remarkable achievement of the first flight by the Wright Brothers on 17 December 1903. The objective of this publication is to reprint articles that have unusual significance to the advancement of the science and technology of aeronautics and astronautics that have appeared in the AIAA Journal and its predecessors. This includes the following journals: Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vols. 1–24, 1934–1957 Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vols. 25–29, 1958–1962 ARS Journal, Vols. 1–32, 1930–1962 AIAA Journal, Vols. 1–40, 1963–2002 The history of these journals developed as follows: the Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences was briefly followed by the Journal of the Aerospace Sciences before it was merged with the ARS Journal in 1963 to form the AIAA Journal. The ARS Journal itself has also been known by a number of other names, as follows: Bulletin, June 1930–April 1932 Astronautics, May 1932–1944 Journal of the American Rocket Society, 1945–1953 Jet Propulsion, 1954–1958. In addition, Nos. 1–85, June 1930–June 1951, have no volume numbers but constitute Vol. 1–21 (No. 4) of the Journal of the American Rocket Society (called the American Interplanetary Society in the period June 1930–March 1934). The nomination of articles to be included in this publication was open to all readers of the AIAA Journal. The request for nominations resulted in the nomination of more than two hundred articles from which the articles that appear in this publication were chosen. The final selection was made by members of the Editorial Board of the AIAA Journal (the Editor-in-Chief and the Associate Editors), as well as the members of the Editorial Advisory Board of the AIAA Journal, both for the period January 2000 to September 2002. Their names appear on the following page. Finally, individuals who were authors or co-authors of nominated articles did not participate in the final selection of articles to be included in this publication. The articles are organized in accord with the main subject headings that are currently in use for the journal. They are as follows: Aircraft Technology, Conventional, STOL/VTOL, seven articles; Fluid Dynamics, twenty-four articles; Propulsion, two articles; Structural Mechanics and Materials, three articles. Within each subject heading, the articles are listed in the order of their appearance in the journals. Early articles were definitely favored during the selection process, no doubt because time in the published literature provides more opportunity to evaluate the significance of a particular article; therefore, the most recent article in this publication appeared in 1982. Only thirty-six articles could be accommodated in this publication; as a result, it was necessary to omit many excellent papers that have appeared in the AIAA Journal and its predecessors, which have been important contributions to the literature of the fields of aeronautics and astronautics. In the period of publication of the AIAA Journal and its predecessors up to 1982, submission of articles to the journal was dominated by articles considering Fluid Dynamics, which clearly accounts for the predominance of articles that appear in this area. A similar exercise considering articles subsequent to 1982 would no doubt result in a much larger percentage of articles in areas other than Fluid Dynamics, particularly in the area of Structural Mechanics and Materials, which would be more typical of current submissions to the AIAA Journal. In view of the space limitations of this publication, the omission of numerous important nominated papers was painful; nevertheless, the authors of articles appearing in this publication certainly include many of the leading workers in aeronautics and astronautics research during the 20th century. Their efforts, represented by the articles appearing in this publication, should amply serve to motivate contemporary workers in the field to achieve similar levels of quality and impact in their research publications. Gerard M. Faeth University of Michigan Editor-in-Chief, AIAA Journal (1997–2002)

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PAPER SELECTION COMMITTEE

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Gerard M. Faeth ASSOCIATE EDITORS Suresh K. Aggarwal Medhi Ahmadian Hafiz M Atassi Promode R. Bandyopadhyay Amr M. Baz Josette R. Bellan Alex Berman Graham V. Candler Aditi Chattopadhyay William J. Devenport Kirti N. Ghia Peyman Givi Iskender G¨okalp Jayavant P. Gore

James C. Hermanson Eric Raymond Johnson K. Kailasanath John Kallinderis Eli Livne Robert P. Lucht Achille Messac Phillip J. Morris Anthony N. Palazotto Christopher Pierre Allen Plotkin Sunil Saigal Mohammed Samimy Pasquale M. Sforza Kunigal N. Shivakumar Martin Sichel Ronald M. C. So Anthony M. Waas

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Satya N. Atluri Dennis M. Bushnell Earl H. Dowell Edward M. Greitzer Robert G. Loewy Robert W. MacCormack Simon Ostrach Eli Reshotko Anatol Roshko George W. Springer Byron D. Tapley Raymond Viskanta Forman A. Williams Israel J. Wygnanski

CENTENNIAL OF POWERED FLIGHT

Table of Contents AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY, CONVENTIONAL, STOL/VTOL Problems of the Transoceanic Airplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. I. Sikorsky (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 9, 1936, pp. 318–321)

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Airfoil Theory for Non-Uniform Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Th. von Karm ´ an ´ and W. R. Sears (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 10, 1938, pp. 379–390)

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Some Aspects of Non-Stationary Airfoil Theory and Its Practical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. R. Sears (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1941, pp. 104–108)

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The Design of High-Speed Military Airplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C. L. Johnson (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 12, 1941, pp. 467–474)

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Three-Dimensional Wing Flutter Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. H. Flax (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1943, pp. 41–47)

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The Drag Problem at High Supersonic Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Busemann (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 6, 1949, pp. 337–344)

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Our Heritage from Wilbur and Orville Wright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. L. Dryden (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 12, 1953, pp. 803–804)

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FLUID DYNAMICS Turbulence and Skin Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Th. von Karm ´ an ´ (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1934, pp. 1–20)

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The Fundamentals of the Statistical Theory of Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Th. von Karm ´ an ´ (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1937, pp. 131–138)

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The Theory of Isotropic Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. L. Dryden (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 7, 1937, pp. 273–280)

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The Statistical Theory of Isotropic Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. I. Taylor (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 8, 1937, pp. 311–315)

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Laminar Boundary-Layer Oscillations and Stability of Laminar Flow. . . . . . . . . . . G. B. Schubauer and H. K. Skramstad (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1947, pp. 69–78)

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Supersonic Aerodynamics—Principles and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Th. von Karm ´ an ´ (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 7, 1947, pp. 373–402)

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Methods for Predicting Phenomena in the High-Speed Flow of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. J. Lighthill (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1949, pp. 69–83)

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Applications of the Theory of Free Molecule Flow to Aeronautics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. Ashley (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1949, pp. 95–104)

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Temperature and Velocity Profiles in the Compressible Laminar Boundary Layer with Arbitrary Distribution of Surface Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. R. Chapman and M. W. Rubesin (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 9, 1949, pp. 547–565)

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The Laminar-Turbulent Transition in a Boundary Layer—Part I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. W. Emmons (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 7, 1951, pp. 490–498)

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A Mixing Theory for the Interaction Between Dissipative Flows and Nearly lsentropic Streams . . . L. Crocco and L. Lees (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 10, 1952, pp. 649–676)

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Theoretical Determination of the Minimum Drag of Airfoils at Supersonic Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. T. Jones (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 12, 1952, pp. 813–822)

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Turbulence in Supersonic Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. S. G. Kovasznay ´ (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 10, 1953, pp. 657–674, 682)

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CENTENNIAL OF POWERED FLIGHT

Turbulent Boundary Layers in Adverse Pressure Gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. H. Clauser (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1954, pp. 91–108)

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Engineering Relations for Friction and Heat Transfer to Surfaces in High Velocity Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. R. G. Eckert (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 8, 1955, pp. 585–587)

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On Turbulent Flow Near a Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. R. van Driest (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 23, No. 11, 1956, pp. 1007–1011, 1036)

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The Supersonic Blunt-Body Problem—Review and Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. D. Van Dyke (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1958, pp. 485–496)

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Observation of High Intensity Radiation by Satellites 1958 Alpha and Gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J. A. Van Allen, G. H. Ludwig, E. C. Ray, C. E. Mcllwain (Reprinted from Jet Propulsion, Vol. 28, No. 9, 1958, pp. 588–592)

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Jet Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. J. Lighthill (Reprinted from AIAA Journal, Vol. 1, No. 7, 1963, pp. 1507–1517)

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Stability Theory for a Pair of Trailing Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. C. Crow (Reprinted from AIAA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 12, 1970, pp. 2172–2179)

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Calculation of Plane Steady Transonic Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. M. Murman and J. D. Cole (Reprinted from AIAA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1971, pp. 114–121)

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Structure of Turbulent Shear Flows: A New Look . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Roshko (Reprinted from AIAA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 10, 1976, pp. 1349–1357)

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An Implicit Factored Scheme for the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations . . . . . . . . . . R. M. Beam and R. F. Warming (Reprinted from AIAA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1978, pp. 393–402)

318

A Numerical Method for Solving the Equations of Compressible Viscous Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. W. MacCormack (Reprinted from AIAA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 9, 1982, pp. 1275–1281)

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PROPULSION A Theory of Unstable Combustion in Liquid Propellant Rocket Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. M. Summerfield (Reprinted from Journal of the American Rocket Society, Vol. 21, No. 5, 1951, pp. 108–114)

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High-Frequency Combustion Instability in Rocket Motor with Concentrated Combustion . . . . . L. Crocco and S.-I Cheng (Reprinted from Journal of the American Rocket Society, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1953, pp. 301–313, 322)

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STRUCTURAL MECHANICS AND MATERIALS Laminar Heat Transfer Over Blunt-Nosed Bodies at Hypersonic Flight Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. Lees (Reprinted from Jet Propulsion, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1956, pp. 259–269, 274) Buckling of Thin-Walled Circular Cylinders Under Axial Compression and Internal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y. C. Fung and E. E. Sechler (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 5, 1957, pp. 351–356) Theory of Stagnation Point Heat Transfer in Dissociated Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J. A. Fay and F. R. Riddell (Reprinted from Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1958, pp. 73–85, 121)

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