Capitalization and Punctuation: English in Context

ENGLISH in context CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION GRAMMAR AND USAGE READING COMPREHENSION SPELLING VOCABULARY WRITING ...

Author: Carol Hegarty

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ENGLISH in context

CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION GRAMMAR AND USAGE READING COMPREHENSION SPELLING VOCABULARY WRITING

N O I T A Z I L A T CAPI N O I T A U T C N PU AND

ENGLISH in context

N O I T A Z I L CAP ITA N O I T A U T PU NC AN D

ENGLISH in context 1

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ENGLISH iin n ccontext o n te x t


Development and Production: Laurel Associates, Inc. Cover Art: Elisa Ligon

SADDLEBACK EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Website: www.sdlback.com

Copyright © 2000 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-56254-350-4 Printed in the United States of America 05 04 03 02 01 00 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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CONTENTS Introduction ............................

5

UNIT 1 Capitalization Overview .......

6

LESSON

1 First Word in a Sentence .................

6

2 First Word in a Direct Quotation .......

8

3 Greetings and Closings in Letters ....

10

UNIT 4 Names of Things ...............

42

16 Brand Names .............................

42

17 Organizations and Religions ..........

44

18 Titles of Works ...........................

46

19 Days, Months, and Holidays ..........

48

4 The Personal Pronoun I and Interjection O ..........................

12

Unit 4 Review ........................... 50

5 Outlines ....................................

14

6 Proper Nouns .............................

16

Unit 1–4 Review: Capitalization in Context ............................ 52

Unit 1 Review ........................... 18

UNIT 2 Names of People ...............

20

7 Names and Initials .......................

20

8 Personal and Professional Titles .....

22

9 Titles of Relationship ...................

24

10 Nationalities and Languages ..........

26

UNIT 5 End Punctuation ...............

58

20 Periods .....................................

58

21 Question Marks ..........................

60

22 Exclamation Points ......................

62

23 Periods with Abbreviations and Initials .............................

64

Unit 5 Review ........................... 66

Unit 2 Review ........................... 28

UNIT 6 Commas ...........................

68

24 Separating Items in a Series ..........

68

UNIT 3 Names of Places ...............

30

11 Names of Cities and Towns ...........

30

25 Separating Parts of Addresses and Dates ..............................

70

12 Names of States, Countries, and Continents ........................

32

26 Connecting Parts of Compound Sentences ..............................

72

13 Geographic Names ......................

34

27 Setting Off Introductory Words ......

74

14 Words Formed from Place Names ..

36

15 Direction Words ..........................

38

28 Setting Off Separate Thoughts or Explanations .......................

76

Unit 3 Review ........................... 40

Unit 6 Review ........................... 78 3

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UNIT 7 Apostrophes and Quotation Marks .............

80

29 Apostrophes to Show Ownership ....

80

35 Ellipses and Slashes .....................

94

30 Apostrophes for Missing Letters .....

82

36 Parentheses and Brackets .............

96

Unit 8 Review ........................... 98

31 Quotation Marks for Direct Quotations .............................

84

32 Special Uses of Quotation Marks ....

86

Unit 7 Review ........................... 88

UNIT 8 Special Punctuation ..........

90

33 Colons and Semicolons ................

90

34 Hyphens and Dashes ...................

92

Units 5–8 Review: Punctuation in Context .......................... 100 Units 1–8 Review: Capitalization and Punctuation in Context . 104

Reference Guide ...............

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INTRODUCTION Why are capitalization and punctuation important? The answer will be clear when you try to read the following paragraph.

what makes a good rodeo rider great you could take ten champions all with determination and heart what youd find in all of them is a lot of try thats it theyve got to put forth a lot of effort theyve got to have try said ty murray the youngest man ever to be named world champion rodeo cowboy. Notice how much easier it is to read the paragraph when the words have been correctly capitalized and punctuated.

What makes a good rodeo rider great? “You could take ten champions, all with determination and heart. What you’d find in all of them is a lot of try. That’s it. They’ve got to put forth a lot of effort. They’ve got to have try,” said Ty Murray, the youngest man ever to be named world champion rodeo cowboy. Every time you communicate in writing, you need solid capitalization and punctuation skills. As you noticed in comparing the two paragraphs, these skills help you get through to your reader. Proper punctuation ensures that your message and meaning will be delivered without confusion. To clarify your meaning even further, proper use of capital letters draws attention to words that need to be emphasized.

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UNIT

CAPITALIZATION OVERVIEW FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE, RULES 1–6.

1

1

FIRST WORD IN A SENTENCE Each letter in the alphabet has two forms, capital and lowercase. CAPITAL LETTERS:

A BC D E F G H I J K L M N O PQ R S T U V W X Y Z A BC D E F GHI JK L M N O PQ R ST UVW X Y Z LOWERCASE LETTERS:

a bc d e f gh i j k l mn o pq r s t u v w x y z a bc d e f g h i j k l mn o pq r s t uv w x y z Begin the first word in every sentence with a capital letter.

A If the sentence is capitalized correctly, write correct on the line. If you find an error, rewrite the sentence correctly.

1. the appearance of the sky can change very quickly. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Storm clouds can rapidly turn the sky dark. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. big f luffy clouds remind me of pillows. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. once I saw a cloud that looked like a waterfall. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Yesterday the sunset was especially beautiful. ____________________________________________________________________ 6

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TROUBLESHOOTER

1

How do you show that a lowercase letter should be capitalized? A proofreader draws three lines under it, like this:

t here are about ten different kinds of clouds.

B Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence. Write it on the line.

1. ( Clouds / clouds ) __________________ that are wispy, curly, or stringy are called cirrus clouds. 2. ( If / if ) __________________ a cloud is layered and flat on the bottom, it is called a stratus cloud. 3. ( Cumulus / cumulus ) __________________ clouds look lumpy, puffy, or heaped. 4. ( Usually / usually ) __________________, cirrus clouds mean that fair weather is ahead. 5. ( Gray / gray ) __________________ layers of stratus clouds can stretch across the entire sky.

C First mark the errors. Then rewrite the paragraph correctly.

we usually think of rainwater as clear and pure. the truth is that each raindrop forms around a tiny impurity. it might be a speck of salt from the ocean or a tiny grain of sand. other possibilities include meteor dust or bits of air pollution. raindrops form around each speck. _____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7

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2

FIRST WORD IN A DIRECT QUOTATION Begin the first word in a direct quotation with a capital letter. If the quotation is divided, do not begin the second part with a capital letter unless the second part is a new sentence. EXAMPLES:

Kalika said, “Let’s take a nature hike today.” “The skyline trail,” said Pancho, “is very scenic.” “Let’s go,” Kalika said. “The weather’s perfect!”

A Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line.

1. “Did you know,” asked Jerome, (“ That / “that ) __________________ Thomas Edison is sometimes called the world’s greatest inventor?” 2. Ellen answered, (“ Yes / “yes ) __________________, I did.” 3. “In fact,” Ellen continued, (“He / “he ) __________________ patented 1,093 inventions in 60 years.” 4. Jerome said, (“No / “no ) __________________ other person ever invented so many things.” 5. “I read,” Jerome went on, (“About / “about ) __________________ his work habits.” 6. Ellen commented, (“When / “when ) __________________ he was working, he would take only short naps.” 7. Jerome asked, (“Wouldn’t / “ wouldn’t ) __________________ you think he’d rather have a good night’s sleep?”

B Find the word in the box that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line. Is / is

There / there

What / what

1. “Genius,” said Edison, “____________ one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” 2. He also said, “____________ is no substitute for hard work.” 8

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2 3. Pamela asked, “____________ Edison the best role model for young scientists?” 4. “I think,” answered Rodney, “____________ are many good role models.” 5. “Have you ever wondered,” asked Pamela, “____________ we would do without telephones?” 6. “Yes, I have,” Rodney responded. “____________ do you think is Edison’s most important invention?”

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

How do you show that a capital letter should be made lowercase? A proofreader draws a slanted line through it, like this:

“I heard,” said Sachi, “T hat Edison had little time for social life.”

C Mark the errors before rewriting the sentences.

1. “All problems,” said Jake, “Interested Edison.” ____________________________________________________________________ 2. “To find a solution,” Jake continued, “He would try everything.” ____________________________________________________________________ 3. “Edison was the first,” said Mina, “To establish the team concept of working on problems.” ____________________________________________________________________ 4. “Before Edison’s time,” she added, “Experts did not usually work together to develop ideas.” ____________________________________________________________________ 5. “As you know,” Mina went on, “Today it is standard practice to work in teams.” ____________________________________________________________________ 9

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GREETINGS AND CLOSINGS IN LETTERS Begin the first word in the greeting and the closing of a letter with a capital letter. EXAMPLE:

D ear John, T ruly yours,

A Choose the word or words that correctly complete the greeting or closing. Write the answer on the line.

1. __________________ Mr. Easton:

6. ______________________ nephew,

( Dear / dear )

( Your loving / your Loving )

2. _______________________ yours,

7. _____________________ Angelina,

( Sincerely / sincerely )

( my Dearest / My dearest )

3. __________________ Ms. Costello:

8. ________________________ ,

( My Dear / My dear )

( Sincerely / sincerely )

4. ______________________ sincerely,

9. _______________________ yours,

( Yours Very / Yours very )

( Very truly / Very Truly )

5. __________________, Grandma!

10. ______________________ you,

( H i / hi )

( Missing / missing )

B Write a word from the box to correctly complete each greeting or closing. Dear

dear

Sincerely

sincerely

Truly

Your

yours

1. __________________ Mr. Napoli:

5. Most __________________,

2. __________________ yours,

6. __________________,

3. Sincerely __________________,

7. Very __________________ yours,

4. My ________________ Ms. Hiatte:

8. __________________ loving niece,

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truly

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TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember:

a,

To show that a capital letter should be lowercase, draw a slanted line through it, like this: ar Gr Ho an

dm

Sincerely Yours, De

To show that a lowercase letter should be a capital letter, draw three lines under it, like this:

dear Mr. Jones:

C Mark each error. Then rewrite the greeting or closing correctly on the line.

1. dear Kwan, ______________________________ 2. Yours Very Truly, ______________________________ 3. my Dearest Elizabeth, ______________________________ 4. dear Dr. Carpenter: ______________________________ 5. Your Loving Grandson, ______________________________

6. To Whom It May Concern: ______________________________ 7. cordially Yours, ______________________________ 8. hi, aunt Evelyn, ______________________________ 9. until We Meet Again, ______________________________ 10. greetings, citizens, ______________________________ 11

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4

THE PERSONAL PRONOUN I AND INTERJECTION O Always capitalize the pronoun I. (Do not capitalize the first letter of other personal pronouns, such as it and she, unless the pronoun begins a sentence.) Always capitalize the interjection O. (Do not capitalize the word oh unless it begins a sentence.) EXAMPLES:

I will read you my line in the school play. “Hear our plea, O mighty king!” There are oh so many rehearsals scheduled.

A If the sentence is correct, write C on the line. If the sentence is not correct, rewrite it correctly.

1. After hearing your story, i have changed my mind. _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Did You know that i got a new job last month? _____________________________________________________________________ 3. The people, o gracious queen, offer You these gifts. _____________________________________________________________________ 4. I remained silent, yet Oh how angry i was. _____________________________________________________________________

B Choose the word that correctly completes the sentence. Write it on the line.

1. On my trip, ( I / i ) __________ learned that Greenland is not really green. 2. Did ( You / you ) ____________know that only its coast is green? 3. Most of Greenland, ( I / i ) learned, is covered by ice and snow. 12

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TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember: To show that a capital letter should be lowercase, draw a slanted line through it, like this:

There were Oh so many colors in the sunset. To show that a lowercase letter should be capitalized, draw three lines under it, like this:

It is true that i have rose-colored sunglasses.

C Mark the errors in this paragraph. Then rewrite the paragraph correctly on the lines.

To entertain the king, i told him this story. “Yesterday i learned the difference between a stalactite and a stalagmite. These are the oh so beautiful stone columns that form in caves. This might interest You, o mighty king. Stalactites, i was told, hang down from the roof of a cave. Stalagmites grow up from the floor. When They meet, they form a pillar of stone. _____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 13

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5

OUTLINES An outline is the framework for a paragraph or a longer composition. It shows the major and minor points to be covered. Topics, subtopics, and details are not written as full sentences. To begin an outline for a paragraph of your own, first write the title at the top of your page. Then write the Roman numeral I before the first topic. For subtopics under Roman numerals, use capital letters. For details under the capital letters, use Arabic numerals. For details under Arabic numerals, use lowercase letters. Use a capital letter for the first word in each entry. EXAMPLE:

A Typical Weekday I. Before school A. Waking up early 1. Getting ready for school a. Deciding what to wear b. Fixing and eating breakfast

A Read the partial outline below. Circle the word or letter that correctly completes each topic entry. Then write it on the line.

I. ____________________ care of my dog ( Taking / taking ) A. _____________________ the dog ( Feeding / feeding ) 1. Filling the _______________ bowl ( Water / water ) 2. Filling the _________________ bowl ( kibble / Kibble ) ___. Grooming my dog ( B / b ) 1. _______________ the dog daily

( Brushing / brushing )

2. _______________ the dog monthly ( Bathing / bathing ) ___. Where I bathe the dog ( A / a ) b. _______________ I bathe the dog 14

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( How / how )

5

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember the error correction marks:

A. movies with animal characters

a. My Favorite movies

B Mark the errors before rewriting the outline.

Seasons Of The Year I. Winter

____________________________________________ ___. ________________________________________

A. Things to Wear

___. ___________________________________

1. when it is raining

___. _____________________________

a. Raincoats

___. _______________________

B. rain boots

___. _______________________

2. When it is Snowing

___. _____________________________

A. Boots and gloves

___. _______________________

b. hats and coats

___. _______________________

b. Things to do

___. ___________________________________

1. go ice skating

___. _____________________________

2. Build a Fire

___. _____________________________

II. summer

___. ________________________________________

a. Things to wear 1. When it is Sunny

___. ___________________________________ ___. _____________________________

A. sunscreen

___. _______________________

b. sunglasses

___. _______________________ 15

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6

PROPER NOUNS A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing. Begin a proper noun with a capital letter. A common noun names any person, place, or thing. Do not begin a common noun with a capital letter unless it is the first word in a sentence. EXAMPLES:

Central Library, Gloria, Pacific Ocean, Crestview Middle School (proper nouns) building, aunt, ocean, school (common nouns)

A If the noun is correct as written, write C on the line. If not, write it correctly.

1. ___________________________ state 2. ___________________________ country 3. ___________________________ girl 4. ___________________________ Boy 5. ___________________________ river 6. ___________________________ Alabama 7. ___________________________ United States 8. ___________________________ cynthia 9. ___________________________ Roberto 10. ___________________________ mississippi river

B Choose the word that correctly completes each sentence. Write it on the line.

1. Luis is Clarice’s older ( brother / Brother ) _________________________. 2. Clarice’s best friend is ( Anna / anna ) _________________________. 3. Luis plays ( baseball / Baseball ) _________________________ after school. 16

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6 4. His team’s name is the ( Tigers / tigers ) _________________________. 5. Some elephants in our zoo are from ( Africa / africa ) _________________________. 6. My favorite zoo attraction is the ( monkey / Monkey ) _________________________ exhibit. 7. The funniest monkey is named ( buster / Buster ) _________________________. 8. One ( kangaroo / Kangaroo ) _________________________ carried a baby in her pouch. 9. We named it ( Joey / joey ) _________________________, not knowing that ( Joey / joey ) _________________________ is what a baby kangaroo is called.

C Complete each sentence with a proper noun. Don’t forget to capitalize it!

1. My full name is ____________________________________________________. 2. I have a friend whose name is _______________________________________. 3. We live in the state of ______________________________________________. 4. The name of the street where I live is ________________________________. 5. The nearest body of water is ________________________________________. 6. If I had a pet iguana, I would name it ________________________________. 7. My favorite name for a dog is ________________________________________. 8. A good name for a cat is ____________________________________________. 9. We called our beautiful canary ______________________________________. 17

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1 A

UNIT REVIEW Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line. 1. ( Have / have ) __________________ you ever been to a ballet? 2. The ballet dancer said, “( There / there ) __________________ is a trick to keep from getting dizzy.” 3. “When you turn your body,” she continued, “( You / you ) _______________ hold your head still.” 4. “( Of / of ) ____________ course, at some point, you must turn your head around quickly,” she laughed. 5. “ This is a trick ( I / i ) __________ learned long ago,” she concluded. 6. Last year, my family went to see a ballet in ( San Francisco / san francisco ) _____________________________. 7. Swan Lake is one of my favorite ( Ballets / ballets ) ____________________.

B

Choose a word or letter from the box to correctly complete each sentence or group of words. Then write it on the line. A

a.

Your

yours

O

oh

When

1. Hear us, ______________ mighty one! 2. ______________ devoted nephew, 3. I. Desserts ______________. Cold desserts 4. There were ______________ so many ants at the picnic. 5. Alice asked the queen, “______________ can I go home?” 6. “You may go home,” said the queen, “______________ I decide.” 18

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when

1 7. II. Beverages A. Health drinks 1. Juices ______________ Citrus juices 8. Sincerely ______________, C

Mark the errors before rewriting the letter. dear Grandma, thanks for coming to visit last week. Sarah and i really enjoyed seeing you. After you left, sarah asked, “when is Grandma coming to visit again?” “The only way to find out,” I told her, “Is to ask her.” That is why I am writing this letter. Please write back soon and tell us When we can expect you. Your Affectionate Granddaughter, Amy ___________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 19

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UNIT

NAMES OF PEOPLE FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE, RULES 7–10.

7

2

NAMES AND INITIALS Capitalize people’s names and initials. EXAMPLES:

My cousin’s name is Patrick Mahoney. Patrick ’s sister, Erin G. Mahoney, has red hair.

A Circle the answer that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line.

1. My friend ( Roland / roland ) ___________________ has a great new bike. 2. After the long meeting, ( Suzanne / suzanne ) ______________________ was tired and angry. 3. One of my favorite writers is ( E. L. Konigsburg / e. l. konigsburg ) _____________________________________. 4. We went to the art museum to see paintings by ( Mary Cassatt / mary cassatt ) _____________________________. 5. ( Susan B. Anthony / Susan b. Anthony ) _____________________________ helped women get the right to vote. 6. She worked for women’s rights along with ( Elizabeth Cady Stanton / elizabeth cady stanton ) ________________________________________.

B Answer each question. Remember to capitalize all names and initials.

1. What is your mother’s full name? ____________________________________ 2. What is the name of a friend of yours? _______________________________ 20

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7 3. Who is your favorite singer? _________________________________________ 4. Who is your favorite actor or actress? _________________________________ 5. Carol Murphy’s middle name is Diane. How would she write her full name, using her middle initial? ______________________________________ 6. A boy named Richard has the last name of Garcia. His middle name is Dominic. How would he write his full name, using his middle initial? ________________________________

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember how to show that a lowercase letter should be made capital:

“Mark Twain” was the pen name of Samuel l. clemens.

C Mark the errors before rewriting the sentences correctly.

1. Carla f. johnson is a new student in our class. _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Carla has quickly become friends with suzy q. morgan. _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Both Suzy and carla like books by mildred D. taylor. _____________________________________________________________________ 4. They also like to listen to the music of celine dion. _____________________________________________________________________ 5. The two friends take music lessons from James b. tyson. _____________________________________________________________________ 21

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8

PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL TITLES Begin the title that precedes a person’s name with a capital letter. EXAMPLES:

Mr. James Monroe

Governor Margaret Smith

Do not use a capital letter if a title is not used before a person’s name. EXAMPLES:

Do you have an appointment with the doctor? The mayor of our city is only 28 years old.


1. A beautiful flower is named after ( Queen / queen ) _________________ Anne of England. 2. She became the ( Queen / queen ) _________________ of England after marrying Richard II in 1382. 3. In Nigeria, the United States is represented by ( Ambassador / ambassador ) ________________________ William H. Twaddell. 4. I wonder what an ( Ambassador / ambassador ) ________________________ does in a typical day. 5. The army recruits were trained by ( Sergeant / sergeant ) __________________________ John Timoney. 6. A ( Sergeant / sergeant ) __________________________ earns more money than a corporal.

B Write a word from the box to correctly complete each sentence. doctor

Doctor

major general

Major General

president

President

1. When she went to the emergency room, Caroline was examined by _____________________________ Linda Horvath. 22

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8 2. Linda Horvath had wanted to be a _____________________________ ever since she was in grade school. 3. A _____________________________ in the army wears two silver stars. 4. We had lunch with _____________________________ Arthur S. Goodman. 5. The _____________________________ of the university gave the opening speech. 6. The opening speech was given by _____________________________ Katherine B. Free.


1. The suit worn by senator Dianne Feinstein was very stylish. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. The Senator’s suit, scarf, and shoes were red. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. The Doctor will see you now. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Our family has always gone to doctor Lawrence Finley. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. In 1998, Bill Owens was elected Governor of Colorado. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Wes met governor Bill Owens on Friday. ____________________________________________________________________ 23

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TITLES OF RELATIONSHIP A word like aunt or grandpa may be used as a person’s name or as part of a person’s name. Begin this kind of word with a capital letter. EXAMPLES:

Only Aunt Alice and Grandpa call me by that nickname.

Sometimes a possessive pronoun comes before a word like aunt or grandpa. In this case, do not begin the family title with a capital letter. EXAMPLES:

Only my aunt and my grandpa call me by that nickname.


1. My ( Aunt / aunt ) _______________ has a brother named Garfunkel. 2. I don’t call him ( Uncle / uncle ) _________________ Garfunkel, though. 3. He likes to be called ( Uncle / uncle ) _________________ Gar instead. 4. My ( Cousins / cousins ) ___________________ and I don’t blame him! 5. When ( Cousin / cousin ) ___________________ Jill was visiting, we went snowboarding. 6. We had gone to see our ( Grandma / grandma ) _____________________ in Lake Tahoe. 7. Every time we visit, ( Grandma / grandma ) _____________________ is glad to see us.

B Write a word from the box to correctly complete each sentence. Mom

mom

Brother

brother

Grandma

grandma

1. Last year, for a mother-daughter vacation, my __________________ and I took a long train ride. 2. When I said, “Let’s go again next year, __________________,” she said yes. 24

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9 3. Tina has one __________________ and three sisters. 4. Tina calls the oldest boy in the family __________________ Bob. 5. My __________________ is more active than most grandmothers. 6. I have to tell her, “Slow down, __________________. Take it easy.”

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember: To make a letter lowercase: my Father

To make a letter capital: father


1. My Dad and I are learning how to ski. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. I said, “Let’s go skiing this weekend, dad.” ____________________________________________________________________ 3. “All right, son,” he replied. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. We usually stay at my Grandma’s house when we ski. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. She and grandpa have lived in the mountains for years. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. I enjoy helping grandma Kate with her stamp collection. ____________________________________________________________________ 25

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10

NATIONALITIES AND LANGUAGES Words that name nationalities and languages begin with capital letters. Why? Because they are formed from proper names. EXAMPLES:

Thai food is quite delicious. Martha is studying Spanish in summer school.

A Circle the word or words that correctly complete each sentence. Then write the word(s) on the line.

1. There’s a ( Native American / native american ) ___________________________ festival next month. 2. The international chorus included three ( Italians / italians ) _______________________. 3. Marvin knows a few words of ( Japanese / japanese ) _________________________. 4. Madelyn wants to visit the ( Egyptian / egyptian ) ________________________ wing of the museum. 5. The ( Aztec / aztec ) ____________________ pyramids are remarkably well preserved. 6. We crossed the ( Canadian / canadian ) ______________________ border at five o’clock.

B Mark the errors before rewriting the sentences.

1. In 1888, a group of norwegian settlers moved to Nebraska. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. There they met some newly arrived swedish and russian people. ____________________________________________________________________ 26

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10 3. Some german people had already begun to plow the land. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. A few polish settlers also lived nearby. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. All of these immigrants had to learn english quickly. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. The american frontier was being pushed farther and farther west. ____________________________________________________________________

C Mark the errors before rewriting the paragraph.

My friend Rodney, an african-american, wanted to be an exchange student in France. To learn to speak french, he signed up for a class. In class he met Angelica, a mexicanamerican girl from our school. Every evening Rodney and Angelica studied with Anthony, an italian immigrant.

____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 27

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2 A

UNIT REVIEW Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line. 1. After his promotion, Bob was called ( Corporal / corporal ) _____________________ Robert Gorman. 2. Once he became a ( Corporal / corporal ) _____________________, he got a pay raise. 3. Bob decided to study ( Chinese / chinese ) _____________________ in case he ever went to China. 4. Bob’s best friend in the army is ( Alex P. Majors / Alex p. Majors ) ________________________________.

B

Write a word from the box that correctly completes each sentence. doctor

mother

optometrist

grandmother

Doctor

Mother

Optometrists

Grandmother

1. Carol looked at her _____________________ and said, “Mom, let’s go to a movie.” 2. Her mother said, “Good idea. Let’s ask your _____________________ to come along.” 3. Carol’s mom got on the phone and said, “Hello, _____________________. Would you like to go to a movie today?” 4. When they got there, Carol said, “I’m so glad, _____________________, that you could come with us.” 5. Mrs. Fredette said, “I went to see the _____________________ this morning.”

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2 6. “And what did _____________________ Anderson say?” asked her daughter. 7. “He said that I should see an _________________________ about my blurry vision,” Mrs. Fredette replied. 8. “I immediately made an appointment with _____________________ ’R’ Us,” she continued. C Mark the errors before rewriting the paragraph correctly.

A family friend, doctor Silas Gross, lives in an american town on the mexican border. Among his patients is my dear Uncle, whom I haven’t seen in months. My Mom tells me that uncle Charlie will visit us in about six weeks. I hope so, because he has been teaching me how to speak spanish. He tells me that our friend the Doctor is fluent in the language.

____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 29

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UNIT

NAMES OF PLACES FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE, RULES 11–16.

11

3

NAMES OF CITIES AND TOWNS Names of cities and towns are proper nouns. Begin each word in the name of a city or town with a capital letter. EXAMPLES:

The city of Monterey is north of Los Angeles.

Begin each main word in the nickname of a city or town with a capital letter. Do not use a capital letter for the word the. EXAMPLES:

New Orleans is sometimes called the Big Easy.


1. Jolene, who lives in ( San Francisco / San francisco ) ____________________________, has a pen pal. 2. Her pen pal, Katherine, lives in ( Chicago / chicago ) __________________. 3. “Come and visit me in ( the Windy City / The Windy City ) _____________________________,” Katherine wrote. 4. Jolene had once traveled to ( Arlington Heights / Arlington heights ) _______________________________, Illinois. 5. To get there, she boarded a train in ( oakland / Oakland ) _____________________, California. 6. On the way, she went through ( glenwood springs / Glenwood Springs ) __________________________________. 7. Jolene’s favorite city is New York, ( the Big Apple / The big apple ) _______________________________. 30

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!

11

TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember: To make a capital letter lowercase: The To make a lowercase letter capital: the

B Mark the errors before rewriting the sentences correctly.

1. If you ever go to denver, Colorado, you might have trouble breathing. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Because of its altitude, Denver is sometimes called The Mile High City. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. At 7,347 feet, Mexico city, Mexico, could almost call itself The Mile And A Half City. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________


Daniel drove east from his home in Manhattan beach. That night he stopped in las Vegas, where he stayed for a few days. When he continued his trip, he drove through the city of Truth Or Consequences, new Mexico. When he reached fort worth, he visited his cousin. Later on, he spent a few days in baton Rouge before driving Home. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 31

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12

NAMES OF STATES, COUNTRIES, AND CONTINENTS Names of particular places are proper nouns. Begin each important word in the name of a state, country, or continent with a capital letter. EXAMPLES:

James lives in New Jersey in the eastern United States. Carla would like to visit relatives in South America.

A Circle each correct place name. Then write it on the line.

1. Dean and Joanne are planning a trip to ( Peru / peru ) ___________________ in the spring. 2. Dean has never been out of ( north America / North America ) ___________________________________ before. 3. In fact, he has been out of his home state, ( West Virginia / West virginia ) ______________________________, only twice. 4. Joanne has traveled to many countries, including ( new zealand / New Zealand ) __________________________. 5. She especially liked the beautiful beaches in ( thailand / Thailand ) _______________________. 6. After this trip, Dean hopes to visit ( costa Rica / Costa Rica ) __________________________, where his uncle lives.


1. Justine took a bike tour through france last summer. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 32

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12 2. This fall, she wants to visit new Hampshire to see the leaves change. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Justine has never been to canada before. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Her family is planning to tour british Columbia in November. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. It will be Justine’s f irst time in that part of north america. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

C Rewrite each sentence. Replace the boldfaced words with appropriate proper nouns.

1. Ms. Poindexter lives in a city in a country. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. She recently moved there from another country. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Next summer she will f ly to a continent. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. While there, she will tour a country. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. She especially wants to visit a city there. ____________________________________________________________________ 33

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13

GEOGRAPHIC NAMES Begin each word in the name of a geographic place with a capital letter. Do not use a capital letter if a particular place is not named. EXAMPLES:

Katie took pictures of Mount Rainier. Dave went climbing in the mountains.

Capitalize each important word in the name of a body of water. Do not capitalize the and of. Do not use a capital letter if a particular body of water is not named. EXAMPLES:

We sailed in the Gulf of Mexico. All of us swam in the gulf.

A Circle the word or words that correctly complete each sentence. Then write the word(s) on the lines.

1. How deep is ( lake Tahoe / Lake Tahoe ) ___________________________? 2. Did you know the ( lake / Lake ) ____________ is threatened by pollution? 3. A good place to find lobster is in ( The Straits of Florida / the Straits of Florida ) _________________________________. 4. The shores of ( the Mediterranean sea / the Mediterranean Sea ) ___________________________________________ touch many countries.


1. California’s Mojave desert covers 15,000 square miles. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. That Desert is home to many interesting animals. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. In Yosemite National Park, Margie visited bridalveil Falls. ____________________________________________________________________ 34

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13 4. The beautiful Waterfall falls from a height of 620 feet. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. We went deep-sea fishing in the gulf Of the Farallons. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. After f ishing the Gulf for an hour, we were seasick. ____________________________________________________________________

C Make up your own names for the geographic places shown on the map. After you label the map, use the place names to complete the sentences. Be sure to capitalize correctly and to use the words a and the if you need to.

(COUNTRY)

(LAKE)

(RIVER)

(MOUNTAINS)

(HIGHEST PEAK)

( BAY )

(OCEAN)

1. The ocean that borders this country is _______________________________. 2. If you like to fish in rivers, go to _____________________________________. 3. If you like to camp by a lake, go to ___________________________________. 4. If you like to go windsurfing on a bay, go to ___________________________. 5. The mountains in this country are called _____________________________. 6. The highest peak, __________________________, has not been climbed yet. 35

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14

WORDS FORMED FROM PLACE NAMES Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns. Begin all proper adjectives with a capital letter. EXAMPLE:

While living in France , Estelle developed a French accent. PROPER NOUN

PROPER ADJECTIVE

A Write the adjective form of the proper noun shown.

1. Darla and Pete went out for some (China) _________________ food. 2. For the Fourth of July, we burned a (Rome) ________________ candle. 3. That beautiful design is of (Africa) ___________________ origin. 4. Many (Ireland) ___________________ people settled in Boston after coming to America. 5. Feta cheese is a common ingredient in (Greece) __________________ food. 6. Many (England) __________________ rock groups have been very successful in the United States.

B Mark the errors before rewriting the sentences.

1. Apple Pie is a traditional american dessert. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Marco’s favorite mexican food is Tamales. ____________________________________________________________________ 36

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14 3. Do you prefer swedish meatballs or italian meatballs? ____________________________________________________________________ 4. On her australian vacation, Cindy saw many Kangaroos. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Some spanish flamenco Dancers performed here yesterday. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Twelve canada Geese flew over the house. ____________________________________________________________________


Barbara was taking a Class in japanese Flower Arranging. The teacher had supplied hawaiian f lowers for this week’s arrangement. Some of the flowers were the same color as african V iolets. Barbara’s french Teacher was also taking the Flower Arranging class. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 37

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15

DIRECTION WORDS Do not capitalize compass directions unless they refer to particular geographical areas. EXAMPLES:

We traveled northwest until we got to Seattle. Seattle is in the Northwest.

If the direction word is used as an adjective before a noun, do not capitalize it. EXAMPLE:

The restaurant is in the nor thern section of the city.


1. Joe knows a good fishing spot about a mile ( north / North ) ______________________ of here. 2. Ever since he moved to the ( northwest / Northwest ) ________________________, Joe has done a lot of fishing. 3. Joe moved from the ( south / South ) _____________________ many years ago. 4. He had always wanted to see the forests in the ( northern / Northern ) ___________________________ part of the country. 5. He rented a house on the ( eastern / Eastern ) ________________________ edge of the forest. 6. Joe walked ( north / North ) ___________________________ about a half mile to the ranger station. 7. The ranger told him he should take the ( western / Western ) _________________________ trail to see the best sights. 8. Every year, Joe visits relatives in the ( midwest / Midwest ) ___________________________. 38

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15 B Mark the errors before rewriting each sentence. Write C on the line if the sentence is correct.

1. Get on the Southbound train at 3:15. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. When you arrive, go to the northeast corner of the terminal. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. From the terminal, we will drive West to my house. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. I’ll show you the slides of our trip to the south. ____________________________________________________________________

C Mark the errors before rewriting the paragraph. (Hint: You should find seven errors.)

The stands were full of fans from the north, the south, the east, and the west. I was sitting on the South side of the stadium. The new baseball player from the southwest was spectacular. The day before he had taken a plane north from his home. On TV that night I enjoyed listening to his Southern accent. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 39

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3 A

UNIT REVIEW Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line. 1. On Paula’s world map, she has circled the city of ( istanbul / Istanbul ) _______________________________. 2. It is Paula’s dream to travel to ( turkey / Turkey ) ______________________ some day and visit the Grand Bazaar. 3. This is an ancient city in the ( northwestern / Northwestern ) _________________________________ part of the country. 4. After seeing the Grand Bazaar, she wants to sail ( west / West ) _________________ across the Aegean Sea. 5. Greece lies on the other side of that ( sea / Sea ) ___________________. 6. Paula wants to see some ( grecian / Grecian ) ______________________ art with her own eyes.

B

Write a word from the box that correctly completes each sentence. mountains

gulf

north

river

Mountains

Gulf

North

River

1. From Sherri’s house in Glenwood Springs, she can see snow-covered __________________________. 2. The Rocky __________________________ have many good ski areas. 3. In the summer, when she can’t go skiing, Sherri likes to go rafting on the __________________________. 4. The Colorado __________________________ runs right through Sherri’s hometown. 40

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3 5. On her vacation last year, Sherri went to the ________________________ of Mexico. 6. She enjoyed swimming, snorkeling, and sailing in the ________________________. 7. If Sherri drives _________________________ 100 miles, she’s in Wyoming. 8. Sherri’s cousin moved to the ________________________ a few months ago. C

Mark the errors before rewriting the paragraph correctly.

Walter has been studying french for the past year. He is hoping to speak it well when he visits paris, france. Walter has never been to europe before. This will be his first trip East of Chicago. Walter thinks he will enjoy the parisian cafes. Perhaps he will cross the English channel and go to London, too. He will bring back souvenirs to his friends in the midwest. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 41

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UNIT

NAMES OF THINGS FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE, RULES 17–20.

16

4

BRAND NAMES Capitalize the brand name of a product. EXAMPLE:

Bryan likes High-Jumps better than Fleet Feet.

Do not use a capital letter for the common name of a product. EXAMPLE:

Bryan wears athletic shoes when he plays basketball.


1. Please make a ( photocopy / Photocopy ) ________________________ of this article for me. 2. The ( duplox / Duplox ) _____________________ machine is by the window. 3. Remove all ( self-stick notes / Self-Stick Notes ) _______________________ _______________ before you use the copying machine. 4. ( stick-its / Stick-Its ) ________________________ jammed the machine yesterday. 5. Why are you wearing ( stop-rays / Stop Rays ) _____________________ in the house? 6. You don’t need ( sunglasses / Sunglasses ) _____________________ indoors.


1. Jake wears cool’s to school every day. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Marsha never wears Jeans to school. ____________________________________________________________________ 42

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16 3. Nick shot some Instant Photographs with his new camera. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Carl took an insta-print of his sister’s new baby. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. You can thaw the frozen fish in the Refrigerator. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Who left the door of the icy-air hanging open? ____________________________________________________________________


Before going for a ride in the primo, Shelly brushed her teeth with bright-smile and then gargled with mintybreath. She didn’t really have a favorite Toothpaste, but she was particular about her Mouthwash. Next she used some smoothie, her favorite Hand Lotion. When she couldn’t find her Sandals, she wore her clunkystocks. She was finally ready for a ride in the Convertible! ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 43

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17

ORGANIZATIONS AND RELIGIONS Capitalize the main words in the names of organizations. EXAMPLE:

Pam works for the Girl Scouts of America.

Begin the names of religions and their followers with a capital letter. EXAMPLE:

After studying Roman Catholicism for two years, Kevin was baptized a Catholic.


1. Maggie has learned a lot about ( hinduism / Hinduism ) ____________________________. 2. Two of her good friends are ( hindus / Hindus ) ____________________________. 3. Maggie’s dad works for ( pacif ic bell / Pacif ic Bell ) ____________________________. 4. Maggie’s mother works for the ( social security administration / Social Security Administration ) _____________________________________________. 5. Maggie and her family practice ( christianity / Christianity ) ____________________________. 6. They have been ( episcopalians / Episcopalians ) ____________________________ for several generations.


1. Thomas wants to learn more about judaism. ____________________________________________________________________ 44

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17 2. He has several friends who are jews. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Jocelyn has a job with the united states postal service. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Her brother works for the young men’s christian association. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Fred enjoys talking about religion with his lutheran friends. ____________________________________________________________________


David was awarded a scholarship by the daughters of the american revolution. That Organization sponsors several needy students. David wants to attend a catholic university about 300 miles from his home. He is a baptist, but that doesn’t really matter. People from all religions— christians, muslims, hindus, jews—are welcome at the university.

____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 45

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18

TITLES OF WORKS In titles of works of art (paintings, songs, literary compositions), begin the following words with capital letters:

• the first word • the last word • all important words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) • all prepositions of five letters or more EXAMPLES:

The choir sang “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” Have you read Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck?

A Circle the correctly capitalized title. Then write it in the sentence.

1. ( the Pyramids of Egypt / The Pyramids of Egypt ) The title of Perry’s paper is “______________________________________.” 2. ( Island of the Blue Dolphins / Island Of The Blue Dolphins ) Bill’s favorite book is _______________________________________________. 3. ( My Heart will go On / My Heart Will Go On ) In 1997, the song “_________________________________” was very popular. 4. ( All Quiet on the Western Front / All Quiet On The Western Front ) In 1929–30, the movie ______________________________________________ ___________________ was considered the best picture. 5. ( The Care and Feeding of Iguanas / the Care and Feeding Of Iguanas ) Have you red the pamphlet “_______________________________________” ?


1. In 1991, Jodie Foster starred in the Silence of The lambs. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Kim wrote a term paper called “the Reasons for The Civil War.” ____________________________________________________________________ 46

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18 3. Darla enjoyed reading Stephen Crane’s the Red Badge Of Courage. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. That book is subtitled “an Episode of The American Civil War.” ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Have you read the poem “When Lilacs Last In The Dooryard Bloom’d” ? ____________________________________________________________________ 6. That poem is in Walt Whitman’s Memories Of President Lincoln. ____________________________________________________________________


Samuel wrote a short story called “the Day the circus Came to Town.” After rewriting it, he renamed it “A Week in the life of a Circus Clown.” A movie agent read Samuel’s story. He suggested it could be made into a movie titled Three rings and no Nets. To help him write the screenplay, Samuel studied a book called Writing a Screenplay the easy Way. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 47

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19

DAYS, MONTHS, AND HOLIDAYS Begin the names of days, months, and holidays with capital letters. EXAMPLES:

Doug was born on May 30, a Saturday. Wanda took her mom fishing on Mother’s Day.

Do not use capital letters for the names of seasons. EXAMPLE:

It was July 15, a hot day in the middle of summer.


1. There are five ( Fridays / fridays ) _______________________ this month. 2. Some schools begin classes in late ( August / august ) ______________________. 3. Mario will take a trip to Ocean Springs in ( october / October ) ___________________________. 4. For ( Thanksgiving / thanksgiving ) ______________________, the whole family is coming to our house. 5. Vincent won the costume contest on ( Halloween / halloween ) ____________________________. 6. Sophie spends the month of ( july / July ) _________________ at the seashore.


1. Stanley planted pumpkin seeds on sunday. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. It was a beautiful morning in april. ____________________________________________________________________ 48

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19 3. Stanley always plants vegetables in the Spring. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. By the first of may, the seeds will sprout. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. By the end of Summer the pumpkin vines are huge. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. He harvests his pumpkins in october, just in time for halloween. ____________________________________________________________________


One saturday morning, just as the sun rose, Cindy woke up early. She walked outdoors into the crisp Autumn air. It was quite cool for october, she thought. This year, Winter would probably come early. Seeing the scarecrow in the field, she had an idea for Halloween. A scarecrow would be a perfect decoration for the halloween party on wednesday. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 49

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4 A

UNIT REVIEW Circle the correctly capitalized word. Write the word to complete the sentence. 1. Scott just finished reading a book called Mirette ( on / On ) ___________ the High Wire. 2. His first book report is due next ( Thursday / thursday ) __________________________. 3. A second report is due before the end of ( november / November ) __________________________. 4. Right after ( thanksgiving / Thanksgiving ) ___________________________, he will start his holiday shopping. 5. He plans to give at least five wrapped gifts to ( Toys for Tots / Toys For Tots ) ________________________________. 6. The ( jewish / Jewish ) ______________________ holiday of Hanukkah is in early December this year.

B

Mark the errors before rewriting the sentences. 1. Marsha only buys brite smile toothpaste when it’s on sale. _____________________________________________________________________ 2. In America, there are more roman catholics than members of any other religion. _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Bobby wrote a sad song called “Just Trying to Hold on.” _____________________________________________________________________

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4 4. On Presidents’ day, all the banks are closed. _____________________________________________________________________ 5. I’ll celebrate my birthday on friday night. _____________________________________________________________________ 6. Being born on february 29, I age more slowly than most people. _____________________________________________________________________ C

Mark the errors before rewriting the paragraph correctly.

This year, new Year’s Day falls on a tuesday. Dina wants to take monday off work so she can take a trip. She would like to leave on the previous friday, december 29. Her ski club, which calls itself sliders and gliders, has made reservations. Dina bought new Ski Pants, made by a company called snowbound. She will wear her snowbounds on the slopes.

____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 51

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CAPITALIZATION IN CONTEXT A

Mark the errors in the letter. Then rewrite it correctly.

dear uncle Joe, So far, our trip to los angeles has been a lot of fun. When we landed at the airport, Calvin said, “please, mom, can we visit a movie studio now?” That’s why calvin, mom, and i went to the city of burbank on monday. we wanted to tour a movie studio there. When we walked onto the lot, Calvin said, “o dear Mother! This may be the start of my movie career. Bless you for taking Us here!” He’s Such a clown! Af ter the studio tour, we went Southeast of Burbank to the huntington library. As you know, that place is much more than just a Library. I have always wanted to visit the f ine art Gallery there. We saw the famous painting by Thomas Gainsborough, the Blue boy. In the same room we saw sir Thomas Lawrence’s famous painting, pinkie. Did you know it is a portrait of Elizabeth Barrett browning’s Aunt? After wandering through the museum, we went to the english tea room. We had tea, sandwiches, and fancy Desserts. Have you ever visited this wonderful place in san Marino, California? Next month, we’re planning a trip to the River. In fact, we’ll be rafting on the sacramento River within three weeks! Can you ask mr. Ferraro for a few days off work. Tell him you want to visit our italian relatives who live near the River. If you come, don’t forget to bring your sun-gard. You’ll need some Sunscreen while we’re rafting! I’m sure the american medical association would agree! Well, that’s it for Now. I hope to hear from you soon. your Loving niece, Estelle

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______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 53

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B

Read the fascinating facts about some amazing authors. Next, use proofreader’s marks to correct capitalization errors. Finally, rewrite the sentences correctly.

1. the guinness book of world records lists mary faulkner as the World’s most prolific Writer. Using 6 pen names, this amazing south african author has written 904 Books. two of her Book Titles are wind of desire and harvest of deceit. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. an american dime novelist, prentiss ingraham, occasionally wrote a 3,500-word Book overnight! He wrote 200 books on buffalo bill alone. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. suyuti, an arab who lived more than 500 Years ago, wrote 561 books. he wrote on just about every aspect of Science and Literature. his best known works, however, were Commentaries on the koran. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 54

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4. lauren paine, an american paperback Novelist, has used 70 pen names. most of his 850+ works are westerns. one of his best known Titles is the man from wells fargo, which was Published in 1961. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. more than 100 years ago, a popular japanese Novelist called bakin wrote a 106-volume novel! the name of this giant Novel was hakkenden, which in english means tale of eight dogs. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 6. an english writer named barbara cartland has written nearly 300 books. sometimes she has Published more than 20 novels in one Year! two of her books’ titles are the curse of the clan and i seek the miraculous. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

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C

Have you ever heard of these unusual magazines? First use proofreader’s marks to correct the capitalization errors. Then rewrite the sentences correctly.

1. the baker Street Journal is published by fordham University press in the bronx, NEW york. it is the Official journal of the baker Street Irregulars, the american Sherlock holmes society. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. the chocolate NEWS is published in New York, ny. Two of its recent Articles were called “mother fudge” and “Interview: james coco.” ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. LAST month’s Newsletter is Published in Philadelphia, Pa, by the procrastinators’ club of america. the magazine once Announced that it would give an Award to the “procrastinator of the Year.” The announcement invited Readers to submit a nominee “when you get Around to it.” ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 56

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D

Use proofreader’s marks to correct any capitalization errors you find. Then rewrite the quotations correctly.

1. “never give in,” Winston churchill advised, “Never, never, never, never, never, never!” ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. “never tell people how to do things,” advised Us army gen. George s. patton. “tell them what to do and they will surprise you with their Ingenuity.” ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Robert l. stevenson said, “keep your Fears to yourself, but share your courage with Others.” ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ E

Use proofreader’s marks to correct any capitalization errors you find. Then rewrite the sentences correctly.

1. the Father of Frederick the great forced Giant men to marry Giant women so he could “raise” tall guards. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. at one time czar Nicholas II considered building an Electric fence all around russia. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 57

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UNIT

END PUNCTUATION FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE, RULES 21–25.

20

5

PERIODS Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence. EXAMPLE:

REMINDER

A declarative sentence is one that makes a statement.

Carl Sagan wrote books about the universe.

Use a period at the end of a sentence that makes a polite request phrased as a question. Use a period after a mild command. EXAMPLES:

Will you please give me that book. Read a chapter to your little sister.

A Write C if the sentence is punctuated correctly. If it is not punctuated correctly, rewrite it.

1. Carl Sagan’s book, Cosmos, was based on a TV series? ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Please sit down and watch this TV program with me ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Carl Sagan was able to make science easy to understand. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. I wish Cosmos, the TV series, would air again? ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Make some popcorn before the show starts! ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Listen to what Carl Sagan says about plants? ____________________________________________________________________ 58

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20 B Add the correct punctuation to each of the following sentences.

1. Plants can be grouped in many ways___ 2. Some plants have f lowers, and others have cones___ 3. Look at that plant with wide, f lat leaves___ 4. One group of plants has tubes inside___ 5. The tubes carry water, minerals, and food throughout the plant___

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

How do you show that a letter, word, or punctuation mark should be taken out? A proofreader uses a deletion ( ) mark. And how do you show that something should be inserted? A caret ( ) marks the insertion point. Note that because of its small size, a circle is drawn around a period that is to be inserted.

Listen and I will tell you something interesting?


1. Bean plants and daisies have soft stems? ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Please cut open that stem so we can study it ! ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Notice that the stem bends very easily ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Be aware that plants with tubes have thick, woody stems? ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Most bushes and all trees have woody stems, ____________________________________________________________________ 59

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21

QUESTION MARKS Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence. EXAMPLE:

REMINDER

An interrogative sentence is one that asks a question.

Have you ever met a celebrity?


1. Have you ever seen an orange with a fuzzy blue-green spot. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Did you know that the fuzzy spot is a fungus called mold? ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Is it true that molds cannot make their own food. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Do you think molds can reproduce from spores! ____________________________________________________________________

B Add the correct end punctuation to each of the following sentences.

1. What is the difference between fungi and plants___ 2. How plants make their own food is an amazing process___ 3. Have you learned that fungi cannot make their own food___ 4. Did you know that fungi grow in dark, damp places___ 5. Did you say that fungi cause dead things to rot___ 6. When organic things rot, they turn into soil___ 60

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21

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember the proofreader marks that are used to delete ( to insert ( ) text or punctuation marks.

Did you know that penicillin grows from mold.

) and

?

C Mark the errors before rewriting the sentences. Write C if the sentence is correct.

1. Do you recall that some plants have tubes and others do not. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Have you ever seen algae on a pond! ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Do algae grow with tubes or not. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Did you say that algae are plants that do not have tubes. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Perhaps you have seen algae floating on water. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Can algae grow in the soil! ____________________________________________________________________ 7. Did you know that algae can grow on tree bark. ____________________________________________________________________ 61

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22

EXCLAMATION POINTS Use an exclamation point at the end of an exclamatory sentence. EXAMPLES:

REMINDER

An exclamatory sentence is one that expresses a strong emotion, a strong command, or a strong interjection.

What a beautiful sunset! Wow! What a view!


1. Stop! Don’t eat that mushroom! ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Hurry. The baby is crawling toward the pool. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. What a wonderful time we had today. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. My goodness. Look at the size of those strawberries. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Jake. Come here this instant ____________________________________________________________________

B Add the correct punctuation to each of the following sentences.

1. What an exciting roller coaster ride that was___ 2. Oh, no___ The dog has my homework___ 3. Just look at that gorgeous scenery___ 4. What delicious shrimp this is___ 62

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22

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

To show that a letter, word, or punctuation mark should be taken out:

What an amazing parrot? To show that an exclamation point should be added:

Just look at those spectacular colors !


1. Wow. The rain forest is more amazing than I ever imagined. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Look over there. What a colorful pair of birds? ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Quick. Hand me the camera right now. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. What a great photograph this will make? ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Oh, no. You opened the back of the camera? ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 6. You’ve ruined all my beautiful pictures. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 63

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23

PERIODS WITH ABBREVIATIONS AND INITIALS DO USE A PERIOD AFTER:

• • • •

most abbreviations (Dr. Macy Elm St.) the abbreviation for inches, in., to distinguish it from the word in (14 in.) traditional state abbreviations (San Francisco, Calif.) an initial that is part of a person’s name (Alice B. Toklas C. C. Rider)

DO NOT USE A PERIOD AFTER:

• abbreviations of the units of time (12 hrs, 42 min) • most units of measurement (3 ft = 1 yd 12 in. = 1 f t ) • the zip code abbreviations of states’ names (San Francisco, CA )


1. Mr Jerome B. Hollander ________________________________________________________ 2. 740 Oakland Ave, Oakland, Calif. 94610 ________________________________________________________ 3. Dr and Mrs Howard Sanchez ________________________________________________________ 4. 72 hrs ________________________ 5. Liam L Leprechaun, Jr ________________________

6. 16 ft., 7 in __________________________ 7. 8 lbs. of beets __________________________

B Rewrite each sentence, changing the boldfaced words to abbreviations. Be sure to punctuate the abbreviations correctly.

1. Roz invited Mister Anthony Byron Jones to her party. ____________________________________________________________________ 64

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23 2. The party would be held at 428 Maple Avenue, her home. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Roz lives in Hillsdale, New Jersey 07642. ____________________________________________________________________

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember how to show that a letter, word, or punctuation mark should be deleted and inserted:

CA

Cheryl lives in St Helena, California 90210.


1. This recipe calls for three lbs. of f ish. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Jason ran six mi. today. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. My dentist is Dr Harry S Blackthorn. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. The video store on Elverta St is closed. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Myra’s birthday is Sat, Aug 3. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. This glass is almost an in thick. ____________________________________________________________________ 65

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5 A

UNIT REVIEW Circle the answer that correctly completes each sentence. Then write the answer on the line. 1. Have you ever been to Hawaii ( ! / ? ) ___ 2. I had a fairly interesting dream last night ( ? / . ) ___ 3. What a sad movie that was ( . / ! ) ___ 4. Would you please pass me the salt ( ? / . ) ___ 5. On ( Sat / Sat. ) ______________, we went to the beach. 6. The baby was born on ( Jan / Jan. ) ______________ 1, 2000. 7. Send the package to 141 Campbell ( Blvd / Blvd. ) ______________, please.

B

Choose the answer from the box that correctly completes each sentence. Then write the answer on the line.

.

!

?

Fla.

FL

Mrs.

E.

yds

1. Caroline lives in _________, next door to her best friend. 2. Her address is 1483 Davenport Lane, Boca Raton, _________ 33432. 3. Her family’s house is only about 50 _________ from the beach. 4. What a view they have from their front porch __________ 5. Caroline’s grandmother is _________ Walker, a famous attorney. 6. She once won a $50 million settlement for the Dog ______ Days Boarding Kennel. 7. Have you ever been to Boca Raton _________ 8. It’s just a little north of Miami, on the Atlantic coast _________ 66

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5 C

Mark the errors before rewriting this paragraph. Jamie C Anderson and her friend, Dr. Heather M Jones, live at 14423 W Main St, Eastport, N.Y. 11941. Last month they went to the Grand Canyon What a wonderful time they had? They had heard that Apr was the best time to go. They left Phoenix, Ariz, sometime in the morning and got to the Grand Canyon that afternoon. Heather said the canyon looked at least five mi. deep! Both women rode mules into the canyon. Heather thought that if her mule stepped even one in—much less one ft.—closer to the side, they would drop over the edge like a 1,000-lb. weight. They were both very relieved to return safely from their exciting adventure. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 67

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UNIT

COMMAS FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE, RULES 26–33.

24

6

SEPARATING ITEMS IN A SERIES A series is a group of three or more words or phrases used in the same way. Use commas to separate the words or phrases in a series. EXAMPLES:

Diane, Chad, and Les went out to lunch today. Paul washed the dishes, mopped the floor, and prepared lunch.

A Circle the series of words or phrases that completes each sentence correctly. Then write it on the line.

1. Chuck invited ( Carol, Tina, and Emily / Carol, Tina and Emily ) ______________________________________ to go with him to the lake. 2. For the past two years, they had spent ( May, June and July / May, June, and July ) __________________________________ at the lake. 3. The ( water lilies, wildf lowers, and ferns / water lilies wildf lowers and ferns ) _______________________________________ there were beautiful. 4. Did you know that water lilies grow in ( lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams / lakes ponds and slow-moving streams ) __________________ ___________________________________________________?

B Rewrite each sentence, correcting the punctuation in the boldfaced part.

1. Mangrove trees grow best along coastlines at the edges of marshes and by rivers. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 68

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2. Mangrove trees have large yellow fragrant f lowers.

24

____________________________________________________________________ 3. The wood of the mangrove is hard heavy and valuable. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. This wood is used to build houses to burn as fuel to make dyes and to tan leather. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

How do you show that a comma should be inserted? Proofreaders do it this way:

The dog is big, loud and friendly.


1. To earn extra money, Farhad washed the dishes swept the floor and did some yardwork. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. He carefully saved all his nickels dimes and quarters. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Farhad had to buy his own books paper and pens. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. He also needed the money to buy birthday gifts for his sisters brothers and cousins. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 69

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25

SEPARATING PARTS OF ADDRESSES AND DATES Use a comma between the name of a city or town and the name of a state or country. If the two names come in the middle of a sentence, use another comma after the state or country. EXAMPLES:

Jessie was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Albuquerque, New Mexico, is about 60 miles from Santa Fe.

Use a comma between the number of the day and the number of the year in a date. If the date appears in the middle of a sentence, use another comma after the year. EXAMPLES:

The date on this letter is November 16, 2000. On January 1, 2000, Dan was in Australia.

Do not use a comma in a date that has only the name of a month and the number of a year. Do not use a comma in a date that has only the name of a month and the number of a day. EXAMPLES:

My store will open in June 2000. June 15 is the big day.

A Circle the series that completes each sentence correctly. Then write it on the line.

1. On ( July 3, 1999, / July 3, 1999 ) ______________________ Michael caught a 15-pound fish. 2. He put it in the freezer on ( July 4 / July, 4 ) ______________________. 3. Michael’s cousin was visiting from ( Encinitas, California / Encinitas California ) __________________________________________. 4. ( Oceanside, California / Oceanside, California, ) ______________________ __________________________ is not too far from there.

B Rewrite each sentence, correcting the punctuation in the boldfaced part. Write C if the sentence is correct.

1. Sylvie’s graduation day, June 12 1999 was on a Saturday. ____________________________________________________________________ 70

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25 2. Her aunt f lew in from Dallas Texas for the occasion. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. June 20 is the day Aunt Sue plans to go back home. ____________________________________________________________________

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember the marks used to show that a letter, word, or punctuation mark should be deleted or inserted:

On December, 5, 2001 I will be old enough to vote.

C Mark the errors before rewriting the sentences correctly. Write C if the sentence is correct.

1. If you like country music, Nashville, Tennessee is a great place to visit. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. This tour bus is going to Hollywood California. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. We leave on our train trip on April, 15. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Charlene will be 18 on May 21 2001. She was born in September 1983. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Where will you be on December 31 1999? ____________________________________________________________________ 6. So that I can celebrate the millennium twice, I will be sailing from Pago Pago American Samoa toward the International Date Line. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 71

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26

CONNECTING PARTS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES Use a comma before the conjunction in a compound sentence. EXAMPLES:

Marla danced with David, and Lupe danced with Joe. REMINDER

A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by one of these conjunctions: and, but, or, or nor.


1. Some ocean currents are caused by wind ( and / , and ) _______________ some are caused by water temperatures. 2. The Gulf Stream moves north ( , and / and ) _______________ then it travels northeast. 3. Plants make their own food ( but / , but ) _______________ animals do not. 4. Do you want to go swimming ( , or / or ) _______________ would you rather go rollerblading? 5. I do not want to go swimming ( nor / , nor ) _______________ do I want to go rollerblading. 6. I would like to be alone right now ( , but / but ) _______________ please call me later in the day.

B Rewrite each sentence, correcting the punctuation in the boldfaced part.

1. Fish have backbones but worms do not. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Some mollusks have one-part shells and others have two-part shells. ____________________________________________________________________ 72

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26 3. Have you ever eaten snails or do you find them unappetizing? ____________________________________________________________________ 4. A freshwater snail might have gills or it might have lungs. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Saltwater snails have gills and they also have tentacles with eyes. ____________________________________________________________________

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember how to show that a letter, word, or punctuation mark should be deleted and inserted:

Al ordered a burger but, Tim ordered a salad.


1. An octopus is a mollusk but, it has no shell. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. An octopus has eight arms, and, each arm has many suckers. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. An octopus moves by pulling itself or, it can move by jet propulsion. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. It pulls water in and then it spurts the water out through a narrow tube. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. The water force moves the octopus backward but it cannot move it forward. ____________________________________________________________________ 73

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27

SETTING OFF INTRODUCTORY WORDS Use a comma after a phrase that comes before the subject of the sentence. Do not use a comma, however, if the entire predicate comes before the subject of the sentence. EXAMPLES:

Four miles down the river, Todd caught his first fish. (phrase) Into the deeper water waded the fisherman. (predicate)

Use a comma after an adverb clause at the beginning of a sentence. Do not, however, use a comma after a noun clause at the beginning of a sentence. EXAMPLES:

After he changed his bait, Todd got a bite. (adverb clause) Why the new bait worked better is a mystery. (noun clause) REMINDER

• The subject is the part of a sentence that tells who or what the sentence is about. The predicate is the part that says something about the subject.

• A clause is a word group that has a subject and verb; a phrase does not. • An adverb clause tells something about the action verb in a sentence. It usually answers the question when, where, or how.

• A noun clause does the work of a noun. It can be used as a subject or an object, and it usually answers the question what or who.


1. In every ocean of the ( world, starf ish / world starf ish ) ________________ _____________________ can be found. 2. If you wade in shallow water along a rocky ( coast you / coast, you ) ____________________________ might see a starf ish. 3. If its arms are broken ( off a / off, a ) ______________________ starf ish can grow new ones. 4. Although most starf ish are dull yellow or ( orange they / orange, they ) ____________________________________ can be bright colors, too. 74

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27 B Rewrite each sentence, correcting the punctuation in the boldfaced part.

1. Near another rock, rested a happy little clam. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Because it hadn’t eaten lately the starf ish was hungry. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. With its tube feet the starf ish forced the clam shell open a bit. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. After eating its afternoon meal the starf ish felt better. ____________________________________________________________________

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

Remember how to show that a comma should be inserted or deleted:

At the aquarium Sam saw a blue starfish. In the sunlight , stood Sam.


1. For some f ishermen clams and oysters are valuable crops. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. When starf ish eat the crops these f ishermen lose money. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. On the shore some inexperienced f ishermen tried to destroy the starf ish by cutting them into pieces. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 75

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28

SETTING OFF SEPARATE THOUGHTS OR EXPLANATIONS Use a comma to set off a separate thought or explanation at the end of a sentence. If the separate part comes in the middle of the sentence, use a comma before and after it. EXAMPLES:

Johan visited Fallingwater, a house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Frank Lloyd Wright, the brilliant architect, designed many striking buildings.


1. Sandstone ( a type of rock / , a type of rock, ) __________________________ __________________ was used for Fallingwater’s outside walls. 2. Fallingwater is built over Bear Run ( a stream in Pennsylvania / , a stream in Pennsylvania ) _______________________________________. 3. Bear Run tumbles over huge slabs of sandstone ( forming a waterfall / , forming a waterfall ) _____________________________________________. 4. Wright designed the house for Edgar Kaufman ( who wanted a weekend home / , who wanted a weekend home ) ______________________________ __________________________. 5. Huge decks ( , which are made of concrete / , which are made of concrete, ) ____________________________________________ surround the house. 6. All-glass walls ( which open to terraces, / , which open to terraces, ) _____________________________________________ overlook the waterfall.

B Rewrite each sentence, punctuating it correctly.

1. Charleston a coastal city was originally called Charles Town. ____________________________________________________________________ 76

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28 2. The Charleston Museum the oldest in North America was founded in 1773. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. It would be fun to visit New Orleans the Big Easy. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. The Mardi Gras a fabulous festival is held there each year. ____________________________________________________________________


1. Georgetown, the largest exporter of rice in the 1850s is in South Carolina. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. The Rice Museum an 1842 brick building, is in Georgetown. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. The building formerly known as the Old Market Building is on Front Street. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. The building is noted for its tower which has a four-sided clock. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. The museum which is open daily is a very interesting place. ____________________________________________________________________ 77

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6 A

UNIT REVIEW Circle the answer that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line. 1. Pedro went to ( Washington, and / Washington and ) ___________________ _____________ he visited the Freer Gallery of Art. 2. Charles L. Freer ( , an art collector, / an art collector ) _______________ _______________________ admired art from the Orient. 3. He collected delicate objects in ( jade gold stone, and wood / jade, gold, stone, and wood ). _____________________________________________.

B

Rewrite each sentence, punctuating it correctly. 1. Andrew Carnegie a self-made millionaire was born in Scotland. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. After coming to America he made a fortune in the steel industry. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. He set up the Carnegie Institute a cultural center in Pittsburgh. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. The center includes a natural history museum an art museum a library and a concert hall. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

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6 C

Mark the errors before rewriting this paragraph. Milton’s favorite book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain. As the story begins Huck is living with the Widow Douglas and her sister Miss Watson. Huck’s father who had always neglected his son shows up one day. Hearing that Huck had found a treasure, his father wants to get his hands on it. Huck’s father kidnaps him imprisons him in a cabin and tries to get the treasure. After Huck escapes he hides on Jackson’s Island. There he meets Jim Miss Watson’s runaway slave and his adventures really begin. The book was published in London England in December 1884. A few months later in February 1885 it was published in New York. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 79

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UNIT

APOSTROPHES AND QUOTATION MARKS FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE, RULES 34–37.

29

7

APOSTROPHES TO SHOW OWNERSHIP Add an apostrophe ( ) and an s to make the possessive form of a singular noun and some plural nouns. Use only the apostrophe to show the possessive form of a plural noun that ends in s.

’

EXAMPLES:

This is Pat’s book. (singular noun) These are the girls’ books. (plural noun ending in s) The children’s museum opens at noon. (plural noun)

A Circle the word pair that means the same as the boldfaced words. Write the correct word pair on the line.

1. the bikes belong to the boys ______________________________________ boy’s bikes

boys’ bikes

boys’s bikes

2. the antlers of the two deer _______________________________________ deer’s antlers

deers’ antlers

deers’s antlers

3. the message from Marge _________________________________________ Marge’s message

Marges’ message

4. the lounge for the teachers teacher’s lounge

Marges’s message

______________________________________

teachers’ lounge

teachers’s lounge

B Circle the answer that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line.

1. There are six dancers in the show. The ( dancer’s / dancers’ ) _______________________________ costumes are being cleaned today.

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2. The show was written by one person. The ( writer’s / writers’ )

29

_____________________ name is Justine Morgan. 3. More than one man worked on the stage set. The ( mans’ / men’s ) __________________ job was very difficult. 4. The lead role was played by a well-known actor. The ( actor’s / actors’ ) _____________________ name will be revealed later.

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

How do you show that an apostrophe should be deleted or inserted? Proofreaders do it this way:

Alices’ restaurant

Alices restaurant

C Mark the errors before rewriting the boldfaced sentences correctly.

1. Sandras’ kitten enjoys being brushed. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Four boys went swimming. The boy’s suits were all the same color. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. My grandmother lives in Yuma. My grandmothers’ house is large. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Lana works af ter school. Lanas’ hours are 4:00 to 6:30. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Look at those two moose. Both mooses’ antlers are huge. ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 81

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30

APOSTROPHES FOR MISSING LETTERS Use an apostrophe in place of the missing letter or letters in a contraction. EXAMPLES:

was not = wasn’t he would = he’d

Carl is = Carl’s she is = she’s

A Circle the contraction that correctly replaces the boldfaced word(s). Then write the contraction on the line.

1. A seeing-eye dog cannot ( ca’nt / can’t )__________________ tell a red light from a green one. 2. At only one foot tall, the ancestor of the horse could not ( couldn’t / coul’dnt ) ______________________ have carried a rider. 3. The glass snake is not ( isnt’ / isn’t ) ________________ a snake; it is ( its / it’s ) ________________ a lizard. 4. It has not ( hasn’t / hasnt’ ) ______________________ been proven that a nonrabid wolf ever attacked a human. 5. The koala does not ( does’nt / doesn’t ) _______________________ need anything to survive but eucalyptus leaves—not even water.

B Circle the correct contraction. Then use the contraction in a sentence of your own.

1. could have

( could’ve / coul’dve )

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. might have ( might’v / might’ve ) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 82

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30 3. we have ( wev’e / we’ve ) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. you have ( you’ve / yo’uve ) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. they have ( theyv’e / they’ve ) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 6. would have ( would’ve / would’v ) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

To delete an apostrophe: would’nt

To insert an apostrophe: wouldnt


1. I shoul’dve won the race, but I got too tired. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. If yo’ud practiced harder, you wou’ldve won. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Youv’e come a long way this track season. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Ill’ help you train for your next race. ____________________________________________________________________ 83

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31

QUOTATION MARKS FOR DIRECT QUOTATIONS A direct quotation repeats the exact words a person said. Use quotation marks at the beginning and at the end of each part of a direct quotation. EXAMPLES:

Chris said, “That duck has beautiful green and purple feathers.” “Male ducks are colorful,” Ted said, “but females are usually brown.”

If you are not quoting a person’s exact words, do not use quotation marks. EXAMPLE:

Chris said that he likes to watch the ducks take off and land.


1. Maureen told Tom that ( “ducks / ducks ) _________________________ have a layer of feathers called down. 2. “Because this down is so soft and ( thick, / thick,” ) ________________________ she said, “it keeps ducks warm.” 3. Then Maureen said that female ducks line the nest with their soft down ( feathers.” / feathers. ) ________________________________ 4. “Many ducks eat small fish and insects,” she went on. ( “They / They ) _____________________ also eat frogs, shellfish, and snails.” 84

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!

31

TROUBLESHOOTER

How do you show that quotation marks should be inserted?

Andrea said, My birthday is next month. How do you show that quotation marks should be deleted?

Andrea said that “she was planning a party.”


1. Ben Franklin once wrote, Nothing is certain but death and taxes. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. “To be awake is to be alive, said Henry David Thoreau. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Thoreau also advised people to “simplify their lives.” ____________________________________________________________________ 4. “Goodness is the only investment,” said Thoreau, that never fails.” ____________________________________________________________________

C Rewrite this paragraph, inserting or deleting quotation marks when necessary.

My mother told me that George Washington’s mother asked him “if he had cut down the cherry tree.” He supposedly replied, “Yes,” Mother. I did cut down the cherry tree. I then said to my mother, I still didn’t break the kitchen window! ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 85

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32

SPECIAL USES OF QUOTATION MARKS Use quotation marks to set off the titles of songs, poems, articles, essays, chapters, and short stories. Underline the titles of movies, ballets, plays, operas, works of art, names of ships, and novels. EXAMPLES:

Our national anthem is “The Star-Spangled Banner.” Have you read “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe? The movie Titanic won many awards in 1997.

A Circle the answer that correctly completes each sentence. Then write the word on the line.

1. Tony’s essay was called ( “My Pet Iguana.” / My Pet Iguana. ) ___________________________________________ 2. Jane’s favorite opera is ( “Carmen.” / Carmen. ) _______________________ 3. The story Les read last week was ( “To Build a Fire.” / To Build a Fire. ) ___________________________________________ 4. The movie ( “Citizen Kane” / Citizen Kane ) __________________________ is considered a classic. 5. The title of that painting is ( “Water Lilies.” / Water Lilies. ) ___________________________________________

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

How do you show that underlining should be taken out and quotation marks used instead?

Isaac Bashevis Singer’s story The Power of Light is set during World War II. How do you show that quotation marks should be taken out and underlining used instead?

The novel “Little Women” was written by Louisa May Alcott.

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32 B Mark the errors before rewriting the sentences correctly.

1. In December, Jake saw the ballet “The Nutcracker Suite.” ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Andrew read the novel “The Giver” last month. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. This poem, The Song of the Jellicles, was written by T. S. Eliot. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. We sailed away on a ship named “Onward.” ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Stu’s essay, Dolphins at Play, was fun to read. ____________________________________________________________________


Kim recently read the novel “Julie of the Wolves.” She then wrote her own short story about wolves, which she called Ever Loyal. Her friend Mike showed her his sculpture of a wolf, which he called “Midnight Howling.” Next Kim read a magazine article called Our Friends, the Wolves. Then she wrote a poem called Enough About Wolves Already. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 87

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7 A

UNIT REVIEW Circle the answer that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line. 1. ( Michaels’ / Michael’s ) ______________________ new book is on the table. 2. I ( didn’t / did’nt ) _____________________ know Michael liked poetry. 3. Janice asked, ( What / “What ) _________________ is your favorite poem in this book, Michael?” 4. Michael said ( “that / that ) _________________ he couldn’t really decide. 5. Janice said that her favorite poem was ( Birches / “Birches” ) __________________________ by Robert Frost. 6. “Well,” said Michael, ( that / “that ) ________________ is certainly a good choice.” 7. Frost is not considered a ( childrens’ / children’s ) ______________________ poet, but his work is easy to understand. 8. He read a poem at President ( Kennedys’ / Kennedy’s ) _____________________________ inauguration ceremony.

B

Rewrite each sentence, punctuating it correctly. 1. Do not sit in that girls chair. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. She would’nt like it if you did. ____________________________________________________________________

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7 3. Well, I think Ill sit where I please. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. She shouldve stayed here if she wanted to keep the seat. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Before she left, the girl said, Please save my seat. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. I told her “that I would.” ____________________________________________________________________

C

Mark the errors before rewriting this paragraph. Havent you ever wondered what you would name your own boat? Look at that one over there, the one called Jenny. It reminds me of the movie Forrest Gump. In that movie, Forrest said to himself, Im going to name all my ships after Jenny. Heres a book called What to Name Your Baby. I guess I could use it to get ideas for a boats name, too. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 89

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UNIT

SPECIAL PUNCTUATION FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, SEE THE REFERENCE GUIDE, RULES 38–50.

33

8

COLONS AND SEMICOLONS Use a colon to introduce a list of items at the end of a sentence. A word like these or a phrase like the following usually comes before the colon. If such a word or phrase is not in the sentence, do not use a colon. EXAMPLES:

I used the following vegetables in the salad: lettuce, tomatoes, and cucumbers. In the salad, I used lettuce, tomatoes, and cucumbers.

Use a colon to separate the hour and the minutes in an expression of time. EXAMPLE:

Isabel’s plane arrives at 3:45 this afternoon.

Use a colon after the greeting in a business letter. EXAMPLE:

Dear Sir or Madam:

Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses that are written as one sentence. If the clauses are joined with a conjunction, use a comma instead of a semicolon. EXAMPLES:

It has been a long day; Joe is tired. It has been a long day, and Joe is tired.

A Circle the answer that correctly completes each sentence or part of a letter. Then write it on the line.

1. Pack these clothes for the ( trip: sandals / trip, sandals ) ______________ ___________________, bathing suits, and cotton shirts. 2. After you wake ( up: wash / up, wash ) _____________________ your face, brush your teeth, and make your bed. 3. Mel’s history class starts at ( 10 15 / 10:15 ) _________ in the morning. 4. Dear Dr. ( Jones, / Jones: ) ________________________ 90

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5. The car broke ( down, we / down; we ) ______________________

33

were 40 minutes late. 6. Because the car broke ( down; we / down, we ) ____________________ were 40 minutes late.

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

How do you show that a word or punctuation mark should be taken out?

Dear Mrs. Sims, How do you show that a colon should be added?

.

We used the following colors red, blue, and yellow.

B Mark the errors before rewriting the paragraph correctly.

At about 6 15 last night, Annie went to the video store. She looked at the following types of movies comedies, action, horror, and drama. She picked one out: it was a comedy. Back at home she made some soup with these ingredients chicken broth, onions, potatoes, tomatoes, and zucchini. She also added: salt, pepper, and garlic powder. She invited her friend Paula to come over Paula was there within 30 minutes. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 91

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HYPHENS AND DASHES Use a hyphen in compound adjectives that come before a noun. Do not use a hyphen in compound adjectives that come after the noun unless the dictionary shows the word as hyphenated. EXAMPLES:

Robert has jet-black hair. Robert’s hair is jet black.

Maria eats a well-balanced diet. Maria’s diet is well-balanced.

Some prefixes like ex- and self- are usually followed by a hyphen to avoid awkward letter combinations. Others are followed by a hyphen to prevent confusion with a different word. EXAMPLES:

The ex-FBI agent moved to Florida.

She re-covered her couch. They recovered the stolen items.

A hyphen is always used between a prefix and a proper (capitalized) noun. EXAMPLES:

pre-Columbian

post-WW II

pro-America

Dates and page numbers showing continuation are always hyphenated. Some compound nouns are also hyphenated. EXAMPLES:

1999-2010 father-in-law

April 5-18 go-between

pages 32-36 walkie-talkie

Use a hyphen (-) in a compound number from twenty-one to ninety-nine. EXAMPLE:

That tall building has twenty-five floors.

Use a hyphen in fractions that are used as adjectives. Do not use a hyphen in fractions that are used as nouns. EXAMPLES:

Add one-fourth cup of water. (The fraction one-fourth is an adjective that modifies the noun cup.) One tenth of my savings is about $100. (The fraction one tenth is used as a noun and is the subject of the sentence.)

Use a hyphen to show word division between syllables at the end of a line. EXAMPLE:

Dur ing fall in New England the trees turn beautiful shades of red, orange, and yellow.

Use a dash (—) to set off a sudden shift in tone, new or unfinished thoughts, or hesitation in speech. EXAMPLES:

He was—if you can believe it—almost seven feet tall. “I was more worried than I care to admit—” he began.

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34

!

TROUBLESHOOTER

How do you show that a word or punctuation mark should be taken out or added? 1 M

Grace is—to put it mildly, a no-nonsense person. (The symbol

1 M

tells that the dash is a longer mark than a hyphen.)

Circle the answer(s) that correctly completes each sentence and write it on the line. Then correct the wrong answers using proofreader’s marks.

1. Josh ran ( twenty four / twenty-four ) ________________________ miles. 2. ( One-third / One third ) ___________________________ of my friends were born in this city. 3. At the end of a line, you could divide the word important in these places: ( im-por-tant / i-m-p-o-r-t-a-n-t ) _________________________ 4. Vincent hit the ball over the fence ( —it / it ) _______________ was so exciting! 5. Walter is such a ( know-it all / know-it-all ) ___________________________! 6. Please provide an ( up-to-date / up to date ) _______________________ version of your proposal. Oh, I didn’t realize that this version was not ( up-to-date / up to date ) ___________________________. 7. I cannot ( recollect / re-collect ) ____________________ who is going to (recollect / re-collect ) ___________________ the spilled garbage. 8. Arthur’s ( red faced / red-faced ) __________________ ( son-in-law / son in law ) ___________________ blushed in embarrassment. 93

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ELLIPSES AND SLASHES An ellipsis, which is sometimes called points of ellipsis, is comprised of three spaced periods ( . . . ). It is used to show that something has been left out of a quotation. EXAMPLE:

ORIGINAL QUOTATION:

Sammy’s savings account, which he had started at age eight, was seriously dented when he bought that car. SHORTENED QUOTATION:

Sammy’s savings account . . . was seriously dented when he bought that car.

A slash is used between two choices. EXAMPLE:

Art 101 is a pass/fail course.

Use a slash to show the end of a line of poetry when it is quoted in text. EXAMPLE:

The poem begins, “All in green went my love riding / on a great horse of gold / into the silver dawn.”

Rewrite each sentence using an ellipsis or a slash in place of the boldfaced parts.

1. Diana, who had studied history for four years, did not know when the Revolutionary War ended. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Roberto knew that Mario had told a lie, but he still wanted to be friends with him. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. The exercise was made up of true false questions. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Corinne wanted a beautiful costume for the play, so she bought eight yards of red velvet. ____________________________________________________________________ 94

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35 5. Albert and Liz, who had been friends for ten years, went to the prom together. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Cash check charge were the payment choices offered. ____________________________________________________________________ 7. Stanley had been practicing for six months, and he knew he was ready to play baseball. ____________________________________________________________________ 8. The question required only a yes no answer. ____________________________________________________________________ 9. From morning ’til night, Then ’til dawn’s early light, I tremble with anticipation. The time it grows short, Soon someone will report, The words of my imagination. I will soon jump and cheer, When those words at last I hear, You’ve graduated! Congratulations! ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 95

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36

PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS Use parentheses (( )) around explanations and examples that are not essential to meaning. EXAMPLE:

Cindy liked fruit (bananas and strawberries in particular) on her morning cereal.

Use parentheses around letters and figures that label items in lists within sentences. EXAMPLE:

To play the game, follow these steps: (1) roll the dice, (2) move your game piece, and (3) solve the problem on the square.

Use brackets ([]) within quotations to separate your own comments from the words of the person you quote. EXAMPLE:

“This house [at 3281 Broderick Street] is an excellent example of the Victorian style,” said the tour guide.


1. Chad packed three kinds of shoes ____________________________________ __________________________ in his suitcase. [tennis shoes, sandals, and dress shoes] (tennis shoes, sandals, and dress shoes)

2. To me, these three qualities are important in a friend: (1) honesty, (2) loyalty, and __________________________________________. (3) a sense of humor

[3] a sense of humor

3. The announcer called out loudly, “Gentlemen _________________________________________ _______________________, start your engines!” [Didn’t he know a woman was also racing?] (Didn’t he know a woman was also racing?) 96

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36 4. The three winners _________________________________ came forward to claim their prizes. (Jim, Jan, and Chris)

[Jim, Jan, and Chris]

5. The reporter said, “There is an ineffable ______________________________ sense of sadness in the air.” (whatever that means!)

[whatever that means!]

B Add the boldfaced information as you rewrite these sentences. Use parentheses or brackets as needed.

1. Several unusual ingredients are used in this recipe. saffron, tofu, and water chestnuts

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. The weather announcer said, “It will be sunny tomorrow, but it will rain the rest of the week.” hooray! ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Here is Jonathan’s plan for today: put on a bathing suit, go to the beach, swim in the ocean. 1 2 3 ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Jamal felt nervous but went to the meeting anyway. which was an unusual feeling for him

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 97

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8 A

UNIT REVIEW Circle the answer that correctly completes each sentence. Then write it on the line. 1. We had been walking in the heat for _____________________ of us were hot and tired. ( hours, all / hours; all ) 2. With encouragement, his ________________________ might improve. ( self assurance / self-assurance ) 3. Please add ______________________ cup of flour. ( one third / one-third ) 4. She was _____________________________________________ __________________________ a woman who knew too much. ( —don’t take this the wrong way—

/

, don’t take this the wrong way, )

5. It was an _____________________ situation. ( either, or / either/or ) 6. My grandmother said, “Don’t ever forget who you are _________________ ____________, for you are an Albertson.” B

( (as if I could!) /

[as if I could!] )

Rewrite each sentence, punctuating it correctly. 1. The following students deserve a round of applause Tonya, Michelle, Miguel, and Tyrone. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. The star said, “I am f lattered that you think I am the best.” The reporter quoted her as saying, “I am the best.” ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

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8 3. I stumbled over a rock I skinned my knee. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. The crowd was cheering a wonderful sound as I ran around the bases. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. The teacher said, “For homework, read Chapters 2 and 3 I’ve already done that and answer the questions.” ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ C

First read the poem. Then rewrite it in paragraph format on the lines. Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. From what I’ve tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice,

I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice. —Robert Frost, 1920

In 1920, Robert Frost wrote “Fire and Ice,” which goes like this: _____________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 99

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PUNCTUATION IN CONTEXT A

Mark the punctuation errors in these paragraphs before rewriting them correctly.

People raise chickens and turkeys for the meat they also raise chickens for their eggs. Both the male chicken called a rooster and the female chicken called a hen have combs. The comb is a f leshy red piece of skin I’m sure you’ve seen it on a chickens head. Chickens also have extra skin under the beak this skin is called a wattle. Males have bigger combs and wattles than females do but you already knew that. Turkeys larger animals than chickens are also interesting birds. Male turkeys are called toms females are called hens. The females as is usual in the bird kingdom are smaller and not as colorful as the males. Male turkeys have long wattles they do not have a comb. Instead, they have a long piece of skin it looks so weird called a snood. This skin hangs over the toms beak. Dave told me this “Male turkeys have a special display to attract females. The male follows this procedure: (1) He puffs up his feathers until he is almost round. (2) He spreads his colorful tail like a fan. 3. He dances in a circle.” I asked Dave why the tom behaves this way. Dave said, “Well, haven’t you ever noticed how some boys behave around girls? They strut around and act like big shots of course I’ve noticed this who own the world. They’re trying to get attention, just as the tom does. Then Dave continued by saying this, “The best example of such behavior, of course, is the peacock such a spectacular bird.” Then Dave he seems so smart started talking about peacocks. When he was about three fourths of the way through his speech, I had to leave. I had to pick up supplies for my pre Thanksgiving party. 100

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____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 101

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B

Read the paragraph about an amazing man. Then use proofreader’s marks to show where punctuation should be added. Finally, rewrite the paragraph correctly.

At one time or another Mr Ashrita Furman has held 30 world records for feats including basketball dribbling brick MILK

carrying and pogo stick jumping In June 1993 he carried a 9 lb brick in one hand while he ran 64 mi From Apr 5 to Apr 6 1991 he completed 307 games of hopscotch in 24 hrs A very versatile man he can yodel for hrs on end skip long distances and juggle as he runs In Jamaica NY he speed walked 70 mi while balancing a milk bottle on his head at the same time Ashrita attributes his success to practice meditation and relaxation ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 102

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C

How “sports savvy” are you? Decide which number in the box correctly completes each sentence. Write it on the line. Then use proofreader’s marks to correct the punctuation and rewrite the sentence. (Correct answers are at the bottom of the page.) 480 yds

284.9 mi

79 ft

47

124

1. Ms Nikki Fierstos scored a field goal of approximately ___________________ the longest basketball shot ever made by a woman on Jan 2 1993 in Huntington IN ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. In Oct 1993 Jamie Borges of the USA dribbled a basketball without “traveling” from Barrington MA to Boston MA a distance of _____________. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. On Apr 21 1992 Paul Lynch of Great Britain did _____________ consecutive push ups while balancing on one index finger. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Golfer L Bruce while playing in Arkansas aced the longest hole in one, a shot of ____________ on Nov 15 1962. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Before being beaten by Notre Dame University of Oklahoma football teams won ______________ consecutive games from 1953 to 1957. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ (1) 79 ft (2) 284.9 mi (3) 124 (4) 480 yds (5) 47 CapPunc 100-111

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CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION IN CONTEXT A

Use proofreader’s marks to correct punctuation and capitalization errors. Then rewrite the sentences about the ancient Greek philosophers.

1. Tan asked Did you know that Socrates the brilliant greek philosopher invented a totally new method of study ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Yes I did Alexis answered later Socrates study system became the basis of the scientific method we use today. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. socrates who lived from 470 bc to 399 bc was condemned to death for his shocking ideas Tan went on ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Alexis then explained that “Socrates was the main character in his student Platos famous work The republic” ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Tan then told alexis that in The Republic Plato tried to define justice ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Wow said Mr. baldwin their teacher you two have been studying hard ____________________________________________________________________ 7. Do you also know that aristotle was a student at Platos academy and later became a teacher there mr Baldwin asked. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 104

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B

Read the story about Alexander the Great and his famous teacher. Then add missing punctuation and capitalization, and correct any errors you find. Finally, rewrite the story correctly.

Aristotle became a Brilliant teacher? When Alexander the Great was 14 Years old he became Aristotles student aristotle taught young alexander about the Ideals of greek civilization! He inspired Alexander with his Knowledge of natural sciences his love of Literature and a respect for Sports and physical strength Aristotle was one of the few people of his Age to recognize the wrong’s of Slavery he wrote as follows the distinction between a slave and a free person . . . has no place in Nature . . . and is devoid of Justice the amazing Aristotle wrote hundreds of books on various subjects? TOday he is considered one of the greatest thinkers’ in History ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 105

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CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION REFERENCE GUIDE CAPITALIZATION RULES 1

5

Capitalize the first word in all headings of an outline.

First Word in a Sentence

The first word of every sentence begins with a capital letter.

I. Job search A. Classified ads 1. Circle good possibilities 2. Write cover letters B. Employment agencies

Where are you going? I’ll never tell! Please take me with you. 2

First Word in a Direct Quotation

6

The first word in a direct quotation begins with a capital letter. “How many states have you visited?” Ken asked. Jared answered, “I’ve been in nine states.”

Outlines

Proper Nouns

Capitalize all nouns that name a particular person, place, or thing. Niagara Falls Lincoln Memorial 7

If the words a person is speaking are interrupted by other words, do not begin the second part of the quotation with a capital letter.

Library of Congress Pacific Ocean

Names and Initials

Capitalize each part of a person’s name. Bo Jackson Hillary Rodham Clinton

Capitalize an initial that is part of a person’s name.

“Midori,” Kelly said, “has visited all 50 states.”

J. Barton Kent 3

Harry S. Truman

Greetings and Closings in Letters

Use a capital letter to begin the first word of a greeting in a letter.

8

Rev. Jesse Jackson President George Washington Ms. Gloria Steinem Senator Barbara Boxer

Use a capital letter to begin the first word in the closing of a letter. Sincerely yours, Best wishes,

Cordially, Very sincerely,

The Personal Pronoun I and Interjection O

The personal pronoun I and the interjection O are both capitalized. I like Walt Whitman’s poem. You and I will read it. “O Captain! my captain! our fearful trip is done.”

Personal and Professional Titles

Capitalize a title that is used before a person’s name.

Dear Mrs. Albright: Dear Aunt Madelene,

4

9

Titles of Relationship

Capitalize family titles that are used as names or parts of names. Uncle Pete

Grandma Helen

106

Mom

Usually, if a possessive pronoun comes before a family title, do not begin that word with a capital letter. my cousin Lucy

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Harriet Tubman Dana Joy Smithson

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her aunt Grace

10

Nationalities and Languages

16

my French class Belgian chocolate 11

Come to the Northeast. We’ve always lived down South.

the British people a Swiss watch

Do not capitalize a direction word used as a common adjective before a noun.

Names of Cities and Towns

Capitalize each word in the name of a city or town. Oklahoma City

Grover’s Corners

Do you like southern food? Idaho is a western state.

St. Louis 17

12

Names of Streets and Highways

Laurel Avenue Green Valley Boulevard Old Bayshore Road Long Island Expressway

Goodrich milk Warm-U furnaces Sudso soap 18

Department of Commerce Campfire Girls Boys and Girls Clubs of America

Capitalize each word in the name of a state, country, or continent.

14

South Africa New Zealand

Portugal North America

Capitalize the names of religions and their followers. Presbyterians

Geographic Names

Capitalize each word in the name of a geographic place.

19

Proper Adjectives

Titles of Works

The Wreck of the Hesperus Romeo and Juliet Whistler’s Mother The Ransom of Red Chief

A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun. It describes a particular person, place, or thing. Capitalize each word in a proper adjective. a Scandinavian buffet a Martin Scorsese film a Stephen King novel West Indian fashions

Catholicism

Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in the title of a work. Except at the beginning of a title, the words a, an, and the are not capitalized. Prepositions with fewer than five letters and coordinating conjunctions are not capitalized.

Mount Hood Yellowstone National Park the Red Sea Carlsbad Caverns 15

Organizations and Religions

Capitalize the main words in the names of organizations.

Names of States, Countries, and Continents

Antarctica Europe

Brand Names

Capitalize the brand names of products.

Capitalize each word in the name of a street or highway.

13

Direction Words

Capitalize compass directions that refer to particular geographical areas.

Begin the names of nationalities and languages with a capital letter.

20

Days, Months, and Holidays

Begin the names of days, months, and holidays with capital letters. July

Wednesday

Independence Day

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PUNCTUATION RULES 21

26

Use commas to separate the words or groups of words in a series. (A series is a group of three or more words or groups of words that are used the same way in a sentence.)

Period at the End of a Sentence

Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence. (A declarative sentence is one that makes a statement.) The earthquake scared everyone. Much damage was done.

Use a period at the end of an imperative sentence. (An imperative sentence gives a command.)

Slice two apples, two oranges, and two bananas. Dan invited Ed, Mark, Eric, Tod, and Smitty. 27

Be here at 8 o’clock. Bring your sleeping bag. 22

Question Mark at the End of a Sentence

July 4, 1776

December 7, 1941, was a day of infamy.

Do not use a comma if the date includes only the month and the year.

Exclamation Point at the End of a Sentence

Use an exclamation point at the end of an exclamatory sentence. (An exclamatory sentence expresses surprise or excitement.)

They moved to Chicago in September 1995.

Do not use a comma if the date includes only the month and the day.

What a great performance! I got his autograph!

Use a period at the end of most abbreviations. Usually, titles used before people’s names are abbreviated. Dr. Li

Ms. Zelinski

Abbreviations of government agencies, labor unions, and certain other organizations are not completed with periods. CIA 25

May 5 is the anniversary of Mexican independence.

Periods with Abbreviations

Mr. Currier

FBI

AFL

NBC

Periods with Initials

Use a period after an initial that is part of a person’s name. John F. Kennedy

B. J. Hunnicutt

28

Commas in Addresses

Use a comma between the name of a city or town and the name of a state or country. Phoenix, Arizona Bogotá, Colombia

Use another comma after the state or country if the two words come at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. Lincoln, Nebraska, is the home of the Cornhuskers. We visited Paris, France, after we left London.

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January 1, 2000

If the date appears at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, use another comma after the year.

Where is your sister? When will she be home?

24

Commas in Dates

Use a comma between the number of the day and the number of the year in a date.

Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence. (An interrogative sentence asks a question.)

23

Commas in a Series

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29

Commas in Compound Sentences

33

Use a comma before the conjunction in a compound sentence. (The coordinating conjunctions are or, nor, and, but.)

Use a comma to set off a separate thought or explanation at the end of a sentence. If the separate part comes in the middle of the sentence, use a comma before and after it.

Many were injured, but no one was killed. We can wait for the bus, or we can walk home. 30

It is very hot in the summer in Sacramento, the capital of California. Sacramento, the capital of California, is very hot in the summer.

Commas After Introductory Phrases and Clauses

Use a comma after a phrase that comes before the subject of a sentence. (A phrase is a group of words that usually functions as an adjective or adverb.)

34

Ron’s motorcycle the coach’s whistle

Use a comma after an adverb clause at the beginning of a sentence.

The possessive form of a plural noun that ends in s is shown by adding only an apostrophe.

A few minutes after dawn, the fish started biting. Commas after Introductory Words

glasses’ lenses farmers’ crops

Use a comma to set off introductory words like yes and no, and mild exclamations. No, I can’t attend. Oh, he doesn’t care.

Add an apostrophe and an s to show the possessive form of a plural noun that does not end in s.

Yes, I won the prize. Well, that’s all right.

Use a comma to set off words of direct address. Maggie, you’re up next.

women’s dresses oxen’s tracks

Nice going, Billie!

If a noun of address appears in the middle of a sentence, use commas before and after the noun.

35

cannot—can’t Mandy is—Mandy’s I would—I’d

Commas with Appositives

Use a comma before an appositive at the end of a sentence. (An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that explains another noun.) Marty and I enjoy the same sport, tennis.

An appositive that appears in the middle of a sentence is set off with commas on each side. Johnny Weismuller, the first Tarzan, is my favorite.

Apostrophes for Missing Letters

In a contraction, use an apostrophe in place of the missing letter or letters.

My neighbor, Felix Vargas, is a pilot. 32

Apostrophes to Show Ownership

The possessive form of a singular noun is shown by adding an apostrophe and an s.

Upon the highest peak, the mountain climbers rested.

31

Commas to Set Off Separate Thoughts or Explanations

36

Quotation Marks for Direct Quotations

Use quotation marks at the beginning and at the end of a direct quotation. (A direct quotation is the exact words a person said.) “Neither a borrower nor a lender be,” advised Benjamin Franklin.

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37

Quotation Marks with Titles of Works

43

Use quotation marks around the title of a story, poem, song, essay, or chapter.

Use a semicolon to join independent clauses linked by a conjunctive adverb.

Our class just read “The Outcasts of Poker Flat.” The choir sang “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” 38

The team got off to a bad start; consequently, they had trouble catching up. We’ve had lots of rain; nevertheless, the crops have been disappointing.

Use a semicolon to precede coordinating conjunctions joining independent clauses that are in direct contrast.

Colons After Greetings in Business Letters

After a greeting in a business letter, use a colon instead of a comma.

I have all the questions; but only you have the answers. I have many wonderful friends; but none of them want to go to the movies with me.

Dear Judge O’Connor: Dear Sir or Madam: 39

Colons in Expressions of Time

Use a colon between the hour and the minutes when you use numerals to write time. 9:30 A.M. 40

44

Among those attending were Mrs. Louanna Wright, our school’s principal; Dr. Harry Ford, the superintendent of our school district; Ms. Alice Kelly, a curriculum specialist; and Reuben Lopez, the president of the student council.

10:15 P.M.

Colons Before Lists of Appositives

There were four members Lisa had not met: Carla, Elizabeth, Mary, and Terry. Colons Before Long, Quoted Passages

Use a colon to introduce a long quotation or a formal statement. The keynote speaker spoke as follows: (Here follows the speaker’s words.) The defense attorney began her summation: (Here follows the summarizing speech.) 42

Semicolons to Express Close Relationship

Although the semicolon is the equivalent of a period, it is used to achieve a closer relationship of ideas than a period allows. You go first; I will follow right behind. Katie finally found her lost dog; he was in the park.

Semicolons in a Series

Use semicolons to prevent misreading of a complicated series.

Use a colon to introduce a list of appositives at the end of a sentence.

41

Semicolons with Independent Clauses

45

Hyphens to Join or Separate Words

The hyphen is used only in specific circumstances. It is used to join compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and fractions used as adjectives. thirty-six eighty-eight a two-thirds majority

The hyphen is used with the prefixes self, ex, and all. It is also used with all prefixes before a proper noun, a proper adjective, or the name of an office. self-confident all-American pro-Israeli

The hyphen is used to prevent confusion. re-creation (to distinguish from recreation) always-to-be-remembered (to ensure recognition as a single word)

110

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110

ex-football player mid-August post-World War II

3/1/07, 8:32 PM

The hyphen is used to join some compound nouns. bull’s-eye

cure-all

48

A slash can be used to indicate a choice between two contradictory options.

forget-me-not

No grades are given in study skills class. It is a pass/ fail course.

The hyphen is used to join compound adjectives that precede the nouns they modify. double-breasted coat

Slashes are used to indicate line breaks when a poem is quoted in the text of a paper.

half-dollar raise

’Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house /Not a creature was stirring—not even a mouse! / The stockings were hung by the chimney with care

When a whole word won’t fit on a line, a hyphen is used to show that the word has been separated and will be completed on the next line. Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent 46

49

Parentheses to Set Apart Information

The Dash to Show Change of Thought

Use parentheses to enclose various types of material that are not essential to a sentence or paragraph but may be informative to the reader.

Use a dash to indicate an abrupt directional change or interruption of thought.

Parentheses are used when an editorial comment is made. He traveled 100 miles (what a grueling walk!) to get help.

My Aunt Meg—she is my mother’s youngest sister—will be a bridesmaid at my wedding. It may be possible to join you—no, on second thought there is no way I could make it.

Parentheses are used with an enlargement on preceding material. He made a fortune (more than a million, some claim) on his simple invention.

Use a dash to emphasize an appositive or to set off a repetition or summary.

Parentheses are used in a translation. At last it was buenos noches (good night) for all of us.

Professional athletes—so often the envy of young boys—may be unreliable role models. Maude, Hazel, Gertrude, Mabel—all of these were popular names in 1900. 47

The Slash

Parentheses are used around letters or numerals listed in a sentence or paragraph. Any good speech has been: (1) thoroughly researched, (2) carefully organized, (3) well rehearsed, and (4) revised to maximum perfection.

The Ellipsis to Show Omission

Three spaced dots called points of ellipsis show where words have been left out. Using an ellipsis may leave a grammatical structure incomplete, but it does not affect the meaning of a sentence. Children need . . . a sense of security.

When an ellipsis occurs at the end of a declarative sentence, the three points of ellipsis are followed by a period. The cookies were fresh and Mike was hungry, so . . . .

Parentheses are used to ensure mathematical accuracy. Enclosed is my personal check for eleven dollars and sixty-four cents ($11.64). 50

Brackets for Clarification

Brackets are inserted in a quoted passage to explain, comment, or correct. “He was born in 1805 [actually, in 1803] in Paris.” “It [Moby Dick] was finally published in 1851.”

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CapPunc 100-111

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3/1/07, 8:32 PM

ENGLISH in context


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