ATHENAZE An Introduction to Ancient Greek Second Edition
Book II
Maurice Balme and Gilbert Lawall
New York Oxford OXF...
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ATHENAZE An Introduction to Ancient Greek Second Edition
Book II
Maurice Balme and Gilbert Lawall
New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2003
Oxford University Press Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melboume Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto
Copyright © 2003 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10016 http://www.oup-usa.org Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, ill any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.
ISBN-13 978-0-19-514957-9 ISBN 0-19-514957-2
Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free pi'lper
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION vii
17
Readings
Grammar
H EI1ILlAYPOt (IX) 2
1.
The Passive Voice: -Grt- 1st Aorist Passive and -911- 1 s t Future Passive 4
2.
The Passive Voice: -'11- 2nd Aorist Passive and -'11- 2 n d Future Passive 13 Aorist of Deponent Verbs 13
Healing Sanctuaries: Asc1epius and Epidaurus B H BI1ILlA YPOt (~)
10
3. 01 TIBP.EAI TAt A8HNAt LlEYTBPON AIPOYIIN 15
Classical Greek: Miracle Cures 16 New Testament Greek: John 1.1-2: The Beginning of the Gospel 17 John 1.14: The Incarnation 17 John 1.29: John the Baptist Beholds Jesus 17 18
19
0 AIKAHI110I (IX) 1 B 1. Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (112) 20 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (116) 21 Sparta and Corinth 24 o AtKAHIlIOt (~) 26 2. Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (29) 32 H EN T Alt TIAAT AIAlt NI KH 32 Classical Greek: Miracle Cures 34 New Testament Greek: John 1.32, 33, and 49: Pronouncements about Jesus 35 0 NOtTOt (c:x) 36
The Verbs 20
OtBro~lt
and t{9rUlt
The Verb 'tiGrtllt 29
1. 2.
The Genitive Absolute 38 The Verb lG'tlUl1: Formation and Meaning 39
3. 4.
The Verb tG'tlllll: Forms 49 The Verbs Kc:x9((J't'l1J.Ll and allllt 117 The Articular Infinitive 118 Relative Pronouns and Their Antecedents: Some Special Cases 119 Prepositional Prefixes and Euphony 120
o nEPIKAHE 120 Classical Greek: Solon 122 New Testament Greek: John 6.47-51: Jesus the Bread of Life 122
24
EN
LH~AEKAAQN
(ex)
124
1. 2. 3.
Greek Education 129 EN ~IAAEKAAQN (P) 132
4.
5.
Comparison of Adjectives 126 Irregular Comparison of Adjectives 127 01tffi~ + Future Indicative in Object Clauses after Verbs Expressing Care or Effort 128 More Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 134 Declension of Comparative Adjectives 135
o
HPOAOTOL THN IETOPIAN AnOAEIKNYEIN 136 Classical Greek: Hesiod 138 New Testament Greek: John 8.12: Jesus the Light of the World 139 John 8.31-32: The Truth Will Make You Free 139 John 9.1-7: Jesus Heals a Man Born Blind 139 25
0 KPOIEOL TON LOAQNA 3ENIZEI (ex) 140
1.
2. 3. 4. Herodotus 148 o KPOIE01: TON 1:0AnNA EENIZEI CSn
AUcrato
EA11cra'to
Af,CSll'tClt
Af,crClt'tO
EAOOr:lIlE9a
AucrID !lE9a
Aooai!lE 9a
fA t>O'a0'9£
Al1O'TlO' 9£
Af,cratO"9£
eAt>O'av'to
Af,crOW'tClt
At>O' Cll.V'tO
AficrClcr9at
AUO'r:lJlEV0;, 11. - ov
A.urot
A;)crO,csge >< ..... ..... .....
VERB CHART: FUTURE AND AORIST
I~'
Passive Voice Future Indicative
Subjunctive
Optative
Imperative
Infinitive
A1)9ftcrE09a t
Participle
'A.u91lU6,lEvo;, - Tl, - ov
Au9"crOJ.UXt
'A.1)91lcrot/1llv
Au9ftcrEtln
'A.u9ftcrOtO
'A.1)9"crE1: a t
'A.u9"crOt't 0
Aufl1lcr4J.c9a
A1)9Tlcrot/lE9a
Aue"crE09E
'A.1)9~crot09E
N
Au9f,crov1:cx t
Au9f,uotv't 0
t:d
'>
st (I)
::::s ~
~
0 0 ~
....... ........
Aorist EAU91lv
'A.u9&
'A. 1)9 d'JlV
EAufl1l~
Au9US
Au9dTls
EAU911
'A.1)9
'A.u9dTl
EAffirll.1EV
A1)900/lEv
Au9Et/lEV
EAU91l'tE
Au9frt E
Au9Et'tE
EA-6911crav
Au9mul(v)
Au9EtEV
n
'A.u9flvat Au911'tt
Au911'tE
Au9Et£. 'A.1)9Etcr(X, Au9iv, gen., 'A.1)gev'to;
In trod uction
xv
The principal parts of many verbs follow simple patterns, so that if you know the first principal part (the present active indicative) you can construct the remaining principal parts according to rules, many of which you have already learned. Many verbs, however, follow more complex linguistic patterns, so that their principal parts cannot all be predicted on the basis of easy rules. In some verbs the stem appears in different forms in the different tenses; for example, in the forms of the verb A..nm given above you can see two slightly different stems, /1/0- and Au-. A knowledge of stems is useful, as you already know from Book 1. A few common verbs use etymologically unrelated stems to supply missing forms. For example, the verb aipEw does not have an aorist related to the stem aipe- but instead uses the unrelated stem £11,- to supply the missing aorist. The other principal parts of this verb are regular (except for £. instead of the expected 11 in the aorist passive): aipeOl
elA.OV
For convenience grammarians say that the stems of this verb are aipE- and £11,-. Note that verbs such as this that begin with a vowel or diphthong have a temporal augment instead of reduplication in the perfect tense. Verbs that begin with certain consonants or consonant clusters will have syllabic augment instead of reduplication, e.g., 0'1tE:6~w, perfect, EO"1tE1YKa. In Book I from Chapter 10 on we gave the present, future, and aorist of most verbs in vocabulary lists, and we included the aorist participle to show the unaugmented aorist stem. In Book II we will give in the chapter vocabulary lists full sets of principal parts for most verbs. We will not give the principal parts of regular contract verbs that follow the patterns of the model contract verbs qnAEOl, 'ttl. UXW, and 81lAow; for the principal parts of these model verbs, see the Greek to English Vocabulary at the end of this book. We also do not usually give the principal parts of compound verbs, for which the principal parts of the simple verb have already been given; consult the Greek to English Vocabulary as necessary . We stop giving aorist participles, but we will occasionally include other forms, such as the imperfect, when they deserve special attention. Mter the reading passages we will give full sets of principal parts of important verbs, most of which you met in Book I. These sets are arranged according to certain linguistic principles to help you see similarities among verbs and organize them into helpful groupings in your own mind. Seeing the similarities and shared patterns will make it easier for you to learn the principal parts.
VERB CHART: PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT
::
'lCcOC; ili
AEA1>'lCWC; EtTlV
AEA'U'lCClC;
AEA'UlCWC; nc;
AEA1J1CWC; EtTlC;
AEA1>lCE(V)
AEA1>KroC; n
AEA1>lC01C; EtTl
AEAUlCa.JlEV
AEA'UlCOtEC; iliJlEv
AEAUlCOtEC; dll£v*
A13A UlC1(01:13C; ~tE
AEA'OlCon:c; d'tE*
AEAUlCuOt(V)
AEA1>K01:EC; oupiq> Ota 'trov KUJla'trov 'taXEroc; £ A,u8d A,u8tv A,U 8eV1:o A,u8tv
A,U8Etcr(Xt
A,u8tv'tct
A,U8Etcroov A,U8 ei.cr(X tC;
A,u8tv1:rov A,U8tV1:-CH(V) > A,u8dcrt(v) A,u8ev'ta
A,u8£1(j(xC;
To form the -81\- 1st future passive, add -81'}- to the verb stem and then add the same letters as for the future middle. Here is an example: £u8u na,'tpt crulla~t1.v. 2. at n:a'tOEC; uno 't11 'ttVt eyyuc; 'tou AtJ.!EVOe;. 01. Oe mPJ.ll1aav Kat Ot' oA1You acpt KOJ.leVOt l11)POV 'tac; nu Aa:C; KeKAt t J.lEVae;. b o.ov A ''i " 'i ' ,\ 'i " " ';' ~,.. " l..ltKat01tOAte;, KEK/\"ttJ.lEval tlcrlV al~ 1tu/\"at, ecpl1, '"'tt ouv uel 1tOtE1V; no'tepov KO'l'oo 'tae; nUAa:e; tl tie; 'tov AtJ.!£va E1taVlfleV; O'l'e yap e:O''ttV.'' b Oe «t>{At1t1tOe;, "aAAa KO'l'OV, J) 1tatep, ei oOKel. to'roe; yap aKoucrE'tat
5
I
10
17.
HEn I A A Y P 0
~
(~)
11
'tt~ Kat l,y~O'e'tat ~!ltV napa 'tOY iepea." 6 J.1eV o-()v ~tKatonOAt~
eKo'l'ev, E~EASoov
Be
Unl1pE't11~ 'tt~ ou Btu 1tOAAOU, ",ti~
roy
O'u," e Ka'taycoytq>.
[cXJ.1E1'VeXI!EV01, having passed through
au1ltv, courtyard
EUJ1£Vmc;, kindly]
Be UO''tepaict £1tet 1tpro'tov 1,!-lepii eyevE'to, 1tpocreA8cbv 6 u1tl1pe'tll~ CPiAt1t1tOV l1yaye napa 'tOY iEpeii. 6 Be EUJ.1eVro~ 8e~a!levo~ 'tOY
't11
'tOY 1tCl'i8a, "aYE Bil, c11ta'i," e-Tt-cr-o-Ilat
Dta-cp8£tpru, I destroy [cp8ap-]
Aorist: Dt-e-q>8ap-11-v Future: Ota-q>8ap-Tl-cr-o-llat
cpatVOllat, I appear [cpav-]
Aorist: E-cpav-l1-v Future: cpav-1l-cr-o-llat
Note this example from the story above:
o iAt7t1tOc,;
. . . £V tip i£pip EIl£vEV ... tOY 8eov EuxollEvoatVOllat
14
Athenaze: Book II (Grammar 2 above), aorist E<pa.VllV, I appeared. Here are some other deponent verbs that have their aorist in the passive voice: ~OUAO)la.l,
aorist, e~01)A.Tt911V, I wanted; I wished OUVIl)l eSi80'Uv e-8{-80-E~ > e8f80'Us e-8£-80-E > eS{80'U e-S t-80-IlEV e-8i-80-'tE e-8t-So-crav
Future: Regular sigmatic future: 8mcroo, Aorist Indicative e-SOOK-a E-8mK-aC; E-8OOK-E(V) E-8o-JlEV £-80-'l:e e-So-crav
SmcrEl~, 8mcrtt,
Imperative
etc.
Infinitive
Participle 3o-oC;,
80u-vat
Soucra,
S6- eoou e-oo-to
Imperative
Infinitive
oe-08at
Participle
06-J.l.EV-0C;, -11, -ov
06-00> 80u
£-06-~e8a
e-oo-cr8e E-OO-V'to
06-08E Bi.8mJ.1t: Future and Aorist, Passive Voice
Futm-e Regular -811- future passive: 008ftoollat, 008ftoEl/11, 0081tO"E'tUt, etc. Aorist Regular -811- aorist passive: £06811V, £06811 'tae; btacpopae; btaAf>crov'tat
~aAAOV
11
[vemcn:t, lately o'tP;)VO\)(n,v, are urging on ~h:aavn~. if you are proved]
11b11 Oe Ete; tae; 1tU AUe; 1tapllcrav. XatPEIV 01)V 'tOY yepov'ta KEAEuaaV"CEe; 0 'te A1KalO1tOAte; Kat 0 nate; £1topeuovto. [ittopeuov'!;o, began their journey 1
PRINCIPAL PARTS:
-0;-
Contract Verbs;
-0-
Contract Verbs
't1.llam. '!;1.Il.qcrm, £'tillllcra. 't E'tip:rl1ca. 'tE'tillT) Ilat. £'tlJ.1.,,9T)v, I honor 7tElpaCih KEtpa.crQl (note that because of thep the a lengthens to a rather than 11), Elt etP (icra, K£1CdpaKa. K£2tetpallctt, 8ltEtpa911V, active or middle, I try, at-
tempt
18.
0
A L K A H IT I 0 I
(f})
9£0:011at, 6e&aoJ,Lat. (note that because of theE the a lengthens to a rather than 11), egeaaO:J,LTlv, 't£geaJ.uu, I see, watch, look at xpaOllat (present and imperfect have 11 where tt would be expected: xpmj.lal, xpn, XPl11:ttt, etc.), XPtla0J.1a,l (note that here the a changes to 11 even after the p), EXP11aQ;J.111v. K£XP11I.1a,t, £XPTta91lv + dat., luse; I enjoy; I consult (an oracle) yd.. aro, y£lO:aol.1cxt (note a insteadofn), f:yeluaa" y£y£Aa,aJlat. tyelaa91lv, I laugh ~TlA6w,~TlAmaW, E~"'Awaa,,~£5t1AwKa..5£5TtlwJ.1a.l.E~TlAmellv,I show
WORD BUll.DlNG From the meaning of the words at the left) deduce the meaning of those to the right: 1. btbrol-U (boo-lbO-) 2. 1tpObtSro!-U, I betray 3. 'CterH.u
01tpOb~~
eXva'tithu.lt
eX1tObtS{J)/lt it 1tpo8ooia t1tt'tt8ru.u
1tapaStb{J)jlt
GRAMMAR 2. The Verb 'd81lJ-Lt 'tt-811-J.Ll, aTtOID, £9111((1, 'tE8TllcCl, ('tE8Etjlat; KEl/lUt usually used instead), E1:E811V, I put, place 'tt811J.Lt: Present, Imperfect, Future, and Aorist, Active Voice
Stems: 81l-/8EPresent Indicative d-81l- JU 1:t- 81l- e90u E-9£-1:0 e-9t-j.tE9a
Infinitive
Participle
St-cr9at ge-ao> Sou
E-ge~crge
ge-crge
e-ge-v1:0
'tie"I-.I.1: Future and Aorist, Passive Voice Future -9,,- future passive: 1:eS"aOllcn, t£S"O'eti'n. 1:e9"O'EtCH, etc.
Aorist
-8,,- aorist passive: £-riellv, e1:iSll."
you see
I:> ~a1td~mv,
the one baptizing
aYlcp, holy]
Nathanael says to Jesus: "papp(, O"u 8t 0 u\'o \)io~,
the son
tau
'IO'pa~A,
of Israel]
Epidaurus; the fourth-century theater
o
19 NOl:TOl: (ex)
VOCABULARY VOO''t'Eoo, I return home O''I.)A.A.E,,(Cll [= cruv- + A,f:Yro, I pick up, gather; I say~ tell, speak],
Verbs e09ioo, [ecS-] eOoJ,1oa. [cpCly-] ecpayov, [£8-] H'i11S0lCot, I eat i<J'tllJlt, imperfect, ICH11 v, [0'1:1'1-] o't11O'oo, eO'tll(Hl, I make X stand; I stop X; I am setting X (up) athematic 2nd aorist, ECJ1:11V, intransitive, I stood -lea. 1st perfect, £cnf\1Ca, intransitive, I stand -611- 1st aorist passive, [O'1:a.-] eot&91lv, I was set (up) QVtO'tl1l.Ll [== ava- + t(j'l:ruu ], when transitive, I make X stand up; I raise X; when intransitive, I stand up
a'l.)A.A.e~co, a'l.)VeA.E~a,
[A.o"{-]
(f'l.)veO.. oxa, [A,EY-] (J'I.)ve{A.E'YI.UXl, a 'I.) V EA.E'Yl1V, I collect, gather Nouns it eA.aa, 't11e;; eA.aa~, olive; olive tree b vOO'1:0e;;, 'tou voO''tO'l.), return (home) ndHov, 'tau 7teo{o'l.) , plain
'to
m~ bE EiC; 'tov Al/-LEva ao~ov Ka'tacr'Ct1e; ecr'tl1O'Ev aU1;OUe; Kat ~onO'ae;, "'ttvE£p0J.lEVOt, charging
ail'tOJ.1o},,~(Hxv'Cer:;,
deserting]
11. What action of the Greeks put the Persians to flight? 12. At what moment did the Ionians desert the Persians? 13. When the Ionians deserted the Persians, what did they do?
Exercise 199 Translate into Greek: 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
At the Ionians' request (use genitive absolute with ai'tEm), the general decided to lead the fleet to Samos. The messengers said, "We will not betray (npo800aOIJ,Ev) you but will revolt from the Persians." The barbarians, having seen the ships of the Greeks approaching, fled to the mainland. The Greeks, having disembarked from their ships, attacked the wall and took (it). The Ionians, having seen the Greeks winning, revolted from the Persians and came to aid the Greeks.
The death of Agamemnon
ID
19.
0
N0LT0 L
(~)
55
New Testament Greek John 2.1-8 The Wedding at Cana Kat 't11 11)..LEpq 'ti1'tpi1:ll ya)..Lo~ eYEv£'to EV Kava 'tn~ raAlAa{a~, Kat ~V
ft
)..Ln'tYlP
'tou 'IYlaou eKct· EKA"ell be Kat 0 'Inaouou ecr'tllKO'ta.
0
~£
$(A.t1t1l:0ou, crest of a hill palace]
eo't1l1C6'ta, perfect participle, standing
1:Ct •. , 6oolla'ta, the
out roc; £1.nrov, t(fl natOl Ka'ta to opOC; nriloa'to. Ot' OA-iyou oilv tOte; 't£ixeO't £nA-lloia~ov Kat £nt 1:0V A-6<pov avaJ3&v'tee; tiC; 1:&e; 1tU A- ac;
15
aiAt1t1CE," E except for the subjunctive and optative, in the active voice {present, imperfect} future, and aorist), in the middle / passive voice (present and imperfect), in the middle voice (future and aorist), and in the passive voice (future and aorist). Keep these charts for reference.
Exercise 20 £ Identify and translate the following forms of TfULl, eill' and Sifll: 1. TEOOCft (2 ways) 2. ouvtCxOt(v) 3. i£ll£vOPffiV
l'
o'UO'a
,
c:po.lVe.'to.t.
The woman is shown being/to be sensible :::; is clearly sensible.
Exercise 2011 Read aloud and translate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
ot Kopiv6wl EXBPOL yiYV£<J6al Eq>aivov'to. Ot Koptv9w1. EX9POt QV1:£e; q>atvov1:at. aYE, ¢>lAt1t1t£, "roue; OlcOKOV1:o.e; Aa9e. BV 'to.U'Ll1 tfl1:acppq> KpmjlajlEVOe;. 0 tAl1t1tOe; -rov m).1:Epo. eq>6acrE to opoe; Ko.'to.~ae;. 1tpoc:n6vwe; 'tou CtVOpoc; it yuvTte1:UX£ Ka8tsojlevrt BV 'tfl aUAU (courtyard). "q>o.ivEl &.pyoC; o-ocrct, c1 yuvat," ecprt· "'tt OUK BpyaS€t;" Ot nEpcrctl 'toue; "EAArtVW; eq>8acrctv Cm01tA£ucrctV'tEe; 1tpOe; 'tTtV ~1t£lPOV
(mainland), 8. 9. 10.
ot TIepcro.t Eq>cttVOV1:0 ou ~OUA,6jl£VOl vaujla.xciv. 0 o£cr1t6'trte; 'tuYXeXv€t Ka8£uorov. ecp9acrav 'tOY X£tJlmva £tC; 'tOY AIJlEvo. dcr1tAEovn~c;.
j
01 A9HNAIOI TOYI AAKEAAIMONIOYI AN AMIMNHIl:KOYIIN
Read the following passages (adapted from Thucydides 1.73-75) and answer the comprehension questions below: Nearly fifty years after the battle of Salamis, the Corinthians were urging the Spartans to make war on Athens. Athenian ambassadors, who happened to be in Sparta on other business, took the opportunity to remind the Spartans of what they owed to Athens.
on
AeY0!lEV ev 1:£ 'til> Mapa8rovl )l6VOl EKtVo:OvEucrall£v 'tolC; ~ap~, with grievous longing 1Ch~llSE (from 1('1)6ro), perfect lC1£0