Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Volume 2: Corpus and Concordance

This page intentionally left blank

ANCIENT HEBREW INSCRIPTIONS VOLUME 2 This is the sequel to the first volume of Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance, published in 1991. It contains some 750 inscriptions from the Old Testament period which were mainly published for the first time between 1990 and 2000. Some were discovered in regular archaeological excavations, others come from private collections. The new material includes ostraca from different sites, which are of religious, literary and historical importance, and extensive information about the personal names which were in use in the biblical period. The number of coin-legends and other texts from the Persian and early Hellenistic periods has also been enlarged. Each text is supplied with a brief description, an approximate date and publication information. The concordance provides an easy way to discover which Hebrew words and proper names occur in non-biblical sources and helps greatly to widen the basis for Hebrew language study. Graham Davies is Professor of Old Testament Studies at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Fitzwilliam College. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and the author of Hosea (Old Testament Guide: 1993), Hosea (New Century Bible: 1992), Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance Vol. 1 (1991), Megiddo (1986), and The Way of the Wilderness (1979).

ANCIENT HEBREW INSCRIPTIONS VOLUME 2 CORPUS AND CONCORDANCE

Graham Davies assisted by J. K. Aitken, D. R. de Lacey, P. A. Smith and J. Squirrel

cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521829991 © Graham Davies 2004 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2004 isbn-13 isbn-10

978-0-511-16464-4 eBook (EBL) 0-511-16464-5 eBook (EBL)

isbn-13 isbn-10

978-0-521-82999-1 hardback 0-521-82999-2 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

,1 3,$0 0(025,$0 3$75,6 0(, ,925 '$9,(6

&217(176

3UHIDFH DQG $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

L[

,QWURGXFWLRQ

[L

/LVW RI 6LWHV DQG 3RO\WRSLF (QWULHV LQ WKLV 9ROXPH .H\ WR 6\PEROV

[YLL [[

$EEUHYLDWLRQV DQG %LEOLRJUDSK\

[[LL

&RUSXV RI +HEUHZ ,QVFULSWLRQV IURP EHIRUH  %&  3DUW 



&RQFRUGDQFH



$GGLWLRQV DQG &RUUHFWLRQV WR $+,



6\QRSWLF 7DEOHV  $+, ERWK YROXPHV FRPSDUHG ZLWK 5HQ] +$( ,



 $+, ERWK YROXPHV FRPSDUHG ZLWK $YLJDG6DVV &:666



YLL

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p /HPDLUH DQG 3URIHVVRU $ODQ 0LOODUG IRU VSHFLILF LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG DGYLFH 0\ IDWKHU ,YRU 'DYLHV SDVVHG WR KLV HWHUQDO UHVW ZKLOH WKLV ERRN ZDV LQ WKH ILQDO VWDJHV RI SUHSDUDWLRQ ,W LV YHU\ DSSURSULDWH WKDW LW VKRXOG EH GHGLFDWHG LQ JUDWLWXGH WR KLV PHPRU\ EHFDXVH E\ KLV H[DPSOH LQWHUHVW DQG VXSSRUW KH HQFRXUDJHG PH IURP P\ FKLOGKRRG LQ WKH VWXG\ RI ERWK DQFLHQW ODQJXDJHV DQG WKH QDWXUDO VFLHQFHV *UDKDP 'DYLHV

&DPEULGJH 0DUFK  L[

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p /HPDLUH ZKR KDYH SURGXFHG VHYHUDO YROXPHV RI QHZ WH[WV SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH $UFKDHRORJLFDO &HQWHU LQ 7HO $YLY  DQG WR %HQMDPLQ 6DVV ZKR UHYLVHG H[WHQGHG DQG HGLWHG 1DKPDQ $YLJDG V LQYDOXDEOH FRUSXV RI VWDPS VHDOV ZLWK LQVFULSWLRQV LQ +HEUHZ DQG RWKHU :HVW 6HPLWLF ODQJXDJHV SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH ,VUDHO $FDGHP\ RI 6FLHQFHV DQG +XPDQLWLHV WKH ,VUDHO ([SORUDWLRQ 6RFLHW\ DQG WKH ,QVWLWXWH RI $UFKDHRORJ\ DW WKH +HEUHZ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI -HUXVDOHP  )RU GHWDLOV RI WKHVH SXEOLFDWLRQV VHH WKH VHFWLRQ §$EEUHYLDWLRQV DQG %LEOLRJUDSK\¨ 4XHVWLRQV KDYH EHHQ UDLVHG DERXW WKH DXWKHQWLFLW\ RI D IHZ RI WKH QHZO\ SXEOLVKHG LWHPV DQG HYHQ DERXW WKH HWKLFV RI JLYLQJ VFKRODUO\ DWWHQWLRQ WR PDWHULDO WKDW KDV SRVVLEO\ FRPH IURP LOOLFLW §H[FDYDWLRQV¨ DQG ZKLFK KDV IRXQG LWV ZD\ LQWR SULYDWH KDQGV WKURXJK WKH DQWLTXLWLHV WUDGH 7KHUH LV LQGHHG WKH GDQJHU WKDW WKH FROOHFWRUV

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§eSLJUDSKLH SDOHVWLQLHQQH 1RXYHDX[ 'RFXPHQWV ,, ¥ 'pFHQQLH ¨ +HQRFK  >@  0 +HOW]HU §7KH 5HFHQWO\ 3XEOLVKHG :HVW 6HPLWLF 6WDPS 6HDOV $ 5HYLHZ $UWLFOH¨ 8)  >@   $W WKH HQG RI WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ WR $+, , PHQWLRQHG WZR IXUWKHU DLGV WR WKH VWXG\ RI +HEUHZ LQVFULSWLRQV ZKLFK , KDG LW LQ PLQG WR SURGXFH 2QH ZDV DQ HOHFWURQLF YHUVLRQ RI WKH WH[WV LQ $+, DQG WKLV ZDV PDGH DYDLODEOH WKURXJK WKH 2[IRUG 7H[W $UFKLYH LQ  7KH RWKHU ZDV D §JUDPPDWLFDO FRQFRUGDQFH¨ RI WKH LQVFULSWLRQV ZKLFK PLJKW KDYH VHUYHG DV D XVHIXO DLG WR WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI D JUDPPDU RI HSLJUDSKLF +HEUHZ 7KLV KDV QRW VR IDU EHHQ SRVVLEOH DQG PD\ QRZ EH XQQHFHVVDU\ LQ YLHZ RI WKH SXEOLFDWLRQ RI 6/ *RJHO V *UDPPDU RI (SLJUDSKLF +HEUHZ $WODQWD  DQG $ 6FKXHOH V 'LH 6\QWD[ GHU DOWKHEUlLVFKHQ ,QVFKULIWHQ 0QVWHU   7KH SDVW GHFDGH KDV VHHQ WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI VHYHUDO YROXPHV ZKLFK JUHDWO\ DGYDQFH WKH VWXG\ RI +HEUHZ LQVFULSWLRQV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKH SXEOLFDWLRQV FRQWDLQLQJ QHZ WH[WV WKDW KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ UHIHUUHG WR )RUHPRVW DPRQJ WKHVH KDYH EHHQ WKH PRQRJUDSKOHQJWK GLFWLRQDU\ DUWLFOH RI 3 %RUGUHXLO WKH HGLWLRQ ZLWK GHWDLOHG FRPPHQWDU\ DQG DSSHQGLFHV RI WKH WH[WV NQRZQ LQ  E\ - 5HQ] ZLWK D IXUWKHU SDUW WR DSSHDU E\ : 5|OOLJ IRU GHWDLOV RI WKHVH VHH WKH %LEOLRJUDSK\ XQGHU §%RUGUHXLO '%6¨ DQG §+$(¨  WKH 'LFWLRQDU\ RI WKH 1RUWK:HVW 6HPLWLF ,QVFULSWLRQV  YROV +DQGEXFK GHU 2ULHQWDOLVWLN ,  /HLGHQ   RI - +RIWLM]HU DQG . -RQJHOLQJ DQG WKH JUDPPDWLFDO ZRUNV RI *RJHO DQG 6FKXHOH DOUHDG\ PHQWLRQHG $OWKRXJK WKHUH DUH IHZ VSHFLILF UHIHUHQFHV LQ WKHP WR WKH WH[WV LQ WKLV YROXPH WKH\ ZLOO SURYLGH LQYDOXDEOH DVVLVWDQFH LQ IXWXUH VWXG\ RI WKH QHZ PDWHULDO [LL

,1752'8&7,21 ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH WH[WV DQG WKH FRQFRUGDQFH WKLV YROXPH LQFOXGHV WZR V\QRSVHV ZKLFK FRUUHODWH P\ QXPEHULQJ RI WKH WH[WV ZLWK WKRVH RI 5HQ] DQG $YLJDG6DVV DQG VR IDFLOLWDWH FURVVUHIHUHQFH OLVWV RI WKH SURYHQDQFHV RI WKH LQVFULSWLRQV DQG WKH QRQDOSKDEHWLF QRQ QXPHULFDO V\PEROV XVHG LQ WKHP DQG D OLVW RI DGGLWLRQV DQG FRUUHFWLRQV WR $+, ZKLFK DUH EDVHG PDLQO\ RQ WKH VFKRODUVKLS RI WKH SDVW WHQ \HDUV 7KUHH SRLQWV LQ WKH ODWWHU QHHG SDUWLFXODU H[SODQDWLRQ L

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

LL

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

$1&,(17 +(%5(: ,16&5,37,216  FRQYHQLHQW V\QRSVLV RI WKH ROG DQG QHZ QXPEHULQJ FDQ EH IRXQG LQ $YLJDG6DVV &:666 S  LLL

)RU WKH §PLQXWH VLOYHU FRLQV¨ RI WKH 3HUVLDQ DQG 3WROHPDLF SHULRGV ERWK -HZLVK DQG 6DPDULWDQ ZH IROORZHG LQ $+,  WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG GDWLQJ RI / 0LOGHQEHUJ §0XQLFK @ SS    XQIRUWXQDWHO\ RYHUORRNLQJ WKH WUHDWPHQW RI WKH -HZLVK FRLQV LQ @

ODFXQD

>> @@

FRUUHFWLRQ RI VFULEDO HUURU

^`

DOWHUQDWLYH UHDGLQJ

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

[YL

/,67 2) 6,7(6 $1' 32/PRGHUQ@ $UDG 7(// $%8 +$5$= ⭈ LQ WKH -RUGDQ YDOOH\ HDVW RI WKH ULYHU F  NP VRXWK RI WKH 6HD RI *DOLOHH 02817 *(5,=,0  NP VRXWK RI 1DEOXV %(7+ 6+($1 WKH DQFLHQW VLWH LV RQ WKH QRUWKHUQ HGJH RI WKH PRGHUQ WRZQ  NP VRXWK RI 7LEHULDV .+,5%(7 (11(%, +8F  NP HDVW RI *D]D 6+(&+(0 7(// %$/·7$+ ⭈  NP VRXWKHDVW RI 1DEOXV .,7,21 RQ WKH VRXWK FRDVW RI &\SUXV LQ PRGHUQ /DUQDFD 7(/ 0$/+$7$ ⭈ F  NP HDVW RI %HHUVKHED 7(// 6$1'$+$11$+ ⭈ F  NP VRXWKZHVW RI -HUXVDOHP QHDU PRGHUQ %HLW *XYULQ 7(/ 5(+29 ⭈  NP VRXWK RI %HWK 6KHDQ [YLLL

$1&,(17 +(%5(: ,16&5,37,216      

7(// 6$1'$+$11$+ F  NP VRXWKZHVW RI -HUXVDOHP QHDU PRGHUQ %HLW *XYULQ 7(/ 5(+29  NP VRXWK RI %HWK 6KHDQ +259$7 7,7725$ 02'(,1 ⭈ F  NP ZHVW RI 5DPDOODK %(7+6$,'$ WKH VLWH NQRZQ DV HW7HOO HDVW RI WKH -RUGDQ FORVH WR LWV HQWU\ LQWR WKH 6HD RI *DOLOHH 81,'(17,),(' 6,7(

 6($/6 $1' 6($/,035(66,216  52