ANCIENT AMMON
STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST EDITED BY
B. HALPER N
AND
M. H .E. W EIP...
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ANCIENT AMMON
STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST EDITED BY
B. HALPER N
AND
M. H .E. W EIPPERT
VO LU M E XV II
ANCIENT AMMON EDITED BY
BURTON MACDONALD
AN D
RANDALL W. YOUNKER
BRILL LEIDEN . BOSTON · KOLN 1999
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library o f Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ancient Ammon / edited by Burton Mac Donald and Randall W. Younker. p. cm.-(Studies in the history and culture of the ancient Near East, ISSN 0169-9024 ; v. 17) Includes bibliograph ical references and index. IS BN 9004107622 (cloth: alk. paper) I. Ammonites. 2. J ordan- Antiquities. 3. Excavations (Archaeology)--J ordan. I. MacDonald, Burton, 1939II. Younker, Randall W. III. Se ries. DS 154.215.A53 1999 99-24375 933- dc21 GIl'
Die Deutsche Bibliothe k - CIP-Einheitsaufnalune Ancient Anunon I ed. by Burton Macdonald a nd Randall W. Younker. - Leiden ; Boston; K61n : Brill, 1999 (Studies in the history and culture or the ancien! Ncar East ; Vol. J 7)
ISBN 90-04-10762-2
ISSN 0169-9024 IS BN 9004 107622
o
Copyright 1999 by KOlJ.inklijke Bn"ll J\'V, Ltidtll, The Netherlands
All rights restTVed. No part f!! this Pu.blication may be rtproduad, tralls/alld, stored ill a retrieval syslem, or transmilled in any form or by allY means, ekc/ronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordillg or oihenvise, without prior wrilltn permission from the publisher. Aulhori.?ation to photocopy items jor intemal or persollal use is grallted by Koninklijke Brill provided that Ihe appropriate Jees are paUl directly to The Copyright CleaTana Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees afe subject 10 change. PRIl\'TEO IN TilE NET HERI.A NOS
CONTENTS
List of Figures a nd Tables
VII
Chapler On e: Review of Archaeological Research in Ammon RAND ALL W . YOUNKER
Excursus: Salien t Features of Iron Age Tri bal K.ingdoms ........... . ............ ............. .......... .............................
19
0YSTEIN Lill lANCA
Chapter Two: Ammon ite Territory and Sites
30
B URTON J\1A C DO NALD
Chapter Three: Central J ordanian Ce ramic Traditions
57
GLORIA l oN DON
Chapte r Four: "Ammonite" Monu mental Archi tecture . ................... .
103
M OHAM MED NAlJAR
Chapte r Five: Domestic Architecture in Iron Age Ammon: Buildings ~hl c ri a l s , Const ru ction T ech niqu es, and Room Arrangement .................................... . P.M.M. DA V IAU
11 3
Chapter Six: Burial Customs and Practices in Ancielll Ammon ... .... .... ..... ..... .......... . . KHAIR Y ASSINE
137
C hapter Seven: Th e Religion of the Ammonites
152
' '''ALTER
E.
AUFREC I-IT
C hapter Eight: Ammonite T exts and Language 'tVALTER E. AUFRECHT
163
C hapter Nine: The Emergence of the Ammonites RANDALL 'tV. YOUNKER
189
vi
CONTENTS
Chapter T en: The Ammonites in the Late Iron Age and Persian Period ...... ".... ..... ................ ... . LARRY C. H ERR
219
Index of Names ... .. Index of Places Index of Subjects ...
239 242 245
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Fig. 1. I- Map of Am mon with sites listed in text Fig. 2. I- Map of Ammon sho\'ving course ofJabbok and Its Tlibut.'lrics Fig. 3.1 - excess clay from upside down pOL Fig. 3.2-----voltcr adding coils to form rim Fig. 3.3- collarcd rim jar ('Umayri) Fig. 3.4-POls from 'Umayri Fig. 3.S- P01S from 'Umayri Fig. 3.6- Lamps from 'U mayri Fig. 4. I- Ammonite T ower Rujm a l-Malfur Fig. 4.2- Ammonitc Towe r closeup Fig. 4.3- Stairs leading into pill ared house Fig. 4.4-\-Valls built directly on leveled bedrock (Khilda) Fig. 4.5- Khilda- monolith ic piers in the pillared house Fig. 4.6- Nichcs between piers at Khilda Fig. 4.7- 'Amman Citadel- access to the underground water reservoir Fig. 4.8- Proto-acolic capital a t ' Amman Citadel Fig. 4.9- ProlO-aeolic column base a t 'Amman Citadel Fig. 4.10- Th e plaster on the ex terior face of the lower at Khilda Fig. 5.I- Bouldcr-and-chink walls with doorway Fig. 5.2- Monolithic stone pillars in Building 800 Fig. 5.3a-b- Stacked boulder walls; a) rectili ncar pillars with cobblestone connecting uni ts (W8014); b) combin ation of pillar types (\'''3027); c) rounded boulder pillared wall with cobblestone connecti ng units (,""3005). Fig. 5.4-Building 300 at Tall J awa Fig. 55- Building 800 at T all J awa Fig. 9.I - Table of Settlemen t Patt ern in Ammon: Middle Bronze to Iron Age Fig. 9.2- Table of Ammon LB IIBlI ron IA Sites Fig. 9.3- Table of Ammon Iron IA- B Sites Fig. 1O.I - Aclial photo of the walls of" the Ammon ite/ Pcrsi an Administralive complex Fig. IO. 2- Plan of the buildings in fig. 13. (pla n] Fig. 10.3- Scal impression of Ba'alyasha, and Subsequtnt Studies, eds. L. Herr; LT . Geraty; 0.5. LaBianca; and R.W. Younker. Bcnien Springs, M I: Andrews University. Standard ization and Variat ion in the Work of C raft Specialists. Pp. 182 204 in Ceramic i:.""tJmoorc/weoWgy, ed. WA Longacre. T ucson: Univcrsity of Arizona. Tells: City Center o r H ome? Erelz.-lsrael 23: *71 9. Biran Volume. J erusalem: Israel Exploration Society. A Comparison of Bronze and Iron Age Pottcry Production Based on r>. taterial from the Madaba Plains Region. pp. 603~06 in Studus in the History and Archaeowgp rif Jordall 5, ed. S. T ell. Amman: Department of Antiquities of J ordan. Investigating Ancient Ceramic T raditions on Hoth Sides of the J ordan. Bsays in Honor rif Jamts A. Sauer. Cambridge, MA: Harva rd Semi tic Museum. G.A. and Clark, O.R. Ancient Ammonites alld M()(/tnl Arabs. Amman: American Cenlcr of Oriental Research. G.A.; Egoumcnidou, F.; and Karageorghis, V. Traditiol/al Pottery in Cyprus. Mainz: Phillipp von ZabcOl. G.A.; Plint , H.; and Smith, J. Prelimi nary Petrographic Analysis of Pottery from T ell el-'Umciri and Hinterland Sites, 1987. Pp. 4 29 ~'~9 in Madaba Plains Projtcl 2: The 1987 SeasOIl at Tell el·:ploralioll Joumal [4: [ 49. i\lcGovcrn, P.E. [983 Tcst Soundings of Archacologica[ and Resislivity Survey Rcsuhs at Rujm AI- Hcnu. Annllal if III, InpaTtlllml if AnliquilitJ if Jordan 27: 105 41. i\ lcijer, DJ.W. 1989 Ground plans and archaeoloh>lsts: On simil;uilies and comparisons. Pp. 221 36 in To Ihe 1!.llphrallS and BryOlld. Archaeological silldies in 1lOIlOur if Mounts 1"all fAon, cds. O.i\ I.C. J-laex; 1-1.1'1. Cun:crs; and P.i\I.i\I.G. Akkermans. Rotterdam and I3rookfield: Balkema. Najjar, i\I. 1992 The Excavations at Khilda. Annual if Ihe Deparfllllllf if Allliquilies ifJordan 36: 420 07 (Arabic). Pritchard, J. B. 1985 Tell es-Sa'ldiyell. Exca/.'ations 011 IIIf 7ell, 1964 1966. University i\ luseum l\ lonograph 60. Philaddphia: University of Pennsylvania. Reich, R. Building ~late ,ials and Architectura[ Elements in Ancient Israel. Pp. I 16 1992 in Tllr ATe/litertllrr if Ancient Israel, cds. A. Kcmpinski and R. Reich. J crusalem: Israel Exploration Socicty. Schaar, K.W. House Forms at 'r a rsus, Alambra, and Lcmba. NrpoTI if tlu: Drparlmllll if 1985 Allliquilia if" l:YPniS 37 44. Shepard, A.D. 1956 CeramiC5.ior tlu' ArchaeologUt. Washington: Carnq,'ie Institute of Washin!,tton. Shiloh, Y. [970 The Four-Room l'louse Its Siwation ami Function in the Israelite City. Israel txploralioll Jounlal 20: 180 90. Shiloh, Y. , a nd Horowitz, A. 1975 Ashlar Quanics of the [roll Age in the H ill Country of Israel. Bulblill if" Ihe American Schools if On'mlal Nmarc!t 217: 37 48. Thompson, 1-1 .0. 1973 RlUm al-l\ lalfuf South. Annual r!.f Jilt' IJtpurtmtl/f if AllliquilitJ if Jordan 18: 47 50 IP ls. x...XV III x...XX). Tushingham, A.D. 1972 77lt Excavations 01 Dibon (Dftibtw) ill ,Ifoab. The Third Campaigll 1952 53. Annual of American Schools of Oricntal Research 40. Cambridge, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research. Ussishkin, D. , and Woodhead, J. 1993 Excavations at Tel.Jcl'.reel 1992 1993: Second Preliminary Report. Levallt 26: I 48. van der Kooij, G.; and Ibrahim, i>. 1. i>. 1. 1989 Picking up Jile 17mads . .. A cOlllinllillg Ter-iew if (xcat'alions at Ddr Alla, Jordall. Lciden: University of Lcidell, Archacologic;ll Cent rc. \Vatson, Arc/weological EI}lIlograpllY ill Il 'tslem /rail. Viking Fund Publications in 1979 Anthropology 57. 'f ucson: University of Arizona. \ Vinncu, F.V. 196< The Excavalions (11 DibOll (Dlliban) in Aloab, ParI I: 17Ie FirSI Campaigll, 1950 1951. Annual of Amcrican School of Oriental Rcscarch 36 37 (for 1957 1958). New Havcn, CT: American School of Oriental Research.
x.
PJ
136
CHAP TER F IVE
Worschcch, U. 1995 City Planning and Architectu re al the Iron Age City of al-Bahl' in Central Jordan. Pp. 145- 49 in Studies in /Ju History and ArchlMOlogy ojJordan v.' Art and Ttchnology Throng/lOut tilt Ages, cds. K. 'Amr; F. Zayadine; and M. Zaghloul. Amman: Department of Antiquities. Wright, C.E. 1978 A Characteristic North Israelite House. pp. 149- 54 in Archaeology oj 1m fAiant (K. Kenyon Volume), cds. R. Moorey and P. Parr. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. Wright, G. R.H. 1985 Aneitnl Building in South SyrUz and Palestine. 2 vols. Lcidcn: BrilL Yadin, Y. (/ 01. 1958 Hazar 1. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. 1960 Hazar 1l. J erusalem: Hebrew University. Younker, R.\·V. 1989 "Towers" in the Region Surrounding T ell Urnciri. pp. 195- 97 in Madaba Plains l",*c/ I: He 1987 SeMon l!f ExcavoliollS al Tell e/-'Um£l:ri and Vuiniry and SubstqutTll Studies, cds. L.T. Geraty; L.G. Herr; 0.S. La Bianca; and R ,W. Younker. Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University. Younker, R.W.; Geraty, L.T.; Herr, L. C.; and LaBianca, 0.S. 1993 T he J oint Madaba Plains Project: A Preliminary Report of the 1992 Seasons, including the Regional Survey and Excavations at Tell J alul and T ell cl'Umeiri. Andrews University Seminary Studies 31: 205 38.
CHAPTER SIX
BURIAL CUSTOMS M'D PRACTICES IN ANC IENT AMMON KI-lAIR
YASSINE
University of Jordan
Introduction Even though the number of tombs di sco ve red in J ordan of the Iron Age period is still relatively small , it is possible to draw many conclusions from the availabl e data concerning 10mb types, burial customs, and social-religious distinction, in burial practices in ancient Ammon. Burials ca n reveal more than the level of technology at a parlicuiar time. Careful study of burial practices in a ce rtain area may throw light on social behavior and religious beliefs, since burial rites lend to be morc conservative and less susceptible to oUlside influences and changing fashions than othe r customs of ancient people. Unless there are repea ted and frequ ent occurrences of cenain unjform traits relative to burial customs, no absolute rule can be given. BUl, if each case is studied on its own merits, in the light of the total evidence available, the archaeologist can hope to ident ify the different burial practices as well as ethnic, social, and rel igious distinction s. From periods or areas from which little or no wrinen material has sUlvived , burial practices, religious beliefs, and social behavior must be summarized from ma teria l remains, namely, tomb rypes and their physical characteristics. These have to be studied and analyzed. A specific feature might indicate som e special traits, for example, secondary bUlials and the idea behind them , which may have tried to relate to social behavior. The position and orientation of th e body migh t indicate social or religious distinction. Moslems, for instance, are buried facing Mecca . Beliefs about death and afterlife can be deduced from the way the bodies are arranged. Gifts placed in the tombs and oth er burial customs observed by the excavators may indicate social differemiation, as can the lavishness of different tombs, such as th e pyramid, the mastaba , and the pit grave .
138
C H APTER SIX
Tomb 1jpes In the past decade, few Iron Age tombs have been discove red, either accidentally or by well organ ized excava tion, in J ordan . Thei r types range from natural or artificial caves to shaft lombs, dug in rock o r bu il t in soft earth. Other types of tom bs include those built of m ud brick, Slone lombs, and pi t graves. From the phys ica l featu re of tombs or g raves, one can notice th e diffe rent lom b Lypes people of the Iro n Age were using: 1. Natural Caves. Natu ral caves wc re th e most commo n featu res used for buri als d Uli ng th e Iron Age, especially in the moun ta in area where th ere arc many na tural caves, e.g., Madaba lom b A ( Ha rding 1957), Nebo and Khirbat al-Mukhayyat (Saller 1969). Howeve r, few have ye t been fou nd in the ~ Amman area. Sahab Area C Cave (Tomb): T his is a la rge natural cave with entrance facing west. T he entrance is narrow and at one time it had been closed by co rbel ing stones th at fo rmed a ch im ney.like opening at the top . T his openi ng was scaled by a rounded, small slab of SlOne. The general shape of the cave (Ibrahim 1972 pI. VI, fig. I) is irreg· ular, but tends to be rounded in the southern pan . Il measures about 14 m lo ng and 6.50 m wide. 'f he cave becom es narrower in the middle and nort hern segme nt s. T he he ight ranges from 2.0- 0.5 meters. There are a number of benches along the side of the cave. These seem, however, to be pan of the floo r rather than they were made for o bvious reason. T he 10mb contain ed eight la rge bu ri a l jars with th e mouths removed. Each burial consisted of two jars con· nected at the neck. The burials were placed in the southern and eastern parts of the cave. Various objects made of pottery, bronze, and iro n were foun d in association with the skeletons (Ibrah im 1972). A few caves of this type we re found in Sahab a nd used fo r burial pu rposes. 2. Artificial Caves. The people of the Iron Age in J ordan, besides using natural caves to b ury their dead , used art ificial caves dug in the so ft limestone nea r the rocky area , not fa r from their towns o r set tl emen ts. It is possi ble that these caves were a natu ra l deve lo p· men l from the most common type of the lomb in the Bronze Age, that is the sha n tomb, where the builder had to dig in soft lime· SlOlle. Exam ples of this type were discovered in severa l places in the Ammo nite area: Sahab. A large rock·cu t cavern, app roximately 7.50 m 2 , wi th an
BURIAL CUST OMS AND P RAC TI CES
139
elHrance at the northwestern corne r by a flight of ten steps, all of wh ich were constructed, and projected for some d istance in to the cave itself. The whole of the west and pan of the cast wall of the stairway was bui lt and roofed with four large slabs. T he entrance was closed by a la rge upright stone. 'f he tomb itself was undisturbed until it was opened du ri ng excavation. 1nside the tomb chamber, no attempt was made to dress the walls. Indeed, it wou ld not have been robed, as the rock here is composed of laye rs of crumbly tabular and soft limestone, with occasional harder laye rs of Clystalline limestone, one of which fo rmed the roof of the cavern. T he east.ern corner of th e chamber was largely built up to support the roof. The most curious feature of the tomb W(lS a chimney-li ke construction in the middle of the southwest side tha t presumably reached up to the original land su rface outside. Very fine dust had percolated through the opening and covered half the chamber to a co nsiderable depth, preselving some 135 pOlS more 0 1' less intact. In the othe r half of the chamber, bones and pOlle lY were layi ng uncovered on the rock floor. T here was a rock be nch, some 30 CIll high along the sou th west side of th e tomb . From here th e floor sloped fairly steeply towa rd the center of the room and then leveled out. As a result, many of the pots and sku lls had rolled off the bench onto th e floo r. The tomb dates to the Iro n (( period (Hardi ng 1948: 92 102). Daja ni (1968) d ug a not her 10mb simi lar to the one desc ribed above. T he tomb is a large rock-cut cave approx imately 8.20 III long, 4.50 III wide, and 1.80 m high. Entrance to the tomb was from the west side by a fl ight of several steps hewn in the rock. T he walls are roughly cut and no attempts were made to dress the rock surfaces. T he most curio us feature of the tomb, one which it shares with Sa hab Tomb B, is the chimney-like construction ncar the southeast corne r. Reac hing up to ground level, along the sO ll th side of the cave, there was a I'Ock-eut bench some 50 em high. The debris that had entered the 10mb sloped fai rly steeply toward the center of the cave and the n leveled ofT with the result th at many of the pots and sku ll s had rolled from the bench to the floor (Dajani 1968). Anoth er bench on the no rt hern side of the cave was about 1.50 m wide but on ly 20 cm high. The re is no indication that burial remains we re ever deposited on it. T his tomb is similar to other discovered lombs of the same period. Examples include: (Amman Adoni Nul' Tomb (Hardi ng 1953),Jabal al:Jofa as-Sharqi (Dajani 1966b), Sahab B
140
CHAPTER SIX
and C (Dajani 1968), 'Amman DJ B, C (H a rding 1945); Amman I in the Roman Theater (Harding 1971 ); and Meqabalein (Dornemann 1970: 460- 62). Tombs of a similar type have also been discove red, fo r example, in (rbid A, Band C (Dajani 1966a), Madaba B (Piccirillo 1975: 199 224), Dhiban jl , j2, j 3, j6, j7 , j8 (Tushingham 1972: 89). Throughout th e Iron Age, communal bUlial in caves was eus· lOmary. The other communal buriaJ was the shaft tomb. 3. Sluyt Tombs. Shaft lombs were also either dug in soft rock or in the earth. A number of these were found in the area of Ammon, for example, within the grounds of the Ragdan Royal Palace in 'Amman (Yassinc t 975; 1988a: 33- 46) while many were found outside the area. Ragdan Royal Palace. In Apri l 1966 the Jordanian Army, while bulldozing the grounds of the Ro yal Palaces in (Am man (Ragdan Royal Palace), came upon what appeared to be ancient ruins. The find proved to be a sc ttlcmc nt, dating from thc Roman to the Islamic periods. A tomb co ntaining a number of anthropoid coffins was found below onc of the complexes. The tomb was cistern-like in shape. Its mouth was 95 em in diameter while it was 1.45 m deep, 5.50 m long, and 4.5 m wide. Thc cntrancc, locatcd at the center of the tomb , was blocked with stones. (A tomb similar to this was found at Khilda, one of (Amman's districts [Yassine I 988b: 11 - 24] ). Five anthropoid coffins we re found inside the tomb. Four were placed parallel to cach other, whi lc lhe finh was perpendicular to them. All were in bad to VCIY poo r cond ition. Four wcrc cylindrical, ranging bet\'vee n 45 cm in diam ete r at the boltom and 65 cm at the top. The length ranged 1.75- 2.10 meters. One coffin, because of its condition, was discarded (Yassi ne 1988a: 33- 41, figs. 2- 3). K7tilda Tomb I. This tomb is loca ted some 75 m so uthwest of Khilda Fortress A (Yassine I 988b: II, fig. I). It was dug into the local ston e as a shan grave with a stepped shaft and entrance a t the south side. The tomb measures ca. 3.00 m in diameter and 2.00 m in height. The assemblage recovered from the tomb comprised some 12 ceramic pieces. This corpus includes onc jug, one smal l jar, one jugleL, three rather ca rrot-shaped bottles or alabastra, one bowl, and one Attic ware lekythos (Yassin e I 988b: 14, fig. 4: 1- 9). This tomb was dated to the fifth century B.C. 4. Buill-Up 7jpe. This type of lOmb is built of mud bl;ck. It was found at Tall as-Sarctation, though olhers are equally possible if not morc probable (Aufrecht 1989: 162- 63). Finally, iconographic elements identified as Ammonite have been assigned religious significance. Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines and images on seal s, have been taken to be depictions of deities (Schroer 1987; Keel and Uehlinger 1992; Sass and Uehlinger 1993; H err 1997). Abou Assaf (1980) and Daviau and Dion (1994) have demonstrated that the so-called Alef-crowned Ammonite statues are of an Ammonite deity, and they are probably correct that the statues represe nt ' rI e El), based on comparisons with iconography of the cults of Egyptian Osiris and Ugaritic ' II. In sum, there is no unambiguous direct evidence for official or "state " religion in Ammonite texts or contexts. This may be an accident of archaeology, and evidence may yet be discovered. But for now, the evidence is ambiguous at best and meagre at most. Third, evidence for so-called "popular religion," contrary to what might be expected, is more plentifu l. A prayer is found on what may be an Ammonite seal (CAl 56), in which the blessing of a deity is invoked by means of a personal vow. The ubiquitous figurines (above) may have been charms of protection. The designs on stamps likely made them amulets as well as seals (Keel 1995: 266- 74). Cultic "corners" (above), if correctly identified as such, might be evidence of popu lar instead of official religion. Finally, and most importantly, it appears that the Ammonites recognized a variety of deities. The following appear as th eophoric (or theophoric-like) elements in personal names on inscriptions identified as Ammonite: 'Adon,13 / (CA l 130), h.JI'1 (O ll 78:2:2, [47:6:1 , 187, 211 :2: I) ;Jrr'! (47:9: I, 187), 11;:;'/ (CAl 47:5:3), {II' (0 11 130), {IIf( (CAl 2M), till' (01. 1 22" 99), ;mil (CAl 36, 47>2,1, 47,5,1, 106, 161, 189), y:ruh] o r [ih], '1111, CAl 144:1:4 [Garr 1985: 55, 102]) Verb 3 m.s. perfect of the st rong verb (nlt/, Gill 80:6:5 )" I s. imperfect of the st rong verb ('kbd, Gill 59:3: I) 3 m.s. pe rfect of final weak verbs (bllh, Gill 59:1:1 ) - 3 m.s. im perfect (jussivc) « 0 >: [un] , Jm11l, CAl 59:2:4; Jllm, CAl 59:4:3) 3 m.S. objective suffix (lbrkh, CAl 56) G-slcm passive participle (brk, CA l 55)111 G-slcm infinitive absolute (ml, CAl 59:2:4; fbi, CA l 144:3:3) C-slcm impera tive (' mT, CAl 144:1:3; tTl < *1111/, CA l 144:4:2) D-stcm participle (msbb, CAl 59:2:2 [Garr 1985: 133])" causative prefix (II, CA l 78:2:2 ) If the mood of 'Amman Citadel Inscription (CAl 59) is indicative instead or volitive, Ammonite may not havc presclY'ed a morphological distinction between indicative and vol itive verbs (Gan 1985: 127). The absence or w in mt < *mwt (CA l 59:2:4) may indicate that in Ammonite , the origi nal biconsonantal root was not
31 Garr (1985: 125) noted that "it is unclear whether the base ronn ·qalal was retained or whether the second a underwent stress-lengthening to ·qaliil." :18 Bordreuil (1986a: 79) suggested that this may be an active G-stem participle. YJ J ackson (1983b: 15) suggested that this was a PQ'rl [sic] participle.
AMMON ITE TEXTS AND LA.l" CUACE
175
reconstructed accordi ng to the pallern of a stro ng, triconsonan tal root as it was so reco nstructed in O ld Aramaic (Garr 1985: 132), but cOlllrast €nlJlwl (CAl 44).
3. Syntax and Style Th e evidence or syntax and style is meager in Ammonite texts. That is because there is only one complete long inscript ion (the T all Siran Boule = CAl 78) and three others that, though relatively long, arc fragmelHary (the bl Jlml (Dunand 1939: no. 1291 )
I'ldllr (Barnett 1940) l'b' bll . .. (Reirenbe,·g 1942: no. 6) Ib':.r'l 'bd WI (D,;ver 19'15: 82) Inry (Diringer 1950) 46a. Imn!lm (Driver 1955) 52a. Ibrk' (Horn 1962) 54a. 'lbgdlrw:.1r (Martin 1964: no. 5) 54b." 'bgd (Rahmani 1964) 54c. bq' (Shan ey 1964) 59a. Isdyrk (A"gad 1968: 47- 49) 59b. ylrdil (Avigad 1968: 49) 60a. Imk'i (Culiean 1968: pI. 3:2) 61a. Imlkrm (A"gad 1969: no. 16) 7la. mll'l (Avigad 1971a) 71 b. bOm (Avigad 1971 b) 35a. 37a. 38a. 42a.
I~ I
1J
'111is seal was No. 17a ill Aufrcch\ 1989: 342.
This seal was No. 30a in Aufrcch\ 1989: 3'~4. This seal was No. 5.ta in Aufrccnl 1989: 344- 45.
AMMONITE TEXTS AND lANGUAGE
179
Jhgdhw;:/l (I-I cstrin 1972: no. 10) I'ldg ... (Aharoni 1974) 78b.!S ff' (Borclreuil and Lemaire 1974: no. 2) 82a. Jhgdhw:jllJ (Borclrellil ancl Lemaire 1976: no. 26) 105a. Imgll (Barby 1978) 7lc.
78a.
114a.
114b. 114e. 117a. l24a. 131a. 131 b. 136a. l36b. 136e. 136d. 136e. 137a.
143a. 14B.
149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164.
13
!flml (L'1mbert 1979: no. 114)
lsi' bll 'I' (Heltzel' 1981: 272) 'UI (Lemaire 1979)
l'Ih (Lema ire 1982) IpllJ bn III'I IlInzkr (H addad 1984) Iz,y' (Bordreui l 1986b: no. 13) /IIk'l (Bordrcuil 1986b: no. 20) I'bd (Bordreuil 1986b: no. 87) IlIIr'!y (Bordrcu il I 986b: no. 92) IlIg (Bm'dreuil I 986b: no. 107) 'bgdhwd.llJk (Bordreuil 1986b: no. 116) 'bgdhywdlk (Bordreuil 1986b: no. 120) lmqn (Lemaire 1986: no. 2) I'bl.b[l] '1'III[r1 (Lemaire 1986: no. 17) fUmr [bJll J{[']zr (Zayadinc and Borclreuil 1986: no. 188) ilmk'i bn 'I'e (Bordreuil 1991: no. 26) 167. I';;,' (Lemaire 1991 b: no. 24) 168 . Im,'1 bn ';;,' (Lemai re 1991b: no. 25) 169. Inn'l bn '/[ (Lemaire 1991b: no. 26) 170. I (mn (Herr 1992a: figs. 3-4) 172. fb' 'rna (Herr 1992a: figs. 5- 6) 173. b'l y'[ (Herr 1992a: figs. 7- 8) 174. 1='1 bn 'baR (Younker, " al. 1993: pis. i7a- b) 175. rbrr hL belnln (Deutsch and Hel tzer 1995: no. 69) 176 . Ips bn kfy (Deutsch and Hehzer 1995: no. 70) 177. !y'adb ba sdq'l (Drey 1996) 178. ~lI'ZI bl '1Jm' (Levin 1996) 179.'" I'ln bn brk'i (Younker, " al. 1996: 78, pis. 20a- 20b) 180. I'b (Avigad and Sass 1977: no. 43) 181. I'bf' bn ','I (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 48) 182. l'I,,'b bl 'bl' (Avigad and Sass 1997 : no. 870) 183." l'lml bn 'I'wr (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 884) 184. /,!yf' bnynhm (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 894) 185. l'lndb (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 900) 186. rlml.Lf (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 909) 187. lda"'[q bn h;1'1 (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 928) 188. Umn bn 'I,'b (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 932) 189 . IJpm'/ bn mln'[ (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 933) 190 . bnn{un (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 942) 191. Imla'i smhl (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 952) 192. br;r'1 ba b'd'[l) (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 957) 193. I'z' (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 962) 194. Ipl! bn 1m (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 966) 195. IWI (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 974) 196. liin'l (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 976) 197. .b.' Irf'lw (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 989) 198. If.h. bn , .. . (Avigad and Sass 1997: no. 99 1) 199. 'hgdlrw'. The Ha!,'Uc: I\ louton. Bennell , C. 1975 Excavations al the Citadel, Amman, 1975. Allnual oft},e Department ofAntiqlliiW of Jordan 20: 131 42. 1978 Excavalions at the Citadel (el-Qll'ah), Amman, Jordan. Lemllt 10: I 9. 1979a Excavalions al the Citadel (al-Qal'a), Amman 1977. AlI/lUal rif the Department of Antiquitits of Jordan 23: 151 59, 1979b Excav;nions al Ihe Citadel (al-Q1I'a), Amman 1978, Fourth Preliminary Repor1. Annual of t}" Departmtnt rif Antiquitits of Jordan 23: 161 70. Bicnkowski, P.A. 1984 Bedoui n Architecture in Pelra. Levant 16: v vi. 1985 New Caves for old: Hcdouin Architecture in Petra. I1'0r[d Archaeology 17/2: 149 60; figs. I 4; pIs. I 4. I989a Architecture of lhe Petra Bedouin: A Prclimi n;lry Report. Annual of tlu IJepartmlllt of Antiquities of Jordan 33: 335 43. 1989b Prosperity and Decline in LBA Canaan: A Reply to Liebowitz and K.napp. BuIlttin of the Ammeall Schools rif Oriental Research 275: 59- 63. 1991 Jordan: C rossroads of lhe Near East. Pp. I 30 in The Art of Jordan, ed. P. Bienkowski. Phoenix I\l ill: Sulton.
2 10
CH A PT ER N INE
Bcilak, i>. 1. 1993 T he Sea Peoples and the End of the Egyptian Administration in Canaan. Pp. 292 306 in Biblical ArrhaeoWgy Today, 1990. .JclUsalcm: Israel Exploration Society.
Braudd, F. 1980 011 History. C hicago: University of Chicago. B,iinnow, R., and A. Von Domaszcwski 190-1 f)it Provincia Arabia at!! Grund 1sts, Historians, and Tribcspcople on Tribe and State Fonnation 1990 in Ihe i\ liddle East. Pp. 48 73 in Tribes and S/a/e FQml(ltiOIl i1/ the "'fiddle Easl, eds. P.S. Kholll), and J. Kostiner. Herkcley: University of California. Wahecb, 1\1. 1992 A Fortified Aglicultural Complex East of Amman (Llle Bronze Age· lron Age): A Preliminary Report. Alllllla! rif the DcpMtment rif Allliquilies rif Jordall 36: 408 399 [in 'Irabic]. Ward, \v.A. 1964 Cylinders and Scarabs II'om a Lite Bronze T emple al Amman. AIIII/m/ rif the Department rif Alltiqllilies rif Jordall 8 9: 47 55. Scarabs, Seals and Cylinders from two tombs al Amman. Allllllal rif the 1966 Deparll1ltl/( tif Allliquiliis tif Jordal/ II: 5 18. 1972 The Shasu "Bedouin." Notes on a Recent Publication Journal tift/Ie Ecollomic alld Social History rif tilt On·fII(. Lciden. 1992 Shasu. Pp. 1165 67 in "nIe A'ldlOr /Jibl, Dictiol/ary, 5. cd. D.N. Frecdman. New York: Doubleday.
216
C HAlyr ER NlNE
Ward, \v.A., and J oukowsky, M.S. (cds.) TIlt Crisis Years: The 12/h Century B.G.: from beyond the Danube 10 Ihe Tigris. 1992 Dubuque, IA: Kendall/ H unt. Weinstein, J. M. 1981 The Egyptian Empire in Palestine: A Reassessment. Bulletin rif Ihe American Schools rif Oriental Research 241: 1- 28. Egypt and the Middle Bronze C/Late Bronze IA Transition in Palestine. 1991 wallt 23: lOS 15. The Collapse of the Egyptian Empire in the Southern Levant. In 771e Crisis 1992 Years: The 12/h Century B.C., From Bryond /he Danube to the Tigris, eds. \V.A. Ward and M.S. J oukowsky. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/ H unt. Weippert, ivL 1971 Edom: Studien und Matm'alim zur Gesehichre der Edomiter mif' Grund sehrijllicher und archM/ogisher (!yellen. Unpublished dissertation and Habilitationsschrift, University of Tubingcn . Semitische Nomaden des zweilen J ahrtausends. Ober die 63sw der agypti1974 schen Qucllen. Biblica 55:265- 80, 427- 33. T he Israelite "Conquest" and the Evidence from T ransjordan. Pp. 15- 34 1979 in Symposia, ed. by F,M. Cross. Cambridge, ivlA: American Schools of Otiental Research. T he Relations of the States East of J ordan. Pp. 97- 105 in S/rdres in tJu. 1987 History and ArchtUOwgy rif Jordan 11/, ed. A. Hadidi. Amman: Department of Antiquities. \Vente, E.F., and van Sidell III , C.C. 1979 A Chronology of the New Kingdom. (Studies in flonor rifGtorge flughes). Studies in Ancient Oriental Ciuilizalioll, 39. Chicago: Otiental Institute. Wimmer, D. 1987a The Excavations at T ell Saful. Pp. 279- 82 in Studiu in the flislory and ArthtUOwgy rif Jordan 1/1, ed. A. Hadidi. Amman: Department of Antiquities. 1987b Tell Safut Excavations, 1982 1985 Preliminary Report. Annual f!!the Departmmt rif Anliquiliu rif Jordan 31: 159- 74. Saful. Pp. 512- 15 in Archaeowgy f!! Jordall: 112 Field JUportr Sires L-Z eds. 1989 D. Homes-Fredericq and J.B. Hennessy. Belgium: Peeters. Safut. I ~). 896 97 in 771, Anchor Bible Diclionary, 5. cd. D.N. Freedman. New 1992 York: Doubleday. Worschech, Udo 1991 Das IAlld JtIIJeitr des Jordan: BibliJche Archiiologie in Jordanien. Studien Zur Biblischen Arehaologie und Zeitgeschichte, Vol. I, Wuppcrtal: Brockhaus. Wright, G.E. 1961 T he Archaeology of Palestine. Pp. 73- 112 in 771e Bible ad the Ancient Near East: Essays in Honor rif lVilliam Foxwell Albright, cd. G.E. Wright. Garden City: NY: Doubleday. Yapp, j\.!. Tribes and States in the Khyber, 1838- 1842. in TIre CorifliCI of Tribe and 1983 Stale in lroll and A}ghanistOlr cd. R. T apper. London: Croom Helm. Yassine, K. 1975 Anthropoid Coffins from Raghadan Royal Palace Tomb in Amman. Annual of /he Departmenl rif Alltiquities rif Jordan 10: 75- 86. Idem. in the Arehaeowgy rif Jordan: Essays and Reports, PI'. 33- 46. Amman, Jordan: Dept of Archaeology, University of J ordan (1988). Ammonite Seals from Tell eI-Mazar. pp. 189 94 in Studies in /he HiJtory and 1982 ArchtUOwgy rif Jordoll I, ed. A. Hadidi. Amman: Depmtment of Antiquities. 1983a Social-Religious Distinctions in Iron Age Burial Practice in J ordan. Journal for the Study f!! Old Trstament Supplement &ries 24: 29 36. Idem. in 77Ie Archaeology
T HE EMERGENCE OF T HE AMMONITES
217
qfJordan: EsSl!Js arul !?£ports, pp. 55- 59. Amman, j ordan: Dept. of Archaeology, University of J ordan (1988). 1983b Tell EI l\ lazar, Field I Preliminary Report of Area G, H , L, and M: T he Summit. Annual qf lIie Departml!lll qf Antiquities 27: 495 513. 1983c 'E] Mabrak: An Architectural Analogue of the Amman Airport Building? Annual qf the Departml!lll qf Antiquities qf Jordan 27: 491 - 94. 1984 T he Open Cou rt Sancwal)' of the Iron Age I Tell Mazar Mound: A. ZeitJchnjl des Deutschm Palash'na-VertillS 100: 108- 18. Idem . in The Archaeowgy qf Jordan: Essays and Reports, pp. 115 35. Amman, j ordan: Dept of Archaeology, University of j ordan (1988). 1988 The Archarology qfJordan: Ess(rys alld Reports. Amman, Jordan: Dept of Archaeolo~,'y, University of J ordan. Yoffee, N. T he Decline and Rise of Mesopotamian Civilizalion: An Elhnoarchaeological 1979 Perspective on the Evolution of Social Complexity. American Antiquity 44: 5- 35. 1985 Perspectives on "Trends T oward Social Complexity in Prehistoric Australia and Papua New Guinea". Ardll1eology in Oceania 20: 41 - 49. 1988 T he Collapse of Ancient Mesopotamian States and Civilization. Pp. 44- 68 in The Collapse qf Ancient Stales and Civilizations, cds. N. Yofrce and G. Cowgill. T ucson, AZ: University of Arizona. 1990 Spheres of Power in l\-1csopotamia Outside T emple and Palace Estates. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans. 1993a Too Many Chiefs? (or, Safe Texts for Lhe 90's). Pp. 60- 78 in Archatological Theory: Who StlJ the Agenda?, cds. N. Yofrce and A. Shcrratt. Cambridge: Cambridge University. 1993b The Process of Social Change in Mesopotamia, ca. 2000 1200 B.C.E. In The Bible and the Ancient Near Easl (forthcoming). 1995 Conclusion: A Mass in Celebration of the Conference. Pp. 542 48 in The ArchMOlogr qf Socie!)' in the Holy Land, ed. T. Levy. London: Leicester University. Younker, R .W. 1985 Isracl, Judah, and Ammon and lhe l\ lotifs on the Baalis Seal from Tell d'Umeiri. Biblical Archoeowgisl 48/3: 173 80. 1989 T owers in the Region Surrounding 'f e ll Umeiri. pp. 195- 98 in Madaba Plains Prqjecl I: 71te 1984 Season at Tell el-'Umeiri and vicini~ and Subsequml Studies, cds. L.T. Geraty, el al. Berricn Springs, MI : Andrews University. 1991 T he J udgment Survey. Pp. 269 334 in MaJaba Pkzins PrqjeCI 2: 7711 1987 Semon al Tellel-'Umeiri and l'iciniry and Subseq/lent Studies, cds. L.T. Geraty el af. Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University. 1992 j abbok. pp. 593 94 in nil Anchor Bible Dia;o,wry, 3, ed. D.N. Freedman. New York: Doubleday. 1993 Picking up the Treads: A Continuing of Excavations at Deir 'Alia, J ordan. Biblical ATchMOWgy Reuiew 19/2: 4- 6. 1994 Hcsban: Its Geographical Setting. Pp. 55 64 in flesban AJkr 25 rears, cds. O. J\'leriing and L. Gerdty. Bcnien Splings, l\·U: Institute or Archaeology/ Hom Archaeology r.,4uscum. 1997a l oe Emergence of the Ammonites. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Alizona. 1997b Some Notes on the Identity of Tell Jawa (Sollth),Jordan: ~'kphaath or Abel Keramim? Pl'. 257- 63 in To Unders/llnd the Scriptures: Essqys in Honor qf William H Shea, ed. D. Merling. Bemen Springs, l\ fI : Institutc of Archaeology/ Horn Archaeology Museum. 1997c Moabitc Social Structure. Bib/ical Archaeowgist 60/4: 237- 48.
2 18
CHAPTER NINE
Younker, R.W., and P.M. Da\~au 1993 Is lI...tcfa'at to be found at Tell Jawil (South)? /sTOll Exp/oralioll Joumal 4311:
23- 28. Younker, R.W. tt of. 1990 A Prcliminaty Repon of the 1989 Season of the ~ I adaba Plains Project: The Regional Survey and Excavations at Al Drcijat, Tell J, Semillary Studilrs 13: 1 26. Daviau, P.l\Uvl. 1995 T ell Jawa. Ammcall U:nla o/0rillllni Re.uarc/INrws!tlla 7.2: 67. Daviau, P.M .J\t , and Oion , P.E. 1994 EI, the God of the Ammonites? The Atcf-Crowned Head from Ttll Jawa, J ordan. Zeitschrij1 des deutsdltll PaIiiJ/ina- V('((ills 110: 158 67. Oornemann, R.B . 1990 Prelim inary Comments 0 11 the Ponel), Traditions at Tell Nimrin, Illustrated from the 1989 Season of Excavations. AlIlIlIa! ~ lilt Department ~ Antiquities 0/ Jordan 34: 153 64. Gal, Z. 1995 T he Oinusion of Phocn ician Cultural Inlluenee in Light of the Excavations at Hurvat Rosh Zayi!. Ttl Av;v 22: 89 93. Hanson, P.O. 1968 The Song of Heshbon and David's NIR . Hamard 'nteQ!Qg1'ca! Rrvitw 61: 291 320. Hendel, R. 1996 Sibilants and fihbiikt (Judges 12:6). Bulktin 0/ Ule IImmcan Schools 0/ Oritlltal Rmarch 301: 69 75.
236
C HAPTER TEN
Herr, L.e. 1980 The Fo nnal Scripts of Iron Age Transjordan. Bulktin oj ti,e American Schools oj Orindal Research 238: 21 - 34. 1985 The Servant of Baalis. Biblical Archaeowgisl 48: 169 - 72. The Pottery. Pp. 299 354 in Madaba Plains PrqjtCI I: The 1984 SeasQ1I a/ Tell 1989 (I-'Umtin' and Viciniry and Sub5tqumt Sluius, cds. LT. Geraly, {I af. Herrien Springs, M I: Andrews University. \991a T he Seal ofShim'az. pp. 377 78 in M adaba Plains /~ecI2: The 1987 &ason at Tell (I-'Umlin and VICini!>, and Subsequent Studies, cds. L.G. Herr, (I al. Berrien Springs, M I: Andrews University. 1991b Pottery T ypology and Chronology. Pp. 232 45 in Madaba Plains I+f!itct 2.The 1987 Season al Ttfl (I-'Umein' alld Vial/iry and SlIbsequmt Studies, cds. L.G. H err, (I af. Berrien Springs, M I: Andrews U ni versity.
1992a
Two Stamped J ar Impressio ns of the Persian PrQ\1nCe of Ammon from T ell d-'Umeiri. Annual rif 111£ Departmtllt rif AntiquitiM rif Jordoll 36: 163- 66. 1992b Shifts in Settlement Patterns of Late Bronze and Iron Age Ammon. pp. 175 78 in StudiM in the History and Archatolog)' 0/ Jordall IV, eds. S. T ell, tt at. Amman: Department of Antiquities. 1995a Wine Production in the Hills of Southern Ammon and the Founding of T all al-'Umayri in the Sixth Century B.C. AlI1wal iif Ule Department rif AntiquiiUs iif JOTdon 39: 121 25. 1995b The Late Iron II -Persian Ceramic Horizon at Tall al-'Umayri. Pp. 617- 20 in StudiM in the I/uwry and ArchtwJwg)' rifJordan v,. Art alld Techlwwg)' Throughout uu Ages, cds. K. 'Amr; F. Zayadine; and iv!. Zaghloul. Amman: Deparunent of Antiquities. Homcs- Fredericq, D. 1992 Lale Bronze and Iron Age Evidence from Lehun in Moab. Pp. 187- 202 in Early Edam flI/d Moab: The &ginning rif the /ron Age in Southern Jordan (Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 7), ed. P. Bienkowski. Sheffield: Collis in association wilh National Museums and Galleries on Merscyside. Hubner, U. 1988 Die crstern rnoabitischen Ostl"aka. .nv:'Jj
• Kh. Raddana Shilo . Je~ch .Ashdod
Ge i e r ·8alash
rath_AlTU1l0n
,. N unrm
.'
'Ulnayn • Hish
.Jerusale m
' Ekron
--As hkelon • Lachish
Rujrn a1.Hen-:.~a'f~ a ley Khilda. RUjDl al-Malfur'· Sahab
Dead
'JalZ'
Madaba. Mudayna .. (Wadi Th ad)
,Hebron
• Dhiban
T. Beit Mirsim. .
Sea
B~u
~
:g s
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