Among the Gentiles: Greco-Roman Religion and Christianity (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library)

AMONG THE GENTILES Greco/ Roman Religion and Christianity

LUI(E TIMOTHY JOHNSON

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AMONG THE GENTILES

THE ANCHOR YALE BIBLE REFERENCE LIBRARY is a project of inter­

national and interfaith scope in which Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish scholars from many countries contribute individual volumes. The project is not sponsored by any ecclesiastical organization and is not intended to reflect any particular theological doctrine. The series is committed to producing volumes in the tradition es­ tablished half a century ago by the founders of the Anchor Bible, William Foxwell Albright and David Noel Freedman. It aims to present the best contemporary scholarship in a way that is accessible not only to scholars but also to the educated nonspecialist. It is com­ mitted to work of sound philological and historical scholarship, sup­ plemented by insight from modern methods, such as sociological and literary criticism. John J. Collins GENERAL EDITOR

THE ANCHOR YALE BIBLE REFERENCE LIBRARY

AMONG THE GENTILES -

Greco-Roman Religion and Christianity -

LUKE TIMOTHY JOHNSON

YALE

® AYBRL

Yale University Press New Haven 3 98, 403 Raban, A., 2 95 Rahner, H ., 290 Rajak, T., 3 29 Ramage, N., 2 95 Reale, G., 3 18 Reardon, B. P., 297, 310, 3 68 Reed, E. A., 2 93 Reinders, E . , 291 Reinhold, M ., 3 2 3-3 24 Reitzenstein, R., 289, 322, 3 6 3, 378 Reynolds, P. L., 401 Richardson, C. C., 372 Richardson, J. T., 294 Richardson, L., 3 07 Richlin, A., 290 Riegel, S. K., 35 6 Robbins, M. M., 3 69 Robertson, J., 288 Robinson, J. A. T., 345 Robinson, J. M., 3 81 Rogers, R., 375 Rokeah, D., 374 Rordorf, W, 370 Rostovtzeff, M. I., 295 , 296 Rousseau, P. H ., 397, 398 Rowland, C . , 337 Rowley, H. H . , 337 Rudolph, K., 371. 378, 380, 3 81

Ruether, R., 286 Russell, D. S., 337, 34 1 Rutgers, L. v., 33 1 Rutherford, I., 297, 307 Ryland, J. E., 375 Safrai, S., 335 Saldarini, A. J., 339 Salisbury, J. E., 373 Saller, R., 3 00 Samarin, L., 294 Sandbach, F. H ., 3 2 5 Sanders, E. P., 33 1, 333 Sanders, L. , 373 Sand mel, S., 339 Scardigli, B., 3 2 5 Schafer, P., 328, 33 6 Schillebeeckx, E., 39 1 Schlatter, A., 349 Schmidt, C., 378 Schmidt, D., 286 Schmithals, W, 356, 378 Schneider, P. G., 370 Scholem, G., 342, 382 Schtinmetzer, A., 39 6 Schopen, G., 291 Schrage, W, 3 8 3 Schullard, H. H ., 304 Schiissler-Fiorenza, E., 287, 290, 292, 357 Schweitzer, A., 13, 289, 290 Scott, W., 3 21, 3 22 Scrimgeour, A. D., 37 0 Seddon, K., 3 1 7 Segal, A. F., 350 Segal, R. A., 3 22 Senn, F. C ., 390 Sharp, D. S., 3 17, 3 62 Shorey, P., 3 21 Shotwell, W A., 374 Silva, M., 299 Sirker-Wicklaus, G., 37 0 Small, A., 3 04 Smallwood, E. M., 302, 3 27 Smit, J., 357 Smith, J. Z ., 11, 1 3 , 288, 290, 292, 293, 3 29, 344, 345 , 358 Smith, M., 299, 300, 338, 342, 35 6, 379

Index of Modem Authors Smith, M. S., 329 Smith, R., 3 68 Smitz, T., 3 12 Smyly, J. G., 296 Snyder, G., 344, 3 65 Sodergard, P. J., 3 22 Squires, J. T., 3 05 Stadter, P. A., 3 2 5 Stanton, G. R., 3 12 Stark, R., 350, 3 6 5 Steidle, 8 . , 399 Stephens, J. C., 297, 3 1 3, 3 1 5 Stephens, W. 0., 3 18 Stern, M ., 3 29 Stevenson, G., 301 Stevenson, I., 294 Stowers, S. K., 3 1 7 Strange, J., 337, 364 Strecker, G., 3 6 5 Struck, P. T., 305 Stuckenbruck, L. T., 3 29 Sugitharajah, R. S., 292 Swain, S. C. R., 3 1 3 Szemler, G. J., 3 02 Tabbernee, w., 372 Talbert, C. H., 358, 359 Talgam, R., 29 5 Taylor, J. E., 34 1 Taylor, M. C ., 291 Tcherikover, v., 299, 3 27, 3 29, 331 Theissen , G., 287, 345 , 351, 356 Thiering, S . , 294-2 95 Thiselton, A. C., 35 6 Thorn, J. C ., 312, 3 19 Thomas, C. M., 297, 3 68 Thompson, J. w., 3 6 5 Thompson, L. L. , 354 Tiede, D. L., 306 Tigay, J. H ., 3 29 Todd, F. A., 297 Tomlinson, R. A., 297 Torjesen, K. J., 37 6 Trakatellis, D., 374 Trevett, C., 37 1 Trigg, J. w. , 376 Tuckett, C. M., 383 , 384

Tulloch, J., 290 Turcan, R. , 3 01, 3 02, 3 0 3 Turner, v., 358 Tyson, J., 35 8 Tzaneton, A., 30 3 Urbach, E. E ., 334 Valantasis, R., 3 84 Vallee, G., 3 80 Van der Horst, P. w., 3 1 3, 339 Van der Leuw, G., 17, 291, 292 Van Gennep, A., 358 Van Geytenbeek, A. C., 3 16 Van Tilborg, S., 344 Vanderkam, J. C., 29 5 , 300, 333 Vanhoye, A., 3 64 Vassall, W. F., 288 Veilleux, A., 397 Vermes, G., 334, 349 Vernant, J.-P., 3 04 Vokes, F. E ., 37 1 Voobus, A., 3 8 5 Wach, J., 17-19, 292, 293 Wachob, w., 3 64 Waddell, H ., 39 2 Walasky, P. w., 354 Waldbaum, J. C., 2 95 Wallace, J. S., 3 6 3 Wallace-Haddrill, A., 296, 303 Wallis, E ., 3 86 Wardman, A., 3 01 Warner, H. J., 401 Watson, F., 3 19 Weatherly, J. A., 286 Weaver, J. S., 359 Weaver, M. J., 35 6 Welborn, L. L., 373 Welles, C. S., 296 Werblowsky, R. J. Zwi, 303 Wermelinger, 0., 401 West, M. L., 3 12, 3 20 White, L. M., 335 , 366-367 Whitmarsh, T., 3 12, 3 1 3, 3 17 Widengren, G., 401 Wiebe, D., 291

451

Index of Modem Authors Wilcox, M ., 3 29 Wild, R. A. , 3 81 Wilde, 0., 286 Wilken, R. L., 287, 397 Williams, C. A., 309 Williams, C. G., 294 Williams, C. K., II, 295 Williams, J. A., 3 8 3 Williams, M. A., 379 William s, M . H., 327, 3 28, 329, 330, 335 , 379 Willis, W L., 35 6 Wilson, H. A., 403 Wilson, R. MeL., 3 82 Wilson, W T. , 339 Wimbush, V. L., 397 Wind, E., 288 Wingren, G., 3 86 Winston, D., 339

Wiplinger, G., 295 Wire, A. C., 287, 357 Wi sse, F., 380, 381, 382 Wolter, M., 296 Wray, J. H . , 383 Wrede, W, 345 Wright, N . T. , 344, 349 Wright, W C ., 3 13 Wuellner, W., 312, 319-3 20 Wurst, G., 380, 401 Yadin, Y , 343 Yamauchi, E. M., 361, 378 Yeguel, F. K., 295 Young, F. M ., 39 6 Zablocki, B. D., 35 0 Zandee, J., 3 82

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S U B J E CT I N D E X

Abraham, 29, 114-1 1 5 , 12 5 , 126, 168, 200, 219, 336, 3 40, 3 42 Academy/university, 14, 16-17, 281 Ael ius Aristides: biography, 52 , 53-5 5 , 3 1 3-3 14; dreams and experiences, 59 -60; as an example of Religiousness A, 50- 5 1 , 6 3 ; extant orations, 52-53 ; ill nesses, 53-55 , 3 14; love for Asclepius, 57- 58; optimism about the divine order, 57; as an orator, 51- 5 3 , 3 1 3 ; the Sacred Tales, 5 8-62; scant discussion of moral behavior, 63 , 3 1 5 ; understanding of salvation , 61-62 Albigensians, 269-270, 401-402 Alexander the Great, 28, 37, 60, 99, 1 30, 3 0 5 Alexandria, 11 3 , 116, 1 73 , 204, 209, 263, 3 29, 338, 376, 377 Allegory: in early Christianity, 181, 20 3, 377, 400; among Gnostics, 219; in the Greco­ Roman world, 38-39, 339-340; in Philo of Alexandria, 116-117, 124, 339-3 40; in Plutarch, 104-10 5 Allogenes, 222-224, 382, 3 83 Ambrose of Milan, 26 5 , 268, 391 Amixia, 3 4, 11 3 Anchorite(s), 261 Anointing of the sick, 166, 260, 391 Anthropology: as a field of study, 16, 20; in Religiousness A, B, and C, 21 5-216 Anthropomorph ism, 37-39, 3 40

Antioch , 12-1 3, 27, 116, 173, 26 3, 3 4 3-3 44, 3 47, 35 4 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 11 3, 122, 329, 333 Antony, 261, 392 Apatheia, 102, 3 17 Aphrodite, 5 6, 3 04 Apocalyptic literature/writings, 122, 124, 12 5-126, 337 Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: connection with Greco-Roman novels, 175 , 3 68; after Constantine, 262; as examples of Religiousness A, 1 7 6-177, 193, 262, 276; as "Gnostic," 379; literary character of, 1 75; martyrdom in, 178, 181, 257; moral exhortation in, 1 76, 177, 181; ways of being religious in, 176 Apollo, 33 , 40, 42-43 , 49, 56, 57, 60, 72, 74, 81, 82, 96, 99, 100, 101, 107, 126, 2 3 4, 3 04, 3 20 Apollonius of Tyana, 2 5 , 40, 306, 308, 3 11, 359, 375 Apostle(s), 150-15 2, 1 59, 239-240, 247-249, 353, 3 6 7 Apostolic succession, 2 36, 248-249, 2 5 2-2 53 , 3 67, 373 , 380 Apostolic tradition , 240, 2 53 Ara pacis, 94, 98 Aramaic, 27-28, 111-112, 1 39, 3 27, 3 46, 353 Archaeology, 21-25 , 35 , 81, 94, 12 7, 1 7 2, 174, 296, 3 01, 33 0, 334, 3 42, 3 43, 344, 3 6 5-366 Aretalogy, 62, 147

453

454

Subject Index

Arian controversy, 2 5 6, 387, 391 Aristophanes, 45 , 309 Aristotle/Aristotelian, 99, 12 4 , 160, 264 Artemis, 6, 2 3, 82, 179, 324 Ascent to heaven: in the apocryphal acts and gospels, 180-181, 184 ; in Greco­ Roman religion, 149-1 5 0; in the Hermetic literature, 8 7; in Judaism, 12 5-126; in the Nag-Hammadi literature, 222-224 ; in the New Testament, 149-150 Asceticism: characteristic of Religiousness A, 162-16 3 , 260-261; characteristic of Religiousness C, 84, 1l0; in Christianity, 260-261, 266-267, 27°-271, 272, 3 84, 393, 397, 399, 4°2; in Jewish mysticism , 126; in Montanism, 186, 372; in the Nag­ Hammadi literature, 3 81-382, 3 84 ; in Poimandres, 90-91; in Pythagoreanism, 82-8 3, 3 21 Asclepius/Asclepium, 2 5 , 40-41, 42-43 , 48, 53-54, 5 6-62, 6 5 , 71, 72, 79, 85 , 91-92, 100, 109, 122, 136, 1 45 , 275-276, 359 Asia Minor, 21, 2 3, 50-51, 66, 99, 112, 132, 187, 2 37, 243 , 346, 354 Associations: Christian, 1 3 2, 138-14°, 146, 173, 253; Greco-Roman, 2 3, 33-34, 35 , 45 , 94, 96, 99, 112, 138-14°, 144, 146, 161, 2 34-235 , 242, 245, 2 55 ; Jewish, 112, 117, 235 Athanasius of Alexandria, 261, 392, 394-395, 398, 402 Atheism, as a charge against Christians and Jews, 34, 45 , 49, 101-102, I03-110, 112, 126, 200, 202, 234, 246 Athena, 33, 42, 5 6, 59, 71, 72, 82, 3 04 Athenagoras, 202-203, 286 Athens, 1, 3 , 33 , 42-43, 51, 53, 54, 67, 83 , 96, 99, 1°9, 316 Athletics/athletic imagery: in Greco­ Roman religion, 47, 70, 75 ; in the New Testament, 168; in second- and third­ century Christianity, 190, 197 Augur/augury, 34-35 , 39, 97, 98 Augustine of Hippo, 9-10, 2 57, 26 5 , 267, 268, 269, 388, 396, 398 Augustus, 49, 71, 98-99, 302, 303, 304, 3 12, 3 24, 3 28 Auspices, 34, 39, 121, 309-310, 3 21

Baptism, 9, 27, 139, 146, 162-163, 223 , 24°, 2 51, 259, 357 Barbarian(s), 102-107, 200-201, 208, 2 46, 3 26 Barbelo, 22 4-225 , 226, 382-38 3 Barnabas, 6, 1 50-151, 303 Basil the Great, 264-265 , 266-267, 396-397 Basilica(s): construction, 2 56, 2 58, 389 ; impact on Christianity, 2 5 8-2 59, 263, 389-390 Basilides, 219-220, 37 6, 378, 380 Ben Sira (Sirach), 29, 330, 33 2, 33 8 Benedict of Nursia, 267-268, 399-400, 402 Benefaction: divine benefaction, 91, 149, 179; human benefaction, 23 , 178, 179, 2 56, 3 88; Jesus as bringer of divine benefits, 147-1 5 2 Bishops: connection to cursus honorum, 26 3 ; connection to Jewish priesthood, 2 3 6-2 37, 2 41-242, 245 , 252-253; corruption of, 26 3, 395 ; as a demonstration of Religiousness D, 245 , 2 53-254, 276-277; in early Christianity, 173, 235-254, 390, 394; as hereditary, 244; increasing authority of, 242, 26 3-265, 277; moral exhortation from, 264 ; in the New Testament, 173; as a political position, 26 3-265 Body: of Christ, 149, 1 56, 159, 161-162; future perfection of, 193, 216; healing of, 61, 79, 109; as an instrument of moral transformation, 70, 79; as a metaphor for community, 144, 161, 173 , 2 52-253 ; as negative, 48, 6 3, 78, 79-80, 83-84, 86-88, 90-91, 94-95 , 100, 125-126, 154, 170, 177, 219-220, 22 5-226, 229-2 3 2, 245 , 2 5 5 , 268-269, 276; in religious experience, 18 Caesarea, 21, 243 Calvin, John, 278-279 Cannibalism, as a charge against Christianity, 202-20 3 Canon: Irenaeus' discussion of, 247-248; of the New Testament, 1 31, 262, 345 ; of the TaNaK, 1l4 Carthage, 40, 2 50, 396, 398 Catholicism, 11-12, 279-280, 290 Celsus, 9, 66, 67, 209-212, 3 17, 350, 377

Subject Index Charismatic figures, 122, 1 35 , 247 Charlatan(s), 43, 45 , 5 1, 118 Chreia, 28, 261, 266 Christ cult, 12-1 3, 27, 1 3 2, 135-137, 142-143 , 1 46 Christology, 27, 164, 178, 260, 264 Chrysippus, 66-68, 70, 3 17 Church orders, 170, 239-242, 253 , 26 3 Cicero, 96-97, 99, 2 57-258, 265 , 3 03, 3 11 Circumcision: in Judaism, 11 3 , 116, 129, 139; in the New Testament, 1 46, 162-163, 347, 357 Clement of Alexandria: attack on Gnostics, 207, 37 6, 37 8; attack on pagan mysteries, 8, 204-205; biography, 204; as an example of Religiousness B, 204; extant writings, 204, 206, 207; interpretation of Scripture, 344 ; philosophical understanding of the Christian life, 206-208, 209-210, 212 Clement of Rome, 1 95-199, 204, 207, 235-237, 242, 249, 2 53 , 276, 3 67, 373 , 374, 37 6 Clergy, 239-242, 2 5 8-259, 262-26 5 , 272, 395 Collegia, 33-34, 97-99, 306: College of Augurs, 94, 98; College of Pontiffs, 97-98 Colossae/Colossians, 1 45-146, 162-163, 357 Colotes, 2 5 , 106-107, 310 Communion of saints, 259, 261, 262, 272, 279, 280, 391 Community of possessions: in early Christianity, 1 5 2, 168, 176, 400; in the monastic life, 268, 400; among the Pythagoreans, 2 5 , 46-47, 82, 124, 3 10; at Qumran, 30, 124, 333 , 339 Confessors, 240, 2 5 0, 257, 2 59, 394 Conscience, 161, 167, 196, 2 3 6-2 37 Constantine: biography, 2 5 6; direct involvement in church issues, 2 5 6, 26 3 ; impact on Christianity, 2 5 6-2 58, 387-3 88 Corinth/Corinthians, 21, 27, 42, 54, 143-145 , 19 5 , 243 , 286, 295-296 Cornelius of Rome, 2 51, 391 Councils, 245 , 247, 2 53 , 264-26 5 , 277, 281: ArIes, 26 3 ; Chalcedon, 264, 39 6; Jamnia, 121; Jerusalem Council, 241, 35 1; Nicaea, 2 5 6, 263 , 264, 387-3 88, 39 6

455

Covenant: Christianity as new covenant, 1 35 , 348, 3 66; with the Jews (berith), 114, 123, 330, 333-334, 336, 338, 3 64 Creation, 8 5 , 126, 134, 1 55 , 186, 202, 220, 247, 3 03, 339-340 Cult of martyrs, 18 7-192, 259, 260, 391-392 Cursus honorum, 34, 96-97, 263 Cybele, 20, 24, 39-40, 4 2, 66, 112, 187, 358, 372 Cynicism, 55-56, 75-76, 311, 3 1 5-3 16 Cynic-Stoic tradition, 2 5-26, 47 Cyprian of Carthage: biography, 2 5 0; as an example of Religiousness D, 245 , 2 53-254 ; martyrdom of, 253 , 2 57 ; on reconciling the lapsed, 2 5 1-2 53 , 395 David, 11 4-115 , 117, 127 Deacons, 173, 2 3 8, 239-242, 260, 351, 35 2, 3 67, 391, 394 Deists, 11-12 Delphi, 20, 25 , 33, 40, 42, 49, 56, 71, 73, 93 , 96, 99, 100, 101, 103 , 107, 108, 109, 126, 2 34, 287, 301, 306, 393 Demeter, 41, 42-43, 72, 82, 96 Demons/demonic: early Christians as fighting, 1 51, 190, 191, 192, 200, 2 3 2, 2 59, 261; exorcisms of, 122, 182, 216, 262; Jesus as fighting, 148-1 49 ; Jewish and Christian views of gentile religion as, 2, 5 , 7-10, 144, 161, 173 , 203-205 ; as slander against other Christians, 201-202, 2 53 , 380, 402 Demosthenes, 51, 99, 3 1 3 Desert fathers and mothers, 260-261, 266-267, 270, 392, 400 Devil/Satan, 6-9, 198, 249, 2 52, 355 Dionysius (the God), 33-34, 41, 48, 81-82, 3 10 Disciplina arcana, 41, 2 59, 390 Diversity: within Greco-Roman religion, 13, 277; within Judaism, 1 3 ; within the Nag­ Hammadi literature, 222; within the New Testament, 13, 278 Divination, 8-9, 39, 71, 74, 93 , 121, 305, 3 21, 33 6 Divine man (theios aner): in Greco-Roman religion, 40-41, 122, 3 06; Jesus in the Gospel of John, 1 55-15 6; Jesus in the Gospel of Peter, 18 3 ; in Judaism, 122; Peter in the Acts of Peter, 180

Subject Index Donatist controversy, 2 5 6, 26 3 Doorkeeper, 260, 39 1 Dreams, 8, 5 2, 54 , 5 6, 59, 60, 147-148, 262 , 310, 3 1 5 , 3 21 Dualism: in the apocryphal acts, 176, 177, 19 3 ; as a characteristic of Religiousness C, 1 54; in Gnosticism and the Nag-Hammadi literature, 21 5 , 222, 2 3 2, 277; in the Gospel of John, 1 53-155 , 170; in the Hermetic literature, 8 5 , 86-87; in Judaism, 12 5-126; in Manichaeism, 268-269, 277 ; in monastic mysticism, 27 0 Dura-Europos, 21, 22, 29, 12 3 , 295, 296 Easter, 242-244, 2 5 6, 259. See also Quartodeciman controversy Ecstasy, 81, 82, 126, 191 Ecstatic utterance, 5 , 1 39, 145, 157, 159, 162, 187, 264, 293, 294, 3 06, 357. See also Glossolalia Edict of Milan, 2 5 6, 3 87 Ekklesia , 1 3 2, 138, 1 40, 1 46 Eleusis/Eleusinian Mysteries, 29, 41-43, 56, 71, 75 , 96, 307, 35 2, 358 Elijah, 18, 121, 336, 342, 393, 400 Emotional infatuation, 175, 3 68 Emperor worship/cult, 2 3, 35-37, 56, 71 Epaphras, 1 46, 357 Epictetus: appreciation for the gods, 71-73, 76-77 ; biography, 6 5-68; compared with Aelius Aristides, 77-78; as an example of Religiousness B, 64-6 5 , 77, 1 5 8; extant writings, 68; the ideals of the philosophical life, 75-77; relationship with Stoicism, 68-69, 72; the task of human freedom, 73-74; teaching of moral transformation, 70-71; teaching on the Mysteries, 71, 74-77 Epicureans, 25 , 34, 45, 46-47 , 68-69, 10 5-106, 109-110, 112, 123, 339 Epicurus, 2 5 , 310, 3 16, 340 Epidaurus, 2 5, 40-41, 56, 57, 59, 61, 93 Epiphanius of Salamis, 222, 378 Eschatology: in the New Testament, 1 43, 1 54-155 , 355, 35 6; in Poimandres , 90; in Religiousness A, B, and C, 216; in Religiollsness D, 219

Eucharist: as a common meal, 352-353 ; formalization of, 2 35-236, 2 3 8-239, 2 5 8-259; understood as sacrifice, 2 42, 245 , 2 54 , 2 5 8-2 59, 3 84 Euhemerism, 7, 203 Excommunication: examples in Christianity, 174, 244, 268, 391, 396, 400; among Pythagoreans, 124; at Qumran, 30, 124 Exile, 112, 11 5 , 117, 120, 127, 333, 343 Exorcisms. See Demons/demonic FastilNefasti , 33, 37, 119· See also Sacred time Fasting: in Aelius Aristides, 3 1 4 ; in Christianity, 240, 243, 261, 374 Festivals. See Sacred time Flavius Arrian, 6 5-68

Glossolalia, 5, 19-21, 145. See also Ecstatic utterance Gnostic/Gnosticism: as an example of Religiousness C, 21 4-216, 2 3 2-2 33 ; forms after Constantine, 268-27° ; Irenaeus' response to, 247-249; myths of origins within, 217-218; in the New Testament, 170; problem of defining, 21 5, 377-378; soteriology of, 21 5-216; understanding of Jesus, 220, 268-26 9 God-Fearers, 11 3, 3 29 Gospels: apocryphal narrative gospels, 18 3-186; as examples of Religiousness A, 147, 183, 192-193; New Testament gospels, 147-1 5 2 Greco-Roman novels, 24, 45-46, 175 , 297, 309-310, 360, 3 68 Greco-Roman religion: Christian views of since the Renaissance, 10, 1 3 ; Christianity as, 9, 12-13, 2 55-25 6, 27 1-27 2, 282; diversity within, 1 3 , 277; early Christian views of, 6-8; general features of, 32-39 ; Jewish views of, 2- 3 ; New Testament views of, 2-6; pervasive nature of, 3 2- 33 Haruspices, 5 6, 121, 3 21 Healers, 240, 281 Healing: in Aelius Aristides, 53-6 3 ; in Christianity after Constantine, 260, 262, 280, 281; in Epictetus, 71, 74-75 ; in

Subject Index Greco-Roman religion, 2 5-26, 40-41, 42, 46, 52, 91, 306; in Judaism, 119-120, 122, 337 ; in the New Testament, 1 34-1 35 , 142, 145 , 149, 1 5 1, 1 5 6, 1 5 8, 1 5 9, 166, 359 ; in Plutarch, 109; in second- and third­ century Christianity, 8, 179, 180, 181-182, 18 5-186, 201, 2°3 , 2°5 , 210-212, 216, 2 55 , 260, 262, 281, 37°-371, 385 Heimarmene (fate), 38, 85, 89 Hellenism: influence on Christianity, 26-31, 1 3° -1 3 1; influence on Judaism, 26- 3 1, 11 5-117, 1 30; place of Christianity within Hellenistic culture, 210-211 Heraclitus, 2 5 , 38, 73, 200, 304 Herakles, 36, 73 , 304 Hermes, 6, 3 6, 37, 56, 72, 82, 84, 8 5 , 1 51, 303, 304, 321, 3 60 Hermes Trismegistos, 10, 84-85 , 3 81 Hermetic literature: anthropology of, 8 5-86; choice available to humans, 8 7-88; definition of, 84-8 5- See also Poimandres History of religions, 12, 26- 3 1 Holy Spirit, 20-21, 1 34-13 6, 1 43 , 146, 1 50, 159-160, 16 3 , 186, 194, 212, 2 3 2 Homer, 3 8, 66, 81, 114, 116, 124, 339 Idolatry, 114 ; as a Christian perception of Gentile religion, 4-5, 200; as a problem in Corinth, 1 43-144, 161 Imitation of Christ: in asceticism, 27°-27 1; in character, 196, 198; in martyrdom, 188-19 ° , 196 Imperial cult. See Emperor worship/cult Indigitamenta, 3 2- 33 , 301, 3 18 Infancy narratives, 1 48, 1 55 , 184-186, 359, 371, 394 Initiation: in Christianity, 139, 146, 162, 210, 259-260, 357, 390 (see also Baptism); in the Mystery religions, 24, 41-42, 43, 47, 62, 71, 74--75 , 82, 1 39, 146, 259-260, 352, 358 Irenaeus: as an example of Religiousness D, 245 ; response to Gnostics, 247-248; role in the Quartodeciman controversy, 244 ; summary of heretical positions, 217-221; tripod of Christian self-definition, 247-248 Isis, 42-43, 59, 10 3-104 , 112, 116, 211, 3 04, 310, 358

457

Jesus: as bringer of divine benefits, 147-1 5 2; character of, 161, 196, 198; suffering of, 1 52, 167, 197, 198, 268, 271 Judaism, 111-129: diasp�ra Judaism, 111-112; Essenes, 30, 117-118, 121, 123-124, 128, 129, 266, 333 , 334, 339, 341; gentile views of, 11 3, 3 28; interaction with Christianity, 173; Jerusalem temple, 112, 120-121, 1 30; Pharisees, 118, 121, 12 3, 124, 130, 333-334, 339 ; the religion of ancient Israel, 127, 342; Religiousness A in, 119-123, 276; Religiousness B in, 12 3 , 276; responses to Hellenism, 11 5-119, 130; Sabbath, 112, 113 , 115-116, 120, 129, 1 37, 2 3 2, 328, 333; Sadducees, 118, 121, 123, 124, 128, 334, 343; Samaritans, 117, 332, 333; synagogue, 22-2 3 , 112, 120; Therapeutae, 124, 34 1 Katholike ekklesia, 237-2 3 8, 245 Kingship, 127 Lapsi, 2 5 0-2 5 1 Lector, 260, 39 1 Leitourgia/liturgy: in Christianity, 1 46, 258259, 3 84, 390-391, 393 ; in Greco-Roman religion, 34, 96, 112-113, 116, 2 58, 3 2 3 Literacy, 11 5 , 173-174 Lord (kyrios), 26-28, 1 3 6-137 "Lord's Banquet" (kyriakon deipnon), 1 43144, 161-162 Luther, Martin, 11-12, 278-279, 288 Maccabees/Maccabean revolt, 113, 3 29, 333 Magic, 4, 6, 24, 42, 43, 45-46, 84, 151, 180, 201, 2 53 -2 54, 308 Manichaeism, 268-269 Marcion, 201, 209, 217, 249, 379 Marcus Aurelius, 2 5-26, 54, 6 5 , 67, 99, 190, 202 Martyrdom/martyrs: before and after Constantine, 257-2 5 8; connection with Religiousness A, 191-192, 193; connection with Religiousness B, 191-192; of Ignatius, 187-188; martyr piety, 187-192, 260; of Origen, 191-192; of Perpetua and Felicitas, 19 °-191; of Polycarp, 189; the Scillitan Martyrs, 190

Sub;ect Index Meals: in the Greco-Roman world, 1 44 ; as a problem in Corinth, 1 43 -1 45 Medicine, 40, 70, 3 1 4 Miracles/wonder-working: in the apocryphal acts and gospels, 262; in second- and third-century Christianity, 201-202 Misanthriipia, 34, 113, u6 Mithras, 9, 42, 78, 307, 35 2 Monasticism: connection with Essenes, 266; connection with Greco-Roman philosophy, 267, 268; connection with Pythagoreans, 266; as an example of Religiousness A, 260-261, 266; as an example of Religiousness B, 26 5 , 266; monastic mysticism, 27°-271; monastic rules, 266 Montanism , 174 ; as an example of Religiousness A, 186-187 Moral philosophy: in early Christianity, 202, 2U; as an example of Religiousness B, 46-47, 1 5 8; in the Greco-Roman world, 2 5-26, 46-47, 64-65, 70 (see also Cynic-Stoic tradition; Stoicism); impact on Judaism, 29; impact on the New Testament, 3, 158-159, 160-161, 3 62 Moses, 19, 22, 29, 30, u 4-u 5, 121, 12 3 , 125, 126, 128-129, 137, 1 46, 1 5 0, 1 55 , 201, 332, 336, 34°, 341-342, 343 , 381, 386, 393 Muhammad, 9, 1 35 Mysteries/Mystery religion: Christianity as a Mystery religion, u, 12-13, 146, 277, 289, 290; initiation in the Mystery religions, 24, 4 1-4 2, 43, 47, 62, 71, 74-75 , 82, 139, 1 46, 259-260, 352, 35 8; Judaism as a Mystery religion, 22, Ul, u6, 12 3, 33 2, 33 8; Mystery religions in the Greco-Roman world, 24, 27, 41-42, 5 6, 62, 81 Mysticism: connection with the Nag­ Hammadi literature, 222, 3 82; monastic mysticism, 270-27 1 Nag-Hammadi literature: discovery of, 294, 3 81; diversity within, 222; as an example of Religiousness C, 224 ; impact of discovery of, 21, 24; introduction to and contents of, 221-222, 3 81 Necromancy, 4 5-46, 310, 33 6

Neoplatonism, 270 New Gnosticism, 280 Oikoumene, 33 , 35 , 37, 140, 264, 3 12 Oracles: in Aelius Aristides, 5 6, 60, 79; compared with the sayings of the desert fathers, 261; at Delphi , 20, 2 5, 40, 42, 108, 287, 306; in Epictetus, 71; in Greco­ Roman culture and religion, 121, 3 06; in Greco-Roman novels, 45-46, 309-310; in Plutarch, 108-109; in Religiousness A, 260; in Religiousness D, 48, 262 Origen of Alexandria: biography, 209; Christianity as a philosophical school in , 210; as an example of Religiousness B, 208-209, 212; interpretation of Scripture, 2U; martyrdom of, 190-191, 208; response to Celsus, 209-210 Orpheus/Orphism, 48, 80-84, 123, 126, 154, 270, 276, 312 Oxyrhynchus, 22

Pagano-Papism, u, 271-272 Perpetua and Felicitas, 19 °-19 1 Philanthropia, u6 Philo of Alexandria, u6, 117, 123, 124-12 5 , 126, 128-129, 1 30, 204 Philosophy: Christianity as, 194, 198-201, 20 3-213 ; and religion, 64-65 , 71 Pilgrimage: as a characteristic of Religiousness A, 261; in Christianity, 260-262, 272-273 ; in Greco-Roman religion, 42-43, 262; in Judaism, u3, 120 Plato/Platonism, 10, 14, 39, 48, 60, 66, 82, 83-84, 99, 100, uo, U7, 124, 199, 20 5, 210, 2U, 221 Plotinus, 10, 14, 3 82 Plutarch: on allegory, 105; on atheism, 101-102, 10 5-107; biography, 99; comparison with Aelius Aristides, Epictetus, and Poimandres, l09-uo; critique of the Epicureans, 10 5-107; defense of traditional religion, 107-108; as an example of Religiousness D, 100-101, 109; extant writings, 99; on the ideal of genuine religious virtue, 101; on Judaism, 103 ; on superstition, 101-10 5 ; on "things done" in the cult, 104-10 5

Subject Index Poimandres: anthropology of, 89-90; commission to the prophet in, 90-91; comparison with Aelius Aristides and Epictetus, 91-92; eschatology of, 90; as an example of Religiousness C , 80, 91; introduction to, 80, 88; myths of origin , 88-89. See also Hermetic literature Polycarp of Smyrna: as an example of Religiousness B, 198; Ignatius' letter to , 187; martyrdom of, 189-190 Prayer: in Christianity, 1 39, 2 58, 2 59, 261 , 267-268, 270 , 2 7 2 , 353, 39 1, 399 ; in Greco­ Roman religion , 33, 45-46 , 55-5 6, 71, 88, 1 39, 303 , 31 8 , 353; in Judaism , 120, 1 36, 139, 335, 353 Priests/priesthood: Aelius Aristides' comments on , 35, 57 ; the bishop as high priest , 240-2 4 1; as a characteristic of Religiousness 0, 95, 109, 126-12 7, 2 34, 2 53-254, 27 1-272, 27 6; connection between Greco-Roman priests and Christian bishops , 244, 2 55 ; after Constantine , 260; Epictetus' comments on , 7 1; in Greco-Roman religion , 34-35, 39-40, 48-49, 96-99, 245, 2 53, 2 55, 302, 304, 305-3 06 , 3 24, 35 8; Jesus as the great high priest , 166-168 , 196 , 206 , 3 64- 3 6 5 ; in Judaism , 118 , 122 , 127-128 , 330, 333, 334, 335, 337, 343 ; in the New Testament, 2 34-235; Plutarch as a priest, 99, 107-108, 109, 3 20; Plutarch 's comments on , 104; in second- and third-century Christianity, 2 3 6-237, 240-242 , 2 5 1, 2 5 2-2 53 Prophecy: Aelius Aristides' comments on , 5 6, 57, 79; as a characteristic of Religiousness A , 50, 93, 119, 1 4 2 , 1 57 ; as a characteristic of Religiousness 0, 93, 97; after Constantine , 264-265 , 281; Epictetus' comments on , 7 1; in Greco­ Roman religion , 39-40, 121 , 1 45 ; in Judaism , 112 , 121-122, 35 6; in the New Testament, 5, 1 3 2 , 139, 145 , 148, 149, 1 50, 157, 160, 162 , 353 ; in second- and third­ century Christianity, 174, 186, 1 94, 199, 209-210 Protestant Reformation , 11, 278-279 Pythagoras/Pythagorean ism , 82-84

459

Quartodeciman controversy, 174, 24 2-2 45 ; as an example of Religiousness 0, 245 ; summary of the controversy, 243 Qumran: discovery of, 118, 294; Essene hypothesis , 117; as an example of Hellenistic influence on Judaism , 30; impact of discovery of, 21 , 24 Relics, 260-261 , 272, 279, 390. See also Martyrdom/martyrs; Pilgrimage Religion , defined , 17-18 , 19, 64. See also Greco-Roman religion; Ways of being religious Rel igion as moral transformation (Religiousness B): in Christianity after Constantine , 26 5-268; definition of, 46-47, 64-6 5, 1 5 8, 196 , 21 5-216, 276; in Greco-Roman religion , 46-47, 64-78; in Judaism, 12 3-12 5 ; in the New Testament, 1 40-1 4 1 , 1 5 8-171, 194; in second- and third-century Christianity, 194-21 3 , 216 Religion as participation in divine benefits (Religiousness A): definition of, 46, 50-5 1 , 1 42 , 17 5 , 21 5-216, 275-27 6; dominance in Christianity after Constantine , 2 5 8; in Greco-Roman religion , 4 2 , 46, 50-63 ; in Judaism, 119-123; in the New Testament, 140-141, 142-1 57 ; in second- and third­ century Christianity, 175-193, 216 Religion as stabilizing the world (Religiousness 0): definition of, 48-49, 93-95, 2 34, 276; dominance in Christianity after Constantine , 2 5 8, 262-26 5 ; in Greco-Roman religion , 48-49, 93-110; in Judaism, 126-129; in the New Testament , 1 70, 234-2 35 ; in second- and third-century Christianity, 2 34-2 54 Religion as transcending the world (Religiousness C): in Christianity after Constantine, 268-271; definition of, 47-48, 79-80, 21 4-216, 276; early traces of, 80-84; in Greco-Roman religion, 47-48, 79-92; in Judaism, 12 5-126; in the New Testament, 170-171; in second- and third-century Christian ity, 214-2 3 2

Subject Index Religious experience: in Aelius Aristides, 135; definition of, 17-19; in Epictetus, 135; in the New Testament, 133-135 Religious studies, 14, 16-17, 20-21 Renaissance, 10-11 Resurrection: belief in human resurrection, 125-126, 189; depicted in Christian literature, 135-137, 184; Jesus' prophecy of, 148-149; meaning of among Jesus' followers, 135-137, 143, 188, 349-350; as motivation for Christian morality, 198, 203; in the Nag-Hammadi literature, 229-23°; in Religiousness C , 216; as the subject of argument in early Christianity, 380 Rhetoric: Aelius Aristides as a rhetorician, 25, 50-51, 53-54, 63; in Epictetus, 68; Greco-Roman rhetoric in Judaism, 28, 129; Greco-Roman rhetorical conventions, 2, 3 , 12; increasing rhetorical pol ish in Christianity, 265; in the New Testament, 140, 166, 285-286, 357, 364; rhetorically trained bishops after Constantine, 256, 265 , 277; the Second Sophistic, 51-52; in second- and third­ century Christianity, 19 5 , 199, 201, 204, 246, 2 50, 397 Roman Republic and Principate, 116-117; attitudes toward Judaism, 113; persecution of Christianity, 8, 174-175, 190, 202; religion under, 34, 96-99 Rule of faith (creed), 221, 244, 246-249, 253, 264, 27°, 372, 380, 396

Sacred time: Christian festivals, 10, 2 59, 262, 263-264 (see also Quartodeciman controversy); Greco-Roman festivals, 7, 10, 33-34, 35 , 43 , 48, 51, 71, 81, 93, 94, 97, 119, 302, 310, 318; Jewish festivals, 120 Sardis, 22-23 Satan. See Devil/Satan Schools (haireseis): in Christianity, 210, 217; in Judaism, 123 Scillitan Martyrs, 190, 373 Second Sophistic, 51-52 Septuagint (LXX): impact of, 27, 29, 115-116, 331; origin of, 28-29, 209; other Greek translations, 327; specific translation issues, 2, 5 , 27, 155 , 328, 340 Siddhartha, 19, 135 , 358 Simon Magus, 8, 180-181, 380 Sociology, 16, 20 Sophists, 51-52 Soteriology: definition of, 379; in Religiousness A and B, 215-216; in Religiousness C, 215-216, 226-227, 228-229 Spiritual gifts, 145 , 162 Stoicism, 47, 65 , 66, 68-69, 71-72, 110, 123, 124, 199, 204, 316-317, 318 Subdeacon(s), 240, 260, 391, 394 Superstition, 44-45 , 112 Symposia, 33-34 Synagogue. See Judaism Syncretism, 304; in Greco-Roman religion, 37, 42; in Judaism, 117; in Manichaeism, 269, 4°1

Sabbath. See Judaism Sacraments, development of, 259-260. See also Baptism; Eucharist Sacrifice: in Greco-Roman religion, 35 , 39; in Judaism, 120; within the New Testament, 234-235 , 236 Sadducees. See Judaism Samaritans. See Judaism Sacred space: Christian adoption of pagan sites, 259; religious organization of public space in the Greco-Roman world, 33, 37-38. See also Basilica(s); Pilgrimage

Tatian, 7-8, 201-202, 286 Tertullian: biography, 397; on Greek philosophy and religion, 1, 8; and Montanism, 372 Thecla, 181-182, 262, 370, 393-394 Theology, 16-17, 282-283 Therapeutae. See Judaism Virginity: in the apocryphal acts and gospels, 175-176, 181, 184-185 , 193; in Christian asceticism, 270, 271; in church orders, 240; in Greco-Roman novels, 368; required for bishops, 394

Subject Index Ways of being rel igious: in Christian ity after Constantine, 277 ; critique of one by the other, 272-273 , 279-282; in Greco-Roman rel igion , 275-276; in itially defined, 44-49 ; in Judaism, 276; loss of sharp

distinctions in Christian ity, 27 2; in the modern world, 279-282; in the New Testament, 27 6; in second- and third­ century Christian ity, 2 76; terms used for, 275 . See also Rel igion