ALBUTEROL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Albuterol: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84324-4 1. Albuterol-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on albuterol. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALBUTEROL ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Albuterol ....................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 16 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALBUTEROL ..................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Finding Nutrition Studies on Albuterol...................................................................................... 43 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 44 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALBUTEROL............................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 47 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 53 General References ....................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ALBUTEROL ........................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Recent Trials on Albuterol........................................................................................................... 55 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ALBUTEROL ........................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patents on Albuterol .................................................................................................................... 59 Patent Applications on Albuterol ................................................................................................ 70 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALBUTEROL ................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 75 Academic Periodicals covering Albuterol .................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 79 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 80 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 85 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 87 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 91 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 95 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 95 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 95 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 101 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 101
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ALBUTEROL DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 103 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 143
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with albuterol is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about albuterol, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to albuterol, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on albuterol. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to albuterol, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on albuterol. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALBUTEROL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on albuterol.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and albuterol, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “albuterol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Hyperkalemia in End-Stage Renal Disease: Mechanisms and Management Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 6(4): 1134-1142. October 1995. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4000. Summary: In this editorial review article, the author focuses primarily on recent clinical investigations that have enhanced the understanding of potassium homeostasis in hemodialysis patients. The author considers the implications of these investigations for the treatment and prevention of hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. The studies have confirmed the efficacy of intravenous insulin, while raising doubts about the utility of intravenous bicarbonate, for the acute treatment of hyperkalemia. In addition, the betaadrenergic agonist albuterol has been shown to be a useful adjunct to insulin for acutely
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lowering plasma potassium. Finally, there has been enhanced recognition of nondietary factors that can predispose to hyperkalemia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), including prolonged fasting and the use of nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers. 6 figures. 2 tables. 79 references. (AA-M). •
Six Dermatologic Emergencies Not To Miss Source: Patient Care. 33(9): 121-124,129-130,133-136,143,147-148,150. May 15, 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on evaluating and treating several acute, life-threatening illnesses associated with dermatologic signs and symptoms, including angioedema, meningococcemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJN), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Angioedema is characterized by swelling of deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Erythema may or may not be present. Diagnosis is made by obtaining a detailed history and ordering an assay of the C4 complement component. Treatment involves administering epinephrine if the patient is having an anaphylactic reaction and albuterol if he or she is having a bronchospasm. An antihistamine and a glucocorticoid are also recommended. Meningococcemia develops abruptly with patients having fever, chills, arthralgias, nausea, vomiting, and severe headache. Symptoms may be nonspecific enough to suggest an influenza-like illness. Although a rash is an important sign, in its initial stages it can be misleading. Left untreated, lesions become larger and more generalized. Meningococcemia should always be considered when a rash accompanies fever and headache. Treatment should begin as soon as the disease is suspected and should never be delayed to obtain laboratory samples. Drugs of choice include penicillin, cefotaxine, or ceftriaxone. RMSF is transmitted by the dog tick in the eastern United States and the wood tick in the western part of the country. Symptoms include fever, severe headache, and arthralgias. A rash develops 3 to 6 days after these symptoms appear. Diagnosis is made by physical examination. Tetracycline or one of its derivatives must be administered as soon as RMSF is suspected. SJS and TEN result from immune-mediated responses to an inciting agent. Both produce localized or generalized lesions. A detailed history and a physical examination are used to diagnose SJS and TEN. Treatment involves stopping the use of the causative agent. Hospitalization for SJS may be needed, and patients who have TEN should be hospitalized in a burn unit because they require care similar to that for extensive burns. TSS is caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Symptoms are similar to the ones people experience when they have a severe case of influenza. Diagnosis is based on the medical history, a physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics and supportive measures. 6 figures, 4 tables, and 21 references.
Federally Funded Research on Albuterol The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to albuterol. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to albuterol. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore albuterol. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for albuterol: •
Project Title: AEROBID-M WITH AND WITHOUT AEROCHAMBER IN MILDMODERATE ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Reibman, Joan; Associate Professor; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ASTHMA CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Israel, Elliot; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This application is for the continuation of the Asthma Clinical Research Network or ACRN. The ACRN is an interactive network of 6 research centers conducting studies of novel therapeutic approaches to asthma. The need for such a network was suggested by epidemiological data showing increases in the mortality, morbidity, prevalence, and costs of asthma, by clinical and basic research studies showing that asthma is linked to inflammation in the airways, and by the accelerating rate of development of potentially highly effective, but also potentially costly novel treatments for asthma. Defining the place of these new therapies was seen as requiring collaborative, multi-center studies examining large numbers of subjects reflecting the diversity of the U.S. population. In its first 5 years, the ACRN established an interactive infrastructure to meet this need and has added a clinical research site at Harlem Hospital in New York, which serves a predominantly minority population. The ACRN completed and published trials of the effects of regular use of a beta-agonist in subjects with mild asthma ( BAGS ) and of the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory agent, colchicine, as an alternate to an inhaled corticosteriod in moderate asthma. It is now conducting two additional trials comparing the effects of a long-acting beta-agonist, an inhaled corticosteriod, and the combination of the two in altering clinical outcomes, physiologic outcomes, and airway inflammation in moderate or severe asthma. A fifth study, establishing doses of different inhaled corticosteriods with equivalent effects on cortisol secretion, is about to be started. Data from completed trials, and associated ancillary studies, has been presented at national meeting to the ATS, ACCP, and AAAAI. This application specifically outlines the goals of the ACRN over the next five years. The studies proposed include: 1) A comparison of the clinical efficacy of doses of different inhaled corticosteriods with equal systemic effects (as estimated from the study described above), 2) A prospective study of the effects of regular use of an inhaled betaagonist in subjects stratified by genotype for the beta-adrenergic receptor, 3) A study analyzing the efficacy of a leukotriene pathway antagonist in enabling reduction or elimination of inhaled corticosteriod therapy in subjects with mild or moderate
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persistent asthma; and 4) six other studies from which 3 will be chosen for execution during the next five years. Other studies will be considered if new information becomes available suggesting the need for additional trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASTHMA CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Dimango, Emily A.; Medicine; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-DEC-1995; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This application proposes to continue the participation of investigators at the New York City Center in an interactive network of six centers, the Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN) in conducting studies of novel therapies for asthma and in disseminating findings to the practicing community. The need for such a network was suggested by increases in the mortality, morbidity, prevalence, and costs of asthma, by research studies showing that asthma is linked to airway inflammation, and by the accelerating rate of development of potentially effective, but also potentially costly treatments. Defining the place of these new therapies was seen as requiring collaborative, multi-center studies examining subjects reflecting the diversity of the U.S. population. In its first 5 years, the ACRN established an interactive infrastructure and added a research site at Harlem Hospital, New York, which serves a predominantly minority population. The ACRN completed and published trials of the effects of regular use of a beta-agonist in mild asthma ( BAGS ) and of the efficacy of colchicine as an alternate to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in moderate asthma. It is now conducting trials comparing a long-acting beta-agonist, an ICS, and the combination of the two in moderate to severe asthma. We are about to start a 5th study to establish doses of different ICS with equivalent effects on cortisol secretion. These studies have been presented at meetings of the ATS, ACCP, and AAAAI, as have 10-12 ancillary studies analyzing the performance of clinical research. The ACRN has also reported its findings from subgroup analysis of the BAGS study: that subjects with different genotypes for the beta-adrenergic receptor are differently affected by regular use of albuterol. This application proposes continued participation of the NYC Asthma Clinical Research group in the multicentered, collaborative trials of the ACRN. The studies proposed include a comparison of the clinical efficacy of doses of different inhaled corticosteriods with equal systemic effects, a prospective study of regular use of an inhaled betaagonist in subjects stratified by genotype for the beta-adrenergic receptor, a study of the efficacy of a leukotriene pathway antagonist in enabling reduction or elimination of inhaled corticosteriod therapy in subjects with mild or moderate persistent asthma, and other studies illustrated briefly in this application, but modified or replaced by the ACRN Steering Committee in response to new information or the release of new forms of therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ASTHMA CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK (ACRN) Principal Investigator & Institution: Peters, Stephen P.; Professor of Medicine; Internal Medicine; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application, submitted in response to NHLBI RFA HL-02-029, the Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN), proposes to use the unique combination of clinical, genomic, epidemiological, and basic scientific resources
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located at Wake Forest University (WFU), in the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Cloverdale Pulmonary Clinical Research Center, the Center for Human Genomics, and the Department of Public Health Sciences, in support of a Clinical Site for the Asthma Clinical Research Network. We propose two general sets of Specific Aims, the first of which describes two specific protocols for consideration by the ACRN for implementation, and the second which strives to add additional resources and value as the ACRN evolves during its second decade. Protocols: 1) The PAST Protocol (Patient-Directed versus Standard Therapy with an Inhaled Corticosteroid/Long-Acting Beta-Agonist Combination in Persistent Asthma) will test the hypothesis that patient-directed therapy using patient adjusted doses of an inhaled corticosteroid/long acting beta-agonist combination (budesonide 160 mu g/formoterol 4.5 mu g) will provide improved asthma control at less cost with increased patient satisfaction than standard, fixed-dose combination therapy (2 puffs twice a day of budesonide 160 mu g /formoterol 4.5 mu g with albuterol used as the rescue medication). 2) The SAFE Protocol (Treatment of Severe Asthma with Anti-TNF, AntiIgE, and a Leukotriene Modifier) will test the hypothesis that treatment of patients with severe asthma, defined as those symptomatic on fluticasone 500 mu g/salmeterol 50 mu g (Advair(R) 500/50) bid, with anti-IgE (omalizumab) and/or an anti-TNF (soluble TNF receptor, etanercept) will provide better asthma control than treatment with a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA, montelukast), and permit Advair(R) dose reduction to fluticasone 100 mu g/salmeterol 50 mu g in more patients in the anti-IgE and/or anti-TNF groups, than in the leuktriene receptor antagonist group. We further offer WFU resources and expertise: 1) in the Center for Human Genomics for the determination of patient genotypes and haplotypes for genetic epidemiological analysis and pharmacogenetic studies, for DNA isolation and storage, for sequencing, genotyping and haplotyping candidate genes, and determination of levels of gene expression in bronchoscopy samples; 2) identified in the Department of Public Health Sciences (PHS) to a) assist in the analysis of data collected in main ACRN protocols to answer "ancillary" questions which could be posed with the available data sets, and b) in the PHS Division of Social Science and Public Health Policy to investigate issues of health economics and patient-centered outcomes, particularly satisfaction and trust; and 3) contained within our basic science laboratories to develop and validate improved non-invasive bio-markers of airway inflammation for use in multi-center clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASTHMA CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK (ACRN) Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Richard J.; Department of Medicine; National Jewish Medical & Res Ctr and Research Center Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This application proposes to continue the participation of investigators at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in an interactive network of six centers, the Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN) in conducting studies of novel therapies for asthma and in disseminating findings to the practicing community. The need for such a network was suggested by increases in the mortality, morbidity, prevalence, and costs of asthma, by research studies showing that asthma is linked to airway inflammation, and by the accelerating rate of development of potentially effective, but also potentially costly treatments. Defining the place of these new therapies was seen as requiring collaborative, multi-center studies examining subjects reflecting the diversity of the U.S. population. In its first 5 years, the ACRN established an interactive infrastructure and added a research site at Harlem Hospital, New York, which serves a
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predominantly minority population. The ACRN completed and published trials of the effects of regular use of a Beta- agonist in mild asthma ("BAGS") and of the efficacy of colchicine as an alternate to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in moderate asthma. It is now conducting trials comparing a long-acting Beta-agonist, an ICS, and the combination of the two in moderate to severe asthma. We are about to start a 5th study to establish doses of different ICS with equivalent effects on cortisol secretion. These studies have been presented at meetings of the ATS, ACCP, and AAAAI, as have 10-12 ancillary studies analyzing the performance of clinical research. The ACRN has also reported its findings from subgroup analysis of the "BAGS" study: that subjects with different genotypes for the Beta-adrenergic receptor are differently affected by regular use of albuterol. This application proposes continued participation of the National Jewish Asthma Clinical Research group in the multicentered, collaborative trials of the ACRN. The studies proposed include a comparison of the clinical efficacy of doses of different inhaled corticosteroids with equal systemic effects, a prospective study of regular use of an inhaled Beta-agonist in subjects stratified by genotype for the Betaadrenergic receptor, a study of the efficacy of a leukotriene pathway antagonist in enabling reduction or elimination of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in subjects with mild or moderate persistent asthma, and other studies illustrated briefly in this application, but modified or replaced by the ACRN Steering Committee in response to new information or the release of new forms of therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASTHMA CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Boushey, Homer A.; Professor of Medicine; Cardiovascular Research Institute; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This application proposes to continue the participation of investigators at UCSF in an interactive network of six centers, the Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN) in conducting studies of novel therapies for asthma and in disseminating findings to the practicing community. The need for such a network was suggested by increases in the mortality, morbidity, prevalence, and costs of asthma, by research studies showing that asthma is linked to airway inflammation, and by the accelerating rate of development of potentially effective, but also potentially costly treatments. Defining the place of these new therapies was seen as requiring collaborative, multicenter studies examining subjects reflecting the diversity of the U.S. population. In its first 5 years, the ACRN established an interactive infrastructure and added a research site at Harlem Hospital, New York, which serves a predominantly minority population. The ACRN completed and published trials of the effects of regular use of a Beta-agonist in mild asthma("BAGS") and of the efficacy of colchicine as an alternate to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in moderate asthma. It is now conducting trials comparing a longacting Beta-agonist, an ICS, and the combination of the two in moderate to severe asthma. We are about to start a 5th study to establish doses of different ICS with equivalent effects on cortisol secretion. These studies have been presented at meetings of the ATS, ACCP, and AAAAI, as have 10-12 ancillary studies analyzing the performance of clinical research. The ACRN has also reported its findings from subgroup analysis of the "BAGS" study: that subjects with different genotypes for the Beta-adrenergic receptor are differently affected by regular use of albuterol. This application proposes continued participation of the UCSF Asthma Clinical Research group in the multicentered, collaborative trials of the ACRN. The studies proposed include a
Studies
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comparison of the clinical efficacy of doses of different inhaled corticosteroids with equal systemic effects, a prospective study of regular use of an inhaled Beta-agonist in subjects stratified by genotypes for the Beta-adrenergic receptor, a study of the efficacy of a leukotriene pathway antagonist in enabling reduction or elimination of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in subjects with mild or moderate persistent asthma, and other studies illustrated briefly in this application, but modified or replaced by the ACRN Steering Committee in response to new information or the release of new forms of therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BETA-ADRENERGIC DESENSITIZATION
RECEPTOR
STRUCTURE
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Richard B.; Integrative Biology and Pharmacology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1983; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: The long-term objectives of this proposal are to elucidate the mechanisms of activation and desensitization of the human beta2- adrenergic receptor (betaAR) in response to stimulation by the natural ligand epinephrine (adrenalin) and drug analogues of epinephrine. Epinephrine stimulation of the betaAR is involved in the control of many cellular processes such as relaxation of lung smooth muscle, the speed and force of contraction of heart muscle, and the control of glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis. Because of its many important roles, the betaAR is the target of many drugs such as albuterol and salmeterol that are mainstays in the treatment of asthma,. The action of epinephrine is rapidly attenuated or desensitized by a complex series of events that serve to shut the receptor down. These processes include phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and betaAR-specific kinases, the binding of a protein called beta-arrestin, and the movement of the betaAR from the plasma membrane into the cell's interior (endocytosis). The first aim of this proposal is to identify the amino acids in the betaAR that are phosphorylated both in the unstimulated, basal state and after simulation by strong agonists such as epinephrine and weak agonists such as albuterol using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time- of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Particular emphasis will be placed on determining the time and concentration dependency of the phosphorylations by the various agonists. All studies will be perfomed in cultured human embryonic kidney cells that are transfected with either the wild type betaAR or specially engineered epitope-modified betaARs. The second aim is to determine the functional effects of modifying betaAR domains proposed to be involved in desensitization by site- directed mutagenesis. Particular focus will be placed on those amino acids that are phosphorylated by PKA and betaARspecific protein kinases, and that affect beta-arrestin binding, although we will also examine other domains possibly involved in growth factor regulation of the betaAR, in palmitoylation of the betaAR, and in binding to PDZ domains. The third aim is to examine the interrelationships of desensitization, phosphorylation, internalization and recycling of the betaAR by mathematical modeling using data accumulated from aims I and II as well as from additional studies of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation kinetics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CAMP CONTINUATION STUDY / PHASE 2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Tonascia, James A.; Professor; Biostatistics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: This application is for the Data Coordinating Center (DCC) for the Childhood Asthma Management Program Continuation Study/Phase 2 (CAMPCS/2). CAMPCS/2 will be carried out by 8 clinical centers and the DCC. The objectives, specific aims, and research plan for CAMPCS/2 are provided in the CAMPCS/2 application from Washington University (Robert Strunk, Principal Investigator), one of the 8 CAMP clinical centers submitting proposals. This application provides the objectives, specific aims, and research plan for the DCC. In CAMPCS/2, we propose following CAMP (Childhood Asthma Management Program) participants for an i additional 3.75 years. CAMP was a randomized, multicenter clinical trial of 3 therapies for childhood asthma inhaled albuterol alone, inhaled budesonide with albuterol, inhaled nedocromil with albuterol). CAMP participants were age 5-13 at randomization; follow-up during the trial phase lasted 3.5-5.5 years. Participants are currently being followed in an observational phase (CAMP Continuation Study or CAMPCS). Participants will be age 13 to 23 at the close of CAMPCS. At the end of CAMPCS/2 followup, participants will be age 16 to 27, with 91% of males and 92% of females age 18 or older. These data will answer questions in 3 areas: (1) the long-term effects of anti-inflammatory treatment for asthma on height and lung function in young adulthood; (2) the natural history of asthma from childhood into young adulthood; and (3) the genetics of asthma. The DCC will provide leadership, coordination, communication, organization, data management, quality assurance, facilitation, and biostatistical design and analysis expertise to support the CAMPCS/2 research team to complete patient follow-up and report findings. This application reviews the performance of the team in terms of data quality and quantity and publication of findings. Methods and procedures for CAMPCS/2 are I proposed with the aim of preserving the quality and comparability of measurements over time as was achieved in CAMP/CAMPCS. We outline the statistical methods needed for analysis of the CAMPCS/2 longitudinal data and show the adequacy of the sample size for addressing the scientific aims. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CAMP CONTINUATION STUDY PHASE 2 (CAMPCS / 2) Principal Investigator & Institution: Strunk, Robert C.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Childhood asthma can result in significant lung disease in adulthood and possibly the development of COPD. None of the long-term follow-up studies of childhood asthma have had the close follow-up needed to define determinants of outcomes in young adulthood. No study has examined the effects of intensive treatment with potent anti-inflammatory agents on outcomes. CAMP was a multicenter randomized clinical trial designed to determine the effects of three treatments (albuterol alone, albuterol with inhaled corticosteroid [ICS], albuterol with inhaled non-steroid) in 1,041 children (randomized at ages 5-12 years) with mild to moderate asthma on pulmonary function during a 3.5-5.5 year treatment phase. The cohort is being followed currently in a 4-year observational phase (CAMP Continuation Study, CAMPCS) to determine longer-term effects of the treatments on lung and somatic growth. 88% of the original cohort enrolled, with a missed visit rate of less than 1%. At the scheduled end of CAMPCS, only 70% of females and 38% of males will have achieved an age of likely maximal height and level of pulmonary function. Additional follow-up of the CAMP cohort, CAMPCS/2, is designed to follow the cohort for 4 additional years into early adulthood, when the patients will be 17-26 years (55%
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>greater than or equal too 21 years). We propose 5 specific aims. We will determine the effects of 3.5-5.5 years of ICS therapy started at ages 5 to 12 years on outcomes of pulmonary function, height, bone density, and the clinical course of asthma in young adulthood. Natural history aims will focus on 1) effects of lower respiratory symptoms, allergy, peripheral blood eosinophilia, and personal smoking on attained level lung function FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC) and airway reactivity in young adulthood, 2) effects of lung function, airway reactivity, allergy, peripheral blood eosinophilia, and personal smoking on lower respiratory symptoms in young adulthood, and 3) factors associated with a low FEV1/FVC ratio by comparison of FEV1/FVC and FEV1 and FVC in CAMP patients to three sets of pulmonary function values from normal. Genetic analyses will be done by Dr. Weiss and the Center for Genetics and Genomics at Harvard (without cost to this application) with comparison of the genetic data to the phenotypic data collected during CAMP, CAMPCS, and CAMPCS/2 will allow definitive determination of effect of ICS on these measures. CAMP is the largest and most completely characterized group of children with asthma. Follow-up of this cohort for another 4 years in CAMPCS/2 will provide valuable information about the natural history of this important childhood lung disease, and information on how the childhood illness affects adult lung health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHILDHOOD ASTHMA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Mc Williams, Bennie; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CHILDHOOD ASTHMA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (CAMP) Principal Investigator & Institution: Szefler, Stanley J.; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHILDHOOD PHARMACOGENETICS
ASTHMA:
EARLY
PREVENTION
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Martinez, Fernando D.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Our group has recently demonstrated that early onset asthma (before age 3) is associated with more severe symptoms and more significant deficits in lung function (not readily reversible with bronchodilators) at age 11 than late onset asthma. In Project 1 of this application to the Pediatric Asthma Clinical Research Network, the potential role of inhaled corticosteroids in modifying the natural history of early onset asthma will be assessed. Children at high risk for asthma aged 24-47 months will be treated with either inhaled corticosteroids or placebo for a period of 18 months. The main outcome variables will be assessed during a one year observation period off trial drug immediately following the treatment phase. Number of symptom-free and controller-
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free days will be the main outcome variable. In addition, maximal flows obtained from partial expiratory flow volume loops and airway responses to cold dry air will also be compared in both treatment groups. These techniques have been successfully developed by our group for use in pre-school children. Genetic variants in the beta-adrenergic receptor gene have been described by Liggett et al, and we recently reported that one such polymorphism (glycine/arginine in residue 16) was strongly associated with response to albuterol in children. Project 2 will assess the influence of these genetic variants on response to standardized therapy among subjects with mild persistent and mild intermittent asthma. We expect to find that carriers of the Gly-16 variant of this gene will require more beta agonist and hence receive more control medication and require more inhaled corticosteroids than carriers of the Arg-16 variant. Our group is uniquely qualified to contribute to PACRN. We have a long experience in long-term clinical and epidemiological studies of childhood asthma, especially among infants and pre-schoolers. We have also established strong collaborative links with community health care providers especially those involved in the primary care of asthma among our Hispanic community in Tucson. Finally, we have a very active program in the genetics and pharmacogenetics of asthma that may prove very important for the long-term objectives of PACRN. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL TRIALS FOR PEDIATRIC SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Iannaccone, Susan T.; Professor of Neurology; Neurology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disease, frequency 8 per 100,000 live births, with a high mortality during infancy and no known treatment. Death is secondary to severe, progressive restrictive lung disease. New information regarding the nature and function of the SMN protein and the availability of new pharmacologic agents now make it possible to consider clinical trials in this disease. The first goal of this project is to perform short term, open label pilot trials of three drugs that have shown promise either in patients or in models of SMA. The trials will be 6 month, open label using riluzole, albuterol and sodium 4phenylbutyrate. All pediatric age groups from birth to 18 years will be included. Proposed outcome measures depend on age with there being 3 groups: 0 to 2 years, 2 to 5 years and 5 to 18 years. Information regarding tolerability, dosing schedule and administration of these drugs will be important for designing Phase III trials. A Medical Monitor will review parameters for drug toxicity and a Data Safety and Monitoring Committee will protect subjects' safety. The second goal is to correlate biological markers with clinical phenotype, clinical outcome measures and response to therapy. Blood samples for DNA (SMN2 copy count) and SMN mRNA and buccal smear for SMN protein will be obtained. A positive response in biologic markers after treatment will be evidence in favor of advancing to phase III clinical trials. The correlation between biologic markers and clinical outcome measures will aid in determining which drug may be the most likely to show efficacy in a phase III trial. A long-term goal will be to find a biologic measure that might replace cumbersome clinical outcome measures. Thirdly, a parallel study will be conducted to establish validity and reliability of the Peds-QLTM tool in 240 patients who elect not to enter drug trials. The last goal of this continuing proposal is to establish and maintain reliability of the clinical outcome measures for all AmSMART centers using annual inter-rater reliability testing. The Academic Computing Services department at University of Texas Southwestern Medical
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Center in Dallas will be the Statistics and Data Management Center. This continuing project is an important step toward our ultimate goal of finding an effective treatment for SMA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DOSE-RESPONSE FOR BRONCHODILATION RESULTING FROM ALBUTEROL IN NOCTURNAL ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hendeles, Leslie; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DOUBLE BLIND FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MD
TRIAL
OF
PROVENTIL
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Tawil, Rabi; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF ORAL PROVENTIL ON IL 12 SECRETION BY MONOCYTES IN MS PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Khoury, Samia J.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The purpose of this study is to learn more about how the immune system functions in patients with MS. Poventil may lower the amount of abnormally activated cells in the immune system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HYPERPOLARIZED ASTHMATICS
HELIUM-3
MRI
OF
THE
LUNG
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: De Lange, Eduard E.; Professor of Radiology; Radiology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract): Asthma is an important public health concern affecting more than l4 million people in the United States including over 4.8 million children. Epidemiological studies show a trend toward increasing prevalence and morbidity, but the reasons for these increases remain unclear. Asthma is a chronic disease defined by reversible obstruction of the small airways, inflammation, and increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli: a process that disrupts adequate ventilation of the alveoli causing dyspnea and hypoxia. Existing methods of small airways disease are either indirect or imprecise. Hyperpolarized helium-3 (H3He) gas MR lung imaging is a new technology which allows direct visualization of the lung airspaces, the ventilation and small airway disease, enabling assessment of disease activity at a level that was previously impossible to evaluate. Thus, H3He MR imaging
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Albuterol
has the potential to provide insight into the pathophysiology of asthma and to contribute to improved clinical management. Preliminary studies with H3He MR have demonstrated ventilation defects in asthmatics, even when they were asymptomatic and had normal lung function tests, and the findings suggest that this new technology is capable of detecting subclinical disease. The goal of the proposed research is to gain a better insight into the H3He MR imaging characteristics in asthmatics (Specific Aim # 1) and to determine how these findings correlate with disease activity and severity (Specific Aim #2). In order to obtain information on the imaging characteristics, we will evaluate the H3He MR imaging findings in populations of symptomatic and asymptomatic asthmatics, using healthy, non-asthmatics as controls. In addition, we will determine in small subgroups of patients how these findings compare to those obtained with two existing lung imaging modalities, nuclear medicine ventilation scanning and computed tomography (CT). To determine the ability of H3He lung MR in assessing disease activity, we will evaluate the imaging changes that occur during tests that provoke (worsen) and treat (improve) asthma. Provocation tests include inhalation of methacholine, exercise, administration of endobronchial allergen and viral inoculation, and treatments include inhaled of p2agonist (albuterol) and steroids (asthmacort). The results of the studies proposed in this research will serve as a foundation for developing future clinical and basic research applications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INNER CITY COCKROACH ALLERGEN REDUCTION TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Eggleston, Peyton A.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract): Although many factors contribute to the excess asthma morbidity and mortality in US inner cities, strong epidemiologic evidence now points to cockroach allergen exposure as an important risk factor. During the first 3 years we began a randomized controlled intervention trial of cockroach allergen abatement in inner-city homes. Recruitment has been difficult, but with extensive changes in personnel and creative new recruitment strategies, we have increased our recruitment rate to enable the original goals of the trial to be completed. In addition, we have tested the feasibility of reducing cockroach allergen in participant's homes by 90 percent and have demonstrated that our proposed intervention is feasible. Therefore, we request an additional 3 years to complete the trial as originally approved. In the next 3 years, we will recruit children aged 6-18 years with moderately severe asthma, a positive skin test to cockroach, live in a home that is infested with cockroaches and have elevated Bla g 1. Each child and their parent will undergo a baseline evaluation that will include questionnaires. The child will undergo allergy skin tests, serum for IgE antibody to cockroach, spirometry and methacholine inhalation challenge. We will visit their home to inspect, collect settled dust for cockroach allergen (Bla g 1) analysis and assess cockroach numbers with passive traps. After completing the baseline period, we will randomize 71 children to complete the planned sample of 50 families to roach intervention, and 50 to control intervention for a 6-month single blind trial. Roach intervention will consist of extermination from a professional pest control company combined with mattress covers and cleaning by professional home cleaners. Control intervention will consists of education and mattress covers but they will receive the full intervention at 6 months. Home visits will be repeated at month 2, 4 and 6 to inspect, collect settled dust specimens for Bla g 1 allergen analysis and to monitor live roach population with passive traps. Families will return to a study clinic at month 2, 4 and 6
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to complete questionnaires regarding symptoms, medication use and environment, and to allow the child to perform a spirogram before and after albuterol. At 6 months the children will perform a methacholine inhalation challenge and have a repeat measure of serum IgE to cockroach allergen. The effect of environmental intervention in the 2 groups will be compared in terms of the primary clinical variable, asthma symptoms in the last 2 weeks and the primary process variable, settled dust cockroach allergen concentrations. Secondary variables, including medication use, acute care visits, school loss, FEVI and methacholine responsiveness will also be compared. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LUNG DRUG DELIVERY WITH CARBON DIOXIDE AEROSOL INHALERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hansen, Brian N.; Aerophase, Inc. 401 Mountain View Ave Longmont, Co 80501 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-MAR-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Asthma is one of the most common and costly illnesses in the United States, and drug formulation delivered via metered inhalers (MDIs) represent the primary treatment method for asthma sufferers. A key current issue in this arena is that the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants traditionally used in MDIs are being phased out by the government due to their high ozone-depletion potential--thus presenting a need for a replacement that is safe, effective, and economical. Although hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants were thought to be a good candidate, potential problems include toxicity, incompatibility with devices, incompatibility with FDAapproved inhaler surfactants, and reduced bioavailability of some drugs. During Phase I Aerophase clearly demonstrated the feasibility of using CO2 as the next-generation propellant for pulmonary aerosol delivery of pharmaceuticals. Advantages include zero ozone-depletion potential, low toxicity, and the ability to administer to the lungs lipophilic drugs that cannot currently be delivered by any other method. A novel, high performance MicroBurst MDI design was tested successfully. The Phase II project proposed here would allow Aerophase to optimize candidate CO2-based formulations (e.g. albuterol, beclomethasone dipropionate, and budesonide) and to complete the design, development, and validation of the one or more MDIs in preparation for FDA approval and ultimate commercialization. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Beyond the initial goal of producing CO2-based drug formulations and MDIs for the effective treatment of asthma, the system we are pursuing could also be used effectively to deliver antibiotics to reduce death from pneumonia, possibly replace the need to inject insulin, deliver drugs that cannot be administered by any other method, provide targeted lung cancer therapy, and deliver rapid intervention against chemical warfare agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MULTICENTER TRIAL--BUDESONIDE VS NEDOCROMIL IN MILD CHILDHOOD ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Adkinson, N F.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Albuterol
Project Title: SALMETEROL & FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE VS PLACEBO IN SUBJECTS W/ COPD Principal Investigator & Institution: Lodato, Robert F.; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: USE OF ALBUTEROL IN SPINAL CORD INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Zeman, Richard J.; Motogen, Inc. 3 Pine View Rd Mount Kisco, Ny 10549 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this project is to demonstrate the ability of the f32-adrenoceptor agonist, albuterol, an FDA approved therapeutic for obstructive respiratory conditions and xirradiation in combination to oppose irreversible loss of locomotor function due to contusion, the most common type of spinal cord injury (SCI). At present, only methyiprednisolone has been shown to have efficacy in humans for SCI. However, the extent of recovery is limited so that additional or alternative treatments are needed. Potentially superior countermeasures are available, but require a demonstration of efficacy in an appropriate animal model of spinal cord contusion injury prior to use in patients. The proposed studies are an outgrowth of previous work in which J32-agonists or x-irradiation enhanced recovery of locomotor function following SCI in rats. Recovery of locomotor function, in turn, correlated with sparing of myelinated white matter at the injury site by these agents. We will determine (1) the therapeutic window and optimum dose of albuterol for sparing spinal cord tissue and locomotor function following contusion in an established model of SCI developed by the Multicenter Animal Spinal Cord Injury Study (MASCIS) (2) and the efficacy of albuterol and x-irradiation in combination. Optimization of beta2-agonist treatment and x-irradiation of the contused spinal cord may lead to a useful therapeutic modality for SCI. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Use of beta 2-agonists like albuterol alone or together with x-irradiation maybe useful therapies for spinal cord injuries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “albuterol” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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text articles. The following is a sample of items found for albuterol in the PubMed Central database: •
Tidal breathing flow-volume loops in bronchiolitis in infancy: the effect of albuterol [ISRCTN47364493]. by Totapally BR, Demerci C, Zureikat G, Nolan B.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111183
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with albuterol, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “albuterol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for albuterol (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A comparison of albuterol administered by metered-dose inhaler and spacer with albuterol by nebulizer in adults presenting to an urban emergency department with acute asthma. Author(s): Newman KB, Milne S, Hamilton C, Hall K. Source: Chest. 2002 April; 121(4): 1036-41. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11948030&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of single doses of HFA 134a albuterol and CFC albuterol in mild-to-moderate asthmatic patients. Author(s): Langley SJ, Sykes AP, Batty EP, Masterson CM, Woodcock A. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 May; 88(5): 488-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027070&dopt=Abstract
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A high dose of albuterol does not overcome bronchoprotective subsensitivity in asthmatic subjects receiving regular salmeterol or formoterol. Author(s): Lipworth BJ, Aziz I. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 January; 103(1 Pt 1): 8892. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9893190&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A low dose of albuterol by metered-dose inhaler with a spacer was as effective as higher doses by metered-dose inhaler or low doses by nebulizer in children with mild acute asthma. Author(s): Horner SD. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 April; 172(4): 247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778378&dopt=Abstract
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A methacholine challenge dose-response study for development of a pharmacodynamic bioequivalence methodology for albuterol metered- dose inhalers. Author(s): Creticos PS, Adams WP, Petty BG, Lewis LD, Singh GJ, Khattignavong AP, Molzon JA, Martinez MN, Lietman PS, Williams RL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 November; 110(5): 71320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417879&dopt=Abstract
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A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of the long-term effects of albuterol administration in patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Konig P, Poehler J, Barbero GJ. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1998 January; 25(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9475328&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective controlled trial of albuterol aerosol delivered via metered dose inhalerspacer device (MDI) versus jet nebulizer in ventilated preterm neonates. Author(s): Khalaf MN, Hurley JF, Bhandari V. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2001 May; 18(3): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414530&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized clinical trial of nebulized magnesium sulfate in addition to albuterol in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbations in adults. Author(s): Bessmertny O, DiGregorio RV, Cohen H, Becker E, Looney D, Golden J, Kohl L, Johnson T. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2002 June; 39(6): 585-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023699&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized, 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing formoterol dry powder inhaler with albuterol metered-dose inhaler. Author(s): Bensch G, Lapidus RJ, Levine BE, Lumry W, Yegen U, Kiselev P, Della Cioppa G. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 January; 86(1): 19-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206232&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized, controlled double-blind trial of usual-dose versus high-dose albuterol via continuous nebulization in patients with acute bronchospasm. Author(s): Stein J, Levitt MA. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2003 January; 10(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511312&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized, controlled trial of the effectiveness of nebulized therapy with epinephrine compared with albuterol and saline in infants hospitalized for acute viral bronchiolitis. Author(s): Patel H, Platt RW, Pekeles GS, Ducharme FM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 December; 141(6): 818-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461499&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized, double-blind, single-dose, crossover clinical trial of the onset and duration of protection from exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by formoterol and albuterol. Author(s): Shapiro GS, Yegen U, Xiang J, Kottakis J, Della Cioppa G. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 December; 24(12): 2077-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581546&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of albuterol administration practices in intubated patients in the neonatal intensive care unit. Author(s): Ballard J, Lugo RA, Salyer JW. Source: Respiratory Care. 2002 January; 47(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749685&dopt=Abstract
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Acute angle-closure glaucoma after albuterol nebulizer treatment. Author(s): Rho DS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 July; 130(1): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11004274&dopt=Abstract
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Addition of ipratropium to nebulized albuterol in children with acute asthma presenting to a pediatric office. Author(s): Kumaratne M, Gunawardane G. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 March; 42(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659385&dopt=Abstract
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Aerosolized albuterol improves airway reactivity in infants with acute respiratory failure from respiratory syncytial virus. Author(s): Derish M, Hodge G, Dunn C, Ariagno R. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1998 July; 26(1): 12-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9710275&dopt=Abstract
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Airway and lung tissue mechanics in asthma. Effects of albuterol. Author(s): Kaczka DW, Ingenito EP, Israel E, Lutchen KR. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 January; 159(1): 169-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872836&dopt=Abstract
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Airway and tissue resistance in wheezy infants: effects of albuterol. Author(s): Jackson AC, Tennhoff W, Kraemer R, Frey U. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 August; 160(2): 557-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10430728&dopt=Abstract
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Airway responsiveness to inhaled albuterol in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): O'Hagan AR, Stillwell PC, Arroliga A. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1999 January; 38(1): 27-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924639&dopt=Abstract
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Albuterol delivered by metered-dose inhaler (MDI), MDI with spacer, and Rotahaler device--a comparison of efficacy and safety. Author(s): Golish J, Curtis-McCarthy P, McCarthy K, Kavuru M, Wagner W, Beck G, Eng P. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1998; 35(4): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9669832&dopt=Abstract
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Albuterol delivery in a neonatal ventilated lung model: Nebulization versus chlorofluorocarbon- and hydrofluoroalkane-pressurized metered dose inhalers. Author(s): Lugo RA, Kenney JK, Keenan J, Salyer JW, Ballard J, Ward RM. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001 March; 31(3): 247-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11276138&dopt=Abstract
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Albuterol does not antagonize the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on monocyte cytokine release. Author(s): Seldon PM, Stevens DA, Adcock IM, O'Connor BJ, Barnes PJ, Giembycz MA. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1998 March; 157(3 Pt 1): 803-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9517594&dopt=Abstract
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Albuterol for the treatment of hyperkalemia. Author(s): Wong SL, Maltz HC. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 January; 33(1): 103-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9972391&dopt=Abstract
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Albuterol HFA is as effective as albuterol CFC in preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Author(s): Hawksworth RJ, Sykes AP, Faris M, Mant T, Lee TH. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 May; 88(5): 473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027068&dopt=Abstract
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Albuterol improves response to levodopa and increases skeletal muscle mass in patients with fluctuating Parkinson disease. Author(s): Uc EY, Lambert CP, Harik SI, Rodnitzky RL, Evans WJ. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2003 July-August; 26(4): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897642&dopt=Abstract
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Albuterol in acute bronchiolitis--continued therapy despite poor response? Author(s): Lugo RA, Salyer JW, Dean JM. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1998 January-February; 18(1): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9469694&dopt=Abstract
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Albuterol-induced lactic acidosis. Author(s): Liem EB, Mnookin SC, Mahla ME. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 August; 99(2): 505-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883427&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of nebulized levalbuterol in stable COPD. Author(s): Datta D, Vitale A, Lahiri B, ZuWallack R. Source: Chest. 2003 September; 124(3): 844-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970007&dopt=Abstract
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An in vitro comparison of the mucoactive properties of guaifenesin, iodinated glycerol, surfactant, and albuterol. Author(s): Rubin BK. Source: Chest. 1999 July; 116(1): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10424525&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of a relative therapeutic index between inhaled formoterol and salbuterol in asthma patients. Author(s): Rosenborg J, Larsson P, Rott Z, Bocskei C, Poczi M, Juhasz G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 July; 58(4): S61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214580&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of forearm vasodilator responses to acetylcholine and albuterol by strain gauge plethysmography: reproducibility and influence of strain gauge placement. Author(s): Walker HA, Jackson G, Ritter JM, Chowienczyk PJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 March; 51(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298068&dopt=Abstract
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Association between genetic polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenoceptor and response to albuterol in children with and without a history of wheezing. Author(s): Martinez FD, Graves PE, Baldini M, Solomon S, Erickson R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1997 December 15; 100(12): 3184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399966&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchodilation using combined urodilatin - albuterol administration in asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Fluge T, Forssmann WG, Kunkel G, Schneider B, Mentz P, Forssmann K, Barnes PJ, Meyer M. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 1999 October 15; 4(10): 411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10527954&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchodilator response to albuterol after regular formoterol and effects of acute corticosteroid administration. Author(s): Lipworth BJ, Aziz I. Source: Chest. 2000 January; 117(1): 156-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10631214&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchodilator reversibility to albuterol predicts bronchodilator response to salmeterol. Author(s): Lipworth BJ, Jackson CM. Source: Chest. 2002 April; 121(4): 1382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11948092&dopt=Abstract
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Caregiver knowledge and delivery of a commonly prescribed medication (albuterol) for children. Author(s): Simon HK. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 June; 153(6): 615-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357303&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in heart rate associated with nebulized racemic albuterol and levalbuterol in intensive care patients. Author(s): Lam S, Chen J. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2003 October 1; 60(19): 1971-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14531242&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic effects of inhaled albuterol on beta-adrenoceptor system function in human respiratory cells. Author(s): Kelsen SG, Aksoy MO, Brennan K, Ciccolella D, Borbely B. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2000 June; 37(4): 361-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883747&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical comparability of albuterol delivered by the breath-actuated inhaler (Spiros) and albuterol by MDI in patients with asthma. Author(s): Geoffroy P, Lalonde RL, Ahrens R, Clarke W, Hill MR, Vaughan LM, Grossman J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 April; 82(4): 377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10227336&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical experience with levalbuterol. Author(s): Nelson HS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 104(2 Pt 2): S7784. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452792&dopt=Abstract
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Comparability of albuterol delivered by a piezoelectric device versus metered dose inhaler in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Author(s): Larsen KR, Svendsen UG, Molgaard F, Petersen BN. Source: Journal of Aerosol Medicine : the Official Journal of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine. 1998 Summer; 11(2): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10180718&dopt=Abstract
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Comparable bronchodilation with hydrofluoroalkane-134a (HFA) albuterol and chlorofluorocarbons-11/12 (CFC) albuterol in children with asthma. Author(s): Shapiro GS, Klinger NM, Ekholm BP, Colice GL. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2000 December; 37(8): 667-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192231&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative efficacy and safety of albuterol sulfate Spiros inhaler and albuterol metered-dose inhaler in asthma. Author(s): Nelson H, Kemp JP, Bieler S, Vaughan LM, Hill MR. Source: Chest. 1999 February; 115(2): 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027428&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative efficacy of levalbuterol and racemic albuterol in the treatment of asthma. Author(s): Chowdhury BA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 August; 110(2): 324; Author Reply 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170276&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative study of extended release albuterol sulfate and long-acting inhaled salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of nocturnal asthma. Author(s): Martin RJ, Kraft M, Beaucher WN, Kiechel F, Sublett JL, LaVallee N, Shilstone J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 August; 83(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10480584&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing the delivery of albuterol metered-dose inhaler via an adapter and spacer device in an in vitro infant ventilator lung model. Author(s): Avent ML, Gal P, Ransom JL, Brown YL, Hansen CJ. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 February; 33(2): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084406&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of 2.5 vs 7.5 mg of inhaled albuterol in the treatment of acute asthma. Author(s): Emerman CL, Cydulka RK, McFadden ER. Source: Chest. 1999 January; 115(1): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9925067&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of albuterol delivered by a metered dose inhaler with spacer versus a nebulizer in children with mild acute asthma. Author(s): Schuh S, Johnson DW, Stephens D, Callahan S, Winders P, Canny GJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 July; 135(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393599&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of racemic albuterol and levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. Author(s): Carl JC, Myers TR, Kirchner HL, Kercsmar CM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 December; 143(6): 731-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14657817&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of salmeterol and albuterol-induced bronchoprotection against adenosine monophosphate and histamine in mild asthma. Author(s): Taylor DA, Jensen MW, Aikman SL, Harris JG, Barnes PJ, O'Connor BJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997 December; 156(6): 1731-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9412548&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of single 7.5-mg dose treatment vs sequential multidose 2.5-mg treatments with nebulized albuterol in the treatment of acute asthma. Author(s): Cydulka RK, McFadden ER, Sarver JH, Emerman CL. Source: Chest. 2002 December; 122(6): 1982-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475836&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of two dosage regimens of albuterol in acute asthma. Author(s): McFadden ER Jr, Strauss L, Hejal R, Galan G, Dixon L. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1998 July; 105(1): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9688015&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of two forms of albuterol for treatment of acute bronchospasm in pediatric patients. Author(s): Monroe KW, Nichols MH, King WD, Tucker K, Tomlinson R. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 May; 96(5): 440-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12911181&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of two methods of delivering continuously nebulized albuterol. Author(s): Kelly HW, Keim KA, McWilliams BC. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 January; 37(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503928&dopt=Abstract
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Continuously nebulized albuterol in severe exacerbations of asthma in adults: a casecontrolled study. Author(s): Baker EK, Willsie SK, Marinac JS, Salzman GA. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1997; 34(6): 521-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9428298&dopt=Abstract
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Contrasting properties of albuterol stereoisomers. Author(s): Page CP, Morley J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 104(2 Pt 2): S3141. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452786&dopt=Abstract
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Cumulative dose response study comparing HFA-134a albuterol sulfate and conventional CFC albuterol in patients with asthma. Author(s): Ramsdell JW, Colice GL, Ekholm BP, Klinger NM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 December; 81(6): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892032&dopt=Abstract
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Delivery of ipratropium and albuterol combination therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effectiveness of a two-in-one inhaler versus separate inhalers. Author(s): Chrischilles E, Gilden D, Kubisiak J, Rubenstein L, Shah H. Source: Am J Manag Care. 2002 October; 8(10): 902-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395958&dopt=Abstract
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Demonstration of in vivo bioequivalence of a generic albuterol metered-dose inhaler to Ventolin. Author(s): Stewart BA, Ahrens RC, Carrier S, Frosolono M, Lux C, Han SH, Milavetz G. Source: Chest. 2000 March; 117(3): 714-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712996&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of the enantiomers of albuterol in human and canine plasma by enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography on a teicoplanin-based chiral stationary phase. Author(s): Fried KM, Koch P, Wainer IW. Source: Chirality. 1998; 10(5): 484-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9691461&dopt=Abstract
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Does adding ipratropium to salbutamol (albuterol) help children with asthma? Author(s): Patel N, Phillips B. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 November; 85(5): 432-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035817&dopt=Abstract
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Does inhaled albuterol improve diaphragmatic contractility in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Author(s): Hatipoglu U, Laghi F, Tobin MJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 December; 160(6): 1916-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588606&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-response characteristics of nebulized albuterol in the treatment of acutely ill, hospitalized asthmatics. Author(s): Ciccolella DE, Brennan K, Kelsen SG, Criner GJ. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1999 September; 36(6): 539-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10498049&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-response evaluation of levalbuterol versus racemic albuterol in patients with asthma. Author(s): Handley DA, Tinkelman D, Noonan M, Rollins TE, Snider ME, Caron J. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2000 June; 37(4): 319-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883742&dopt=Abstract
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Dosing interval with albuterol MDI for asthma. Author(s): Reynolds PL. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1997 December; 45(6): 468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9420576&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of continuously nebulized ipratropium bromide plus albuterol on emergency department length of stay and hospital admission rates in patients with acute bronchospasm. A randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Weber EJ, Levitt MA, Covington JK, Gambrioli E. Source: Chest. 1999 April; 115(4): 937-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208189&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of enantiomeric forms of albuterol on stimulated secretion of granular protein from human eosinophils. Author(s): Leff AR, Herrnreiter A, Naclerio RM, Baroody FM, Handley DA, Munoz NM. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1997; 10(2): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9425641&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of helium-oxygen on delivery of albuterol in a pediatric, volume-cycled, ventilated lung model. Author(s): Habib DM, Garner SS, Brandeburg S. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1999 February; 19(2): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030764&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of inhaled racemic and (R)-albuterol on airway vascular smooth muscle tone in healthy and asthmatic subjects. Author(s): Pereira A, Mendes E, Ferreira T, Wanner A. Source: Lung. 2003; 181(4): 201-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14692560&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of levalbuterol on prehospital patient parameters. Author(s): Rodenberg H. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 September; 20(5): 481-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216049&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of long-term salmeterol therapy compared with as-needed albuterol use on airway hyperresponsiveness. Author(s): Rosenthal RR, Busse WW, Kemp JP, Baker JW, Kalberg C, Emmett A, Rickard KA. Source: Chest. 1999 September; 116(3): 595-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492259&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of nebulized albuterol on circulating leukocyte counts in normal subjects. Author(s): Summers RL, Rodriguez M, Woodward LA, Galli RL, Causey AL. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1999 March; 93(3): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10464875&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of polymorphism of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor on response to regular use of albuterol in asthma. Author(s): Israel E, Drazen JM, Liggett SB, Boushey HA, Cherniack RM, Chinchilli VM, Cooper DM, Fahy JV, Fish JE, Ford JG, Kraft M, Kunselman S, Lazarus SC, Lemanske RF Jr, Martin RJ, McLean DE, Peters SP, Silverman EK, Sorkness CA, Szefler SJ, Weiss ST, Yandava CN; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Asthma Clinical Research Network. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 January-March; 124(13): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306963&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of propellant on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled albuterol in asthmatic subjects. Author(s): Joguparthi V, Breen P, Compadre C, Zhou X, Gann L, Hiller FC, Anderson P. Source: Journal of Aerosol Medicine : the Official Journal of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine. 2003 Spring; 16(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737684&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of regular inhaled albuterol on allergen-induced late responses and sputum eosinophils in asthmatic subjects. Author(s): Gauvreau GM, Jordana M, Watson RM, Cockroft DW, O'Byrne PM. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997 December; 156(6): 1738-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9412549&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of regular salmeterol treatment on albuterol-induced bronchoprotection in mild asthma. Author(s): Yates DH, Worsdell M, Barnes PJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997 September; 156(3 Pt 1): 988-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9310023&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of gender and race on albuterol pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Mohamed MH, Lima JJ, Eberle LV, Self TH, Johnson JA. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1999 February; 19(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030766&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of inhaled salmeterol and salbutamol (albuterol) on morning dips compared in intensive care patients recovering from an acute severe asthma attack. Author(s): Ritz M, Thorens JB, Arnold-Ketterer M, Chevrolet JC. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1997 December; 23(12): 1225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9470077&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of salmeterol on arterial blood gases in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Comparison with albuterol and ipratropium. Author(s): Khoukaz G, Gross NJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 September; 160(3): 1028-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10471636&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of therapeutic doses of albuterol on beta2-adrenergic receptor density and metabolic changes. Author(s): Anstead MI, Hunt TA, McConnell JW Jr, Burki NK. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2001 February; 38(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256555&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of albuterol inhalation in treatment of hyperkalemia in premature neonates. Author(s): Singh BS, Sadiq HF, Noguchi A, Keenan WJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 July; 141(1): 16-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091845&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy response of inhaled HFA-albuterol delivered via the breath-actuated Autohaler inhalation device is comparable to dose in patients with asthma. Author(s): Gross G, Cohen RM, Guy H. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2003; 40(5): 487-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14529098&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy, safety, and effects on quality of life of salmeterol versus albuterol in patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma. Author(s): Wenzel SE, Lumry W, Manning M, Kalberg C, Cox F, Emmett A, Rickard K. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 June; 80(6): 463-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9647268&dopt=Abstract
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First-line therapy for adult patients with acute asthma receiving a multiple-dose protocol of ipratropium bromide plus albuterol in the emergency department. Author(s): Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 June; 161(6): 1862-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852758&dopt=Abstract
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For COPD a combination of ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate is more effective than albuterol base. Author(s): Campbell S. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 January 25; 159(2): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9927098&dopt=Abstract
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Formoterol delivered via the dry powder Aerolizer inhaler versus albuterol MDI and placebo in mild-to-moderate asthma: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial. Author(s): Pleskow W, LaForce CF, Yegen U, Matos D, Della Cioppa G. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2003; 40(5): 505-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14529100&dopt=Abstract
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Furosemide plus albuterol compared with albuterol alone in children with acute asthma. Author(s): Gonzalez-Sanchez R, Trujillo-Hernandez B, Huerta M, Vasquez C, Trujillo X. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2002 May-June; 23(3): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125505&dopt=Abstract
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Genotyping and drug response: use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) versus haplotypes to predict albuterol efficacy. Author(s): Schubbert S. Source: Aaps Pharmsci [electronic Resource]. 2001; 3(3): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783424&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose albuterol by metered-dose inhaler plus a spacer device versus nebulization in preschool children with recurrent wheezing: A double-blind, randomized equivalence trial. Author(s): Ploin D, Chapuis FR, Stamm D, Robert J, David L, Chatelain PG, Dutau G, Floret D. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 August; 106(2 Pt 1): 311-7. Erratum In: Pediatrics 2000 October; 106(4): 623. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10920157&dopt=Abstract
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Hypokalemia in an asthmatic child from abuse of albuterol metered dose inhaler. Author(s): Rakhmanina NY, Kearns GL, Farrar HC 3rd. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1998 April; 14(2): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9583400&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of genetic polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on albuterol bronchodilator pharmacodynamics. Author(s): Lima JJ, Thomason DB, Mohamed MH, Eberle LV, Self TH, Johnson JA. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999 May; 65(5): 519-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10340917&dopt=Abstract
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Importance of beta(2)adrenergic receptor genotype, gender and race on albuterolevoked bronchodilation in asthmatics. Author(s): Lima JJ, Mohamed MH, Self TH, Eberle LV, Johnson JA. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000; 13(3): 127-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10873550&dopt=Abstract
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Improved bronchodilation with levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol in patients with asthma. Author(s): Nelson HS, Bensch G, Pleskow WW, DiSantostefano R, DeGraw S, Reasner DS, Rollins TE, Rubin PD. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 December; 102(6 Pt 1): 943-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9847435&dopt=Abstract
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In children hospitalized for asthma exacerbations, does adding ipratropium bromide to albuterol and corticosteroids improve outcome? Author(s): Hayday K, Stevermer JJ. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 March; 51(3): 280. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978242&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro evaluation of the release of albuterol sulfate from polymer gels: effect of fatty acids on drug transport across biological membranes. Author(s): Chisty MN, Bellantone RA, Taft DR, Plakogiannis FM. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2002 November; 28(10): 1221-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476868&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo effect of albuterol on methacholine-contracted bronchi in conjunction with salmeterol and formoterol. Author(s): Aziz I, Lipworth BJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 May; 103(5 Pt 1): 816-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10329815&dopt=Abstract
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Inhalation by nebulization of albuterol-ipratropium combination (Dey combination) is superior to either agent alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dey Combination Solution Study Group. Author(s): Gross N, Tashkin D, Miller R, Oren J, Coleman W, Linberg S. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1998; 65(5): 354-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9782217&dopt=Abstract
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Inhaled albuterol, but not intravenous lidocaine, protects against intubation-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Author(s): Maslow AD, Regan MM, Israel E, Darvish A, Mehrez M, Boughton R, Loring SH. Source: Anesthesiology. 2000 November; 93(5): 1198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11046206&dopt=Abstract
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Inspiratory capacity and decrease in lung hyperinflation with albuterol in COPD. Author(s): Duranti R, Filippelli M, Bianchi R, Romagnoli I, Pellegrino R, Brusasco V, Scano G. Source: Chest. 2002 December; 122(6): 2009-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475840&dopt=Abstract
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Intraoperative breathing circuit obstruction caused by albuterol nebulization. Author(s): Walton JS, Fears R, Burt N, Dorman BH. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999 September; 89(3): 650-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10475298&dopt=Abstract
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Ipratropium bromide plus nebulized albuterol for the treatment of hospitalized children with acute asthma. Author(s): Craven D, Kercsmar CM, Myers TR, O'riordan MA, Golonka G, Moore S. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 January; 138(1): 51-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148512&dopt=Abstract
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Is oral albuterol effective for acute cough in non-asthmatic children? Author(s): Bernard DW, Goepp JG, Duggan AK, Serwint JR, Rowe PC. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 April; 88(4): 465-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10342550&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of subsensitivity to albuterol after treatment with salmeterol in patients with asthma. Author(s): Lipworth BJ, Jackson C. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 December; 160(6): 2125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755831&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of subsensitivity to albuterol after treatment with salmeterol in patients with asthma. Author(s): Nelson HS, Berkowitz RB, Tinkelman DA, Emmett AH, Rickard KA, Yancey SW. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 May; 159(5 Pt 1): 1556-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228126&dopt=Abstract
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Language of dyspnea in assessment of patients with acute asthma treated with nebulized albuterol. Author(s): Moy ML, Lantin ML, Harver A, Schwartzstein RM. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1998 September; 158(3): 749-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9731000&dopt=Abstract
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LC-MS method for the determination of albuterol enantiomers in human plasma using manual solid-phase extraction and a non-deuterated internal standard. Author(s): Jacobson GA, Chong FV, Davies NW. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 April 10; 31(6): 123743. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667940&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol and racemic albuterol: are there therapeutic differences? Author(s): Ahrens R, Weinberger M. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 November; 108(5): 681-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692088&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol compared to racemic albuterol: efficacy and outcomes in patients hospitalized with COPD or asthma. Author(s): Truitt T, Witko J, Halpern M. Source: Chest. 2003 January; 123(1): 128-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527613&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol has not been established to have therapeutic advantage over racemic albuterol. Author(s): Asmus MJ, Hendeles L, Weinberger M, Ahrens RC, Bisgaard H, Lotvall J, O'Byrne PM, Cockcroft DW. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 August; 110(2): 325; Author Reply 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170277&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol hydrochloride. Author(s): Slattery D, Wong SW, Colin AA. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2002 February; 33(2): 151-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802253&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol is as effective as racemic albuterol in lowering serum potassium. Author(s): Pancu D, LaFlamme M, Evans E, Reed J. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 July; 25(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865102&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol is not more cost-effective than albuterol for COPD. Author(s): Hendeles L, Hartzema A. Source: Chest. 2003 September; 124(3): 1176; Author Reply 1176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970057&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol nebulizer solution: is it worth five times the cost of albuterol? Author(s): Asmus MJ, Hendeles L. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2000 February; 20(2): 123-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678290&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol toxicity: no reason to be jittery. Author(s): Biswas AK, Fruedenthal WC. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 June; 21(6): 1081. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797506&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol vs racemic albuterol: science or drug company propaganda? Author(s): Crater GD Jr. Source: Chest. 2003 September; 124(3): 1175-6; Author Reply 1176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970056&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol. Author(s): Weinberger M, Hendeles L. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 December; 91(6): 587-8; Author Reply 588-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14700446&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol: pharmacologic properties and use in the treatment of pediatric and adult asthma. Author(s): Berger WE. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 June; 90(6): 583-91; Quiz 591-2, 659. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839314&dopt=Abstract
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Low- vs high-dose inhaled albuterol for the treatment of acute asthma. Author(s): Asmus MJ, Hendeles L. Source: Chest. 1999 August; 116(2): 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453902&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose levalbuterol in children with asthma: safety and efficacy in comparison with placebo and racemic albuterol. Author(s): Milgrom H, Skoner DP, Bensch G, Kim KT, Claus R, Baumgartner RA; Levalbuterol Pediatric Study Group. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 108(6): 938-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742271&dopt=Abstract
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Lower arrythmogenic risk of low dose albuterol plus ipratropium. Author(s): Yuksel H, Coskun S, Polat M, Onag A. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2001 October; 68(10): 945-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758131&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic and electrocardiographic effects of albuterol in pediatric asthmatic patients treated in an emergency room setting. Author(s): Del Rio-Navarro B, Gazca-Aguilar A, Quibrera Matienzo JA, Rodriguez Galvan Y, Sienra-Monge JJ. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1999 January-February; 27(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10217668&dopt=Abstract
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Mirror images: is levalbuterol the fairest of them all? Author(s): Kattan M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 December; 143(6): 702-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14657810&dopt=Abstract
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Mixing albuterol and corticosteroid is not additive. Author(s): Di Berardino L, Scaglione F. Source: Allergy. 1999 September; 54(9): 1012-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10505474&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of T-cell function by (R)- and (S)-isomers of albuterol: anti-inflammatory influences of (R)-isomers are negated in the presence of the (S)-isomer. Author(s): Baramki D, Koester J, Anderson AJ, Borish L. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 March; 109(3): 449-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897990&dopt=Abstract
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Myoclonus secondary to albuterol (salbutamol) instillation. Author(s): Micheli F, Cersosimo MG, Scorticati MC, Velez M, Gonzalez S. Source: Neurology. 2000 May 23; 54(10): 2022-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10822452&dopt=Abstract
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Nicorandil: albuterol-like or cromolyn-like? Author(s): Alberts WM. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 February; 31(2): 651-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576986&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrogen oxides reduce albuterol-induced bronchodilation in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kanazawa H, Hirata K, Yoshikawa J. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(6): 490-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457000&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of a combination of ipratropium plus albuterol compared with ipratropium alone and albuterol alone in COPD. Author(s): Friedman M, Serby CW, Menjoge SS, Wilson JD, Hilleman DE, Witek TJ Jr. Source: Chest. 1999 March; 115(3): 635-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084468&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and safety of inhaled albuterol enantiomers in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Gumbhir-Shah K, Kellerman DJ, DeGraw S, Koch P, Jusko WJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 December; 38(12): 1096-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301561&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of albuterol and its enantiomers in humans. Author(s): Boulton DW, Fawcett JP. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1997 August; 62(2): 138-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9284849&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of (R,S)-Albuterol after aerosol inhalation in healthy adult volunteers. Author(s): Anderson PJ, Zhou X, Breen P, Gann L, Logsdon TW, Compadre CM, Hiller FC. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1998 July; 87(7): 841-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9649352&dopt=Abstract
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Pilot study of bronchodilator response to inhaled albuterol delivered by metereddose inhaler and a novel dry powder inhaler. Author(s): Kemp JP, Hill MR, Vaughan LM, Meltzer EO, Welch MJ, Ostrom NK. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 October; 79(4): 322-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9357377&dopt=Abstract
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Pilot trial of albuterol in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. FSH-DY Group. Author(s): Kissel JT, McDermott MP, Natarajan R, Mendell JR, Pandya S, King WM, Griggs RC, Tawil R. Source: Neurology. 1998 May; 50(5): 1402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9595995&dopt=Abstract
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Pilot trial of albuterol in spinal muscular atrophy. Author(s): Kinali M, Mercuri E, Main M, De Biasia F, Karatza A, Higgins R, Banks LM, Manzur AY, Muntoni F. Source: Neurology. 2002 August 27; 59(4): 609-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196659&dopt=Abstract
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Potential of beta2-adrenoceptor agonists as add-on therapy for multiple sclerosis: focus on salbutamol (albuterol). Author(s): Makhlouf K, Weiner HL, Khoury SJ. Source: Cns Drugs. 2002; 16(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772115&dopt=Abstract
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Prednisolone plus albuterol versus albuterol alone in mild to moderate bronchiolitis. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD001104 Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2000 April; 39(4): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12137617
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Preferential pulmonary retention of (S)-albuterol after inhalation of racemic albuterol. Author(s): Dhand R, Goode M, Reid R, Fink JB, Fahey PJ, Tobin MJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 October; 160(4): 1136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10508799&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing unnecessary emergency department visits for “albuterol nebs”. Author(s): Schmitt BD. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 June; 156(6): 626; Author Reply 626. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12038899&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm in pediatric asthma patients: a comparison of salmeterol powder with albuterol. Author(s): Blake K, Pearlman DS, Scott C, Wang Y, Stahl E, Arledge T. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 February; 82(2): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071526&dopt=Abstract
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Prospects for improved therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by the use of levalbuterol. Author(s): Costello J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 104(2 Pt 2): S618. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452790&dopt=Abstract
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Question from the clinician: levalbuterol in managing pediatric asthma. Author(s): Abbott MB, Levin RH, Miller JA. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2002 November; 23(11): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415020&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized trial of the addition of ipratropium bromide to albuterol and corticosteroid therapy in children hospitalized because of an acute asthma exacerbation. Author(s): Goggin N, Macarthur C, Parkin PC. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001 December; 155(12): 1329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732951&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of albuterol in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Author(s): Kissel JT, McDermott MP, Mendell JR, King WM, Pandya S, Griggs RC, Tawil R; FSH-DY Group. Source: Neurology. 2001 October 23; 57(8): 1434-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673585&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral albuterol in infants with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Author(s): Patel H, Gouin S, Platt RW. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 May; 142(5): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756382&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent supraventricular tachycardia as a complication of nebulized albuterol treatment. Author(s): Duane M, Chandran L, Morelli PJ. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2000 November; 39(11): 673-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110370&dopt=Abstract
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Regular albuterol or nedocromil sodium--effects on airway subepithelial tenascin in asthma. Author(s): Altraja A, Laitinen A, Meriste S, Marran S, Martson T, Sillastu H, Laitinen LA. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1999 July; 93(7): 445-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10464830&dopt=Abstract
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Relative biologic availability and pharmacokinetics of albuterol preparations in healthy Chinese. Author(s): Yuan Y, Li K, Zhao F. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1998 December; 20(6): 624-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9853977&dopt=Abstract
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Retrospective comparison of nebulized levalbuterol and albuterol for adverse events in patients with acute airflow obstruction. Author(s): Scott VL, Frazee LA. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 September-October; 10(5): 341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12975718&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of long-term treatment with HFA albuterol. Author(s): Ramsdell JW, Klinger NM, Ekholm BP, Colice GL. Source: Chest. 1999 April; 115(4): 945-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208190&dopt=Abstract
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Salmeterol does not compromise the bronchodilator response to albuterol during acute episodes of asthma. Author(s): Korosec M, Novak RD, Myers E, Skowronski M, McFadden ER Jr. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 September; 107(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492312&dopt=Abstract
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Salmeterol powder compared with albuterol aerosol as maintenance therapy for asthma in adolescent and adult patients. Author(s): Kemp J, Wolfe J, Grady J, LaForce C, Stahl E, Arledge T, Liddle R. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1998 March-April; 20(2): 270-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9589818&dopt=Abstract
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Single-isomer levalbuterol: a review of the acute data. Author(s): Nowak R. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2003 March; 3(2): 172-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562558&dopt=Abstract
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Standard dose of inhaled albuterol significantly increases QT dispersion compared to low dose of albuterol plus ipratropium bromide therapy in moderate to severe acute asthma attacks in children. Author(s): Coskun S, Yuksel H, Tikiz H, Danahaliloglu S. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2001 December; 43(6): 631-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737740&dopt=Abstract
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Superiority of ipratropium plus albuterol over albuterol alone in the emergency department management of adult asthma: a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Lin RY, Pesola GR, Bakalchuk L, Morgan JP, Heyl GT, Freyberg CW, Cataquet D, Westfal RE. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1998 February; 31(2): 208-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9472182&dopt=Abstract
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Switching patients with asthma from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) albuterol to hydrofluoroalkane-134a (HFA) albuterol. Author(s): Bronsky E, Ekholm BP, Klinger NM, Colice GL. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1999; 36(1): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10077140&dopt=Abstract
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The combination of ipratropium and albuterol optimizes pulmonary function reversibility testing in patients with COPD. Author(s): Dorinsky PM, Reisner C, Ferguson GT, Menjoge SS, Serby CW, Witek TJ Jr. Source: Chest. 1999 April; 115(4): 966-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208193&dopt=Abstract
Studies
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The effect of polymorphisms of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma. Author(s): Israel E, Drazen JM, Liggett SB, Boushey HA, Cherniack RM, Chinchilli VM, Cooper DM, Fahy JV, Fish JE, Ford JG, Kraft M, Kunselman S, Lazarus SC, Lemanske RF, Martin RJ, McLean DE, Peters SP, Silverman EK, Sorkness CA, Szefler SJ, Weiss ST, Yandava CN. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 July; 162(1): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10903223&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of inhaled albuterol and salmeterol in 2- to 5-year-old asthmatic children as measured by impulse oscillometry. Author(s): Ortiz G, Menendez R. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2002 September; 39(6): 531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375713&dopt=Abstract
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The safety and efficacy of nebulized levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol and placebo in the treatment of asthma in pediatric patients. Author(s): Gawchik SM, Saccar CL, Noonan M, Reasner DS, DeGraw SS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 April; 103(4): 615-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10200010&dopt=Abstract
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The therapeutic ratio of R-albuterol is comparable with that of RS-albuterol in asthmatic patients. Author(s): Lotvall J, Palmqvist M, Arvidsson P, Maloney A, Ventresca GP, Ward J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 November; 108(5): 72631. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692096&dopt=Abstract
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The use of albuterol in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. Author(s): Dobson JV, Stephens-Groff SM, McMahon SR, Stemmler MM, Brallier SL, Bay C. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 March; 101(3 Pt 1): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9480998&dopt=Abstract
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The utility of albuterol nebulized with heliox during acute asthma exacerbations. Author(s): Kress JP, Noth I, Gehlbach BK, Barman N, Pohlman AS, Miller A, Morgan S, Hall JB. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 May 1; 165(9): 1317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991886&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic equivalence of three metered-dose inhalers containing salbutamol (Albuterol) in protecting against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. Author(s): Mallol J, Aguirre V, Rhem R, Rodriguez J, Dolovich M. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001 December; 32(6): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747248&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute asthma in a field environment using albuterol and a large volume spacer. Author(s): Callahan CW, Peterson D. Source: Military Medicine. 2000 June; 165(6): 449. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10870360&dopt=Abstract
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Undiluted albuterol aerosols in the pediatric emergency department. Author(s): Gutglass DJ, Hampers L, Roosevelt G, Teoh D, Nimmagadda SR, Krug SE. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 May; 105(5): E67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10799631&dopt=Abstract
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Use of hydrofluoroalkane propellant delivery system for inhaled albuterol in patients receiving asthma medications. Author(s): Boccuzzi SJ, Wogen J, Roehm JB. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2000 February; 22(2): 237-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10743983&dopt=Abstract
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Use of the combination product ipratropium and albuterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Crouch MA, Raney CR, Davis K. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 July 12; 159(13): 1501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10399906&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALBUTEROL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and albuterol.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Albuterol The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “albuterol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Albuterol
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “albuterol” (or a synonym): •
Delivery of ipratropium and albuterol combination therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effectiveness of a two-in-one inhaler versus separate inhalers. Author(s): University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
[email protected] Source: Chrischilles, E Gilden, D Kubisiak, J Rubenstein, L Shah, H Am-J-Manag-Care. 2002 October; 8(10): 902-11 1096-1860
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Formulation and evaluation of albuterol metered dose inhalers containing tetrafluoroethane (P134a), a non-CFC propellant. Author(s): College of Pharmacy, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York 11439, USA. Source: Tiwari, D Goldman, D Malick, W A Madan, P L Pharm-Dev-Technol. 1998 May; 3(2): 163-74 1083-7450
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Inhalation by nebulization of albuterol-ipratropium combination (Dey combination) is superior to either agent alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dey Combination Solution Study Group. Author(s): Hines V.A., Hines, Ill., USA. Source: Gross, N Tashkin, D Miller, R Oren, J Coleman, W Linberg, S Respiration. 1998; 65(5): 354-62 0025-7931
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Standard dose of inhaled albuterol significantly increases QT dispersion compared to low dose of albuterol plus ipratropium bromide therapy in moderate to severe acute asthma attacks in children. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Celal Bayar, University Medical Faculty, Manisa, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Coskun, S Yuksel, H Tikiz, H Danahaliloglu, S Pediatr-Int. 2001 December; 43(6): 631-6 1328-8067
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
Nutrition
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to albuterol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALBUTEROL Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to albuterol. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to albuterol and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “albuterol” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to albuterol: •
A potpourri of drug news. Author(s): Mege J. Source: Pa Med. 2000 May; 103(5): 8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10870410&dopt=Abstract
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A trial of oral delta-1-(trans)-tetrahydrocannabinol in reversible airways obstruction. Author(s): Davies BH, Radcliffe S, Seaton A, Graham JD. Source: Thorax. 1975 February; 30(1): 80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1124532&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenergic receptor-mediated response of the rabbit small and large intestine. Author(s): Sim MK, Lim JM.
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Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1983 April; 33(2): 409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6136622&dopt=Abstract •
Adrenoceptors and cardiovascular regulation in conscious, unrestrained, Long Evans and Brattleboro rats. Author(s): Gardiner SM, Bennett T. Source: Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System. 1988 October; 24(3): 193-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3209805&dopt=Abstract
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Air-driven nebulised high-dose salbutamol in severe chronic obstructive airways disease: is it safe? Author(s): Lai CK, Legge JS, Friend JA. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1991; 58(5-6): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1792412&dopt=Abstract
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Bee-sting anaphylaxis in childhood. Author(s): Pearn J, Hawgood S. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1979 September 8; 2(5): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=514147&dopt=Abstract
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Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists and cAMP arrest human cultured airway smooth muscle cells in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle: role of proteasome degradation of cyclin D1. Author(s): Stewart AG, Harris T, Fernandes DJ, Schachte LC, Koutsoubos V, Guida E, Ravenhall CE, Vadiveloo P, Wilson JW. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 1999 November; 56(5): 1079-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10531416&dopt=Abstract
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British usage and American awareness of some new therapeutic drugs. Author(s): Wardell WW. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1973 November-December; 14(6): 1022-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4147920&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchoconstrictor additives in bronchodilator solutions. Author(s): Asmus MJ, Sherman J, Hendeles L. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 104(2 Pt 2): S5360. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452789&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchodilator effects of antiasthmatic cigarette smoke (Datura stramonium). Author(s): Charpin D, Orehek J, Velardocchio JM.
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Source: Thorax. 1979 April; 34(2): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=483196&dopt=Abstract •
Can pre-treatment with beta-agonists reduce stress test time and the use of atropine in dobutamine stress testing? Author(s): Desai MY, De la Pena-Almaguer E, Mannting F. Source: Cardiology. 2001; 95(3): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474162&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular effects after inhalation of large doses of albuterol dry powder in rats, monkeys, and dogs: a species comparison. Author(s): Petruska JM, Beattie JG, Stuart BO, Pai S, Walters KM, Banks CM, Lulham GW, Mirro EJ. Source: Fundamental and Applied Toxicology : Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1997 November; 40(1): 52-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9398487&dopt=Abstract
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Differential inhibition of human liver and duodenum sulphotransferase activities by quercetin, a flavonoid present in vegetables, fruit and wine. Author(s): Marchetti F, De Santi C, Vietri M, Pietrabissa A, Spisni R, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2001 December; 31(12): 841-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780759&dopt=Abstract
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DOs encouraged to participate in pharmaceutical, clinical trials. Author(s): Allen TW. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1994 May; 94(5): 378. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8056625&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-response study with high-dose inhaled salmeterol in healthy subjects. Author(s): Maconochie JG, Forster JK. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992 March; 33(3): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1349491&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of high-dose salbutamol on cardiac rhythm in severe chronic airflow obstruction: a controlled study. Author(s): Hall IP, Woodhead MA, Johnston ID. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1994; 61(4): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7973107&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a fish oil enriched diet on aspirin intolerant asthmatic patients: a pilot study.
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Author(s): Picado C, Castillo JA, Schinca N, Pujades M, Ordinas A, Coronas A, AgustiVidal A. Source: Thorax. 1988 February; 43(2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3353894&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of Abana, an Ayurvedic preparation, on rabbit atrium and intestine. Author(s): Pasnani JS, Hemavathi KG, Gulati OD, Rajani AP. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1988 December; 24(2-3): 287-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3253495&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of chest physical therapy on lung function in children recovering from acute severe asthma. Author(s): Asher MI, Douglas C, Airy M, Andrews D, Trenholme A. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1990; 9(3): 146-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2277735&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of laser-acupuncture in the prevention of exercise-induced asthma. Author(s): Morton AR, Fazio SM, Miller D. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 April; 70(4): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8466094&dopt=Abstract
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Functional antagonism of airway constriction in the canine lung periphery. Author(s): Lindeman KS, Hirshman CA, Freed AN. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1991 November; 71(5): 1848-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1662197&dopt=Abstract
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Herbal therapy use in a pediatric emergency department population: expect the unexpected. Author(s): Lanski SL, Greenwald M, Perkins A, Simon HK. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 May; 111(5 Pt 1): 981-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728075&dopt=Abstract
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High serum albuterol levels and tachycardia in adult asthmatics treated with highdose continuously aerosolized albuterol. Author(s): Lin RY, Smith AJ, Hergenroeder P. Source: Chest. 1993 January; 103(1): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8417883&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose MDI salbutamol treatment of asthma in the ED. Author(s): Rodrigo C, Rodrigo G.
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Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1995 January; 13(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7832947&dopt=Abstract •
In vivo quantification of human pulmonary beta-adrenoceptors: effect of beta-agonist therapy. Author(s): Hayes MJ, Qing F, Rhodes CG, Rahman SU, Ind PW, Sriskandan S, Jones T, Hughes JM. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996 November; 154(5): 1277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8912736&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of asthma education on asthma severity, quality of life and environmental control. Author(s): Cote J, Cartier A, Robichaud P, Boutin H, Malo JL, Rouleau M, Boulet LP. Source: Can Respir J. 2000 September-October; 7(5): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058207&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced chemotaxis and PAF binding to human eosinophils and neutrophils by the specific ginkgolide-derived PAF antagonist, BN 52021. Author(s): Kurihara K, Wardlaw AJ, Moqbel R, Kay AB. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 January; 83(1): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2536413&dopt=Abstract
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Laryngospasm and paradoxical bronchoconstriction after repeated doses of beta 2agonists containing edetate disodium. Author(s): Mutlu GM, Moonjelly E, Chan L, Olopade CO. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000 March; 75(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10725956&dopt=Abstract
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Montelukast or salmeterol combined with an inhaled steroid in adult asthma: design and rationale of a randomized, double-blind comparative study (the IMPACT Investigation of Montelukast as a Partner Agent for Complementary Therapy-trial). Author(s): Bjermer L, Bisgaard H, Bousquet J, Fabbri LM, Greening A, Haahtela T, Holgate ST, Picado C, Leff JA. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2000 June; 94(6): 612-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10921768&dopt=Abstract
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Paradoxical bronchospasm and cutaneous rash after metered-dose bronchodilators. Author(s): Facchini G, Antonicelli L, Cinti B, Bonifazi F, Massei V.
inhaled
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Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1996 June; 51(3): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8766194&dopt=Abstract •
Pharmacological modulation of interleukin-17-induced GCP-2-, GRO-alpha- and interleukin-8 release in human bronchial epithelial cells. Author(s): Prause O, Laan M, Lotvall J, Linden A. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 February 21; 462(1-3): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591113&dopt=Abstract
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Preservatives in nebulizer solutions: risks without benefit. Author(s): Beasley R, Fishwick D, Miles JF, Hendeles L. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1998 January-February; 18(1): 130-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9469687&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of mediator secretion in human basophils by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase: phosphorylation is sensitive to the effects of phosphatidylinositol 3kinase inhibitors and calcium mobilization. Author(s): Gibbs BF, Plath KE, Wolff HH, Grabbe J. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2002 August; 72(2): 391-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149431&dopt=Abstract
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Self-hypnosis for management of chronic dyspnea in pediatric patients. Author(s): Anbar RD. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 February; 107(2): E21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158495&dopt=Abstract
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Tachyphylaxis to systemic but not to airway responses during prolonged therapy with high dose inhaled salbutamol in asthmatics. Author(s): Lipworth BJ, Struthers AD, McDevitt DG. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 September; 140(3): 586-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2782734&dopt=Abstract
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The biochemical effects of high-dose inhaled salbutamol in patients with asthma. Author(s): Lipworth BJ, Clark RA, Fraser CG, McDevitt DG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 36(4): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2737227&dopt=Abstract
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Tomography of regional ventilation and perfusion using krypton 81m in normal subjects and asthmatic patients. Author(s): Orphanidou D, Hughes JM, Myers MJ, Al-Suhali AR, Henderson B.
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Source: Thorax. 1986 July; 41(7): 542-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3491441&dopt=Abstract •
Trachea-noise biofeedback in asthma: a comparison of the effect of trachea-noise biofeedback, a bronchodilator, and no treatment on the rate of recovery from exerciseand eucapnic hyperventilation-induced asthma. Author(s): Mussell MJ, Hartley JP. Source: Biofeedback Self Regul. 1988 September; 13(3): 219-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3228551&dopt=Abstract
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Transforming growth factor-alpha increases alveolar liquid clearance in anesthetized ventilated rats. Author(s): Folkesson HG, Pittet JF, Nitenberg G, Matthay MA. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1996 August; 271(2 Pt 1): L236-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8770062&dopt=Abstract
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Use of isotonic nebulised magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant to salbutamol in treatment of severe asthma in adults: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Hughes R, Goldkorn A, Masoli M, Weatherall M, Burgess C, Beasley R. Source: Lancet. 2003 June 21; 361(9375): 2114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826434&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to albuterol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Herbs and Supplements Albuterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Combivent Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Forskolin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10025,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ALBUTEROL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning albuterol.
Recent Trials on Albuterol The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to albuterol.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Long Term Safety Study of Levalbuterol and Racemic Albuterol in Subjects Twelve Years of Age and Older with Asthma Condition(s): Asthma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Sepracor, Inc. Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of levalbuterol as compared to racemic albuterol based on the frequencies of adverse events reporting during a 12-month period of chronic dosing of adolescent and adult subjects with asthma. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064389
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Study of Albuterol and Oxandrolone in Patients With Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy (FSHD) Condition(s): Muscular Dystrophies Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development Purpose - Excerpt: This is a study to determine whether albuterol or oxandrolone, alone or in combination, are able to increase strength and muscle mass in patients with FSHD. It also will determine if albuterol given in "pulsed" fashion will have more effect than when given continuously. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00027391 •
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Copaxone and Albuterol Condition(s): Autoimmune Diseases; Multiple Sclerosis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of Copaxone alone compared to Copaxone plus albuterol in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). MS is thought to be an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Certain white blood cells of the immune system become abnormally active and mistakenly attack the myelin of nerve fibers. Myelin is a fatty sheath that surrounds nerve fibers and insulates the nerve like insulation around an electrical wire. Without proper myelin insulation, messages sent between the brain and other parts of the body may be confused or fail completely. Damage to myelin causes the symptoms of MS. The most common form of MS is known as relapsing-remitting (RR), where partial or total recovery occurs after attacks. Four therapies are currently approved for the treatment of MS. These therapies, however, are only moderately effective and can cause undesirable side effects. For this reason, there is a need to find new therapies that have minimal side effects and may stop the disease from getting worse. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00039988
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “albuterol” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials:
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For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ALBUTEROL Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “albuterol” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on albuterol, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Albuterol By performing a patent search focusing on albuterol, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on albuterol: •
(+) naloxone and epinephrine combination therapy Inventor(s): Caffrey; James L. (Burleson, TX) Assignee(s): The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth (fort Worth, Tx) Patent Number: 6,284,765 Date filed: April 27, 2000 Abstract: A composition formulated for dose-wise delivery to a breathing passageway of a human, the composition comprising a carrier solution containing (+)naloxone and a pharmacologically effective amount of at least one adrenergic agonist, the (+)naloxone and agonist forming a mixture in the carrier. The at least one adrenergic agonist is selected from the group consisting of epinephrine, isoproterenol, albuterol, aminophylline, beclomethasone, dyphylline, flunisolide, isoetharine, metaproterenol, oxtriphylline, terbutaline, theophylline, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine and norepinephrine. That composition is delivered by an atomizer means such as a liquid sprayer or inhaler to treat nasal congestion and asthmatic attacks. Further provided by the invention is a cardiovascular and respiratory stimulating composition for administration to a patient in doses, the composition comprising a pharmacologically effective concentration of (+)naloxone in a carrier solution. If necessary, the composition may also contain a pharmacologically effective amount of at least one adrenergic agonist. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a composition for and method of alleviating nasal congestion or lung ailments, and for providing energy to persons in emergency situations. More specifically, the present invention is a therapy comprising the opiate antagonist (+)naloxone in combination with an adrenergic agonist/bronchodilator. Naloxone is a narcotic antagonist that prevents or reverses the effects of opiates. The compound and methods for its synthesis are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,254,088 and its use as a narcotic antagonist is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,267,182. Like many compounds, naloxone is a racemic mixture of stereoisomers, termed (+)naloxone and ()naloxone. The racemic mixture (+/-), and in particular the (+)enantiomer, have been shown to potentiate inotropic responses to catecholamines such as epinephrine. Caffrey et al., 31 Circulatory Shock 317-332 (1990). Catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dobutamine, and isoproterenol, act as adrenergic agonists in exerting inotropic influences on cardiac muscle and on the constriction or relaxation of blood vessels and the relaxation of bronchial muscle in mammals. The major inotropic influences of these agonists is to increase the contractility of cardiac muscle, and stimulate heart rate. Adrenergic agonists also increase the level of blood glucose and improve air flow in the lungs and nasal passageway. These adrenergic agonists are powerful inotropic agents and are potentially useful interventions for treatment of asthmatic attacks, nasal congestion, or to improve energy in persons who are facing emergency situations such as in combat or emergency rescue personnel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06284765__
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Aerosol composition of a salt of ipratropium and a salt of albuterol Inventor(s): McNamara; Daniel (Waterbury, CT) Assignee(s): Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ridgefield, Ct) Patent Number: 5,603,918 Date filed: June 9, 1995 Abstract: The present invention is concerned with an aerosol formulation which contains an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of ipratropium and an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of albuterol in combination with an effective amount of soya lecithin as a suspending agent and a propellant. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a novel aerosol composition for inhalation therapy which may be dispensed from standard metered dose aerosol containers. An aerosol for inhalation therapy is a gaseous suspension of very finely divided solid or liquid particles. An aerosol formulation comprises a solution or dispersion of an active ingredient in a liquified medium which comprises a propellant, and any required solvent or surfactant. The propellant is a low boiling liquid, which volatilizes under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. Aerosol containers for inhalation therapy are provided with metered valves which measure the volume of aerosol dispensed which may be correlated to a particular dose of the medication. These aerosol containers are known as metered dose inhalers (MDI). In order to deliver an aerosol spray of uniform composition, an aerosol composition should be as homogenous as possible. In addition, it is essential that an aerosol composition be stable under the typical conditions of storage and shipping that are encountered in various populated geographic areas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05603918__
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Aerosol formulations of albuterol and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Inventor(s): Chaudry; Imtiaz A. (North Caldwell, NJ), Fassberg; Julianne (Westfield, NJ), Kopcha; Michael (Kendall Park, NJ), Sequeira; Joel A. (Edison, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 6,416,743 Date filed: August 30, 2000 Abstract: Aerosol formulations substantially free of chlorofluorocarbons, for oral and/or nasal administration are described. The formulations comprise 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane, a medicament, optionally an excipient and optionally a surfactant. Methods of treatment utilizing the formulations also are described. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed at aerosol formulations which are substantially free of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's). More specifically, the present invention is directed at formulations substantially free of CFC's and having particular utility in medicinal applications, especially in metered dose pressurized inhalators (MDI's). Metered dose inhalators have proven to be an effective method for delivering medicaments orally and nasally. They have been used extensively for delivering bronchodilating and steroidal compounds to asthmatics and may also be useful for delivering other compounds such as pentamidine and non-bronchodilator antiinflammatory drugs. The rapid onset of activity of compounds administered in this manner and the absence of any significant side effects have resulted in a large number of
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compounds being formulated for administration via this route. Typically, the drug is delivered to the patient by a propellant system generally comprising one or more propellants which have the appropriate vapor pressure and which are suitable for oral or nasal administration. The more preferred propellant systems typically comprise propellant 11, propellant 12, propellant 114 or mixtures thereof. Often the vapor pressure of the propellant systems is adjusted by admixing a liquid excipient with the propellant. However, propellants 11, 12 and 114 belong to a class of compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons, which have been linked to the depletion of ozone in the atmosphere. It has been postulated that ozone blocks certain harmful UV rays and that a decrease in the atmospheric ozone content will result in an increase in the incidence of skin cancer. In the 1970's certain steps were taken to reduce the CFC emissions from aerosols. Other propellants, such as hydrocarbons, were used, or the product was delivered in a different manner. Because CFC usage in medicinal applications is relatively low i.e. less than 1% of total CFC emissions, and because of the health benefits associated with metered dose inhalators, steps were not taken at that time to restrict the use of CFC propellants in metered dose inhalators. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416743__ •
Asymmetric synthesis of (R)- and (S)-arylethanolamines from iminoketones Inventor(s): Gao; Yun (Southborough, MA), Hong; Yaping (Worcester, MA), Zepp; Charles M. (Berlin, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor, Inc. (marlborough, Ma) Patent Number: 5,442,118 Date filed: April 22, 1994 Abstract: A method for the enantioselective reduction of an.alpha.-iminoketone to an.alpha.-aminoalcohol is disclosed. The method utilizes a borane reducing agent as the reducing agent and a chiral 1,3,2-oxazaborole as the catalyst. The method is applied to the synthesis of R-albuterol from methyl 5-acetylsalicylate in high yield and high optical purity. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for the enantiospecific reduction of an.alpha.-iminoketone to an.alpha.aminoalcohol, particularly an arylethanolamine. The method comprises reacting an.alpha.-iminoketone with a borane reducing agent in the presence of a 1,3,2-oxazaborolidine catalyst. Asymmetric reductions of prochiral ketones with borane in the presence of chiral oxazaborolidine catalysts are known, and high enantioselectivities have been observed with many ketones. Unfortunately, the high enantioselectivity observed with simple ketones has not been achieved in asymmetric borane reduction of.alpha.-amino substituted ketones, which give products characterized by disappointingly low enantiomeric excesses (ee). It is an object of the present invention to provide a general method for the synthesis of optically pure (R)and (S)-albuterol and similar ethanolamines via the asymmetric reduction of.alpha.iminoketone precursors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05442118__
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Compositions and method for enhancement of the transdermal flux of albuterol with a combination of 1-dodecyl-azacyclopheptan-2-one and urea Inventor(s): Sequeira; Joel A. (New York, NY), Zupon; Michael A. (Madison, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 4,699,777 Date filed: August 21, 1985 Abstract: A topical albuterol composition having superior transdermal flux containing various amounts of albuterol, 1-dodecyl-azacycloheptan-2-one and urea in a nonaqueous environment. The enhancement observed in albuterol skin penetration indicates that a therapeutically effective amount of albuterol can be delivered through skin using these formulations. The compositions can be administered topically as a cream, lotion or via a transdermal device. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for increasing the transdermal flux of albuterol and to compositions for effecting the method. The compositions of the invention, which greatly increase the transdermal flux of albuterol, comprise albuterol with a combination of 1-dodecyl-azacycloheptan-2-one and urea. 1-Dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one is registered under the U.S. Trademark "Azone" and is commercially available from Nelson Research and Development Company, Irvine, Calif. Compositions and the method for preparation of the compound are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,989,815, and 4,316,893. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04699777__
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Controlled release formulation (albuterol) Inventor(s): Baichwal; Anand (Wappingers Falls, NY), McCall; Troy W. (New Milford, CT) Assignee(s): Edward Mendell Co., Inc. (patterson, Ny) Patent Number: 5,662,933 Date filed: November 3, 1995 Abstract: A sustained release pharmaceutical formulation and methods of making and using the same are provided. The sustained release pharmaceutical formulation includes a sustained release excipient including a gelling agent, an inert pharmaceutical diluent, an optional hydrophobic material and/or hydrophobic coating, and a medicament for sustained oral administration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to controlled release formulations which may be blended with a wide range of therapeutically active medicaments and made into controlled release solid dosage forms for oral administration. The advantages of controlled release products are well known in the pharmaceutical field and include the ability to maintain a desired blood level of a medicament over a comparatively longer period of time while increasing patient compliance by reducing the number administrations. These advantages have been attained by a wide variety of methods. For example, different hydrogels have been described for use in controlled release medicines, some of which are synthetic, but most of which are semi-synthetic or of natural origin. A few contain both synthetic and non-synthetic material. However, some of the systems require special process and production equipment, and in addition some of these systems are susceptible to variable drug release. Oral controlled release delivery
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systems should ideally be adaptable so that release rates and profiles can be matched to physiological and chronotherapeutic requirements. In U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,994,276, 5,128,143, and 5,135,757, hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, it is reported that a controlled release excipient which is comprised of a synergistic combination of heterodisperse polysaccharides (e.g., a heteropolysaccharide such as xanthan gum in combination with a polysaccharide gum capable of cross-linking with the heteropolysaccharide, such as locust bean gum, in an aqueous environment) is capable of being processed into oral solid dosage forms using either direct compression (i.e., dry granulation), following addition of drug and lubricant powder, conventional wet granulation, or a combination of the two. The release of the medicament from the formulations therein proceeded according to zero-order or first-order mechanisms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05662933__ •
Enantioselective preparation of optically pure albuterol Inventor(s): Gao; Yun (Framingham, MA), Zepp; Charles M. (Berlin, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor, Inc. (marlborough, Ma) Patent Number: 5,399,765 Date filed: May 23, 1994 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing albuterol by the resolution of a mixture of enantiomers of 5-[2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-1-hydroxyethyl]-2hydroxybenzoate using ditoluoyltartaric acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of preparing optically pure (R) and (S) albuterol. More particularly, the present invention relates to the preparation and resolution of the albuterol precursor methyl 5-[2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-1hydroxyethyl]-2-hydroxybenzoate with a chiral acid. Albuterol, also referred to as.alpha.-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]methyl]-4-hydroxy-1,3-benzenedimethanol or salbutamol, is a.beta.-2 agonist useful as a bronchodilator. It possesses a high degree of selectivity between.beta.-1 receptors (which are present in the heart) and.beta.-2 receptors (which are present in bronchial tissue and elsewhere), for which reason it is widely used in the treatment of asthma, since in therapeutic doses it exhibits fewer cardiac side effects than many other.beta.-agonists. It is known that among many drugs having chiral centers one enantiomer of a racemic pair is often more active than the other in treating a medical condition. Recent data suggest that the levorotatory R-isomer of albuterol is approximately 80 times more potent than the dextrorotatory S-isomer (Hartley and Middlemis, J. Med. Chem. 14 895-896 (1971)), and preliminary research indicates that administration of the pure R-enantiomer may offer an improved therapeutic ratio. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05399765__
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Intermediates in the preparation of alpha1(((1,1-dimethylethyl) amino) methyl)-4hydroxy-1,3-benzenedimethanol Inventor(s): Babad; Esther (West Orange, NJ), Carruthers; Nicholas (Springfield, NJ), Steinman; Martin (Livingston, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering-plough Corp. (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 4,952,729 Date filed: November 3, 1989 Abstract: There is disclosed an improved process for preparing albuterol which comprises reacting a 5-(haloacetyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 1,1dimethylethanamine in an organic solvent and in an inert atmosphere to form 5-[[(1,1dimethylethyl)amino]acetyl]-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and reducing the carbonyl functions to the corresponding hydroxy groups to form albuterol. Excerpt(s):.alpha.sup.1 -[[(1,1-Dimethylethyl)amino]methyl]-4-hydroxy-1,3benzenedimethanol, a substance known as albuterol and salbutamol, is a potent longlasting.beta.-adrenoceptor stimulant that is orally effective and shows highly selective action on bronchial smooth muscle. Albuterol is indicated for the relief of bronchospasm in patients with reversible airway disease. Albuterol has been prepared, see Irish Patent Specification No. 31391, Aug. 9, 1972, starting from the appropriate acetophenone derivative methyl-5-(bromoacetyl-2-hydroxybenzoate, by condensation with N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzenemethanamine in the presence of base to form the ketonic ester, methyl-5[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)(phenylmethyl)-amino]acetyl-2hydroxybenzoate. The ketonic ester is reduced with lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran under nitrogen to yield.alpha.1-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)(phenylmethyl)amino]methyl]-4-hydroxy-1,3-b enzenedimethanol which is subsequently debenzylated with hydrogen in the presence of palladium on carbon catalyst to produce albuterol. We have found that albuterol can be conveniently prepared in good yield by reacting 5-(halo acetyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 1,1dimethylethanamine followed by reduction of the intermediate ketone compound, 5[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]acetyl]-2hydroxybenzaldehyde. The synthesis does not require protection of any of the reactive functional groups on either of the reactants, for example the hydroxy or aldehyde function of the 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde starting material or the amino function of the 1,1dimethylethanamine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04952729__
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Metered dose inhaler for albuterol Inventor(s): Ashurst; Ian Carl (Ware, GB), Herman; Craig Steven (Raleigh, NC), LiBovet; Li (Scotch Plains, NJ), Riebe; Michael Thomas (Raleigh, NC) Assignee(s): Glaxo Group Limited (greenford Middlesex, Gb), Glaxo Wellcome Inc. (research Triangle Park, Nc) Patent Number: 6,131,566 Date filed: March 31, 1997 Abstract: A metered dose inhaler having all or part of its internal surfaces coated with one or more fluorocarbon polymers, optimally a blend of one or more fluorocarbon polymers in combination with one or more non-fluorocarbon polymers, for dispensing an inhalation drug formation comprising albuterol or a physiologically acceptable salt
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thereof and a fluorocarbon propellant, optionally in combination with one or more other pharmacologically active agents or one or more excipients. Excerpt(s): Drugs for treating respiratory and nasal disorders are frequently administered in aerosol formulations through the mouth or nose. One widely used method for dispensing such aerosol drug formulations involves making a suspension formulation of the drug as a finely divided powder in a liquefied gas known as a propellant. The suspension is stored in a sealed container capable of withstanding the pressure required to maintain the propellant as a liquid. The suspension is dispersed by activation of a dose metering valve affixed to the container. A metering valve may be designed to consistently release a fixed, predetermined mass of the drug formulation upon each activation. As the suspension is forced from the container through the dose metering valve by the high vapor pressure of the propellant, the propellant rapidly vaporizes leaving a fast moving cloud of very fine particles of the drug formulation. This cloud of particles is directed into the nose or mouth of the patient by a channelling device such as a cylinder or open-ended cone. Concurrently with the activation of the aerosol dose metering valve, the patient inhales the drug particles into the lungs or nasal cavity. Systems of dispensing drugs in this way are known as "metered dose inhalers" (MDI's). See Peter Byron, Respiratory Drug Delivery, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (1990) for a general background on this form of therapy. Patients often rely on medication delivered by MDI's for rapid treatment of respiratory disorders which are debilitating and in some cases, even life threatening. Therefore, it is essential that the prescribed dose of aerosol medication delivered to the patient consistently meet the specifications claimed by the manufacturer and comply with the requirements of the FDA and other regulatory authorities. That is, every dose in the can must be the same within close tolerances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06131566__ •
Method and composition for treating cystic fibrosis Inventor(s): Drumm; Mitchell L. (Brecksville, OH), Kelley; Thomas J. (Mayfield Heights, OH) Assignee(s): Case Western Reserve University (cleveland, Oh) Patent Number: 5,602,110 Date filed: January 26, 1995 Abstract: A method and composition for treating cystic fibrosis comprising administering to a patient a first component, a second component, and preferably a third component. The first component is an inhibitor which is specific for a cGMPinhibited type III cAMP phosphodiesterase, preferably milrinone or amrinone; the second component is an adenylate cyclase activator, preferably forskolin, isoproterenol or albuterol; the third component is cAMP or a cAMP analog which activates protein kinase A. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the treatment of cystic fibrosis and more particularly to the treatment of chloride secretion insufficiencies associated with cystic fibrosis by administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition or a combination of components. Cystic fibrosis ("CF") is a congenital disease characterized by abnormal fluid and solute balance across the epithelia of several organs. Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal congenital disease among caucasians where it has a prevalence of about 1 in 2000 live births. Cystic fibrosis is a
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disease of secretory epithelia, tissues that mediate the transport of water, salt, and other solutes between the blood and the outside world. Epithelial cells exhibit anatomical and functional polarity. The basolateral membrane, which faces the blood, and the apical membrane, which faces the lumen (the outside world) mediate different transport events. Together they give rise to net chloride transport across the epithelium from blood to lumen. Sodium and water accompany the transport of chloride, resulting in secretion of a solution of sodium chloride into the lumen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05602110__ •
Method of treating premature uterine contractions using the optically active R(-)isomer of albuterol Inventor(s): Pesterfield, Jr.; E. Charles (1640-22 Powers Ferry Rd., Marietta, GA 30067) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,708,036 Date filed: January 29, 1996 Abstract: The optically pure R-isomer of the adrenergic beta-2 agonist albuterol, substantially free of its corresponding S-isomer, has been found to potently inhibit premature uterine contractions in female subjects, suffering from said condition, while avoiding side effects associated with the corresponding S-isomer. A new method is disclosed utilizing the optically pure R(-)-isomer of albuterol for treating premature uterine contractions while minimizing the side effects associated with administration of racemic albuterol. Excerpt(s): Many biologically active molecules exist as enantiomers. Although structurally identical, enantiomers can have different effects in biological systems: one enantiomer may have specific therapeutic activity while the other enantiomer may have no therapeutic activity or may have entirely different forms of biological activity. The form in which adrenergic beta-2 agonists presently are used are as racemic mixtures of two isomer (ex. R- and S-albuterol; R- and S-terbutaline). An R-isomer of a racemic compound is structurally identical to the S-isomer and structurally the isomers differ only in that one isomer is a mirror image of the other. The therapeutic action of beta-2 adrenergic drugs is to activate adrenergic beta-2 receptors and thereby initiate cellular responses, the most well-known is the relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles. Thus beta-2 agonists are most commonly used to treat bronchial spasms associated with asthma. These drug have also been used to inhibit premature contractions (labor) of the pregnant uterus, but there are potentially hazardous side effects of the drug when used for this indication, and prevention of premature labor has not been an officially approved indication in most countries, including USA. The potentially hazardous side effects include induction of uterine hyperreactivity (stimulation of uterine contractions) and teratogenic effects of the drug to the fetus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05708036__
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Process for preparing albuterol, acetal, hemi-acetal, and hydrates of arylglyoxal intermediates thereof Inventor(s): Chiu; John (Parsippany, NJ), Colon; Cesar (Rahway, NJ), Green; Michael (Paterson, NJ), Lee; Junning (Springfield, NJ), McAllister; Timothy L. (Fords, NJ), Tann; Chou-Hong (Berkeley Heights, NJ), Thiruvengadam; T. K. (Edison, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corp. (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 5,283,359 Date filed: March 1, 1993 Abstract: The preparation of arylethanolamines, and in particular albuterol (salbutamol), together with their novel boron, acetal and hemi-acetal intermediates is described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the preparation of arylethanolamines, and in particular to the synthesis of albuterol (salbutamol) and other arylethanolamines of the type disclosed in British Patent Specifications Nos. 1,200,886, 1,214,012 and 1,266,058. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to the preparation of certain novel boron-complexes and of certain acetals, hemi-acetals and hydrates of arylglyoxals useful as intermediates in preparing said arylethanolamines, particularly albuterol. British Patent Specification No. 1,200,886 discloses certain arylethanolamines, which are theraputically active compounds useful as antihypertensive and bronchodilating agents, and two methods for their preparation. British Patent Specification 1,200,886, "Pharmazeutische Wirkstoffe (Synthesen, Patente, Anwendungen)", Vol. 5, by Kleeman and Engel (2nd Edition, New York and Stuttgart), p. 813, 1982 and "Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia", Second Edition, Vol. 1, by Marshall Sittig, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A., 1988, pp. 31-33, teach the preparation of albuterol by condensation of a haloacetophenone with a benzyl protected t-butyl amine. These processes have the disadvantage of producing albuterol in low yields with a significant generation of waste or undesirable by-products. Part of this inefficiency is due to the requisite use of multiple reducing agents, i.e. lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride and hydrogenation with palladium/carbon catalysts, accompanied by multiple clean-up procedures. Another reason for the inefficiency is the requisite use of a benzyl-protecting group on the amine to prevent dialkylation of the amine, necessitating further deprotection and clean-up procedures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05283359__
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Process for the production of optically enriched (R)- or (S)-albuterol Inventor(s): Caira; Mino (Claremont, ZA), Clauss; Rainer (Twickenham, GB), Gibson; Joanne (Cape Town, ZA), Grimmbacher; Tarron (Claremont, ZA), Hunter; Roger (Claremont, ZA), Nassimbeni; Luigi (Rosebank, ZA), Scott; Janet (South Yarra, AU), Stevens; Anne (Tokai, ZA) Assignee(s): Fine Chemical Corporation Limited (cape Town, Za) Patent Number: 6,365,756 Date filed: November 13, 2000 Abstract: A process for the production of optically enriched (R)- or (S)-albuterol or (R)or (S)-albuterol salts by the resolution of a novel ketal derivative 2-(N-t-butylamino)-1(+2,2-dimethyl-1,2-benzodioxin-6-yl) ethanol, with a chiral tartaric acid derivative.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the production of optically enriched (R)- or (S)-albuterol or (R)- or (S)-albuterol salts, by the resolution of a novel ketal derivative of the enantiomers of albuterol, with a chiral tartaric acid derivative. (4) recovering the compound of the formula (2) from the mixture of step (3). Thereafter, the compound of the formula (2) in crude form may be recrystallised from a suitable solvent, or purified using column chromatography, to yield pure crystalline compound of the formula (2). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06365756__ •
Ractopamine and growth hormone combinations Inventor(s): Anderson; David B. (Greenfield, IN), Jones; D. Jay (Indianapolis, IN), Melliere; Alvin L. (Greenfield, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (indianapolis, In) Patent Number: 5,453,418 Date filed: November 20, 1992 Abstract: Combined administration of a growth hormone related substance and ractopamine, cimaterol, clenbuterol, L-644,969, or albuterol to swine provides improved growth feed efficiency, and carcass quality. Administration of ractopamine, cimaterol, clenbuterol, L-644,969, or albuterol to swine that also receive growth hormone related substance reduces greater than normal blood sugar and insulin levels.This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/694,628, filed May 2, 1991, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/164,675, filed Mar. 7, 1988, now abandoned. Excerpt(s): This invention provides a combination product useful for improving feed efficiency, growth rate, and carcass quality of pigs. It also provides related growth promotion methods. Ractopamine and its use as a growth promoter for pigs are disclosed in U.S. Pat No. 4,690,951. Growth hormone and growth hormone related substances are also recognized growth promoters for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 35 (4), 794-800 (1972). However, certain disadvantages accompany use of exogenously administered growth hormone and growth hormone related substances. More specifically, the ratio of carcass weight to live weight (dressing percent) is reduced when growth hormone is used. This arises because growth hormone increases rate of viscera growth faster than it increases rate of carcass (muscle, bone, skin, and fat) growth. Further, use of growth hormone causes increased blood sugar and insulin levels which can be detrimental to the health of the pigs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05453418__
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Single layer transdermal drug administration system Inventor(s): Berger; Hana (Lincolnshire, IL), Farhadieh; Bahram (Libertyville, IL), Gokhale; Rajeev D. (Vernon Hills, IL), Vallner; Joseph (Mountainview, CA) Assignee(s): G. D. Searle & Co. (chicago, Il) Patent Number: 5,164,189 Date filed: March 11, 1991
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Abstract: A patch for the transdermal delivery of pharmaceutical drugs. The patch is characterized by having a single mass of elastomer in which the active drug and a percutaneous absorption enhancer are homogeneously dispersed throughout. The patch is especially well suited to delivering the beta.sub.2 adrenergic agonist drug albuterol. Excerpt(s): --Represents a single-layer albuterol transdermal patch (Example 2) (n=3).quadrature.--Represents a double-layer albuterol transdermal patch (Example 3) (n=6). The present invention comprises a transdermal patch for the administration of drugs percutaneously. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05164189__ •
Stable pleasant-tasting albuterol sulfate pharmaceutical formulations Inventor(s): Sequeira; Joel A. (New York, NY), Zupon; Michael A. (Madison, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (madison, Nj) Patent Number: 4,499,108 Date filed: June 8, 1983 Abstract: Albuterol sulfate syrups that are pleasant-tasting and stable upon prolonged storage. Excerpt(s): This invention provides a pleasant-tasting, highly-stable albuterol sulfate syrup. Ordinary sugars such as glucose and fructose are known to degrade albuterol sulfate, see, for example Hakes et al., J. Pharm Pharmol. 32, Suppl. 49P, (1980). Even a plain buffered albuterol sulfate solution, i.e. one containing no sugar or other ingredients, degrades upon prolonged storage. (f) water q.s. for 1 ml. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04499108__
Patent Applications on Albuterol As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to albuterol: •
Albuterol and ipratropium inhalation solution, system, kit and method for relieving symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inventor(s): Banerjee, Partha; (San Ramon, CA), Chaudry, Imtiaz; (Napa, CA) Correspondence: Baker & Botts, L.L.P.; 44th Floor; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112; US Patent Application Number: 20030149007 Date filed: June 3, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a dual bronchodilator inhalation solution, system, kit and method for relieving bronchospasm in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In one alternative embodiment, the solution of
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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the present invention is a prepackaged, sterile, premixed, premeasured single unit dose of albuterol and ipratropium bromide for patients suffering from COPD. The present solution may be free of antimicrobial preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride. In another alternative embodiment, the solution of the present invention comprises about 2.50 mg albuterol and about 0.50 mg ipratropium bromide. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/034,657, filed Dec. 28, 2001, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/346,078, filed Oct. 26, 2001. The entire disclosure of these prior applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The present invention relates to a combination bronchodilator therapy for relieving symptoms associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive airway disease that produces a decline in lung function that is not fully reversible. The airway limitation in COPD is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Albuterol formulations Inventor(s): Muelller, Stewart H.; (Sudbury, MA), Wherry, Robert J.; (Nashua, NH) Correspondence: Heslin Rothenberg Farley & Mesiti PC; 5 Columbia Circle; Albany; NY; 12203; US Patent Application Number: 20020002204 Date filed: March 22, 2001 Abstract: Albuterol formulations packaged in an oxygen-permeable plastic container have a long shelf life at room temperature. The formulations consist essentially of albuterol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, sodium chloride, and water, have a pH of about 4, and contain less than 0.08% by weight of albuterol aldehyde and less than 1 ppm dissolved oxygen. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/191,910, filed Mar. 24, 2000. The invention relates to packaged albuterol formulations having a long shelf life. An attractive method for aseptic packaging of sterile pharmaceutical solutions is an automated process called blow-fill-seal (BFS) technology, wherein plastic containers are formed, filled and sealed in one continuous operation with limited need for human intervention. An advantage of this technology is that the opportunity for microbial contamination is minimized. It has been used for the production of unit dosage vials containing albuterol. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Albuterol inhalation solution, system, kit and method for relieving symptoms of pediatric asthma Inventor(s): Banerjee, Partha; (San Ramon, CA), Chaudry, Imtiaz; (Napa, CA) Correspondence: Coudert Brothers; Attn: Lewis Reff; 1114 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20030124063 Date filed: December 28, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an albuterol inhalation solution, system, kit and method for relieving bronchospasm in children suffering from asthma. In one alternative embodiment, the solution of the present invention is a sterile, premixed, premeasured single unit dose of albuterol for asthmatic patients 2 to 12 years of age. The present solution may be free of anti-microbial preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride. In another alternative embodiment, the solution of the present invention comprises about 0.63 mg or about 1.25 mg albuterol. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. ______, filed Oct. 26, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to an albuterol inhalation solution, system, kit and method for relieving symptoms associated with asthma in children. Asthma is a pulmonary disease marked by (1) labored breathing; (2) wheezing; and (3) coughing. Asthma is characterized by: (1) airway inflammation; (2) airway hyperresponsiveness; and (3) airway obstruction (or airway narrowing) that is partially or completely reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment. Common symptoms of asthma include wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest and a persistent cough. The severity of the symptoms vary widely from patient to patient, and even from one episode (attack) to the next. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for manufacturing a metered dose inhaler Inventor(s): Ashurst, Ian C.; (Ware, GB), Britto, Ignatius Loy; (Cary, NC), Herman, Craig Steven; (Raleigh, NC), Li-Bovet, Li; (Chapel Hill, NC), Riebe, Michael Thomas; (Raleigh, NC) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030138559 Date filed: February 3, 2003 Abstract: A metered dose inhaler having all or part of its internal surfaces coated with one or more fluorocarbon polymers, optimally in combination with one or more nonfluorocarbon polymers, for dispensing an inhalation drug formation comprising albuterol or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof and a fluorocarbon propellant, optionally in combination with one or more other pharmacologically active agents or one or more excipients. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/570,725 filed on May 15, 2000, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/829,562 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,253,762) filed on Mar. 31, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/584,859 filed on Jan. 5, 1996 (now abandoned), which is a
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continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/422,111 filed on Apr. 14, 1995 (now abandoned). Application Ser. No. 08/829,562 is also a continuation of PCT International Application No. PCT/US96/05006 filed Apr. 10, 1996, which designated the United States, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/584,859 filed on Jan. 5, 1996 (now abandoned), which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/422,111 filed on Apr. 14, 1995 (now abandoned). The entire contents of each of the above-identified applications are hereby incorporated by reference. Drugs for treating respiratory and nasal disorders are frequently administered in aerosol formulations through the mouth or nose. One widely used method for dispensing such aerosol drug formulations involves making a suspension formulation of the drug as a finely divided powder in a liquefied gas known as a propellant. The suspension is stored in a sealed container capable of withstanding the pressure required to maintain the propellant as a liquid. The suspension is dispersed by activation of a dose metering valve affixed to the container. A metering valve may be designed to consistently release a fixed, predetermined mass of the drug formulation upon each activation. As the suspension is forced from the container through the dose metering valve by the high vapor pressure of the propellant, the propellant rapidly vaporizes leaving a fast moving cloud of very fine particles of the drug formulation. This cloud of particles is directed into the nose or mouth of the patient by a channeling device such as a cylinder or open-ended cone. Concurrently with the activation of the aerosol dose metering valve, the patient inhales the drug particles into the lungs or nasal cavity. Systems of dispensing drugs in this way are known as "metered dose inhalers" (MDI's). See Peter Byron, Respiratory Drug Delivery, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (1990), for a general background on this form of therapy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Sustained release pharmaceutical preparations and methods for producing the same Inventor(s): Kumbhani, Davejibhai; (Parsippany, NJ), Pandya, Harish B.; (Piscataway, NJ), Patel, Hiren; (Parsippany, NJ) Correspondence: Greenblum & Bernstein, P.L.C.; 1950 Roland Clarke Place; Reston; VA; 20191; US Patent Application Number: 20030198670 Date filed: April 12, 2002 Abstract: An extended release tablet comprising a core including albuterol sulfate and extended release agent; and an extended release coating on the core to provide for sustained release of the albuterol sulfate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to sustained release pharmaceutical preparations and methods for producing the same. In particular, this invention relates to albuterol sulfate pharmaceutical sustained release formulations and their preparation. Albuterol sulfate is a bronchodilator which is believed to be a beta-adrengenic agonist which stimulates beta-adrengeric receptor, which leads to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibits hypersensitivity of mast cells. Albuterol sulfate is indicated for the relief of bronchospasm for the management of asthma and reversible obstructibe airway disease. Albuterol sulfate extended release tablets are currently available as Volmax.RTM. Tablets, which are available in two strengths, 4 and 8 mg, and manufactured by Glaxo Wellcome Ltd. UK England, Muro Pharmaceutical Inc., Tewksbury, Mass. The oral administration of Volmax.RTM. tablets provides a duration of action up to 12 hours, with the maximum concentration of drug in plasma being
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reached within 6 hours, and the plasma half-life being about 9 hours. Volmax.RTM. releases the drug from polymeric coated tablets through a laser drilled hole on one side of the tablet (OROS.TM. technology). The tablets include a rate controlling semipermeable membrane, and a core of albuterol and osmotic agent. An osmotic gradient caused by core components draws water only into the tablet, where albuterol and osmotic agent dissolve, and albuterol is released through the laser drilled hole. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with albuterol, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “albuterol” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on albuterol. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning albuterol. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALBUTEROL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover albuterol.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on albuterol is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “albuterol” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to albuterol. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “albuterol” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for albuterol: •
Asthma hospitalizations lower after ED levalbuterol use Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 28, 2004
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Advantages seen with levalbuterol over racemic albuterol for asthma, COPD Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 20, 2003
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Ivax files for US approval of non-ozone depleting albuterol bronchodilator Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 03, 2003
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Incremental albuterol delivery not advantageous in emergency asthma care Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 28, 2003
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Capsaicin-responsive nerves involved in albuterol-induced airway hyperresponsiveness Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 21, 2002
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Bronchoprotection from CFC-free albuterol inhaler akin to standard device Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 14, 2002
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Helium may improve albuterol deposition in asthmatics Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 06, 2002
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Andrx warns of low Q4 profits amid product delays, albuterol sales slow Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 08, 2002
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Albuterol enantiomers have comparable therapeutic ratio in asthma patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 19, 2001
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Second-hand albuterol detected in respiratory therapists' plasma Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 20, 2001
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Albuterol may have serious cardiovascular effects in hypoxic asthmatics Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 17, 2001
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FDA approves pediatric formulation of albuterol Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 04, 2001
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CFC-free albuterol inhaler effective for asthma control Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 20, 2001
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Preservative used in albuterol can induce bronchospasm Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 08, 2001
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Albuterol via chlorofluorocarbon-free inhaler effective in asthmatic children Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 26, 2001
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CFC-free albuterol inhaler effective in pediatric asthma Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 27, 2000
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “albuterol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “albuterol” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to albuterol, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “albuterol” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Albuterol Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to albuterol. In addition to
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these sources, you can search for articles covering albuterol that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for albuterol. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with albuterol. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to albuterol: Bronchodilators, Adrenergic •
Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin Chloride; Airet; Alupent; Arm-a-Med Isoetharine; Arm-a-Med Metaproterenol; Asthmahaler Mist; AsthmaNefrin; Beta2; Brethaire; Bronkaid Mist; Bronkaid Suspension Mist; Bronkometer; Bronkosol; Dey-Lute Isoetharine; Dey-Lute Metaproterenol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202095.html
•
Oral/Injection - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin; Alupent; Ana-Guard; Brethine; Bricanyl; EpiPen Auto-Injector; EpiPen Jr. Auto-Injector; Isuprel; Proventil; Proventil Repetabs; Ventolin; Volmax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202096.html
Ipratropium and Albuterol •
Inhalation-Local - U.S. Brands: Combivent; DuoNeb http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203487.html
Levalbuterol •
Inhalation-Local - U.S. Brands: Xopenex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203784.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.
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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “albuterol” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 6214 13 474 14 27 6742
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “albuterol” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on albuterol can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to albuterol. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to albuterol. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “albuterol”:
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•
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Other guides Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html Asthma in Children http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthmainchildren.html COPD http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/copdchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease.t ml Muscular Dystrophy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musculardystrophy.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to albuterol. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to albuterol. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with albuterol. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about albuterol. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “albuterol” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “albuterol”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “albuterol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “albuterol” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ALBUTEROL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenalin: A hormone of the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of
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antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH]
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Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell. Its therapeutic use in congestive heart or left ventricular failure is associated with significant increases in the cardiac index, reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance, and little or no change in mean arterial pressure. One of its more serious side effects is thrombocytopenia in some patients. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH]
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Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antiasthmatic: An agent that relieves the spasm of asthma. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrestin: A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals. [NIH]
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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrioventricular Node: A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of asthma. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for
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the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is
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most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Spasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic
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processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH]
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Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorofluorocarbons: A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cockroaches: Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, Blattellidae, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach Periplaneta americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH]
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Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH]
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Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Contusion: A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. [EU] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH]
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Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextrorotatory: Turning towards the right hand. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]
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Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dobutamine: A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH]
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Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyphylline: A theophylline derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH]
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Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU]
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Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease. [NIH]
Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forskolin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as
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a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH]
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Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH]
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Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
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Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local
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infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-17: Proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-lymphocytes or their precursors. IL-17 is homologous to an open reading frame found in Herpesvirus saimiri. [NIH]
Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds,
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wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipratropium: A muscarinic antagonist structurally related to atropine but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma. [NIH] Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant. [NIH] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of
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the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Length of Stay: The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility. [NIH]
Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocyte Count: A count of the number of white blood cells per unit volume in venous blood. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
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Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]
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Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Milrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the ionotropic potency of amrinone. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multidose: Occurring in, or using multiple doses. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH]
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Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nebulizer: A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray. [NIH] Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU]
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Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Medicine: A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats,
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waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH]
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Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Pest Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic components of variability in individual responses to and metabolism (biotransformation) of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylbutyrate: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called differentiating agents. [NIH] Phenylephrine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phototransduction: The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second
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messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]
Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH] Plethysmography: Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH]
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Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH]
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Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a
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machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH]
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Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist that has reported anticonvulsant activity. It has been shown to prolong the survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has been approved in the United States to treat patients with ALS. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saimiri: A genus of the family Cebidae consisting of four species: S. boliviensis, S. orstedii (red-backed squirrel monkey), S. sciureus (common squirrel monkey), and S. ustus. They inhabit tropical rain forests in Central and South America. S. sciureus is used extensively in research studies. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme
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dilutions. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Tests: Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU]
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Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spirogram: A record of the amounts of air being moved in and out of the lungs. [NIH] Spirometry: Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung. [NIH] Sprayer: A device for converting a medicated liquid into a vapor for inhalation; an instrument for applying a spray which is a jet of fine medicated vapor used either as an application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU]
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Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraventricular: Situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [NIH]
Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH]
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Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH]
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Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the
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tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wounds, Gunshot: Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
143
INDEX A Acetylcholine, 22, 103 Acidosis, 21, 103 Adenine, 103 Adenosine, 24, 103, 130, 138 Adenosine Monophosphate, 24, 103 Adenylate Cyclase, 66, 103, 118 Adjuvant, 53, 103, 119 Adrenal Cortex, 103, 113, 132 Adrenal Medulla, 103, 110, 117, 128 Adrenalin, 9, 80, 103 Adrenaline, 60, 103 Adrenergic Agonists, 60, 103 Adverse Effect, 103, 115, 136 Aerosol, 15, 18, 23, 28, 37, 40, 61, 66, 73, 103, 107 Affinity, 103, 104, 124, 136 Age Groups, 12, 104 Aged, 80 and Over, 104 Agonist, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16, 51, 60, 64, 67, 70, 73, 104, 115, 117, 123, 127, 130, 138 Air Sacs, 104 Airway, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 19, 20, 27, 28, 39, 48, 50, 52, 65, 71, 72, 73, 76, 104, 109, 141 Airway Obstruction, 72, 104 Algorithms, 104, 108 Alimentary, 104, 123 Alkaline, 103, 104, 105, 109, 129 Alkaloid, 104, 107, 111, 126, 138 Allergen, 14, 28, 104, 114 Allergic Rhinitis, 104, 109 Allylamine, 104 Alternative medicine, 77, 104 Aluminum, 65, 68, 104 Alveoli, 13, 104, 140 Amine, 68, 104, 120 Amino Acids, 9, 104, 105, 133, 139 Aminophylline, 60, 105 Ammonia, 104, 105, 139 Amrinone, 66, 105, 126 Anabolic, 105, 129 Anaesthesia, 105, 121 Analog, 66, 105, 123 Anaphylactic, 4, 105 Anaphylatoxins, 105, 112 Anaphylaxis, 48, 105 Anatomical, 67, 105, 107, 121, 136
Androgenic, 105, 129 Androgens, 103, 105, 113 Anesthesia, 32, 104, 105, 132 Anesthetics, 105, 117 Animal model, 16, 105 Anomalies, 106, 138 Antagonism, 50, 106, 138 Antiallergic, 106, 113 Antiarrhythmic, 106, 123 Antiasthmatic, 48, 106 Antibiotic, 106, 110, 129, 137, 138 Antibodies, 106, 125 Antibody, 14, 104, 106, 112, 117, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 134, 141 Anticoagulant, 106, 132 Anticonvulsant, 106, 135 Antigen, 103, 105, 106, 112, 120, 121, 125 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 106, 112 Antihistamine, 4, 106 Antihypertensive, 68, 106, 118 Anti-inflammatory, 5, 10, 36, 61, 106, 107, 113, 114, 119 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 10, 106, 107, 113 Antimicrobial, 71, 106 Antineoplastic, 106, 113 Aqueous, 63, 64, 106, 107, 114 Arginine, 12, 105, 106 Arrestin, 9, 106 Arterial, 29, 104, 105, 107, 121, 133 Arteries, 107, 108, 113, 125, 127, 133 Arterioles, 107, 108, 110, 140 Aseptic, 71, 107 Aspirin, 49, 107 Assay, 4, 107 Asymptomatic, 14, 107 Atrioventricular, 107, 138 Atrioventricular Node, 107, 138 Atrium, 50, 107, 138 Atropine, 49, 107, 123 Attenuated, 9, 107 Autoimmune disease, 56, 107, 126 Autonomic, 48, 103, 107, 128 Axons, 107, 128 B Bactericidal, 107, 117 Base, 30, 65, 103, 107, 114, 123 Basophils, 52, 107, 119, 124
144
Albuterol
Beclomethasone, 15, 60, 107 Belladonna, 107 Benign, 107, 120, 134 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 107, 122 Bile, 108, 118, 125, 137 Bioavailability, 15, 108 Biochemical, 52, 108 Biological Markers, 12, 108 Biopsy, 108, 129 Biosynthesis, 108, 118 Biotechnology, 16, 17, 77, 87, 108 Biotransformation, 108, 130 Bladder, 108, 121, 126, 140 Blood Coagulation, 108, 109, 139 Blood Glucose, 60, 108, 122 Blood pressure, 106, 108, 121, 126, 133, 136 Blood vessel, 60, 108, 110, 116, 129, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140 Blood-Brain Barrier, 108, 124 Body Fluids, 108, 116, 136 Bone Density, 11, 108 Boron, 68, 109 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 109 Bowel, 109, 115, 123, 137 Bowel Movement, 109, 115, 137 Brachytherapy, 109, 123, 134, 141 Branch, 99, 109, 129, 130, 133, 137, 138 Breakdown, 109, 115, 118 Bronchi, 31, 109, 117, 123, 138, 139 Bronchial, 36, 52, 60, 64, 65, 67, 73, 105, 109, 120, 123, 138 Bronchial Spasm, 67, 109 Bronchioles, 104, 109 Bronchiolitis, 17, 19, 21, 37, 39, 41, 109 Bronchitis, 109, 111, 116, 123 Bronchoconstriction, 19, 21, 32, 42, 51, 109 Bronchodilator, 22, 31, 37, 39, 48, 53, 60, 61, 64, 70, 71, 73, 76, 109, 111, 123, 138 Bronchoscopy, 7, 109 Bronchospasm, 4, 19, 25, 27, 38, 51, 65, 70, 72, 73, 76, 109 Bronchus, 109 Buccal, 12, 109 Budesonide, 7, 10, 15, 109 Bupivacaine, 109, 124 Burns, 4, 109 Burns, Electric, 109 C Calcium, 45, 52, 105, 109, 112 Capillary, 105, 110, 135, 140 Capsules, 110, 115, 119 Carbohydrate, 110, 113, 119, 132
Carbon Dioxide, 110, 114, 118, 121, 135, 140 Carcinogenic, 110, 132, 137 Cardiac, 49, 60, 64, 104, 105, 106, 110, 115, 116, 117, 124, 127, 137 Cardiotonic, 105, 110, 115, 126, 130 Cardiovascular, 8, 48, 49, 60, 76, 110 Catecholamine, 110, 115 Catheterization, 110, 123 Cecum, 110, 124 Ceftriaxone, 4, 110 Cell Cycle, 48, 110, 114 Cell Division, 110, 131 Cell membrane, 110, 123, 130 Central Nervous System, 56, 103, 110, 117, 118, 120, 124, 126, 129, 138 Central Nervous System Infections, 110, 120 Cerebral, 108, 111, 117 Chemical Warfare, 15, 111 Chemical Warfare Agents, 15, 111 Chemotactic Factors, 111, 112 Chemotaxis, 51, 111 Chlorine, 111 Chlorofluorocarbons, 23, 61, 111 Cholesterol, 108, 111, 137 Chromatin, 111, 117, 128 Chronic, 13, 23, 26, 29, 32, 38, 42, 44, 48, 49, 52, 55, 70, 71, 111, 116, 122, 124 Chronic Disease, 13, 111 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 26, 29, 32, 38, 42, 44, 70, 71, 111 Clear cell carcinoma, 111, 114 Clenbuterol, 69, 111 Clinical Medicine, 111, 132 Clinical trial, 5, 7, 10, 12, 19, 49, 55, 56, 87, 111, 113, 133, 134 Cloning, 108, 111 Cockroaches, 14, 111 Colchicine, 5, 6, 8, 111 Collapse, 105, 109, 112 Combination Therapy, 7, 26, 44, 60, 112 Complement, 4, 105, 112, 125 Complementary and alternative medicine, 47, 54, 112 Complementary medicine, 47, 112 Computational Biology, 87, 112 Computed tomography, 14, 109, 112, 113 Computerized axial tomography, 112, 113 Computerized tomography, 112, 113 Conception, 113, 118 Cone, 66, 73, 113
Index
Congestion, 60, 113, 114 Conjunctiva, 113, 122 Connective Tissue, 113, 118 Constriction, 50, 60, 113, 140, 141 Contamination, 71, 113 Contractility, 26, 60, 113 Contraindications, ii, 113 Controlled study, 18, 25, 49, 113 Contusion, 16, 113 Coordination, 10, 113, 126 Coronary, 107, 113, 125, 127 Coronary Thrombosis, 113, 125, 127 Corticosteroid, 6, 7, 8, 10, 22, 35, 38, 113 Cortisol, 5, 6, 8, 113 Cortisone, 113, 114 Cranial, 114, 120 Craniocerebral Trauma, 114, 120 Curative, 114, 138 Cutaneous, 51, 114, 124 Cyclic, 103, 114, 118, 130, 138 Cyclin, 48, 114 Cytokine, 20, 114, 122 Cytoplasm, 107, 110, 114, 116, 117, 119, 128 D Databases, Bibliographic, 87, 114 Deamination, 114, 139 Decarboxylation, 114, 120 Decongestant, 114, 130 Density, 29, 108, 114, 129 Depressive Disorder, 114, 124 DES, 9, 105, 114 Desensitization, 9, 114 Deuterium, 114, 120 Dexamethasone, 20, 114 Dextrorotatory, 64, 114 Diabetes Mellitus, 114, 129 Diagnostic procedure, 59, 77, 114 Dialyzer, 115, 120 Digestion, 104, 108, 109, 115, 123, 125, 137, 140 Digestive system, 57, 115 Dimethyl, 68, 115 Direct, iii, 13, 64, 79, 111, 115, 134 Disinfectant, 115, 117, 137 Dissociation, 103, 115, 123 Diuresis, 115, 138 Dobutamine, 49, 60, 115 Dopa, 115, 124 Dopamine, 115, 124 Dosage Forms, 63, 115 Drug Interactions, 80, 115
145
Drug Toxicity, 12, 115 Duct, 110, 116, 129, 135 Duodenum, 49, 108, 116, 137 Dyes, 107, 116, 128 Dyphylline, 60, 116 Dyspnea, 13, 33, 52, 116 Dystrophy, 37, 38, 55, 92, 116 E Effector, 103, 112, 116, 130 Efficacy, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 17, 20, 23, 24, 29, 30, 33, 35, 41, 50, 116 Electrolyte, 113, 116, 126, 132, 136 Electrons, 107, 116, 123, 133, 134 Embryo, 116, 121, 131 Emollient, 116, 119, 128 Emphysema, 111, 116, 123 Endocytosis, 9, 116 Endothelial cell, 108, 116, 122, 139 Endotoxins, 112, 116 End-stage renal, 4, 116 Enhancer, 70, 116 Environmental Exposure, 108, 116 Environmental Health, 86, 88, 116 Enzymatic, 109, 112, 116, 120, 135 Enzyme, 103, 108, 116, 130, 132, 133, 139, 141 Eosinophilia, 11, 117 Eosinophils, 27, 28, 51, 117, 119, 124 Ephedrine, 60, 117 Epidemiologic Studies, 108, 117 Epidemiological, 5, 6, 12, 13, 117 Epidermal, 4, 117, 123 Epidermis, 117, 123 Epinephrine, 4, 9, 19, 60, 103, 115, 117, 123, 128, 139 Epithelial, 52, 67, 117 Epithelial Cells, 52, 117 Epithelium, 67, 117 Epitope, 9, 117 Esophagus, 115, 117, 130, 137 Ethanol, 68, 117 Ethanolamine, 117 Excipient, 61, 62, 63, 64, 117 Exfoliation, 117, 127 Exhaustion, 106, 117 Exogenous, 108, 117 Expiration, 118, 135 Expiratory, 12, 118 External-beam radiation, 118, 123, 134, 141 Extracellular, 113, 116, 118, 136 Extraction, 33, 118
146
Albuterol
F Family Planning, 87, 118 Fat, 69, 113, 118, 124, 126, 138 Fatty acids, 31, 118 Fetus, 67, 118, 140 Fibroblasts, 118, 122 Fibrosis, 18, 66, 104, 118, 136 Flatus, 118 Fluorine, 111, 118 Follow-Up Studies, 10, 118 Forearm, 22, 108, 118 Forskolin, 54, 66, 118 Fructose, 70, 118 G Gallbladder, 115, 118 Ganglia, 103, 118, 128 Gas, 13, 66, 73, 105, 110, 111, 117, 118, 120, 124, 128, 133, 135, 140 Gas exchange, 118, 135, 140 Gastric, 115, 118, 120 Gastrin, 118, 120 Gastrointestinal, 117, 118, 138 Gastrointestinal tract, 117, 118 Gelatin, 118, 119 Gels, 31, 119 Gene, 7, 12, 108, 119 Gene Expression, 7, 119 Genetics, 10, 11, 12, 119, 130 Genotype, 5, 6, 8, 31, 119, 130 Gland, 103, 113, 119, 129, 131, 136, 137 Glucocorticoid, 4, 107, 109, 114, 119 Gluconeogenesis, 9, 119 Glucose, 70, 108, 114, 119, 122, 135 Glutamate, 119, 135 Glycerol, 21, 119, 130 Glycine, 12, 119 Glycogen, 9, 119 Gonadal, 119, 137 Gout, 111, 119 Governing Board, 119, 132 Gram-positive, 119, 138 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 119, 138 Granulocytes, 119, 141 Growth, 9, 10, 53, 69, 105, 106, 120, 131 H Half-Life, 74, 110, 120 Haplotypes, 7, 30, 120 Headache, 4, 120, 122 Headache Disorders, 120 Heart failure, 117, 120 Hemodialysis, 3, 115, 120, 124 Hemorrhage, 114, 120, 137
Heredity, 119, 120 Histamine, 24, 105, 106, 120 Histidine, 120 Homeostasis, 3, 120 Homologous, 120, 122 Hormonal, 113, 120 Hormone, 69, 103, 108, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120, 122, 129, 132 Hydrogen, 65, 103, 104, 107, 110, 114, 120, 126, 128, 130, 133 Hydrophobic, 63, 120 Hypersensitivity, 73, 104, 105, 114, 120, 136 Hypertension, 120, 121 Hyperventilation, 53, 121 Hypoxia, 13, 121 I Id, 45, 53, 92, 98, 100, 121 Immune response, 103, 106, 107, 113, 121, 125, 138, 141 Immune system, 13, 56, 121, 125, 126, 140, 141 Immunity, 121, 136 Immunology, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 48, 51, 103, 121 Immunosuppressive, 119, 121 Immunotherapy, 114, 121 Impairment, 121, 125 Implant radiation, 121, 123, 134, 141 In vitro, 21, 24, 31, 121 In vivo, 26, 31, 51, 121 Incision, 121, 123 Incontinence, 117, 121 Indicative, 121, 129, 140 Induction, 67, 105, 121 Infancy, 12, 17, 121 Infant, Newborn, 104, 121 Infarction, 121 Infection, 107, 111, 121, 122, 124, 125, 129, 138, 139, 140, 141 Inflammation, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 72, 104, 106, 107, 109, 118, 122, 135, 140 Influenza, 4, 122 Inhalation, 14, 29, 32, 37, 44, 49, 61, 65, 70, 72, 80, 103, 122, 123, 131, 137 Inner ear, 110, 122 Inotropic, 60, 105, 115, 122, 126 Insight, 14, 122 Instillation, 36, 122 Insulator, 122, 126 Insulin, 3, 15, 69, 122
Index
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 122 Intensive Care, 19, 22, 29, 122 Interleukin-1, 52, 122 Interleukin-17, 52, 122 Interleukin-2, 122 Interleukin-8, 52, 122 Intermittent, 12, 122 Internal radiation, 122, 123, 134, 141 Interstitial, 109, 123, 141 Intestine, 50, 109, 123, 124 Intracellular, 121, 123, 132 Intraocular, 118, 123 Intraocular pressure, 118, 123 Intravenous, 3, 4, 32, 123 Intubation, 32, 110, 123 Invasive, 7, 121, 123 Ionization, 9, 123 Ions, 107, 115, 116, 120, 123 Ipratropium, 19, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 61, 70, 71, 80, 123 Irradiation, 16, 109, 123, 141 Isoetharine, 60, 80, 123 Isoproterenol, 60, 66, 123 Isotonic, 53, 123 K Kb, 86, 123 Keratinocytes, 122, 123 Kidney Failure, 116, 124 Kinetic, 124 Krypton, 52, 124 L Labile, 112, 124 Large Intestine, 47, 110, 115, 123, 124, 134, 136 Larynx, 124, 139 Leishmaniasis, 124, 129 Length of Stay, 27, 124 Lethal, 66, 107, 124 Leukocyte Count, 28, 124 Leukocytes, 107, 111, 117, 119, 124, 128 Levodopa, 21, 115, 124 Library Services, 98, 124 Lidocaine, 32, 124 Lipid, 119, 122, 124, 126 Lipophilic, 15, 124 Lithium, 65, 68, 124 Liver, 49, 108, 115, 118, 119, 125, 139 Localized, 4, 121, 125, 131, 140 Locomotion, 125, 131 Locomotor, 16, 125 Lumen, 67, 125 Lymphocyte, 106, 125
147
M Macrophage, 122, 125 Maintenance therapy, 40, 125 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 120, 125 Malnutrition, 125, 127 Manic, 124, 125 Mediate, 67, 115, 125 Mediator, 52, 115, 122, 125, 131 Medicament, 61, 63, 125 MEDLINE, 87, 125 Membrane, 9, 67, 74, 104, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 135 Meninges, 110, 114, 125 Mental Disorders, 57, 125, 133 Mental Health, iv, 4, 57, 86, 88, 125, 133 Metabolite, 108, 115, 125 Methionine, 115, 125 MI, 29, 50, 101, 125 Microbe, 126, 139 Microorganism, 126, 141 Milliliter, 108, 126 Milrinone, 66, 126 Mineralocorticoids, 103, 113, 126 Miscible, 126, 130 Mobilization, 52, 126 Modeling, 9, 126 Modification, 126, 133 Molecular, 48, 87, 89, 108, 112, 126, 131 Molecule, 106, 107, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 126, 131, 134 Monitor, 12, 14, 126, 128 Monoclonal, 123, 126, 134, 141 Monocyte, 20, 126 Morphine, 126, 127 Motion Sickness, 126, 127 Mucosa, 126, 127 Multidose, 25, 126 Multiple sclerosis, 37, 126 Muscle Fibers, 107, 127 Muscular Atrophy, 12, 37, 127 Muscular Dystrophies, 55, 116, 127 Mutagenesis, 9, 127 Mutagens, 127 Myalgia, 122, 127 Mydriatic, 127, 130 Myelin, 56, 126, 127 Myocardial infarction, 107, 113, 115, 125, 127 Myocardium, 125, 126, 127 N Naloxone, 60, 127
148
Albuterol
Narcolepsy, 117, 127 Narcosis, 127 Narcotic, 60, 126, 127 Nasal Cavity, 66, 73, 127 Nasal Mucosa, 122, 127 Nasal Septum, 127 Nausea, 4, 115, 127 NCI, 1, 57, 85, 127 Nebulizer, 17, 18, 19, 24, 34, 52, 127 Necrolysis, 4, 127 Necrosis, 121, 125, 127, 128 Need, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 56, 71, 93, 119, 128 Neonatal, 19, 20, 128 Nerve, 56, 103, 105, 107, 125, 126, 128, 130, 132, 136, 137, 139 Nerve Fibers, 56, 128 Nervous System, 48, 107, 110, 125, 128, 138 Neuromuscular, 103, 128 Neuromuscular Junction, 103, 128 Neurons, 118, 124, 128 Neutrons, 109, 123, 128, 133 Neutrophils, 51, 119, 122, 124, 128 Nitrogen, 36, 65, 104, 105, 128 Norepinephrine, 60, 103, 115, 117, 128 Nuclear, 14, 116, 128 Nuclear Medicine, 14, 128 Nucleic acid, 127, 128 Nucleus, 107, 111, 114, 117, 128, 133 O Ointments, 115, 128 Opacity, 114, 129 Osmosis, 129 Osmotic, 74, 129 Oxandrolone, 55, 56, 129 Oxides, 36, 129 P Palladium, 65, 68, 129 Palliative, 129, 138 Pancreas, 115, 122, 129 Parkinsonism, 124, 129 Patch, 70, 129, 139 Pathologic, 103, 108, 113, 120, 129, 140 Pathophysiology, 14, 129 Patient Compliance, 63, 129 Patient Satisfaction, 7, 129 Penicillin, 4, 106, 129 Pentamidine, 61, 129 Perception, 113, 129 Percutaneous, 70, 129 Perfusion, 52, 121, 129 Peripheral blood, 11, 130
Pest Control, 14, 130 PH, 109, 130 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 73, 117, 119, 130 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 71, 115, 130 Pharmacodynamic, 18, 36, 130 Pharmacogenetics, 12, 130 Pharmacokinetic, 36, 130 Pharmacologic, 12, 35, 105, 120, 130, 139 Pharynx, 122, 127, 130 Phenotype, 12, 108, 130 Phenylbutyrate, 12, 130 Phenylephrine, 60, 130 Phosphodiesterase, 66, 105, 126, 130 Phospholipids, 118, 130 Phosphorus, 109, 130 Phosphorylated, 9, 106, 130 Phosphorylation, 9, 52, 130 Phototransduction, 106, 130 Physical Examination, 4, 131 Physical Therapy, 50, 131 Physiologic, 5, 104, 108, 115, 120, 123, 131, 134 Physiology, 50, 53, 108, 131 Pilot study, 37, 49, 131 Pituitary Gland, 113, 118, 131 Plants, 104, 107, 110, 119, 128, 131, 135 Plasma, 4, 9, 26, 33, 73, 76, 106, 107, 110, 119, 124, 126, 131 Platelet Aggregation, 105, 118, 131 Platelet Factor 4, 122, 131 Platinum, 129, 131 Plethysmography, 22, 131 Poisoning, 115, 127, 131 Pollen, 131, 133 Polymers, 65, 72, 131, 133 Polymorphism, 12, 28, 132 Polysaccharide, 64, 106, 132 Potassium, 3, 34, 45, 126, 132 Potentiate, 60, 132 Practice Guidelines, 88, 132 Precursor, 64, 115, 116, 124, 128, 132, 139 Prevalence, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 66, 132 Procaine, 124, 132 Progesterone, 132, 137 Progression, 105, 132 Progressive, 12, 71, 120, 127, 128, 132 Projection, 128, 132 Promoter, 69, 132 Prospective study, 5, 6, 8, 9, 132 Protease, 112, 132 Protein C, 9, 132, 139
Index
Protein Kinases, 9, 132 Protein S, 108, 133 Proteins, 104, 105, 106, 110, 111, 112, 122, 126, 128, 131, 133, 136 Proteolytic, 112, 133 Protocol, 7, 30, 133 Protons, 120, 133 Proximal, 127, 133 Psychiatric, 108, 125, 133 Psychiatry, 133, 137, 140 Public Health, 7, 13, 88, 133 Public Policy, 87, 133 Publishing, 16, 133 Pulmonary, 7, 10, 15, 20, 27, 31, 37, 40, 51, 71, 72, 105, 108, 111, 121, 124, 133, 138, 140 Pulmonary hypertension, 20, 133 Pulmonary Ventilation, 121, 133 Pulse, 126, 133 Q Quality of Life, 29, 51, 133 Quercetin, 49, 133 R Race, 22, 24, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 41, 55, 60, 64, 67, 75, 104, 115, 133 Radiation, 116, 118, 123, 133, 134, 141 Radiation therapy, 118, 123, 133, 141 Radioactive, 120, 121, 122, 123, 128, 134, 141 Radiolabeled, 123, 134, 141 Radiological, 129, 134 Radiology, 13, 128, 134 Radiotherapy, 109, 123, 134, 141 Random Allocation, 134 Randomization, 10, 134 Randomized, 10, 14, 18, 19, 22, 27, 30, 38, 39, 40, 51, 116, 134 Randomized clinical trial, 10, 18, 40, 134 Receptor, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 28, 29, 31, 41, 47, 48, 73, 106, 113, 115, 134 Rectum, 109, 115, 118, 121, 124, 134 Refer, 1, 109, 112, 125, 128, 134 Regimen, 116, 129, 134 Relaxant, 118, 134 Reliability, 12, 134 Remission, 125, 134 Respiration, 32, 36, 44, 48, 49, 110, 126, 135 Respirator, 135, 140 Respiratory failure, 19, 135, 140 Respiratory Physiology, 34, 135, 140 Respiratory syncytial virus, 19, 135 Restoration, 131, 135
149
Retinal, 106, 113, 130, 135 Rhinitis, 117, 123, 135 Ribose, 103, 135 Riluzole, 12, 135 Risk factor, 14, 117, 132, 135 Rods, 106, 130, 135 Rutin, 133, 135 S Saimiri, 122, 135 Saline, 19, 135 Salivary, 115, 135 Salivary glands, 115, 135 Saponins, 135, 137 Sclerosis, 56, 126, 135, 136 Screening, 111, 136 Secretion, 5, 6, 8, 27, 52, 66, 113, 120, 122, 126, 136, 140 Secretory, 67, 136 Septic, 107, 136 Sequencing, 7, 136 Serum, 14, 34, 50, 105, 112, 123, 126, 136 Shock, 4, 60, 105, 136 Side effect, 56, 61, 64, 67, 79, 103, 105, 136, 139 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 134, 136 Skeletal, 21, 105, 123, 127, 136, 137 Skeleton, 136 Skin Tests, 14, 136 Small intestine, 110, 116, 120, 123, 136 Smooth muscle, 9, 27, 48, 65, 67, 73, 104, 105, 109, 118, 120, 126, 136, 137, 138 Social Environment, 133, 136 Sodium, 12, 39, 67, 68, 71, 119, 126, 131, 136 Solvent, 61, 65, 69, 117, 119, 129, 130, 136 Soma, 136 Somatic, 10, 136 Spasm, 106, 137 Specialist, 93, 137 Species, 49, 107, 111, 117, 124, 126, 133, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141 Spectrum, 110, 137 Spinal cord, 16, 110, 111, 125, 128, 137 Spinal Cord Injuries, 16, 137 Spirogram, 15, 137 Spirometry, 14, 137 Sprayer, 60, 137 Sputum, 28, 137 Sterile, 71, 72, 107, 137 Steroid, 10, 51, 113, 135, 137 Stimulant, 65, 115, 120, 123, 137 Stimulus, 113, 122, 137
150
Albuterol
Stomach, 115, 117, 118, 120, 127, 130, 136, 137 Stool, 121, 124, 137 Stress, 49, 110, 113, 127, 137, 140 Stroke, 57, 86, 137 Stupor, 127, 137 Subarachnoid, 120, 137 Subclinical, 14, 121, 138 Subcutaneous, 4, 138 Subspecies, 137, 138 Substance P, 125, 136, 138 Suppression, 113, 138 Supraventricular, 39, 138 Surfactant, 21, 61, 117, 138 Sympathomimetic, 115, 117, 123, 128, 138 Symptomatic, 7, 14, 138 Synergistic, 64, 138 Systemic, 5, 6, 8, 9, 52, 105, 108, 117, 122, 123, 134, 138, 140, 141 T Tachycardia, 39, 50, 115, 138 Teicoplanin, 26, 138 Teratogenic, 67, 138 Terbutaline, 60, 67, 138 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 47, 138 Theophylline, 60, 105, 116, 138 Therapeutics, 19, 27, 31, 36, 39, 40, 42, 48, 81, 138 Thrombin, 131, 132, 139 Thrombocytopenia, 105, 139 Thrombomodulin, 132, 139 Thrombosis, 107, 133, 137, 139 Tidal Volume, 121, 139 Tomography, 52, 139 Tonicity, 123, 139 Topical, 63, 117, 139 Toxic, iv, 4, 107, 116, 121, 129, 139 Toxicity, 15, 34, 115, 139 Toxicokinetics, 139 Toxicology, 49, 88, 139 Trace element, 109, 118, 139 Trachea, 53, 109, 124, 130, 139 Transdermal, 63, 69, 70, 139 Transfection, 108, 139 Transmitter, 103, 115, 125, 128, 139 Trypanosomiasis, 129, 139 Tyrosine, 115, 139 U Unconscious, 105, 121, 139
Urea, 63, 139 Urinary, 110, 117, 121, 139, 140 Urinary tract, 110, 140 Urticaria, 105, 140 Uterine Contraction, 67, 140 Uterus, 67, 132, 140 Uveitis, 106, 140 V Vaccine, 103, 133, 140 Vacuoles, 116, 140 Vagina, 114, 140 Valves, 61, 140 Vascular, 27, 104, 105, 120, 121, 122, 126, 140 Vascular Resistance, 105, 140 Vasoconstriction, 115, 117, 140 Vasodilator, 22, 105, 115, 116, 120, 126, 140 Vein, 123, 128, 140 Venous, 107, 124, 133, 140 Venous blood, 124, 140 Ventilation, 13, 52, 140 Ventilator, 24, 135, 140 Ventricles, 138, 140 Ventricular, 105, 140 Venules, 108, 110, 140 Vertebrae, 137, 140 Veterinary Medicine, 87, 140 Viral, 14, 19, 39, 122, 140 Virulence, 107, 139, 140 Virus, 110, 116, 135, 140, 141 Viscera, 69, 136, 141 Vitro, 141 Vivo, 141 W War, 111, 141 Wheezing, 22, 30, 72, 141 White blood cell, 56, 106, 124, 125, 126, 141 Womb, 140, 141 Wounds, Gunshot, 137, 141 X Xenograft, 105, 141 X-ray, 109, 112, 113, 123, 128, 133, 134, 141 X-ray therapy, 123, 141 Y Yeasts, 130, 141 Z Zymogen, 132, 141
Index
151
152
Albuterol
