A Systematic Catalogue of Eight Scale Insect Families (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World: Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Beesoniidae, Carayonemidae, Conchaspididae, ... Kerriidae and Lecanodiaspididae

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A SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF EIGHT SCALE INSECT FAMILIES (HEMIPTERA: COCCOIDEA) OF THE WORLD Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Beesoniidae, Carayonemidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Kerriidae and Lecanodiaspididae


A SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF EIGHT SCALE INSECT FAMILIES (HEMIPTERA: COCCOIDEA) OF THE WORLD Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Beesoniidae, Carayonemidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Kerriidae and Lecanodiaspididae

Yair Ben-Dov Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel

in collaboration with Douglass R. Miller Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA and Gary A. P. Gibson Biological Resources Program, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Amsterdam - Boston - Heidelberg - London - New York - Oxford Paris - San Diego - San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney - Tokyo

Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First edition 2006 Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN-13: 978-0-444-52836-0 ISBN-10: 0-444-52836-9

Printed and bound in The Netherlands 06 07 08 09 10

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

For my wife Yehudith, who supports and understands


CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... xii Introduction ................................................................................................................................ Statistics .............................................................................................................................. Catalogue format ................................................................................................................. References ...........................................................................................................................

xiii xiv xv xix

Aclerdidae ................................................................................................................................... 1 Catalogue ............................................................................................................................ 3 References .......................................................................................................................... 24 Indices ................................................................................................................................. 30 Asterolecaniidae ......................................................................................................................... Catalogue ............................................................................................................................ References .......................................................................................................................... Indices .................................................................................................................................

33 35 129 154

Beesoniidae ................................................................................................................................. Catalogue ............................................................................................................................ References .......................................................................................................................... Indices .................................................................................................................................

163 164 172 175

Carayonemidae ........................................................................................................................... Catalogue ............................................................................................................................ References .......................................................................................................................... Indices .................................................................................................................................

177 178 180 181

Conchaspididae ........................................................................................................................... Catalogue ............................................................................................................................ References .......................................................................................................................... Indices .................................................................................................................................

183 184 199 206

Dactylopiidae .............................................................................................................................. Catalogue ............................................................................................................................ References .......................................................................................................................... Indices .................................................................................................................................

209 211 226 245

Kerriidae ..................................................................................................................................... Catalogue ............................................................................................................................ References .......................................................................................................................... Indices .................................................................................................................................

247 250 297 311

Lecanodiaspididae ...................................................................................................................... Catalogue ............................................................................................................................ References .......................................................................................................................... Indices .................................................................................................................................

315 317 352 365

vii


DEDICATION This catalogue is dedicated to Louise M. Russell (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 USA) on the occasion of her 100th birthday in May 2005. Louise Russell’s monographic revision (1941) of 156 species of the genus Asterolecanium stands until today as the major systematic revision in the family Asterolecaniidae. About one-third (83 species) of the 229 valid species in the family were described in 1941 by Louise Russell.

ix


PREFACE

This volume is the fifth in a series of catalogues that resulted from the ScaleNet project (Ben-Dov et al., 2004). Previous catalogues covered the Eriococcidae (Miller & Gimpel, 2000), the Diaspididae (subfamilies Aspidiotinae, Comstockiellinae and Odonaspidinae) (Ben-Dov & German, 2003), the eight families (Cerococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kermesidae, Micrococcidae, Ortheziidae, Phenacoleachiidae, Phoenicococcidae and Stictococcidae (Miller, Gimpel & Rung, 2005) and the Margarodidae (Ben-Dov, 2005). The ScaleNet project was initiated in 1995 by Yair Ben-Dov (Bet Dagan, Israel) and Dug Miller (Beltsville, Maryland, USA), aimed to catalogue the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the world. The project was designed around three components: (1) development of a database for each of the 26 scale-insect families; (2) making this information available on a queriable web site on the Internet and (3) publishing hard-copy catalogues for each of the families. The foundation for the ScaleNet initiative was the development of a computerized database by Yair Ben-Dov, for the soft scales (Coccidae), and the mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), which subsequently were published as the Coccidae Catalogue (Ben-Dov, 1993) and the Pseudococcidae Catalogue (Ben-Dov. 1994). The inception of this project was motivated by the above-mentioned data, along with the bibliographic information on the Coccoidea that had been published to cover the scale insect from 1758 to l985 (Morrison & Renk, 1957; Morrison & Morrison, 1965; Russell et al., 1974; Kosztarab & Kosztarab, 1988) and a bibliographic database that is kept up-to-date by the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. This project was realized through the financial support from two grants from United States–Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund (BARD) (Grant Numbers IS-2423-94 and IS-2605-95) which empowered us to carry out this important project. A database system was chosen that was developed by Gary Gibson, Biological Resources Program, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and later enhanced by Gary Gibson and Jennifer Read. The database program called BASIS is an elegant, user-friendly system that has a series of tools that greatly facilitate the data-entry process. At its inception, the primary purpose of the database system was to produce hard-copy catalogues. This publication is one of the subsequent outcomes. Later, it was slightly modified so that it could be used as an interface with the Internet. From 1995 to 2000, the web site named ScaleNet, placed at the following URL http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm, was implemented through a contract with Richard Carson & Associates, Advanced Research Division. Reston, Virginia, USA. A team of Jane Lemmer, Robert Todd and Arek Grantham developed series of programs to interface with data from the BASIS database. The ScaleNet site allows users to obtain information through a series of personalized requests.

xi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to my colleagues who kindly and willingly responded to my requests and queries, provided information and data on material in their collections, sent photocopies of publications and translated various texts. I am grateful to all of them, and apologise to any colleague, whose name might have been overlooked, and not thanked below: Evelyna Danzig, Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia John Donaldson, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, Australia Imre Foldi, Entomologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France José Carlos Franco, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisbon, Portugal Viktoria German, formerly Department of Entomology, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel Ray J. Gill, California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento, California, USA Maren Gimpel, formerly Systematic Ent. Lab., USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, USA Roberto H. González, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile Emilio Guerrieri, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Portici, Italy Penny J. Gullan, University of California, Davis, California, USA Avas Hamon, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, USA Rosa Henderson, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand Maurice Jansen, Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, Wageningen, The Netherlands Takumasa (Demian) Kondo, University of California at Davis, USA Michael Kosztarab, VPI & State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Paris Lambdin, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA Ligun, Lu, (Ph.D. student at ARO), Wuhan, Hubei Province, China The late Salvatore Marotta, Universita Della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy Jon Martin, the Natural History Museum, London, UK Danièle Matile-Ferrero, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France Ian Millar, National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa Giuseppina Pellizzari, Universita di Padova, Padova, Italy The late Tang, Fang-the, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China Gillian M. Watson, the Natural History Museum, London, UK Douglas J. Williams, the Natural History Museum, London, UK Vera Regina Dos Santos Wolff, FEPAGRO, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Sanan, Wu, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China Yingping Xie, College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China I would like to give special thanks to Karen Veilleux, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. Karen is responsible for the Reference table of BASIS and has meticulously entered or validated the input of about 20,000 bibliographic entries, and all the references cited in this catalogue. I am also very grateful to Jennifer Read, Biological Resources Program, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada for her unending care, patience and persistence to solve computer problems that were encountered with BASIS and the catalogue preparation. Yair Ben-Dov is the author of this catalogue. Douglass Miller and Gary Gibson are not to be considered as authors since they did not contribute to the actual data entry or information synthesis. However, their contributions were very important and therefore are acknowledged in a special category as collaborators.

xii

INTRODUCTION This catalogue deals with eight families of scale insects of the world, which comprise a third of the 26 families, currently recognized in the Coccoidea. The families of this volume are: Aclerdidae (grass scales) – 57 species in five genera; Asterolecaniidae (pit scales) – 229 species in 21 genera; Beesoniidae – 15 species in six genera; Carayonemidae (water scales) – four species in four genera; Conchaspididae (false armoured scales) – 29 species in four genera; Dactylopiidae (cochineal scales) – 10 species in one genus; Kerriidae (lac insects) – 97 species in nine genera and Lecanodiaspididae (false pit scales) – 82 species in 12 genera. The information presented is a synthesis and catalogue of publications on all the genera, species and subspecies in these families worldwide from 1758 to December 2004. A few publications issued in 2005 are also included. Data are provided on their correct scientific name, taxonomy, common names, synonyms, host plants, distribution, natural enemies, biology, economic importance and publications.

xiii

STATISTICS Table 1 summarizes the data on number of species and subspecies and the number of genera and subgenera, which have been described until 2004 in the 21 families of extant Coccoidea. The data is based on the numbers given in this catalogue, and on the Tables published in the catalogues by Miller & Gimpel (2000), Ben-Dov & German (2003), Ben-Dov (2005) and by Miller, Gimpel & Rung (2005). The data for the family Diaspididae is based on Ben-Dov & German (2003) and on the due-to-be-published catalogue by Douglass R. Miller et al. on the subfamilies Diaspidinae and Leucaspidinae of the Diaspididae. These data, which covers almost the entire number of species and genera in the superfamily, show that about half of the coccoid genera are monotypic. The families, Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae and Ortheziidae are exceptional, as only a third or less of their genera are monotypic. In the whole Coccoidea, about 15% of genera include more than 10 species is 15%. However, in some families the rate is higher, notably the Asterolecaniidae (28.5%), Cerococcidae (33%), Conchaspididae (25%) and 35% in the Ortheziidae. Table 1 Comparison of five parameters in number of species and number of genera in 21 extant families of the Coccoidea.

Family

Number species and subspecies

Number genera and subgenera

Number Genera with species 10 or more divided by species and genera number subspecies

Monotypic genera

Aclerdidae Asterolecaniidae Beesoniidae Carayonemidae Cerococcidae Coccidae Conchaspididae Dactylopiidae Diaspididae Eriococcidae Halimococcidae Kermesidae Kerriidae Lecanodiaspididae Margarodidae Micrococcidae Ortheziidae Phenacoleachiidae Phoenicococcidae Pseudococcidae Stictococcidae

57 229 15 4 72 1133 29 10 2383 556 21 90 98 82 439 8 196 2 1 2194 15

5 21 6 4 3 163 4 1 371 68 5 10 9 12 70 2 20 1 1 277 3

5.7 1.9 2.5 1.0 24.0 6.9 7.2 10.0 6.4 8.0 4.0 9.0 10.8 7.4 6.2 4.0 9.8 2.0 1 7.9 5.0

1 (20%) 6 (28.5%) 0 0 1 (33%) 22 (13.5%) 1 (25%) 1 (100%) 66 (17.8%) 5 (7.3%) 1 (20%) 2 (20%) 0 2 (16.6%) 14 (20%) 0 7 (35%) 0 0 32 (11.5%) 0

2 (40%) 5 (24%) 3 (50%) 4 (100%) 1 (33%) 66 (40.4%) 3 (75%) 1 (100%) 177 (47.7%) 32 (47%) 2 (40%) 3 (30%) 5 (55.5%) 7 (58.3%) 26 (37%) 1 (50%) 5 (25%) 0 1 (100%) 126 (45.4%) 0

Total

7634

1056

7.2

161 (15.2%)

470 (44.5%)

xiv

CATALOGUE FORMAT The structure of the BASIS database system used in Scale Net, as well as the format of the catalogues is described in this section. Cut-off date The cut-off date of literature survey for the catalogues in this volume was December 2004. A few publications issued in 2005 were also included. Languages When it was necessary to translate relevant portions from publications in languages other than English, my colleagues who assisted in the translation, are acknowledged in the Acknowledgements section. Transferred taxa The species that were included in any of the subfamilies of this family at one time, but have been transferred to another family, are listed at the end of the Catalogue of Genera and Species. Citation codes Each catalogue includes four sections, namely Host Plants, Distribution, Keys and Citations, in which citation codes are used. These codes are unique combinations of letters and digits that identify a specific publication. In its simplest form, it is composed of the first six letters of the last name of the author (fewer if the author’s last name contains less than six letters) and the four digits of the year of publication. For example, the reference code for Miller 1993 is Miller1993. No hyphens, diacritic marks, or spaces between multiple word names of authors are included. For example, the publication by De Lotto 1965, is coded DeLott1965. If the author published more than one paper in a year, ascending letters in lower case is placed after the date of the second, third, etc. publications. The first publication of an author in a certain year has no letter. For example, if Hall published two papers in 1925, they are coded Hall1925 and Hall1925a. For a multiauthored publication, the code is composed of up to six letters of the first author’s last name, and the first two letters of the last name of the next two authors. For example, the publication by Berry, J.A., Morales, C.F., Hill, M.G., Lofroth, B.J. & Allan, D.J. 1989, would be coded BerryMoHi1989. If these authors published two papers in 1989, the second paper has a citation code BerryMoHi1989a. lf there are two different authors with the same last name who published in the same year, the same process listed above is used but it is necessary to also place their first initials after the date in upper case. For example, in 1977 D.J. Williams, J.R. Williams and M.L. Williams each published at least one paper; the codes are Willia1977DJ. Willial977JR and Willial977ML. Occasionally, the process of truncating author’s names to form a code produces identical codes. For example, the papers by Kosztarab & Kosztarab (1988) and Kosztarab & Kozár (1988) end up with the same codes (KosztaKol988). This problem is solved by adding the first initials of one of the authors in capital letters after the date, e.g. KosztaKol988F and KosztaKol988MP. Finally, papers by societies are given special codes with all capital letters and are placed as the first reference for a letter in the references cited section. lf there is still uncertainty about a particular citation code, it is easy to find the appropriate reference since the citation code is given at the end of each reference in the “References” section. CATALOGUE OF GENERA AND SPECIES All the taxa (genera, species and subspecies) of each family are alphabetically listed in each Catalogue and in the Indices in their currently accepted subfamily status.

xv

xvi

CATALOGUE FORMAT

SPECIES CATALOGUE Species and Subspecies Header. Each species or subspecies entry is headed by the currently accepted valid name, with the author’s name in parentheses if that species was first described in a genus other than the currently accepted generic placement. The next section does not have a heading, and it provides the nomenclatural history of the species or subspecies. It lists all available and unavailable names (according to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) that have been used in the literature for the species or subspecies, including junior synonyms, changes of combination, misidentifications, nomina nuda, misspellings and others. Records are listed chronologically, with the originally cited genus–species combination given along with the author, year (letter) and page number in the publication. The following information is given for each cited-name record that has type data: type locality and host: type category (e.g. holotype, syntypes, lectotype): method of type designation (e.g. original or subsequent) and, if by subsequent designation, the name of the author of the subsequent designation and the reference, type sex/stage (e.g. female, nymph) and museum where the type is deposited. The following information may be given for any cited-name record, the author of synonymy or discoverer of taxonomic or nomenclatural “errors” such as nomina nuda, homonyms and misidentifications; and notes relating to the specific record. A complete list of references is given in the “Citations” section. Common Names. This section gives all the common names, which have been proposed or used in publications, of the species, together with at least one of the sources of the common name as a citation code. Common Names, in alphabetical order, are included in all languages that use Latin letters, as well as trans-latinized common names used in non-Latin languages. Systematics. This section is present for some of the species. It provides brief notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the taxon. Structure. This section includes information on the external appearance of the scale insect, as described in the original description and, if available, as described by later authors, together with the reference to this information. The descriptions taken from publications in English are cited with only minor modifications of the text. Descriptions from publications in other languages were translated by our colleagues who are acknowledged in the Acknowledgements Section. Reference is given to illustrations of photos of external appearance. Host Plants are listed alphabetically by plant family and within the family alphabetically by genus, species and subspecies. A question mark preceding any host record indicates that it is a questionable record. Each host record has at least one literature reference in the form of a citation code as a validation source. We have not attempted to update or verify host names but have used the names given in the literature. For host family names, we have followed the system of Willis (1988). We also found valuable sources of information in several internet sites, such as: Germplasm Resources Information Network, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/tax/taxgenfrom.html); Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (http://plants.usda.gov/plants/fr_enter.cgi?earl=fr_qurymenu), Missouri Botanical Garden (http://mobot.inobot.org/pick/search/pick.html); Kew Gardens, England (http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/web.dbs/webdbsintro.html). Natural Enemies. This section provides names of natural enemies (arthropods and fungi) that were mentioned in the scale-insect literature, followed by Citations Codes. I am not an expert in these topics, but I hope that the list is as up-to-date as possible for the diversity of natural enemies, their currently accepted names and synonyms. Distribution. Records are given alphabetically by biogeographic realm (Afrotropical, Antarctic, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic) and within each realm

CATALOGUE FORMAT

xvii

alphabetically by country and regional unit (state or province). A question mark preceding any country or regional unit indicates that the record is doubtful. Each distribution record is validated by at least one citation code between square brackets. Country names listed in this catalogue are as current as possible. The link between “old” and current country names was ascertained in the 1958 Oxford Atlas (Lewis & Campbell, 1958). Our information sources have been the Hammond Atlas of the World (1995) and several web sites on the Internet, such as: Public National Imagery and Mapping Agency, Department of Defense (http://164.214.2.59/gns/html/index/html); Getty Information Institute. Thesaurus of Geographic Names (http://www.ahip.getty.edu/ tgn_browser/). Biology section includes brief information on life history as reported in the literature, with appropriate references. Economic Importance provides a summary of the damage inflicted by the species as a pest to agricultural crops. We have not included in this section information on chemical or biological control methods. However, numerous papers that deal with chemical and biological control, are listed in the Citations section. These will be easily traced by the appropriate key words. General. In this section a list of references is provided, arranged chronologically, that present taxonomic descriptions of the species. For some species, the description and illustration may be poor and almost inadequate for proper identification of the species, but it is the only information available. This section may include any comments that did not fit in other categories of the catalogue. The Keys section gives references to all published keys that include the species in question. Also given is the species name used in the key if different from the currently accepted valid name the life stage keyed and the geographical scope of the key. Citations consist of an alphabetical listing of citation codes of all publications that we have surveyed that cite the species name or its various forms, followed by several “keyword” descriptors that summarize the general contents of each paper, and the relevant page numbers within the publication for the species. The keywords are: behaviour, biological control, catalogue, chemical control, chemistry, description, distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, pheromone, physiology, structure and taxonomy. GENUS CATALOGUE Genus catalogues are similar in structure and format to species catalogues, except that the former consists only of the following Sections: Header, Synonymy, Systematics, General, Keys and Citations. The Synonymy section provides information on the type species of the currently accepted valid genus and its synonyms. The Systematics section gives the main distinguishing characters of a genus. In some genera, with unique nomenclatural history, this is discussed. The Keys section lists all the publications that include keys to the species of the genus, and/or for the genus within the family. REFERENCES The References section provides complete bibliographic information for all citations in the main body of the catalogue. Journal titles are spelt out in full when the correct spelling of all components is known. In a few cases, abbreviations are given because the exact spelling of the journal title has not been ascertained. Also, it should be noted that the references listed for an author, in this Catalogue, are coded as in References database of ScaleNet. For example, E.E. Green published three papers in 1909 and they were labelled, in the References database of ScaleNet, Green 1909 to Green 1909b. However, only one of these contains information on the Margarodidae.

xviii

CATALOGUE FORMAT

For the sake of consistency, throughout the Coccoidea cataloguing system, the same paper code was retained here, even though only one publication by Green, namely Green 1909b, is listed in the References section of this Margarodidae volume. INDICES The catalogue concludes with an Index to Genera and an Index to Species that will help the user to trace the status and catalogue of any of the names used in the Margarodidae. All the taxa (genera, species and subspecies) of the Margarodidae are listed in these Indices according to their currently accepted subfamily status. Each of the Indices is arranged in two columns. The left column of each Index provides the name, followed by the name of an author, and the status of that name, i.e. accepted valid name, junior synonym, homonym, misspelling, replacement name (that is justified or unjustified), nomen nudum that is placed, nomen nudum that is unplaced, change of combination and change of rank. The left column provides the valid name for the taxon in the right column. For more information on a certain name, the user may check, in the catalogue, the list of synonyms or the valid name for details. Since the catalogue is arranged in alphabetical order, it will be easy to locate the valid name in the text of the catalogue. Due to technical reasons, it was pertinent to use, in part of the entries, the following abbreviation in the status description of some taxa: acc. – accepted & – and comb. – combination gend. – gender misspel. – misspelling nud. – nudum spe. – species val. – valid

agree. – agreement cha. – change epit. – epithet jun. – junior nom. – nomen replace. – replacement syn. – synonym

REFERENCES Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, FL. 536 pp. Ben-Dov, Y. 1994. A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, UK. 686 pp. Ben-Dov, Y. 2005. A systematic catalogue of the scale insect family Margarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the world. Intercept Ltd., Wimborne, UK. 400 pp. Ben-Dov, Y. & German, V. 2003. A systematic catalogue of the Diaspididae (armoured scale insects) of the world, subfamilies Aspidiotinae, Comstockiellinae and Odonaspidinae. Intercept, Andover, Hants, UK. 1112 pp. Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D.R. & Gibson, G.A.P. 2004. ScaleNet, a systematic database of the scale insects of the world. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm Kosztarab, M. & Kosztarab, M.P. 1988. A selected bibliography of the Coccoidea (Homoptera) Third Supplement (1970–1985). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 88–1: 1-252. Kosztarab, M. & Russell, L.M. 1974. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) Second Supplement. Miscellaneous Publications United States Department of Agriculture, 1285: 1-22. Miller, D.R. & Gimpel, M.E. 2000. A Systematic catalogue of the Eriococcidae (felt scales) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the world. Intercept Limited, Andover, UK. 589 pp. Miller, D.R., Gimpel, M.E. & Rung, A. 2005. A Systematic catalogue of the Cerococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kermesidae, Micrococcidae, Ortheziidae, Phenacleachiidae, Phoenicococcidae and Stictococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the world. Intercept Limited, Andover, UK. 554 pp. Morrison, H. & Renk, A.V. 1957. A selected bibliography of the Coccoidea. Miscellaneous Publications United States Department of Agriculture, 734: 1-222. Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture, 1015: 1-206.

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ACLERDIDAE Grass scales

Taxonomy and Nomenclature Cockerell (1905b) established the tribe Aclerdini (as part of the Coccinae [=Coccidae of current usage]) to include the species of Aclerda Signoret. Subsequently, Ferris (1937) raised this group to family rank, Aclerdidae, status that is widely accepted in scale insect taxonomy. Hodgson & Millar (2002) recognized in the family two subfamilies, namely Aclerdinae Cockerell, 1905 and Rhodesaclerdinae Hodgson & Millar, 2002. Descriptive activity The rate of taxa description in this family is given in Table 2.

Table 2 Number of genera and species in the Aclerdidae, described in each decade from 1758 to 2004. Decade

No. of genera

Cumulative genera

No. of species

Cumulative species

1758–1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 5

0 1 0 3 4 3 4 4 5 22 2 3 0 2 4

0 1 0 4 8 11 15 19 24 46 48 51 51 53 57

Total

5

5

57

57

Publications Comprehensive publications on systematics of the Aclerdidae include: McConnell (1954), Borchsenius (1960d), Kosztarab (1996) and Hodgson & Millar (2002). Host plant relationships The described species of this family, and particularly those belonging to the Aclerdinae, have been recorded mainly from gramineous host plants: 46 species have been reported only off Gramineae, 1 off Gramineae and Cyperaceae, 1 off Gramineae and Juncaceae, 2 off Orchidaceae, 1 off Bromeliaceae, while the host plant of 2 species is unknown. All four species belonging to the

1

2

ACLERDIDAE

Rhodesaclerdinae were recorded from host plants other than Gramineae; three from Combretaceae while the fourth from a plant of the Loranthaceae. Distribution The available records of Aclerdidae species indicate that the family occurs in the Afrotropical, Australian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental and Palearctic zoogeographical regions of the world.

ACLERDIDAE Catalogue of genera and species

Type genus: Aclerda Signoret, 1874 Aclerdini Cockerell, 1905b: 197. Aclerdidae Ferris, 1937: 6. Aclerdidae Ferris, McConnell, 1954: 3.

Subfamily ACLERDINAE Cockerell Type genus: Aclerda Signoret, 1874 Aclerdini Cockerell, 1905b: 197 Aclerdi Silvestri, 1939: 700 Aclerdinae Balachowsky, 1942: 43 Aclerdinae Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 513

Aclerda Signoret Aclerda Signoret, 1874: 96. Type species: Aclerda subterranea Signoret, by monotypy. Pseudolecanium Cockerell, 1896h: 19. Type species: Pseudolecanium tokionis Cockerell. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 210. Notes: McConnell (1954) confirmed the synonymy of Pseudolecanium with Aclerda by Fernald (1903b). Acierda; Balachowsky, 1939a: 47. Misspelling of genus name. GENERAL: Definition and characters by McConnell (1954), Ferris (1955a), Borchsenius (1960d), Wang (1994), Kosztarab (1996) and Hodgson & Millar (2002). KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 513 (female) [Genera of family]; Kosztarab 1996: 311 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Wang 1994: 256 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 192 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 260-261 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (larva) [Russia]; McConnell 1954: 24-28 (female) [Genera and species, world]; McConnell 1954: 28-31 (nymph) [Genera and species, world]; Teague 1925: 435-436 (female) [world]; Lawson 1917: 189 (female) [USA, Kansas]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 131]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Balach1942 [taxonomy: 43]; Bodenh1949: 7]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 259-261]; Cocker1899h [taxonomy: 19]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 197]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 2-3]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 124]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 316]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description: 469-517]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 310-311]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy: 259-260]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 11]; Kuwana1932a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-62]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 189-190]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 175, 182]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 18]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, key: 1-121]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 2, 166]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description: 96]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 700]; Tao1978 [taxonomy: 77]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 50]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description: 432-435]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description: 258-259]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 318].

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ACLERDIDAE CATALOGUE

Aclerda acuta Borchsenius Aclerda acuta Borchsenius, 1960d: 269. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, North of Tsindun, on bank of Pabentzyan river, on stems of undetermined grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae [Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960d) and Wang (1994). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; Yang 1982: 192 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (female) [Aclerda species, Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (first instar) [Aclerda species, Russia]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [host, distribution: 131]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-271]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 11]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-261]. Aclerda andropogonis McConnell Aclerda andropogonis McConnell, 1943: 107. Type data: U.S.A: Maryland, Newport (Charles County), on Andropogon virginicus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Andropogon furcatus [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Andropogon littoralis [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Andropogon virginicus [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aenasioidea ferrierei Burks [Gordh1979]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Kansas [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Maryland [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Texas [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1943; 1954) and Kosztarab (1996). KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 311 (female) [Aclerda species, Northeastern North America]; McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 3]; Gordh1979 [biological control: 922]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 311-313]; McConn1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32, 33]. Aclerda ariditatis Ferris Aclerda ariditatis Ferris, 1919a: 35. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Cruses, on Hilaria cenchroides. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Hilaria cenchroides [Ferris1919a, Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Ferris1919a, Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1919a), Teague (1925) and by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 3]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34, 35]; MacGil1921 [distribution: 182]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 436].


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Aclerda arizonica McConnell Aclerda arizonica McConnell, 1954: 37. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains, Rustlers Park, on Blepharoneuron tricholepis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Aclerda arizonica; Ferris, 1955a: 3. Notes: Ferris (1955a) incorrectly cited this species as ‘new species’. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Blepharoneuron tricholepis [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female given by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 3]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]. Aclerda arundinariae McConnell Aclerda arundinariae McConnell, 1943: 108. Type data: U.S.A.: South Carolina, Anderson, on Arundinaria tecta. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria tecta [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a], South Carolina [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Virginia [Koszta1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female given by McConnell (1954) and Kosztarab (1996). Description and illustration of adult male given by Nada et al. (1976). KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 311 (female) [Aclerda species, Northeastern North America]; McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 3]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 510-517]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313-312]; McConn1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108, 110-112]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39, 41]; NadaAfAm1976 [description, illustration: 133-137]; Sharko1996 [biological control: 355-357]. Aclerda attenuata Ferris Aclerda attenuata Ferris, 1921: 87. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, Districto Sur, La Rivera, Eureca Ranch, on Distichlis spicata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bouteloua curtipendula [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Distichlis spicata [Ferris1921, Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California [Ferris1921, Teague1925, McConn1954, Miller1996]); United States of America (Texas [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female given by Ferris (1921), Teague (1925) and McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-88]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 3]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-42]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 436-437].

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Aclerda balachowskyi McConnell Aclerda balachowskyi McConnell, 1955: 170. Type data: GUINEA: Fulaya-Kindia, an Anadelphia arrecta. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Anadelphia arrecta [McConn1955]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Guinea [McConn1955]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1955). CITATIONS: McConn1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-174]. Aclerda berlesii Buffa Aclerda berlesii Buffa, 1897: 139. Type data: ITALY: Southern Italy, on Arundo donax. Syntypes, female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Aclerda berlesei; Borg, 1932: 16. Misspelling of species name. Aclerda berlesei; Bodenheimer, 1935: 250. Misspelling of species name. Aclerda berlesei; Balachowsky, 1935b: 264. Misspelling of species name. Aclerda berlesei; Bodenheimer, 1937: 219. Misspelling of species name. Aclerda berlesei; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1937: 316. Misspelling of species name. STRUCTURE: La Face (1916) described and illustrated the development and metamorphosis of the male and female. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundo donax [Buffa1897, Trabut1911, LaFace1916, Leonar1920, Teague1925, Melis1930, Borg1932, Balach1935b], Phragmites [Bodenh1935, Bodenh1937]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Trabut1911]; France [Foldi2001]; Greece [Santas1989]; Italy [Borchs1960d, BarbagBiBo1995]; Malta [Borg1932, Borchs1960d]; Sardinia [Melis1930]; Sicily [Buffa1897, LaFace1916, Leonar1920, Teague1925, McConn1954]; Spain [Balach1935b, GomezM1937, Martin1984MP]. BIOLOGY: Borg (1932) reported it from Malta as “very common on both Islands on the common reed Arundo donax between the leaf-sheaths and the stem”. Balachowsky (1935b) recorded this species as common on Arundo donax at Barcelona region in Spain. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Santas (1989) reported this species developing high-level populations in Greece that produce large quantities of honeydew, which is the source for honey production. GENERAL: The original description included descriptions and illustrations of first-instar nymph, second-instar male and female, male prepupa and pupa, adult female and male. Description and illustration of adult female by Leonardi (1920), Teague (1925) and McConnell (1954). Description and illustration of first-instar female, second-instar female, second-instar male and adult male given by Leonardi (1920). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960d). Description of first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (first instar) [Aclerda species, Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (female) [Aclerda species, Russia]; McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Balach1935b [host, distribution: 264]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 250]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 262-263]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 16]; Buffa1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 139-159]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 210]; Foldi1997 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 205]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 316-320]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; LaFace1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 768-771]; LaFace1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 235-249]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-375]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host,


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distribution: 67]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-44]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; Santas1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 48]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 437]; Teodor1916 [life history, structure, taxonomy: 147-149]; Trabut1911 [host, distribution: 59-60]. Aclerda californica (Ehrhorn) Nidularia? californica Ehrhorn, 1899a: 103. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Mountain View, on roots of Bunch grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Pseudolecanium californicum; Parrott, 1900: 45. Change of combination. Aclerda californica; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination. COMMON NAMES: California bunch grass scale. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Andropogon furcatus [Parrot1900, Lawson1917], Elymus [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Gill1993], Hordeum [Gill1993], Melica [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Gill1993]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Kuwana1902b, Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Gill1993], Kansas [Parrot1900, Kuwana1902b, Lawson1917], Oregon [Gill1993], Washington [Ferris1955a, Gill1993]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Parrott (1900), Teague (1925), McConnell (1954) and Gill (1993). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 197]; Ehrhor1899a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 210]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-33]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125, 127]; Kuwana1902b [distribution: 135]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190]; MacGil1921 [distribution: 182]; Parrot1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145, 146]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 437-438]. Aclerda chiriquiensis McConnell Aclerda chiriquiensis McConnell, 1954: 46. Type data: PANAMA: Chiriqui Prov., Boquite, El Salto, on undetermined, very slender, somewhat scandent grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae [McConn1954] DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-48]. Aclerda chusqueae McConnell Aclerda chusqueae McConnell, 1954: 49. Type data: PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui (at 8000 feet elevation), on bamboo, Chusquea pittieri. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Chusquea pittieri [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954).

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KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]. Aclerda coganicola McConnell Aclerda coganicola McConnell, 1954: 51. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on “cogan” [=Imperata cylindrica]; collected by Walter Carter, 5 June, 1947. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Imperata cylindrica [McConn1954, Lit1997b]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [McConn1954] (Luzon [Lit1997b], Mindanao [Lit1997b]). BIOLOGY: Lit (1997b) recorded this species from underground parts of Imperata cylindrica (Gramineae). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [host, distribution: 131]; Lit1997b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87-88]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-53]. Aclerda constricta Ben-Dov Aclerda constricta Ben-Dov, 1977a: 371. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Cape Town (Sea Point), on Themeda triandra. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Themeda triandra [BenDov1977a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [BenDov1977a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ben-Dov (1977a). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1977a: 376 (female) [Aclerda species, Southern Africa]. CITATIONS: BenDov1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 371-373]. Aclerda digitata (Cockerell) Pseudolecanium digitata Cockerell, 1902a: 24. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Richmond, on leaves of grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Aclerda digitata; Fernald, 1903b: 210. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: “The type slides of this species are in the United States National Collection, but they are in poor condition for study, especially the slides of the adult females and intermediate stages. Larval specimens from one slide produced some favorable specimens for study by additional clearing and staining. Careful study of all available material contributed some additional information, but insufficient to justify placing this species in any one of the genera assigned to the family Aclerdidae in this paper. The additional information found would seem to indicate a closer relationship to the genus Rhodesaclerda than to either of the other two genera. This is particularly true of the larvae, in that some of the abdominal segments have only one marginal spine on each side. It is the author’s opinion that when favorable material of this species has been procured, it will be found to belong in an unrecognized genus” (McConnell, 1954). HOST PLANTS: Gramineae Cocker1902a. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cocker1902a, Fernal1903b, Brain1920a, McConn1954]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Brain (1920a) and McConnell (1954). CITATIONS: Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 24]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 210]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-120]; Teague1925 [taxonomy: 440].


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Aclerda distorta Green Aclerda distorta Green, 1909a: 290. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, Yatiyantota and Udagama, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Green1909a, McConn1954], Dendrocalamus [Ali1970a, Varshn1994], Saccharum officinalis [Ali1970a]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Varshn1994], West Bengal [Varshn1994]); Sri Lanka [McConn1954, Varshn1994]. BIOLOGY: Concealed beneath the leaf sheaths of the host. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3]; Ali1970a [host, distribution: 131-132]; Box1953 [host, distribution: 51]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 290-291]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-55]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 67]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 66]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 338]. Aclerda ferrisi McConnell Aclerda ferrisi McConnell, 1954: 55. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Chiricahua Mountains, near the Saddle, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae [McConn1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1955a], California [McConn1954]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-57, 59]. Aclerda holci Teague Aclerda holci Teague, 1925: 438. Type data: U.S.A: Louisiana, New Orleans, on Holcus halepensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Holcus halepensis [Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [McConn1954], Louisiana [Teague1925, Ferris1955a], Texas [McConn1954]). BIOLOGY: Infesting the stem of the host plant beneath the leaf sheaths. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Box1953 [host, distribution: 51]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-59]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 438]. Aclerda imperatae Ramakrishna nomen nudum Aclerda imperatae Ramakrishna, 1930: 52. nomen nudum; discovered by McConnell, 1954: 117. Aclerda inermis Ali nomen nudum Aclerda inermis Ali, 1970a: 132. nomen nudum; discovered by McConnell, 1954: 117.

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Aclerda ischaemi McConnell Aclerda ischaemi Ramakrishna, 1930: 52. nomen nudum; discovered by McConnell, 1955: 117. Aclerda eschaemi; McConnell, 1954: 117. Misspelling of species name. Aclerda ischaemi McConnell, 1955: 165. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Tinnevelly, Sengleteri, on stem of Ischaemum hirtum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Aclerda ischaemi; Ali, 1970a: 132. Notes: Incorrect citation of author. Aclerda ischaemum; Varshney, 1985a: 22. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Incorrect citation of Green as author. Aclerda ischaemum; Varshney, 1992: 67. Notes: Incorrect citation of author. SYSTEMATICS: McConnell (1955) credited the authorship to Ramakrishna. Varshney (1985a) credited the authorship to Green. However according to Article (50) of ICZN, the author is McConnell. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Ischaemum hirtum [Ramakr1930, McConn1955]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ramakr1930, McConn1955]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1955). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 132]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 117]; McConn1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-170]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]. Aclerda japonica inermis Ramakrishna nomen nudum Aclerda japonica inermis Ramakrishna, 1936: 117. nomen nudum; discovered by McConnell, 1954: 117. Aclerda laeliae McConnell Aclerda laeliae McConnell, 1954: 61. Type data: BRAZIL: intercepted at U.S.A., Hoboken Quarantine Station, on Laelia-Cattleya martinetti; collected Adams, 16 July, 1947. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Orchidaceae: Cattleya [McConn1954], Cattleya martinetti [McConn1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [McConn1954]. Palaearctic: France [McConn1954, Foldi2001]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-61, 63]. Aclerda longiseta Borchsenius Aclerda longiseta Borchsenius, 1958: 162. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan Province, near Hangchow, on Phragmites sp.; collected N. Shutova & N. Borchsenius, 26-31.x.1954. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Phragmites [Borchs1958]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Sichuan (Szechwan) [Borchs1958]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1958) and by Wang (1994). KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [Aclerda species, China]. CITATIONS: Borchs1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262-263].


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Aclerda manni McConnell Aclerda manni McConnell, 1954: 63. Type data: MEXICO: Guadalajara, attended by ants; host plant not indicated; collected by W.M. Mann, March 19, 1923. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McConn1954, Ferris1955a] (Baja California [Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-63, 65]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]. Aclerda marylandica McConnell Aclerda marylandica McConnell, 1954: 64. Type data: U.S.A.: Maryland, Queen Annes County, along the Shore of the Chesapeake Bay at Kent Narrows near Stevensville, on Distichlis spicata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. Gramineae: Distichlis spicata [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Spartina [McConn1954, Koszta1996], Spartina juncea [McConn1954, Koszta1996], Spartina patens monogyna [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [McConn1954], Florida [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Maryland [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Mississippi [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], South Carolina [McConn1954]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954) and Kosztarab (1996). KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 311 (female) [Aclerda species, Northeastern North America]; McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 5]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313, 315-316]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65, 67]. Aclerda mexicana McConnell Aclerda mexicana McConnell, 1954: 67. Type data: MEXICO: Linares, N.L., on Sorghum halepense. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Sorghum halepense [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McConn1954, Ferris1955a] (Nuevo Leon [Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67, 69]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]. Aclerda namibensis Ben-Dov Aclerda namibensis Ben-Dov, 1977a: 373. Type data: NAMIBIA: Namib desert, Godabeb (Homeb), on Stipagrostis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Stipagrostis [BenDov1977a]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Mayridia arida Prinsloo & Annecke [PrinslAn1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (Southwest Africa) [BenDov1977a].

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GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ben-Dov (1977a). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1977a: 376 (female) [Aclerda species, Southern Africa]. CITATIONS: BenDov1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 373-376]; PrinslAn1976 [biological control: 193-195]. Aclerda oaxacaensis McConnell Aclerda oaxacaensis McConnell, 1954: 69. Type data: MEXICO: Oaxaca, Chevela, on an unidentified grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae [McConn1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Oaxaca [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69, 71]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]. Aclerda obscura (Parrott) Pseudolecanium obscurum Parrott, 1900: 144. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, from Lost Springs, Parsons, Fredonia on Andropogon scoparius, and from Green Mound on Sporobolus longifolius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Aclerda obscura; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Andropogon scoparius [Parrot1900, Lawson1917, McConn1954], Aristida stricta [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Sporobolus [Ferris1955a], Sporobolus longifolius [Parrot1900, McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Kansas [Parrot1900, Kuwana1902b, Lawson1917, McConn1954, Ferris1955a], North Carolina [Ferris1955a], South Carolina [Ferris1955a], Texas [McConn1954]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: Hodges & Howell 2002: 117 (female) [Aclerda species, world]; McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 197]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 211]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; Kuwana1902b [distribution: 136]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-191]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-72]; MacGil1921 [distribution: 182]; Parrot1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144, 145]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 440]. Aclerda orchidicola McConnell Aclerda orchidicola McConnell, 1954: 73. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Manila, on orchid; intercepted Hawaii Quarantine, L.A. Whitney, 25.06.1918. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Orchidaceae [McConn1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [McConn1954]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 132]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73, 75].


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Aclerda panica Hall Aclerda panici Hall, 1926a: 12. Type data: EGYPT: Between the 4th and 5th Towers on the Suez Road, on Panicum turgidum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Panicum turgidum [Hall1926a, McConn1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1926a, McConn1954, EzzatNa1987]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1977a: 376 (female) [Aclerda species, Southern Africa]; McConnell 1954: 24 (female) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-15]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75, 77]. Aclerda pasquieri Balachowsky Aclerda pasquieri Balachowsky, 1939a: 46. Type data: ALGERIA: North of Zabrez-Chergui, on Stipa tenacissima. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. Acierda pasqulerl; Balachowsky, 1939a: 47. Misspelling of genus and species names. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Stipa tenacissima [Balach1939a, McConn1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1939a, McConn1954]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1977a: 376 (female) [Southern Africa]; McConnell 1954: 24 (female) [World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [World]. CITATIONS: Balach1939a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-55]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-81]. Aclerda phaseoliformis Borchsenius Aclerda phaseoliformis Borchsenius, 1949b: 341. Type data: TAJIKISTAN: Kirovobad, on roots of Sorghum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Sorghum [Borchs1949b, Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949b, Borchs1960d]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Bustshik (1960). KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (female) [Aclerda species, Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (first instar) [Aclerda species, Russia]. CITATIONS: Borchs1949b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 341]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-267]; Bustsh1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-172]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 117]. Aclerda sacchari Teague Aclerda sacchari Teague, 1925: 439. Type data: PUERTO RICO: Arecibo, on stalks of sugar-cane. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Cymbopogon citratus [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Panicum barbinode [McConn1954], Paspalum conjugatum [McConn1954, Ferris1955a], Saccharum officinarum [Martor1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Ferris1955a]; El Salvador [Ferris1955a]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Teague1925, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Martor1976]). Oriental: Philippines [Ferris1955a].

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BIOLOGY: Found on stalks and roots of sugar-cane (Teague, 1925). The insect develops under the leaf sheaths (Karam, 1991). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 132]; Box1953 [host, distribution: 51]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 230]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 77]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439]. Aclerda santensis Hempel Aclerda santensis Hempel, 1937: 16. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Santos, on the grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae [Hempel1937]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1937, McConn1954]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-18]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-85]. Aclerda sasae Borchsenius Aclerda sasae Borchsenius, 1960d: 263. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Hangchow [=Hangzhou], Sun Yat-Sen park, on stems of Sasa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Sasa [Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Zhejiang (Chekiang) [Borchs1960d]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d) and Wang (1994). KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (female) [Aclerda species, Russia]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 132]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-265]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 104]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-265]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 193-194]. Aclerda sellahispanica Lindinger Aclerda sella-hispanica Lindinger, 1913a: 347. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, North Fremantle, in nest of a spider Phryganoporus sp. Syntypes. Notes: The types were lost in 1943 in a fire at the Zoological Museum, Hamburg (Weidner & Wagner, 1968). Aclerda sells-hispanicum; McConnell, 1954: 117. Misspelling of species name. Aclerda sellahispanica; Weidner & Wagner, 1968: 171. Justified emendation. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Lindin1913a, WeidneWa1968]). CITATIONS: Lindin1913a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 347]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 117]; Teague1925 [taxonomy: 440]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 171]. Aclerda signoreti Lindinger Aclerda signoreti Lindinger, 1912b: 170. Type data: AUSTRIA: Mödling, on Gramineae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Hamburg: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universität von Hamburg, Germany. Note: The type data was taken from Weidner & Wagner (1968, p. 171).


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HOST PLANTS: Gramineae [Lindin1912b]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Lindin1912b]. CITATIONS: Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 117]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 31]; Teague1925 [taxonomy: 440]; WeidneWa1968 [host, distribution: 171]. Aclerda simplicis McConnell Aclerda simplicis McConnell, 1954: 85. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Charleston Mountains north of Las Vegas, on Hilaria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Hilaria [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Nevada [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-87]. Aclerda sinaloaensis McConnell Aclerda sinaloaensis McConnell, 1954: 87. Type data: MEXICO: Sinaloa, Rosario, Mt. La Dispence, on Arthrostylidium longifolium. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arthrostylidium longifolium [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Sinaloa [McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]. Aclerda smithi Hodges & Howell Aclerda smithii Hodges & Howell, 2002: 113. Type data: USA: Georgia, Tattnall county, on Sporobolus sp. Holotype female; type no. 1-76A-D. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Sporobolus [HodgesHo2002]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [HodgesHo2002]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Hodges & Howell (2002). The species epithet was spelled smithii in the original description, however, according to Article 33.4 of ICZN (1999) it should be amended to smithi. KEYS: HodgesHo2002: 117 (female) [Aclerda species, world]. CITATIONS: HodgesHo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-117]. Aclerda subterranea Signoret Aclerda subterranea Signoret, 1874: 97. Type data: FRANCE: Le Midi, in many localities between Perpignan and Nice, on the roots of many species of Gramineae, especially Agropyrum sp. and Milium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Agropyrum [Signor1874, Teague1925, McConn1954, Borchs1960d], Agropyrum intermedium [McConn1954], Brachypodium ramosum [Parker1960], Milium [Signor1874], Stipa bromoides [Foldi2000].

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NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marietta picta (Andre) [Parker1960]. Encyrtidae: Anabrolepis zettersteddtii (Westwood), Cerapterocerus mirabilis Westwood [Parker1960], Cheiloneurus elegans (Dalman) [Parker1960], Microterys ferrugineus (Nees) [Parker1960], Microterys matriensis (Mercet) [Parker1960], Paraphaenodiscus subterraneus Ferriere [Parker1960]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Eublemma jocunda (Hubner) [Parker1960]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Signor1874, Teague1925, McConn1954, Borchs1960d, Parker1960, Foldi2001]; Italy [McConn1954, Borchs1960d, BarbagBiBo1995]; Spain [GomezM1948, Martin1984MP]. BIOLOGY: Develops singly or in clusters on the lower stems and sometimes on rhizomes near ground surface (Parker, 1960). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Parker (1960) recorded eight species of parasitoids from France. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d). Description of first-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 260 (female) [Aclerda species, Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (first instar) [Aclerda species, Russia]; McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (first instar) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 261-262]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 211]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FontanPe2001 [taxonomy: 68,70]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-94]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-261]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-91]; Parker1960 [life history, distribution, host, biological control: 167-168]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-98]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439]. Aclerda takahashii Kuwana Aclerda japonica; Takahashi, 1930: 36. Misidentification; discovered by Kuwana, 1932a: 62. Aclerda sacchari Hempel, 1932: 332. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Campinas, on sugarcane. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Synonymy by Hempel, 1934: 147. Homonym of Aclerda sacchari Teague, 1925. Aclerda takahashii Kuwana, 1932a: 62. Type data: TAIWAN: Kori, Shinka, on Saccharum officinarum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Aclerda campinensis Hempel, 1934: 147. Replacement name for Aclerda sacchari Hempel, 1932; synonym by McConnell, 1954:91. Aclerda thysanolaenae Mamet, 1943: 125. Type data: MAURITIUS: Rose Hill, on Thysanolaena agrostis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. Synonymy by McConnell, 1954: 91. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 5.2, a,b). HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Agropyrum [Signor1874, Teague1925, McConn1954, Borchs1960d], Agropyrum intermedium [McConn1954], Brachypodium ramosum [Parker1960], Milium [Signor1874], Miscanthus [McConn1954], Saccharum arundinaceum [Takaha1952], Saccharum indicum [McConn1954], Saccharum officinalis [Hempel1932, Kuwana1932a, Ali1970a, Karam1991, Varshn1992], Saccharum spontaneum [Varshn1992], Stipa bromoides [Foldi2000], Thysanolaena agrostis [Mamet1943, McConn1954]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA: Neoprochiloneurus [LimPa1976], Nikolskiella [LimPa1976], Promuscidae [LimPa1976], Trichomastus [LimPa1976]. Aphelinidae: Botryoideclava bharatiya Rao [Rao1980].


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DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Mamet1943, Kuwana1932a, McConn1954]; Réunion [Mamet1952]. Australasian: Guam [Muniap2001]. Neotropical: Brazil [McConn1954] (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932]). Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Varshn1992], Uttar Pradesh [Varshn1992]); Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1952]); Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Philippines [McConn1954]; Taiwan [McConn1954, Tao1989]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [McConn1954]; Egypt [Karam1991]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954), Kawai (1980) and Wang (1994). Description and illustration of all nymph instars by Karam (1991). KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; Kawai 1980: 135 (female) [Aclerda species, Japan]; McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 132]; Box1953 [host, distribution: 51]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332-333]; Hempel1934 [taxonomy: 147]; Karam1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341-353]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19, 135-137]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 12-13]; Kuwana1932a [taxonomy, host, description, illustration, distribution: 62-64]; Mamet1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-126]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 149]; Mamet1949 [catalogue: 18]; Mamet1952 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 170]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-95]; MukuntNi2002 [host, distribution: 157-159]; Muniap2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-16]; Rao1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 41-45]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36-37]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 17]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 67]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-266]. Aclerda talahiba McConnell Aclerda talahiba McConnell, 1954: 95. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on “talahib”, presumably Saccharum indicum; collected Walter Carter, in 1947. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Saccharum indicum [McConn1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [McConn1954]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 132-133]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95, 97]. Aclerda texana McConnell Aclerda texana McConnell, 1954: 97. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Sonoita, on Muhlenbergia montana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Muhlenbergia montana [McConn1954, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Ferris1955a]; United States of America (Arizona [McConn1954], Texas [Ferris1955a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, illustration, distribution: 6-7]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97, 99].

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Aclerda tillandsiae Howell Aclerda tillandsiae Howell, 1972: 1262. Type data: U.S.A.: Georgia, Lowndes County, Valdosta, on Tillandsia usneoides. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia usneoides [Howell1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [Howell1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Howell (1972, 1973). Description and illustration of first-instar, second-instar female, second-instar male and third-instar female by Howell (1973). CITATIONS: HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 510-517]; Howell1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1262-1264]; Howell1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1335-1342]. Aclerda tokionis (Cockerell) Sphaerococcus (Pseudolecanium) tokionis Cockerell, 1896h: 19. Type data: JAPAN: [presumably Tokyo] on twigs of bamboo; collected Takahashi. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Pseudolecanium tokionis; Cockerell, 1899j: 263. Change of combination. Aclerda japonica Newstead, 1901a: 84. Type data: ENGLAND: Herts, Broxbourne, in greenhouse, on leaf sheaths of Arundinaria japonica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by McConnell, 1954: 99. Aclerda tokionis; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Figs. 5.1, a,b). HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria japonica [Newste1901a, Kuwana1932a], Bambusa [Cocker1896h, McConn1954, Gill1993], Phyllostachys [McConn1954, Borchs1960d], Pleioblastus chino [Kuwana1932a], Pleioblastus graminea [Kuwana1932a], Saccharum officinalis [Ali1970a, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Kuwana1902b, McConn1954, Gill1993]). Oriental: India [Ali1970a, Varshn1992] (Orissa [Varshn1992], Tamil Nadu [Varshn1992]); Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Taiwan [Tao1989]. Palaearctic: Japan [Cocker1896h, Kuwana1902b, Kuwana1917a, Teague1925, Kuwana1932a, McConn1954]; United Kingdom (England [Newste1901a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954), Borchsenius (1960d), Gill (1993) and Wang (1994). Description and illustration of adult male by Kuwana (1932a). Description of first-instar by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; Kawai 1980: 135 (female) [Aclerda species, Japan]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (female) [Aclerda species, Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 261 (first instar) [Aclerda species, Russia]; McConnell 1954: 25 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 31 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3]; Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267-268]; Box1953 [host, distribution: 51]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy, description: 263]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 104]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 211]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-34]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-126, 128]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 10]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19, 135]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 13]; KrishnMa2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 120-126]; Kuwana1902b [distribution: 135]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy,


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host, distribution: 187]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 173]; Kuwana1932a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-62]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-100]; MacGil1921 [distribution: 182]; Newste1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-85]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Teague1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439-440]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 67]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 222]. Aclerda wiltshirei Bodenheimer Aclerda wiltshirei Bodenheimer, 1944a: 84. Type data: IRAQ: Basra, on stem of Phragmites communis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Phragmites communis [Bodenh1944a]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1944a]. CITATIONS: Bodenh1944a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 13]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 119]. Aclerda xalapenseae McConnell Aclerda xalapenseae McConnell, 1943: 112. Type data: U.S.A.: Maryland, Newport (Charles County), on Panicum xalapense; collected H.S. McConnell, Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Muhlenbergia [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Panicum [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Panicum clandestinum [Koszta1996], Panicum xalapense [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Mayridia ferrierei Burks [Gordh1979]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Maryland [McConn1943, McConn1954, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], South Carolina [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954), Howell (1973) and by Kosztarab (1996). KEYS: Hodges & Hodgson 2002: 117 (female) [Aclerda species]; Kosztarab 1996: 311 (female) [Aclerda species, Northeastern North America]; McConnell 1954: 28 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 30 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 7]; Gordh1979 [biological control: 957]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-317]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; Lit1997b [taxonomy: 88]; McConn1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-115]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102]. Aclerda yunnanensis Ferris Aclerda yunnanensis Ferris, 1950: 10. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Kunming, above hot spring, An-lin-wen-chian, perennial grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae [Ferris1950]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Ferris1950, McConn1954]); Hong Kong [McConn1954]; Taiwan [McConn1954]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1950), McConnell (1954) and Wang (1994).

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KEYS: Wang 1994: 259 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [Aclerda species, China]; McConnell 1954: 27 (female) [Aclerda species, World]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-11, 16]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 13]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-105]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261-262]. Aclerda zoysiae McConnell Aclerda zoysiae McConnell, 1954: 105. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on Zoysia matrella; intercepted at San Francisco quarantine, by R.D. Clemens, 28 April, 1939. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Zoysia matrella [McConn1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [McConn1954]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954). KEYS: McConnell 1954: 26 (female) [Aclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 133]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107].

Lecanaclerda Hodgson & Millar Lecanaclerda Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 471. Type species: Lecanaclerda macropoda Hodgson & Millar, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Hodgson & Millar (2002). KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 513 (female) [Genera of family]. CITATIONS: HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description: 469-517]. Lecanaclerda macropoda Hodgson & Millar Lecanaclerda macropoda Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 474. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape, Sir Lowry’s Pass, on roots and leaf bases of Plagiochloa uniolae; collected J.H. Giliomee, 23.xi.1977. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. 5345. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Plagiochloa uniolae [HodgsoMi2002IM]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoMi2002IM]. BIOLOGY: Collected from roots and leaf bases of Plagiochloa uniolae, Gramineae (Hodgson & Millar (2002). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Millar (2002). CITATIONS: HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-517].

Nipponaclerda McConnell Nipponaclerda McConnell, 1954: 107. Type species: Aclerda biwakoensis Kuwana, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Good definition and characters given by McConnell (1954) and Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Wang 1994: 256 (female) [Aclerdidae genera China]; Yang 1982: 192 (female) [Aclerdidae genera China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (female) [Aclerdidae genera Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (first-instar nymph) [Aclerdidae genera of Russia]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 271-272]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 13]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description: 107]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 135]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 51].


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Nipponaclerda biwakoensis (Kuwana) Aclerda? biwakoensis Kuwana, 1907: 187. Type data: JAPAN: on Phragmites communis. Holotype female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Aclerda biwakoensis; Kuwana, 1917: 76. Change of combination. Nipponaclerda biwakoensis; McConnell, 1954: 107. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Fig. 5.3). HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Agropyron [Wang1994], Phragmites communis [Kuwana1907, Kuwana1932a, McConn1954]. Juncaceae: Juncus [Wang1994]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Astymachus japonicus Howard [Kaneko2004], Boucekiella depressa Hoffer [Kaneko2004], Platencyrtus aclerus Xu [XuWa2003]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus [Kaneko2004]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Jiangsu (Kiangsu) [XuWa2003]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Wang1994]; Japan [Kuwana1907, Kuwana1932a, McConn1954]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954) and Wang (1994). KEYS: Wang 1994: 257 (female) [Nipponaclerda species, China]; Yang 1982: 194 (female) [Nipponaclerda species, China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (female) [Nipponaclerda species, Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (first instar) [Nipponaclerda species, Russia]; McConnell 1954: 29 (larva) [Nipponaclerda species, World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 275]; Kaneko1995 [biological control, life history, ecology, host, distribution: 225-228]; Kaneko2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 331-339]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19, 137]; KozarDr 1998 [catalogue: 13-14]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187-188]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 173]; Kuwana1932a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, illustration: 64-65]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-110]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Teague1925 [taxonomy: 440]; Wang1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-258]; XuWa2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 149-153]. Nipponaclerda leptodermis Wang & Zhang Nipponaclerda leptodermis Wang & Zhang, 1994: 94. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, on Bambusa sp.; collected 20 January, 1988, by Zhang Xiao-ju. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [WangZh1994]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [WangZh1994]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Wang & Zhang (1994). CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 104]; WangZh1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-96]. Nipponaclerda triumpha Zhang, X. Nipponaclerda triumpha Zhang, X. 1998: 7. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Qimen County, on Sinarundinaria nitida; collected June 1986, by Zhang Xuefan. Holotype female. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Sinarundinaria nitida [Zhang1998]. CITATIONS: Zhang1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1998). Nipponaclerda turanica (Borchsenius) Aclerda turanica Archangelskaya, 1937: 133. nomen nudum. Aclerda turanica Borchsenius, 1950b: 156. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Vicinity of Samarkand, on the stalks of cane under cover of the leaf sheaths. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Nipponaclerda turanica; Borchsenius, 1960d: 272. Change of combination.

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HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Agropyrum repens [Archan1937, McConn1954, Borchs1960d], Andropogon halepensis [Archan1937, McConn1954, Borchs1960d], Phragmites australis [MyartsKaPo1995], Phragmites communis [Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Archan1937, Borchs1950b, McConn1954]; Turkmenistan [Archan1937, Borchs1950b, McConn1954, MyartsKaPo1995]; Uzbekistan (Samarkand Oblast [Archan1937, Borchs1950b, McConn1954]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d) and Wang (1994). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Wang 1994: 257 (female) [Nipponaclerda species, China]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (female) [Nipponaclerda species, Russia]; Borchsenius 1960d: 272 (first instar) [Nipponaclerda species, Russia]. CITATIONS: Archan1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145, 157]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 272-275]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 14]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 117]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225].

Subfamily RHODESACLERDINAE Hodgson & Millar Type genus: Rhodesaclerda McConnell, 1954 Rhodesaclerdinae Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 513

Kwazuluaclerda Hodgson & Millar Kwazuluaclerda Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 498. Type species: Kwazuluaclerda loranthi Hodgson & Millar, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Hodgson & Millar (2002) KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 513 (female) [Genera of family]. CITATIONS: HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description: 498-506]. Kwazuluaclerda loranthi Hodgson & Millar Kwazuluaclerda loranthi Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 506. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: KwazuluNatal, Hlhluwe, on Loranthus dregei; collected H.P. Insley, August 1970. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Loranthaceae: Loranthus dregei [HodgsoMi2002IM]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoMi2002IM]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, pupa, first-instar, second-instar female nymph, second-instar male nymph by Hodgson & Millar (2002). CITATIONS: HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-517].

Rhodesaclerda McConnell Rhodesaclerda McConnell, 1954: 110. Type species: Rhodesaclerda combreticola McConnell, by original designation. GENERAL: Description by McConnell (1954) and by Hodgson & Millar (2002). KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 513 (female) [Genera family]; Wang 1994: 256 (female) [Genera, China]; McConnell 1954: 111 (female, preadult, nymph) [Genera, World]. CITATIONS: HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description: 469-517]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description: 110-111]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 175].


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Rhodesaclerda combreticola McConnell Rhodesaclerda combriticola; McConnell, 1954: 112. Misspelling of species name. Rhodesaclerda combreticola McConnell, 1954: 113. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Inyazura, on Combretum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Combretaceae: Combretum [McConn1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [McConn1954]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female and adult male by McConnell (1954). Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, first-instar nymph, second-instar nymph, second-instar male nymph, third-instar female nymph and pupa by Hodgson & Millar (2002). KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 485 (female) [Species of Rhodesaclerda]; McConnell 1954: 111 (female, preadult, nymph) [Species of Rhodesaclerda, World]; McConnell 1954: 111 (larva) [Species of Rhodesaclerda, World]. CITATIONS: HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-517]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18, 112-115]. Rhodesaclerda halli McConnell Rhodesaclerda halli McConnell, 1954: 115. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, on Combretum; collected W.J. Hall, 14.ix.1928. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 5.3). HOST PLANTS: Combretaceae: Combretum [McConn1954, HodgsoMi2002IM]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [McConn1954, HodgsoMi2002IM]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by McConnell (1954) and Hodgson & Millar (2002). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Hodgson & Millar (2002). KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 485 (female) [Species of Rhodesaclerda]; McConnell 1954: 111 (female, preadult, nymph) [Species of Rhodesaclerda, World]; McConnell 1954: 111 (larva) [Species of Rhodesaclerda, World]. CITATIONS: HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 489-492]; McConn1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115]. Rhodesaclerda insleyae Hodgson & Millar Rhodesaclerda insleyae Hodgson & Millar, 2002: 492. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: KwazuluNatal, Oribi Gorge, on Combretum kraussii; collected H.P. Insley, 16.i.1972. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. 4530. HOST PLANTS: Combretaceae: Combretum kraussii [HodgsoMi2002IM]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoMi2002IM]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, second-instar female, and pupa by Hodgson & Millar (2002). KEYS: Hodgson & Millar 2002: 485 (female) [Species of Rhodesaclerda]. CITATIONS: HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-517].

Species Removed from Family Paludicoccus distichlium Kuwana Pseudolecanium disticlium Kuwana, 1902b: 134. Removed from family by Ferris, 1953a: 393. Notes: Current status: Paludicoccus distichlium (Kuwana, 1902) in Pseudococcidae. Pseudolecanium distichlum McConnell, 1954: 119. Notes: Current status: Paludicoccus distichlium (Kuwana, 1902) in Pseudococcidae. McConnell’s citation of P. distichlum is a misspelling of P. disticlium in the original description by Kuwana (1902).

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Index to Genera

Aclerda Signoret, accepted valid name Acierda; Balachowsky, misspelling of genus name. Kwazuluaclerda Hodgson & Millar, accepted valid name Lecanaclerda Hodgson & Millar, accepted valid name Nipponaclerda McConnell, accepted valid name Pseudolecanium Cockerell, junior synonym Rhodesaclerda McConnell, accepted valid name

Aclerda Aclerda Kwazuluaclerda Lecanaclerda Nipponaclerda Aclerda Rhodesaclerda

Index to Species

acuta Borchsenius, accepted valid name andropogonis McConnell, accepted valid name ariditatis Ferris, accepted valid name arizonica McConnell, accepted valid name arundinariae McConnell, accepted valid name attenuata Ferris, accepted valid name balachowskyi McConnell, accepted valid name berlesei; Borg, misspelling of species name berlesei; Bodenheimer, misspelling of species name berlesei; Balachowsky, misspelling of species name berlesei; Gómez-Menor Ortega, misspelling of species name berlesii Buffa, accepted valid name biwakoensis Kuwana, accepted valid name californica Ehrhorn, accepted valid name campinensis Hempel, 1934, replacement name chiriquiensis McConnell, accepted valid name chusqueae McConnell, accepted valid name coganicola McConnell, accepted valid name combreticola McConnell, accepted valid name combriticola; McConnell, 1954, misspelling of species name constricta Ben-Dov, accepted valid name digitata Cockerell, accepted valid name distorta Green, accepted valid name eschaemi; McConnell, misspelling of species name ferrisi McConnell, accepted valid name halli McConnell, accepted valid name holci Teague, accepted valid name imperatae Ramakrishna, nomen nudum that is unplaced inermis Ali, nomen nudum that is unplaced insleyae Hodgson & Millar, accepted valid name ischaemi Ramakrishna, 1930, nomen nudum that is placed

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Aclerda acuta Aclerda andropogonis Aclerda ariditatis Aclerda arizonica Aclerda arundinariae Aclerda attenuata Aclerda balachowskyi Aclerda berlesii Aclerda berlesii Aclerda berlesii Aclerda berlesii Aclerda berlesii Nipponaclerda biwakoensis Aclerda californica Aclerda takahashii Aclerda chiriquiensis Aclerda chusqueae Aclerda coganicola Rhodesaclerda combreticola Rhodesaclerda combreticola Aclerda constricta Aclerda digitata Aclerda distorta Aclerda ischaemi Aclerda ferrisi Rhodesaclerda halli Aclerda holci Aclerda imperatae Aclerda inermis Rhodesaclerda insleyae Aclerda ischaemi

ACLERDIDAE INDICES

ischaemi McConnell, 1955, accepted valid name ischaemum; Varshney, misspelling of species name japonica Newstead, junior synonym japonica; Takahashi, 1930: 36. misidentification japonica inermis Ramakrishna, nomen nudum unplaced laeliae McConnell, accepted valid name leptodermis Wang & Zhang, accepted valid name longiseta Borchsenius, accepted valid name loranthi Hodgson & Millar, accepted valid name macropoda Hodgson & Millar, accepted valid name manni McConnell, accepted valid name marylandica McConnell, accepted valid name mexicana McConnell, accepted valid name namibensis Ben-Dov, accepted valid name oaxacaensis McConnell, accepted valid name obscura Parrott, change name for gender agreement obscurum Parrott, accepted valid name orchidicola McConnell, accepted valid name panica Hall, change name for gender agreement. panici Hall, accepted valid name pasquieri Balachowsky, accepted valid name pasqulerl; Balachowsky, misspelling of species name phaseoliformis Borchsenius, accepted valid name sacchari Hempel, 1932, junior synonym and homonym sacchari Teague, accepted valid name santensis Hempel, accepted valid name sasae Borchsenius, accepted valid name sella-hispanica Lindinger, accepted valid name sellahispanica; Weidner & Wagner, justified emendation sells-hispanicum; McConnell, misspelling of species name signoreti Lindinger, accepted valid name simplicis McConnell, accepted valid name sinaloaensis McConnell, accepted valid name smithii Hodges & Hodgson, accepted valid name subterranea Signoret, accepted valid name takahashii Kuwana, accepted valid name talahiba McConnell, accepted valid name texana McConnell, accepted valid name thysanolaenae Mamet, junior synonym tillandsiae Howell, accepted valid name tokionis Cockerell, accepted valid name triumpha Zhang, accepted valid name turanica Archangelskaya, 1937: 133, nomen nudum placed turanica Borchsenius, accepted valid name wiltshirei Bodenheimer, accepted valid name xalapenseae McConnell, accepted valid name yunnanensis Ferris, accepted valid name zoysiae McConnell, accepted valid name

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Aclerda ischaemi Aclerda ischaemi Aclerda tokionis Aclerda takahashii Aclerda japonica inermis Aclerda laeliae Nipponaclerda leptodermis Aclerda longiseta Kwazuluaclerda loranthi Lecanaclerda macropoda Aclerda manni Aclerda marylandica Aclerda mexicana Aclerda namibensis Aclerda oaxacaensis Aclerda obscura Aclerda obscura Aclerda orchidicola Aclerda panica Aclerda panica Aclerda pasquieri Aclerda pasquieri Aclerda phaseoliformis Aclerda takahashii Aclerda sacchari Aclerda santensis Aclerda sasae Aclerda sellahispanica Aclerda sellahispanica Aclerda sellahispanica Aclerda signoreti Aclerda simplicis Aclerda sinaloaensis Aclerda smithii Aclerda subterranea Aclerda takahashii Aclerda talahiba Aclerda texana Aclerda takahashii Aclerda tillandsiae Aclerda tokionis Nipponaclerda triumpha Nipponaclerda turanica Nipponaclerda turanica Aclerda wiltshirei Aclerda xalapenseae Aclerda yunnanensis Aclerda zoysiae


ASTEROLECANIIDAE Pit scales

Taxonomy and Nomenclature Targioni Tozzetti (1868) when first describing Pollinia Targioni Tozzetti and Asterolecanium Targioni Tozzetti placed each of these genera in a separate Sect. [Sic] of his Tribus 3 Lecanites. Signoret (1870a) further distinguished this group by establishing the tribe “Lécaniodiaspites” (as part of his “Lécanides”) to which he assigned the genera Pollinia, Asterolecanium, Planchonia Signoret and Lecanodiaspis Targioni Tozzetti. Cockerell (1896b) introduced the subfamily Asterolecaniinae in which he included Asterolecanium and Lecanodiaspis. Green (1896e) placed Asterolecanium “and its allies” in his Dactylopiinae, but later (Green, 1909a) accepted Asterolecaniinae in which were included Amorphococcus, Anomalococcus, Asterolecanium, Cerococcus, Lecanodiaspis and Pollinia. Fernald (1903b) placed to the subfamily Dactylopiinae, as interpreted by her, the genera Frenchia, Asterolecanium, Lecanodiaspis, Cerococcus, Anomalococcus, Amorphococcus, Antecerococcus, and Pollinia. Ferris (1937) and Ferris (1955a) regarded the Asterolecaniid group as a family to which he assigned part of the Dactylopiinae (sensu Fernald, 1903b), and included the genera Asterolecanium, Cerococcus, Lecanodiaspis, Mycetococcus, Mycococcus and Pollinia. Russell (1941) placed Asterolecanium (which included 156 species) and the genera Amelococcus, Amorphococcus, Anomalococcus, Callococcus, Cerococcus, Frenchia, Lecanodiaspis, Solenococcus, Olliffia and Polea in subfamily Asterolecaniinae of the Asterolecaniidae. Balachowsky (1942) also accepted the family Asterolecaniidae, but recognized in it two subfamilies, Asterolecaniinae (with the genera Asterolecanium, Lecanodiaspis, Pollinia and others) and Cerococcinae with the genus Cerococcus Comstock. Borchsenius (1960d) recognized two families in this group, namely Lecanodiaspididae (with the genera Prosopophora, Lecanodiaspis, Psoraleococcus and Cosmococcus) and Asterolecaniidae. The latter family was divided by Borchsenius to two subfamilies, Asterolecaniinae (with the genera Bambusaspis, Planchonia, Russellaspis, Asterolecanium, Hyalococcus, Hsuia, Trachycoccus, Palmaspis, Liuaspis, Asterodiaspis and Neoasterodiaspis) and Cerococcinae (with the genera Cerococcus, Phenacobryum, Asterococcus and Pollinia). In the supra generic classification system of Tang & Hao (1995) the family Asterolecaniidae was divided into 3 subfamilies, namely, Asterolecaniinae, Lecanodiaspidinae and Cerococcinae, all of which were further splitted to tribes and subtribes. In ScaleNet and in the Catalogues that resulted from this project, each of Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae and Lecanodiaspididae are given a family rank. Publications The most comprehensive revision of the major part of the Asterolecaniidae was carried out by Russell (1941). Russell revised 92 described species and subspecies and described 83 new species. In other words, 175 species (about 76%) of the 229 species currently available in the Asterolecaniidae have been studied by Russell (1941). Moreover, about a third, 36.2% (83 species of the 229) (36.2%) of the valid species in the family have been described by Russell (1941). Other comprehensive publications on the Asterolecaniidae are by Ferris (1955a), Borchsenius (1960d), Gill (1993), Tang & Hao (1995), and Kosztarab (1996).

33

34

ASTEROLECANIIDAE

Descriptive activity The rate of taxa description in this family is summarized in Table 3. Table 3 Number of genera and species in the Asterolecaniidae, described in each decade from 1758 to 2004. Decade 1758–1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Total

No. of genera

Cumulative genera

No. of species

Cumulative species

0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 7 2 3 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 3 3 4 6 7 8 8 8 15 17 20 20 21 21

0 1 1 2 3 3 2 17 18 13 14 7 87 8 15 6 13 19 0

0 1 2 4 7 10 12 29 47 60 74 81 168 176 191 197 210 229 0

21

21

229

229

Economic importance Several species of the Asterolecaniidae are pests or potential pests of agricultural crops. Asterolecanium coffeae Newstead James (1933) reported this species to cause heavy damage in certain low-lying coffee areas in Kenya. On crop-bearing parts of coffee trees it inflicts serious injury. Asterodiaspis mina (Russell) is a direct serious pest of oaks in USA, California, and also associated with the disease severity of twig blight of oaks. Asterodiaspis quercicola (Bouché). Gill (1993) indicated that this species could be detrimental to oaks in USA, California. Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval) and Bambusaspis miliaris (Boisduval) These species have been recorded from many species of bamboo in the West Indies, Central and South America, Africa, Asia. The infestations on leaves and trunk make the plants unsightly, and may reduce the quality of poles in furniture production. Palmaspis phoenicis (Ramachandra Rao) is a pest of date palm in Israel, Iraq, Egypt and North Africa (Howard et al., 2001). Planchonia arabidis Signoret has been reported to cause serious damage to sugar beet in Brownstown, Washington State, USA, causing about 50% yield reduction (Landis, 1968). Pollinia pollini (A. Costa) is a serious pest of olive in parts of the Mediterranean basin. Has been accidentally introduced to California, USA and eradicated from several areas in the state (Armitage & McKenzie, 1952).

ASTEROLECANIIDAE Catalogue of genera and species

Type genus: Asterolecanium, Targioni Tozzetti, 1868 Asterolecaniinae Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Asterolecaniini Cockerell; Cockerell, 1899m: 275. Asterolecaniiae Cockerell; Fuller, 1899: 455. Asterolecaniinae Cockerell; Green, 1909a: 293. Asterolecaniidae Cockerell; Enderlein, 1914: 369. Asterolecaniidae Cockerell; Ferris, 1937: 6. Asterolecani Cockerell; Silvestri, 1939: 686. Asterolecaniinae Cockerell; Balachowsky, 1948b: 251. Asterolecanini Cockerell; Balachowsky, 1948b: 256. Asterolecaniinae Cockerell; Bodenheimer, 1949: 7. Asterolecanidae Cockerell; Bodenheimer, 1953a: 116.

Abditicoccus Lambdin & Kosztarab Abditicoccus Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1975: 316. Type species: Amorphococcus acaciae Brain, by monotypy and original designation. STRUCTURE: Planchonia includes 10 species, five of which are known to induce pits (Gullan et al., 2004). GENERAL: Definition and characters by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1975). CITATIONS: GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure, life history: 173-178]; KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 2]; LambdiKo1975 [taxonomy, description: 316-318]; LambdiKo1975a [taxonomy: 377]. Abditicoccus acaciae (Brain) Amorphococcus acaciae Brain, 1918: 112. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, from stems of Acacia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1975: 316. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Abditicoccus acaciae; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1975: 316. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: The females of this species induce flat, circular, blister-like galls on the stems of Acacia sp. (Brain, 1918). A photograph of the galls given by Brain (1918) and by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1975). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [Brain1918, LambdiKo1975]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1918, LambdiKo1975]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1975). CITATIONS: Brain1918 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-113]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; GullanMiCo2004 [host, distribution, life history, structure: 173-178]; LambdiKo1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-318]; LambdiKo1975a [taxonomy: 377].

Amorphococcus Green Amorphococcus Green, 1902b: 261. Type species: Amorphococcus mesuae Green. SYSTEMATICS: Several species were assigned to Amorphococcus since it has been described by Green (1902b), but currently it includes only A. mesuae. KEYS: Russell 1941: 4 (adult female) [Genera, Asterolecaniinae, Asterolecaniidae]. 35

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ASTEROLECANIIDAE CATALOGUE

GENERAL: Definition and characters by Green (1902b), Morrison & Morrison (1927), Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973, 1975a) and by Tang & Hao (1995). CITATIONS: AfifiKo1969 [taxonomy: 3]; Borchs1959a [taxonomy: 841]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 221]; Green1902b [taxonomy, description: 261]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 342]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure, life history: 163,173-178]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy: 1, 3]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy: 2, 4, 54]; LambdiKo1975a [taxonomy, description: 376-381]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 189-190]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy: 2]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 8]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 280-281]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [taxonomy: 67]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy: 4]. Amorphococcus mesuae Green Amorphococcus mesuae Green, 1902b: 261. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Mesua ferrea. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1975a: 377. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. STRUCTURE: Amorphococcus mesuae induces the formation of a rounded gall on smooth surface of twigs of Mesua ferrea, with a median apical aperture (Green, 1902b, 1937). HOST PLANTS: Guttiferae: Mesua ferrea [Green1902b, Green1937, LambdiKo1975a, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1902b, Green1909a, Green1937, LambdiKo1975a, Varshn1992]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1902b, 1909a) and by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1975a). CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 57]; Green1902b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261-262]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-344]; Green1918 [host, distribution: 144]; Green1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 286]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, structure: 163, 173-178]; LambdiKo1975a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-381]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 190]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 280-281]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 68].

Asterodiaspis Signoret Asterodiaspis Signoret, 1877: ccix. Type species: Aonidia ilicicola Targioni Tozzetti. Subsequently designated by Russell, 1941: 109. Notes: Signoret (1877a) designated the nominal species Asterolecanium quercicola (Bouché, 1851) as the type species. SYSTEMATICS: Signoret (1877a) designated the nominal species Asterolecanium quercicola (Bouché, 1851) as the type species. However, Russell (1941, p. 109) studied the specimens (from Quercus ilex, Nice, France), that have been identified as A. quercicola by Signoret (1877a), and concluded that the latter record was a misidentification of A. ilicicola (Targioni Tozzetti). GENERAL: Definition and characters by Signoret (1877), Russell (1941), Borchsenius (1960d), Hadzibejli (1983), Liu & Shi (1989, 1990, 1993), Tang & Hao (1995), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig (1998). KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 289 (adult) [Northeastern North America]; Tang & Hao 1995: 290-291 (adult) [world]; Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Borchsenius 1960d: 177-178 (adult) [Palaearctic region]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 133]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Borchs1950a [taxonomy: 781]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 174-177]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description: 329, 330]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy, key: 710]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-86]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 90-91]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, key: 287-289]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 15]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 180]; LiuSh1989


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[taxonomy, description: 39, 44-45]; LiuSh1990 [taxonomy, description: 85-86]; LiuSh1993 [taxonomy, description: 181-182, 187-188]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 19]; Paik1978 [taxonomy: 413]; PellizCa1991a [taxonomy, host: 196-197]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 4,109]; Signor1877 [taxonomy: 606]; Signor1877a [taxonomy: ccix]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 289-291]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 38]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36]. Asterodiaspis alba (Takahashi) Asterolecanium album Takahashi, 1956c: 4. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, on Quercus glandulifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Asterodiaspis alba; Borchsenius, 1960d: 183. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.12). HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1960d, Yang1982], Quercus glandulifera [Takaha1956c]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Liaoning [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, LiuSh1989, TangHa1995], Shandong (Shantung) [TangHa1995]); Japan [Takaha1956c, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980, TangHa1995]. BIOLOGY: Liu & Shi (1989) reports that this species in China displays ecological dimorphism of leaf-form and stem-form. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981) and by Liu & Shi (1989). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981) and by Liu & Shi (1989). Description and illustration of second-instar female nymph by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981). KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 18]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 178]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 15]; LiuSh1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-50]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 291-292, 571]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 131]. Asterodiaspis bella (Russell) Asterolecanium bellum Russell, 1941: 50. Type data: ITALY: San Felice, on Quercus siver [=suber]. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterodiaspis bella; Borchsenius, 1960d: 179. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [KosztaKo1978], Quercus aegilops [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus cerris [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus humilis [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus persica [Bodenh1943], Quercus suber [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Greece [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]; Hungary [Russel1941, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, Borchs1960d]; Italy [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, BarbagBiBo1995]; Morocco [Russel1941, Borchs1960d] GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 25]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution:137]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-51,243]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 292-293].

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Asterodiaspis biformis Liu & Shi Asterodiaspis biformis Liu & Shi, 1990: 86. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming (Xishan), on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Notes: Liu & Shi (1993) again described this species as n. sp. SYSTEMATICS: Liu & Shi (1993) again described this species as n. sp., however, the 1990 description satisfied the ICZN Code requirements and the species should be dated 1990. STRUCTURE: Liu & Shi (1993) observed intraspecific variation in the shape of the eight-shaped pores (of the adult female) that is affected by the feeding site, i.e. leaf-form and stem-form. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Castanopsis delavayi [LiuSh1993], Quercus [LiuSh1990]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [LiuSh1990, LiuSh1993]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female and first-instar nymph given by Liu & Shi (1990, 1993). CITATIONS: LiuSh1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-89]; LiuSh1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-188]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]. Asterodiaspis changbaishanensis Liu & Zhang, Z. Asterodiaspis changbaishanensis Liu & Zhang, Z., 1989: 23. Type data: CHINA: Jilin, Helong, Changbai mountain areas, on Quercus robur, 11.10.1986. Syntypes. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus robur [LiuZh1989]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Jilin (Kirin) [LiuZh1989, TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female and first-instar nymph given by Liu & Zhang (1989). CITATIONS: LiuZh1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-26]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 293-294, 572]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]. Asterodiaspis deformis Shi & Liu nomen nudum Asterodiaspis deformis Shi & Liu, 1991: 162. nomen nudum. CITATIONS: ShiLi1991 [taxonomy. 162]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]. Asterodiaspis glandulifera Liu & Shi Asterodiaspis glandulifera Liu & Shi, 1989: 41. Type data: CHINA: Shandong Province, Qingdao, on leaves and stems of Quercus glandulifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. SYSTEMATICS: Liu & Shi (1989) based the original description on stem-form and leaf-form of the adult female; holotype was not designated. Tang & Hao (1995, p. 572-573) indicated great morphological similarity of this species to A. japonica. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus glandulifera [LiuSh1989, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Shandong (Shantung) [LiuSh1989, TangHa1995]). BIOLOGY: Liu & Shi (1989) based the original description on stem-form and leaf-form of the adult female. GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female and first-instar nymph given by Liu & Shi (1989). Tang & Hao (1995, p. 572-573) indicated great morphological similarity of this species to A. japonica. CITATIONS: LiuSh1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 294-295, 572, 695]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38].


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Asterodiaspis hadzibeyliae Borchsenius Asterodiaspis hadzibeyliae Borchsenius, 1960d: 181. Type data: ARMENIA: Megrinskyi district, near Lichk, on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1960d]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d). CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-183]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 295-296]. Asterodiaspis ilicicola (Targioni Tozzetti) Asterodiaspis quercicola; Signoret, 1877: 606. Misidentification; discovered by Russell, 1941: 109. Asterodiaspis quercicola; Signoret, 1877a: ccix. Misidentification; discovered by Russell, 1941: 109. Aonidia ilicicola Targioni Tozzetti, 1888: 423. Type data: ITALY: on leaves of Quercus ilex. Note: Type material lost (G. Pellizzari, in letter to Yair Ben-Dov). Asterolecanium ilicicola; Targioni Tozzetti, 1893: 285. Change of combination. Planchonia ilicis Newstead, 1897a: 100. Type data: ALGERIA: Constantine, top of extreme corner of the spur of M’cid opposite the Kasba, on the scrub; collected 23.x.1895. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 107. Asterodiaspis ilicicola; Borchsenius, 1960d: 193, 194. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: “Asterolecanium ilicis, described by Newstead in 1897 (p.100) as Planchonia ilicis on “scurb” from Constantine, Algeria, was listed as a synonym of variolosum by Lindinger in 1912b (280, 360), but has been accepted as a valid species by some authors, including Balachowsky (1932d p. xxiv). Newstead stated that ilicis was closely related to ilicicola, but that the two could be differentiated by the absence of a marginal fringe from the tests of the former and the presence of such a fringe on those of the latter. This is not satisfactory for separating the two forms. Newstead did not compare the morphological characters of these species, and type material of ilicis has been available to the writer. Specimens on Quercus from Constantine, Algeria, have been studied, however, and have been found specifically identical with specimens of ilicicola from Europe. Since there is no information in the original description to warrant the retention of ilicis as a valid species, and since specimens from its type host and locality belong to ilicicola, ilicis is here [Russell, 1941] synonymized with ilicicola.” (Russell, 1941: 107-108). HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Martin1984MP], Quercus coccifera [Russel1941], Quercus ilex [Targio1893, Russel1941, Martin1984MP, PellizCa1991a], Quercus suber [Russel1941]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycus asterolecani Mercet [GomezM1959]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Russel1941]; Corsica [Russel1941, Foldi2003]; France [Russel1941, Foldi2001]; Italy [Targio1893, Russel1941, PellizCa1991a]; Sardinia [Melis1930]; Spain [Russel1941, GomezM1948, Martin1984MP]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, male and nymphs described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Balach1932d [taxonomy: 21,22,29,65,160]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; BerlesLe1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 47]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, host: 135]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 51]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-234]; GomezM1948 [host, distribution: 78]; GomezM1957 [host, distribution: 63]; GomezM1959 [taxonomy, description, host, description: 181-183]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy,

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description, illustration, host, distribution: 240, 256]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 360]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 63]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; Newste1897a [host, distribution: 100]; PellizCa1991a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 198]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-108,266]; SoriaViMa1998 [life history, ecology: 307-312]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 296]; Targio1888 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 423]; Targio1893 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 285-295]. Asterodiaspis inermis Borchsenius Asterodiaspis inermis Borchsenius, 1960d: 205. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Kunming, in forest near the Black Dragon temple, on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 133]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-207]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 297, 572]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 134]. Asterodiaspis japonica (Cockerell) Asterolecanium variolosum japonicum Cockerell, 1900f: 71. Type data: JAPAN: on Quercus glandulifera. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Asterolecanium japonicum; Takahashi, 1934: 4. Change of combination. Asterolecanium (Asterodiaspis) japonicum; Kawai, 1972: 19. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs 8.13, a,b). HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, TangHa1995], Quercus glandulifera [Cocker1900f, Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]. Palmae: Lithocarpus [Takaha1934, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [TangHa1995]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Liaoning [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]); Japan [Cocker1900f, Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980] (Kyushu [Russel1941]); Russia (Primor’ye Kray [Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Borchsenius (1960d). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Russell (1941) and by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Boraty1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-14]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-191]; Cocker1900f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 54]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 179]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 180]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115,269]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; Takaha1934 [taxonomy, description, hot, distribution: 4]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 5]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 297-298, 572]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38-39]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 222]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 131].


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Asterodiaspis liui Borchsenius Asterodiaspis liui Borchsenius, 1960d: 191. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, south of Semao, in forest, on plant of Fagaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae [Borchs1960d, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 134]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-193]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 298]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 134]. Asterodiaspis luteola (Russell) Asterolecanium luteolum Russell, 1941: 124. Type data: JAPAN: on Quercus serrata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterodiaspis luteola; Borchsenius, 1960d: 180. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Koszta1996], Quercus serrata [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, TangHa1995, Koszta1996]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Pennsylvania [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: Japan [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Kosztarab (1996). Adult female described by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 180, 181]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292-293]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 16-17]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-125,274]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 299]. Asterodiaspis mina (Russell) Asterolecanium variolosum minor Leonardi, 1909: 107. nomen nudum. Asterolecanium minus Russell, 1941: 132. Type data: ITALY: on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterolecanium minus; Schmutterer et al., 1957: 451. Notes: Incorrect citation of “Lindinger” as author. Asterodiaspis minus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 202. Change of combination. Asterodiaspis minus; Hadzibejli, 1983: 91. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as “Lindinger”. Asterolecanium minus; Varshney, 1985a: 23. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as “Lindinger”. Asterolecanium minus; Gill, 1993: 100. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as “Lindinger”. Asterodiaspis minus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 300. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as “Lindinger”. Asterodiaspis minus; Kozár, 1999a: 140. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as “Lindinger”. SYSTEMATICS: Leonardi (1909) first published the name Asterolecanium variolosum minor with a short notation reading “Vive su parecchie specie di Quercus. Gli esemplari furono raccolti in varie localita dell’Italia meridionale”. Lindinger (1912b) synonymized Asterolecanium variolosum minor with Asterolecanium variolosum. Russell (1941) suggested that Lindinger’s (1912b) action validated the name Asterolecanium variolosum minor of Leonardi (1909), and therefore credited the authorship of Asterolecanium minus which she described (Russell, 1941) to Lindinger. However, Leonardi (1909) publication did not meet the requirements of Article 12 of the International Code, and the synonymy by Lindinger (1912) did not validate the nomen nudum. Consequently, the author of A. mina is Russell.

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HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Russel1941, Bodenh1943, Borchs1949d, Ferris1955a], Quercus agrifolia [Gill1993], Quercus cerris [Russel1941], Quercus dilatata [Varshn1992], Quercus douglasii [Gill1993], Quercus incana [Varshn1992], Quercus infectoria [Bodenh1944b], Quercus kelloggii [Gill1993], Quercus lanuginosa [Russel1941], Quercus lobata [Gill1993], Quercus montana [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Quercus pedunculata [Russel1941], Quercus petraea [Kozar1999a], Quercus robur [Boraty1961]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [BrownEa1965a, HechtPCoPa1989, PritchBe1950, PritchBe1950a, Gill1993], Pennsylvania [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Stimme1986c]). Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949d, Borchs1960d]; Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan [Borchs1960d]); Georgia [Borchs1960d, Hadzib1983]; Germany (United) [Russel1941]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, KozarFoZa1996]; Iraq [Bodenh1943]; Italy [Russel1941]; Poland [Russel1941]; Turkey [Russel1941]; Ukraine (Krym (= Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1960d], Zakarpat’ye (= Transcarpathia) Oblast [Borchs1960d]); United Kingdom (England [Boraty1961]). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Pritchard & Beer (1950, 1950a) studied the life history and chemical control on oaks in California. A serious pest of oaks in California. Causes severe debilitation and sometimes death of the trees (Gill, 1993). Hecht-Poinar et al. (1989) found a positive correlation between the disease severity of twig blight of oaks in California (USA) and the infestation rate of A. minus. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Gill (1993). KEYS: Boratynski 1961: 12 (female) [United Kingdom]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 25]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 87]; Boraty1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-13]; Borchs1949d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Borchs1950b [description, host, distribution: 136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-205]; BrownEa1965a [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 11-13]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 17, 25]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 100, 108]; Hadzib1983 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 91-92]; HechtPCoPa1989 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 15-16]; Koehle1964a [host, distribution, chemical control: 579-581]; KoehleTa1964 [host, distribution: 146150]; Kozar1999a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 140]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-253]; PritchBe1950 [chemical control, biology, host, distribution: 494-497]; PritchBe1950a [chemical control, life history, host, distribution: 9, 14]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-133,272]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; Stimme1986c [host, distribution, description, life history, economic importance, control: 13-14]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 300-301]; Terezn1967a [taxonomy, distribution: 475]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 70]. Asterodiaspis multipora Liu & Shi Asterodiaspis multipora Liu & Shi, 1989: 42. Type data: CHINA: Shangdong, Qingdao, on leaves and stems of Quercus acutissima. Syntypes. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. SYSTEMATICS: Liu & Shi (1989) based the original description on stem-form and leaf-form of the adult female; holotype was not designated. Tang & Hao (1995, p. 572-573) indicated a great morphological similarity of this species to A. japonica. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus acutissima [LiuSh1989, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Shandong (Shantung) [LiuSh1989]). GENERAL: Liu & Shi (1989) based the original description on stem-form and leaf-form of the adult female; holotype was not designated. Tang & Hao (1995, p. 572-573) indicated great morphological similarity of this species to A. japonica.


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CITATIONS: LiuSh1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-50]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301, 573]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]. Asterodiaspis perplexa (Russell) Asterolecanium perplexum Russell, 1941: 151. Type data: JAPAN: on Quercus phillyraeoides; collected I. Kuwana, 5 December, 1932. Holotype female, no. 85. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterodiaspis perplexa; Borchsenius, 1960d: 201. Change of combination. Asterolecanium (Asterodiaspis) perplexum; Kawai, 1972: 19. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus phillyraeoides [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Adult female described by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 201-202]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 179]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 17]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153,285]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 5]. Asterodiaspis polypora Shi & liu Asterodiaspis polypora Shi & liu, 1990: 27. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, on leaves and stems of Quercus sp. Syntypes. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [LiuSh1990]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Zhejiang (Chekiang) [ShiLi1990]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of leaf-form and stem-form of the adult female given by Shi & Liu (1990). CITATIONS: ShiLi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-30]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]. Asterodiaspis quercicola (Bouché) Lecanium quercicola Bouché, 1851: 112. Type data: Germany, probably Berlin, on oak. Note: Type material probably lost (Russell, 1941; Sachtleben, 1944). Asterolecanium quercicola; Signoret, 1870a: 279. Change of combination. Planchonia quercicola; Cockerell, 1892a: 55. Change of combination. Planchonia (Asterolecanium) quercicola; Craw, 1896: 43. Change of combination. Asterodiaspis quercicola; Borchsenius, 1960d: 197. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1950b, Bodenh1953a, Ferris1955a, KosztaKo1978, Gill1993], Quercus [Boraty1961, Podsia1975a, UygunSeEr1998], Quercus alba [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d], Quercus argenteo-marginata [Russel1941], Quercus bicolor [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus ilex [Leonar1920], Quercus pedunculata [Lindin1909b, Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus pontica [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Quercus robur [Russel1941, Boraty1961, Podsia1975a], Quercus sessiliflora laciniata [Russel1941], Quercus sessiliflora [Lindin1909b]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Habrolepis dalmani (Westwood) [Podsia1987], Metaphycus asterolecanii (Mercet) [Podsia1987].

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DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Green1907, Leonar1920, Borchs1960d]; South Africa [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. Australasian: Australia [Green1907, Leonar1920]; New Zealand [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [Russel1941, BrownEa1965a, Gill1993], New York [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], North Carolina [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Washington [Russel1941]). Neotropical: Jamaica [Green1907, Leonar1920]. Palaearctic: Austria [Lindin1909b]; France [Russel1941, Foldi2001]; Georgia [Borchs1960d]; Germany (United) [Lindin1909b, Russel1941]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978, KozarKiSa2004]; Ireland [Russel1941]; Italy [Lindin1909b, Leonar1920]; Latvia [Borchs1960d]; Poland [Podsia1975a]; Russia (Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004]); Turkey [Bodenh1953a, Borchs1960d, UygunSeEr1998]; Ukraine (Khar’kov Oblast [Borchs1960d]); United Kingdom (England [Boraty1961]). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Gill (1993) indicated that it could be detrimental to oaks in California. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Ferris (1955a) and by Gill (1993). Test of female, male and nymph described and illustrated by Russell. KEYS: Boratynski 1961: 12 (female) [United Kingdom]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Boraty1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-13]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 197, 198]; Bouche1851 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112]; BrownEa1965a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 11-13]; Cocker1892a [taxonomy: 55]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 330]; Craw1896 [host, distribution, economic importance: 43]; Dougla1886 [host, distribution: 250]; Fergus1989 [biological control, distribution, host, economic importance: 257-263]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 52-53]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution, illustration: 25, 30]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Frogga1897 [host, distribution: 6]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 758-759]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 107]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 528]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 101, 109]; GrandpCh1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 42]; Green1907 [distribution: 198]; Hadzib1950 [host, distribution: 257]; Hadzib1983 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 92-93]; King1899a [host, distribution: 112]; Kiritc1928a [host, distribution: 213]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 139]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 17]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253-256]; Lindin1909b [host, distribution: 220]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; Marlat1899c [host, distribution, ecology: 75]; Maskel1894 [taxonomy: 95]; Maskel1896b [distribution: 396]; Newste1900a [host, distribution: 216]; Podsia1974a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 75-102]; Podsia1975a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 212-213]; Podsia1987 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 185-188]; Podsia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 3-8]; Rubsaa1894 [host, distribution: 200]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-175,293]; Saccar1895 [host, distribution:49]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 868]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 279]; Signor1877 [taxonomy: 606]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 302-303]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]. Asterodiaspis repugnans (Russell) Asterolecanium repugnans Russell, 1941: 176. Type data: FRANCE: Cannes, on Quercus ilex. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterodiaspis repugnans; Borchsenius, 1960d: 185. Change of combination.


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HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d], Quercus ilex [Russel1941, PellizCa1991a], Quercus lanuginosa [Russel1941], Quercus pubescens [PellizCa1991a]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]; Georgia [Borchs1960d]; Greece [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]; Italy [PellizCa1991a, BarbagBiBo1995]; Ukraine (Krym (= Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-187]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 17]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177,294]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 303-304]. Asterodiaspis roboris (Russell) Asterolecanium roboris Russell, 1941: 177. Type data: AUSTRIA: Laaerberg, on Quercus pubescens; sent by M. Beier. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterodiaspis roboris; Borchsenius, 1960d: 179, 180. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus lusitanica [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d, KosztaKo1978], Quercus pubescens [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d, PellizCa1991a]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978]; Italy [PellizCa1991a, BarbagBiBo1995]; Spain [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Adult female described by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179, 180]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 136]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 17-18]; Pelliz1987 [host, distribution: 118]; PellizCa1991a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 193-209]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-178,295]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 304-305]. Asterodiaspis suishae (Russell) Asterolecanium suishae Russell, 1941: 203. Type data: TAIWAN: Suisha, on Lithocarpus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterodiaspis suishae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 177. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Russel1941, TangHa1995]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982]. GENERAL: Adult female described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 134]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 177]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205,305]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 305-306, 573]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].

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Asterodiaspis szetshuanensis Borchsenius Asterodiaspis szetshuanensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 199. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan Province, Omoishan, on Fagaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Asterodiaspis szetchuanensis; Tao, 1999: 39. Misspelling of species name. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae [Borchs1960d, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Sichuan (Szechwan) [Borchs1960d, Yang1982]). CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-201]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 18]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 306-307, 573]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 134]. Asterodiaspis variabilis (Russell) Asterolecanium variabile Russell, 1941: 217. Type data: CHINA: Shangtung [=Shangdong] Province, Tsingtao, on Quercus variabilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterodiaspis variabile; Borchsenius, 1960d: 198. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Liu & Shi (1990a) reported from China on leaf-form and stem-form of this species. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus variabilis [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d] DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New York [Russel1941]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Shandong (Shantung) [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]); Japan [Borchs1960d]. BIOLOGY: Liu & Shi (1990a) reported from China on leaf-form and stem-form. GENERAL: Liu & Shi (1990a) reported from China on leaf-form and stem-form. Description and illustration of both forms in first-instar nymph by Liu & Shi (1990a). Adult female described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198, 199]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 18]; LiuSh1990a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-36]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-218,313]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 307, 573]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 134]. Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratzeburg) Coccus variolosus Ratzeburg, 1870: 187. Type data: GERMANY: Kunersdorf, near Potsdam, on oak. Note: Type material probably lost (Russell, 1941). Asterolecanium variolosum; Hagen, 1887: 60. Change of combination. Asterolecanium variolosum; Cockerell, 1899j: 269. Change of combination. Asterodiaspis variolosa; Borchsenius, 1960d: 194. Change of combination. COMMON NAMES: eichen-pockenschildlaus [SchmutKlLu1957]; golden oak scale [BrownEa1965a]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Euaphycus variolosus Alam [Alam1959], Habrolepis dalmani (Westwood) [Podsia1987], Metaphycus asterolecanii (Mercet) [Podsia1987]. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Brain1920, Boraty1961, KosztaKo1978, Yang1982, Koszta1996], Quercus [Podsia1975, Podsia1990], Quercus cerris pectinata [Leonar1908a], Quercus coccifera [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1926], Quercus concordia [Russel1941], Quercus ilex [GomezM1937, Martin1984MP], Quercus kelloggii [Gill1993], Quercus lusitanica [Martin1984MP], Quercus pedunculata [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Quercus pedunculata thomasii [Russel1941],


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Quercus petraea [Kozar1999a], Quercus pubescens [GomezM1937, Martin1984MP], Quercus robur [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Podsia1972, Podsia1974, Lagows1986, Gill1993], Quercus robur monstrosa cucullata [Russel1941], Quercus robur [Podsia1975, Podsia1975a], Quercus sessiliflora [Lizery1922a], Quercus sessilis mespilifolia [Russel1941], Quercus sideroxyla [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920]. Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Russel1941], Western Australia [Russel1941]). Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996]); United States of America (California [Ferris1955a, BrownEa1965a, Gill1993], Connecticut [Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Illinois [Koszta1996], Indiana [Koszta1996], Maine [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Michigan [Koszta1996], Missouri [Ferris1955a], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Rhode Island [Koszta1996], Vermont [Koszta1996], Virginia [Russel1941, Koszta1996], Washington [Russel1941, Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Lizery1922a, GranarCl2003]); Chile (Santiago [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]). Palaearctic: Austria [Russel1941]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Czech Republic [Russel1941]; France [Foldi2000]; Germany (United) [Russel1941]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978, KozarKiSa2004]; Israel [Bodenh1924]; Italy [BarbagBiBo1995, MatilePe2002]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1960d]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926]; Madeira Islands [Russel1941]; Poland [Podsia1972, Podsia1974, Podsia1975, Podsia1975a, Podsia1990, LagowsKo1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Portugal [Seabra1942]; Russia (Kursk Oblast [Borchs1960d], Rostov Oblast [Borchs1960d], Tambov Oblast [Borchs1960d], Volgograd Oblast [Borchs1960d], Voronoezh Oblast [Borchs1960d]); South Korea [Paik1978]; Spain [GomezM1937, Martin1984MP]; Sweden [Ossian1951, Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [Russel1941]; United Kingdom (England [Russel1941, Boraty1961]); Uzbekistan (Samarkand Oblast [Borchs1960d], Tashkent Oblast [Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Test of female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). Adult female described and illustrated by Russell (1941), Borchsenius (1960d), Gill (1993) and by Kosztarab (1996). First instar described and illustrated by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Boratynski 1961: 12 (female) [United Kingdom]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Alam1957 [biological control: 421-466]; Alam1959 [biological control: 35-40]; Archan1923 [host, distribution: 260]; Archan1937 [taxonomy: 65]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Bartle1969 [biological control: 875-878]; Bartle1978a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 47-48]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Boraty1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-13]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy: 67-68]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-197]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110]; BrownEa1965a [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 11-13]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 238]; Clark1937 [distribution, host, economic importance: 585-588]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 269]; Cotte1912 [host, distribution: 174,183]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; Evans1939JW [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 199-205]; Fergus1989 [biological control, distribution, host, economic importance: 257-262]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 53]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Flesch1960 [biological control: 183-208]; Foldi1997 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 205]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; Gavalo1932a [host, distribution: 152]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 107]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 151-152]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-102, 111]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration,

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host, distribution: 235-236]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 136]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1959 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178-181]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 201]; GonzalRo1967 [biological control, distribution: 138]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 627]; Green1928 [taxonomy, description: 8]; Hagen1887 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 60]; Heptin1971 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-5]; Houard1911 [structure: 3-25]; Houard1913 [host, distribution: 1]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 74]; Kaweck1936a [host, distribution: 320]; Kiritc1928a [host, distribution: 213]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 297-298]; KosztaKo1978 [illustration, host, distribution: 139]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 18]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 477]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 35]; Leonar1908a [host, distribution: 155]; Leonar1909 [host, distribution: 115]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-253]; LepineMi1931 [host, distribution: 250]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 130]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 146]; Lizery1922a [host, distribution: 100]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 348]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 356]; Nichol1933 [host, distribution, biological control: 24-26]; Ossian1951 [host, distribution: 6]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, distribution: 413]; Parr1940 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, structure: 1-49]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 61]; Podsia1972 [taxonomy, biology, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-404]; Podsia1974 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 487-530]; Podsia1975 [life history, host, distribution: 349-355]; Podsia1975a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 213-214]; Podsia1987 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 185-188]; Podsia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 3-8]; Podsia1990 [taxonomy, life history, description, host, distribution: 363-371]; Ratzeb1870 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-220,313]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution: 563]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 452]; Seabra1942 [taxonomy: 2]; Seabra1942 [distribution: 2]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Szulcz1921 [host, distribution: 79]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Szulcz1927 [host, distribution: 137]; Szulcz1931 [host, distribution: 124-135]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 308]; Terezn1969 [host, distribution: 63]; Thomps1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 479-482]; TsalevVu1963 [host, distribution, life history, control: 24-29]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 353]. Asterodiaspis viennae (Russell) Asterolecanium viennae Russell, 1941: 222. Type data: AUSTRIA: near Vienna, Rekawinkel, on Quercus cerris. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterodiaspis viennae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 187. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus cerris [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d, KosztaKo1978]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Russel1941, Borchs1950b, Borchs1960d]; Hungary [Borchs1960d]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 136]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 18]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-223,315]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309].


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Asterolecanium Targioni Tozzetti Asterolecanium Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 734. Type species: Coccus aureus Boisduval, 1868a [=Lecanium epidendri Bouché, 1844] by monotypy. Astenolecanium; Tang & Hao, 1995: 333. Misspelling of genus name. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Signoret (1877), Russell (1941), Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1955a), Borchsenius (1960d), Kawai (1980), Hadzibejli (1983), Williams & Watson (1990), Gill (1993), Tang & Hao (1995), Liu & Shi (1989, 1990, 1993), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig (1998). KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 289 (adult female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang & Hao 1995: 336 (adult female); Gill 1993: 97–98 (adult female) [USA, California]; Williams & Watson 1990: 192, 194 (adult female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Kawai 1980: 175 (adult female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1960d: 158 (adult female) [Russia]; Ferris 1955a: 14 (adult female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1950b: 134–136 (adult female) [Russia]; Zimmerman 1948: 278 (adult) [Hawaii]; Russell 1941: 4 (adult female) [Genera of subfamily Asterolecaniinae, family Asterolecaniidae]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (adult female) [species of the world]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (nymphs) [species of the world]; Ehrhorn 1916: 235 (adult female) [Hawaii]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 134,146-147]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Balach1948b [taxonomy: 251,256]; BenDov1990c [taxonomy, description: 97,98]; Bodenh1949 [taxonomy: 7]; Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 116]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description: 169-170]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, key: 132-136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 154,157,158,172]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 77]; Cocker1896 [taxonomy: 8]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 275]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, key: 234-235]; Enderl1914 [taxonomy: 369]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 15-30]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 756-757]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-89]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 97-98]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 232]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy: 135]; GomezM1959 [taxonomy: 177-178]; Green1896e [taxonomy: 14-17]; Green1909a [taxonomy: 293-295,311-314]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; Houard1911 [structure: 3-25]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, key: 174-175]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 336]; LiuSh1993 [taxonomy: 181-182]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 188-189]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 18]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 251-264]; Miller1996 [catalogue: 69]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy: 3]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 19, 177]; Paik1978 [taxonomy: 413]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description: 1-319]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 686]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 335-336]; Tao1978 [taxonomy: 77]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 39]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description: 734]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23-24]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 320]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, key: 192, 194]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 277-278]. Asterolecanium acaciae Morrison & Morrison Asterolecanium acaciae Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 3. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, on twigs of Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [MorrisMo1927]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [MorrisMo1927]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3, 4]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-38].

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Asterolecanium agavis Russell Asterolecanium agavis Russell, 1941: 40. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, El Paso, on Agave palmeri. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Agavaceae: Agave [Russel1941], Agave lecheguilla [Ferris1955a], Agave palmeri [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Yucca [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Yucca brevifolia [Gill1993]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Gill1993], California [Gill1993], Texas [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Gill1993]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Gill (1993). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 18-19]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98,105]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-41,239]. Asterolecanium beilunensis Hu Asterolecanium beilunensis Hu in: Hu, Sun & Chen, 1988: 193. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, on branch of Thea sp.; collected December 21, 1985. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Entomology, China. HOST PLANTS: Theaceae: Thea [HuSuCh1988]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Zhejiang (Chekiang) [HuSuCh1988]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hu, Sun & Chen (1988). CITATIONS: HuSuCh1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-195]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]. Asterolecanium borboniae Brain Asterolecanium borboniae Brain, 1920: 111. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Ceres, on leaves of Borbonia cordata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Lauraceae: Borbonia cordata [Brain1920]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, male and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-54,244]. Asterolecanium borneense Russell Asterolecanium borneense Russell, 1941: 54. Type data: INDONESIA: British North Borneo, Tawao, Elphinstone Province, on Quercus borneensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus borneensis [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Kalimantan [Russel1941], Kalimatan (=Borneo) [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55,244].


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Asterolecanium bornmuelleri Rübsaamen Asterolecanium bornmuelleri Rübsaamen, 1902a: 316. Type data: IRAN: Province of Farsistan, near Myan-Kotel, between Schiraz and Kazerun, on Quercus persica. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material not traced (Russell, 1941). Asterolecanium bornmuelleri; Lindinger, 1912b: 61. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Russell, 1941: 229. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941, p.229) is of the opinion that this is a valid species, and not a synonym of A. variolosum as suggested by Lindinger (1912b: 61, 360). HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus persica [Rubsaa1902]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Signor1870a, Rubsaa1902]. CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 50]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19]; Rubsaa1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 314-316, 336]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229]. Asterolecanium brevispinum Brain Asterolecanium brevispinum Brain, 1920: 109. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Ceres, on veld bush. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-57,246]. Asterolecanium cinnamomi Borchsenius Asterolecanium cinnamomi Borchsenius, 1960d: 161. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, 25 km south of Semao, on Cinnamomum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Sichuan (Szechwan) [TangHa1995], Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 337, 577]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124]. Asterolecanium coffeae Newstead Asterolecanium coffeae Newstead, 1911a: 161. Type data: D. [=DEUTSCHE] OST AFRIKA [=GERMAN EAST AFRICA] [=TANZANIA]: Magrotto, on Coffea arabica; collected Prof. A. Zimmermann, August 1902. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Notes: The type locality is DEUTSCHE OST AFRIKA [=GERMAN EAST AFRICA] [=TANZANIA]: Magrotto. Russell (1941) erroneously cited it as Dutch East Africa. COMMON NAMES: fringed scale of coffee [SchmutKlLu1957]; yellow fringed scale [SchmutKlLu1957]. HOST PLANTS: Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda [James1933]. Rosaceae: Photinia japonica [James1933]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Russel1941], Coffeae arabica [Newste1911a, James1933]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Laing1929a, James1933, Russel1941]; Tanzania [Newste1911a]; Uganda [Gowdey1917]. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: James (1933) reported this species to cause heavy damage in certain low-lying coffee areas in Kenya. On crop-bearing parts of coffee trees it inflicts serious injury.

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GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; James1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 421-427]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 467]; Newste1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161, 162]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68,250]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 84]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 450]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 337-338]. Asterolecanium conimbrigensis Saraiva Asterolecanium conimbrigensis Saraiva, 1936a: 1. Type data: PORTUGAL: presumably from near Coimbra, on Quercus humilis and on Quercus hybrida. Holotype. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus humilis [Saraiv1936a], Quercus hybrida [Saraiv1936a]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Portugal [Saraiv1936a]. CITATIONS: KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229]; Saraiv1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-18]; Seabra1941 [taxonomy: 7]. Asterolecanium conspicuum Brain Asterolecanium conspicuum Brain, 1920: 112. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, Marikana and South-West Protectorate, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Russellaspis conspicuum; Borchsenius, 1960d: 154. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [Brain1920]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 154]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-71,250-251]; Witt2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 142-146]. Asterolecanium corallinum Takahashi Asterolecanium corallinus Takahashi, 1928: 339. Type data: TAIWAN: Keelung, on twigs of Sideroxylon ferrugineum. Holotype. Asterolecanium corallinum; Russell, 1941: 71. Justified change. HOST PLANTS: Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon ferrugineum [Takaha1928, Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1928, Russel1941, TangHa1995]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71,251]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-340]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 339, 577]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124].


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Asterolecanium cristatum Ferris Asterolecanium cristatum Ferris, 1921: 73. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, La Laguna, on Heteromeles arbutifolia; San Antonio, on Jatropha canescens; San Barloto and San Jose del Cabo, on Celosia floribunda; San Bartolo, on Tapriria edulis; Todos Santos, on Encelia palmeri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Amaranthaceae: Celosia floribunda [Ferris1921, Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Anacardiaceae: Tapirira edulis [Ferris1921]. Compositae: Encelia palmeri [Ferris1921, Ferris1955a]. Euphorbiaceae: Jatropha canescens [Ferris1921, Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Rosaceae: Heteromeles arbutifolia [Ferris1921, Russel1941]. Solanaceae: Solanum hindnanian [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California [Ferris1921, Miller1996, Ferris1955a]) GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1955a) and by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-74]; Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 18,23]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75,252]. Asterolecanium eburneum (Heyden) Lecanium eburneum Heyden, 1860: 90. Type data: SWITZERLAND: Neuchatel, on Hedera helix. Syntypes, female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (see Russell, 1941: 229) Asterolecanium eburneum; Lindinger, 1935: 130. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her. Lindinger (1935) suggested that this species is a synonym of A. fimbriatum. HOST PLANTS: Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Heyden1860]. CITATIONS: Heyden1860 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 89-90]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 130]. Asterolecanium epacridis (Maskell) Planchonia epacridis Maskell, 1882: 224. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Amberley, on Leucopogon frazeri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Asterolecanium epacridis; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Epacridaceae: Leucopogon frazeri [Maskel1882, Maskel1887a, MorrisMo1927, Russel1941], Styphelia scoparia [Russel1941]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum scoparium [Maskel1887a]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Russel1941]); New Zealand [Maskel1882, Maskel1887a, Fernal1903b, MorrisMo1927, Russel1941]. GENERAL: Adult female described and illustrated by Morrison and Morrison (1927) and by Russell (1941). Larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Cocker1893h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 25]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 50]; Maskel1882 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-92]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-83,256].

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Asterolecanium epidendri (Bouché) Lecanium epidendri Bouché, 1844: 300. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, in greenhouse, on Epidendrum cuspidatum; probable origin of host plant West Indies. Note: Type material lost (Sachtleben, 1944). Coccus aureus Boisduval, 1868a: 301. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse, on “Maranda [=Maranta] vittata”; collected by Burel. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 84. Asterolecanium aureum Signoret, 1870: 277. Change of combination Asterolecanium aureum; Targioni Tozzetti, 1893: 304. Notes: Incorrect citation of “Targioni Tozzetti” as author. Planchonia oncidii Cockerell, 1893h: 78. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on orchids. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 84. Asterolecanium epidendri; Cockerell, 1899j: 269. Change of combination. Asterolecanium greeni Marchal, 1904b: 455. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse, on Rheedia lateriflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 85. SYSTEMATICS: Bouché described two species using the binomen Lecanium epidendri Bouché. The species described in 1844: 300 is the senior synonym of Asterolecanium epidendri (Bouché), while the species described in 1851: 112, is a junior synonym of Aspidiotus nerii in the Diaspididae. See also discussion in Russell (1941). HOST PLANTS: Agavaceae: Sansevieria nilotica [Lindin1936c]. Amaranthaceae: Celosia [Borchs1960d]. Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastrum [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. Araceae: Anthurium [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d], Anthurium leoconerion [Leonar1908a], Philodendron [Riddic1955]. Bromeliaceae: Vriesea glazioui [Lindin1936c]. Capparidaceae: Calanthea [Borchs1960d]. Euphorbiaceae: Drypetes alba [Martor1976]. Guttiferae: Rheedia lateriflora [Marcha1904b, Russel1941]. Marantaceae: Maranta vittata [Signor1870a, Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Orchidaceae [Targio1893, Cocker1893h, Ramakr1921a, Lepage1938, Ferris1955a], Angraecum [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Angraecum sesquipedale [Green1909a, WilliaWa1990, Varshn1992], Brassia [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Broughtonia sanguinea [Russel1941], Cattleya [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d], Cypripedium [Borchs1960d], Cypripedium hamaldianum [Green1909a, Varshn1992], Epidendrum [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Epidendrum cuspidatum [Signor1877], Gongora [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Laelia [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Oncidium baurei [Russel1941, Martor1976], Ophiopogon jaburan [Green1909a, Varshn1992]. Palmae: Chamaedorea [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d]. Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [WilliaWa1990], Piper officinarum [Lindin1936c]. Zamiaceae: Zamia [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Borchs1960d]. Zingiberaceae: Hedychium coccineum [Lindin1936c]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Seychelles [Mamet1943a]; South Africa [Borchs1960d]. Australasian: Fiji [WilliaWa1990]. Nearctic: Mexico [Russel1941] (San Luis Potosi [Miller1996], Veracruz [Miller1996]); United States of America (New York [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]). Neotropical: Brazil [Russel1941] (Rio de Janeiro [Lepage1938]); Colombia [Russel1941, Figuer1946, Figuer1952, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [Russel1941]; Cuba [Russel1941]; Dominican Republic [Russel1941]; Guatemala [Russel1941]; Guyana [Russel1941]; Jamaica [Cocker1893h, Cocker1896, Russel1941]; Mexico (Chiapas [Miller1996]); Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Russel1941, Martor1976]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Russel1941]); Venezuela [Russel1941]. Oriental: Sri Lanka [Ramakr1921a, Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Varshn1992]. Palaearctic: France [Marcha1904b, Russel1941, Borchs1960d]; Germany (United) [Lindin1936c, Borchs1960d]; Italy [Targio1893, Russel1941, Borchs1960d, BarbagBiBo1995]; Portugal [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]; Russia (St. Petersberg (= Leningrad) Oblast [Borchs1960d]); United Kingdom (England [Russel1941]).


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GENERAL: Adult female described and illustrated by Russell (1941), Ferris (1955a), Borchsenius (1960d) and by Williams & Watson (1990). Test of female, adult female, second stage and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941) and by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Boisdu1868 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 301]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 215-217]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 238]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 50]; Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 20,24]; Figuer1946 [host, distribution: 199]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 206]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 285]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19-20]; Leonar1908a [host, distribution: 154-155]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 336]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Lindin1936c [host, distribution: 153-154]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 149]; Marcha1904b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455-457]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 102,184]; Maskel1894 [taxonomy: 94]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-86,257]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 844]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 614]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 340-341]; Targio1893 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 304-309]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 68-69]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194]. Asterolecanium euphorbiae Russell Asterolecanium euphorbiae Russell, 1941: 87. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Tausenville, on Euphorbia fixox; intercepted at USA, Washington, D.C., by H.L. Sanford, 23 February, 1935. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Russellaspis euphorbiae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 154. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia fixox [Russel1941], Euphorbia pulvinata [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 154]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-88,257]. Asterolecanium euryopis Fuller Asterolecanium sp. Fuller, 1899a: 94. nomen nudum; discovered by Russell, 1941: 88. Asterolecanium euryopis Fuller, 1899b: 818. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Tarkastad, on Euryops tenuissimus. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Euryops tenuissimus [Fuller1899a, Fuller1899b, Brain1920, Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Fuller1899a, Fuller1899b, Brain1920, Russel1941].

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ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Fuller (1899a) described the destructiveness of this insect to its host Euryops tenuissimus. Since the plant was regarded a serious weed in the Cape Province, South Africa, Fuller suggested to employ this insect as a natural control agent of the weed. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-114]; Fuller1899a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 93-95]; Fuller1899b [taxonomy: 818]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-89,258]. Asterolecanium flavociliatum Green Asterolecanium flavociliatum Green, 1909a: 322. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her, while indicating that it appears to be similar to A. coronatum. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136-137]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 230]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 69]. Asterolecanium garciniae Russell Asterolecanium garciniae Russell, 1941: 96. Type data: JAVA: Soekaboema, on Garcinia mangostana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Guttiferae: Garcinia mangostana [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97,261]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 341]. Asterolecanium grandiculum Russell Asterolecanium grandiculum Russell, 1941: 100. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Phoenix, on Agave sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Agavaceae: Agave [Russel1941, Gill1993], Yucca [Russel1941, Gill1993]. Fouquieriaceae: Fouquieria columnaris [Gill1993], Idria columnaris [Russel1941]. Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis [Gill1993]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Gill1993]; United States of America (Arizona [Russel1941, Gill1993], California [Gill1993], New Mexico [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Gill (1993). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-100,107]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-101,263].


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Asterolecanium grandis (Newstead) Pollinia grandis Newstead, 1894: 182. Type data: PAKISTAN: Baluchistan, on a very strong grass-like plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Asterolecanium grande; Cockerell, 1896b: 328. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) did not study the material of this species, and commented that it was unrecognizable from the original illustration but retained it in Asterolecanium. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Newste1894, Varshn1992]. CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 51, 332]; Newste1894 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 182-183]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 230]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 69]. Asterolecanium hakeae (Fuller) Planchonia hakeae Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, on Hakea ilicifolia and on Acacia. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Note: Described again as “n. sp.” By Fuller (1897c); the publication by Fuller (1897c) predated. Asterolecanium hakeae; Fuller, 1899: 456. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, Russel1941]. Proteaceae: Banksia [Russel1941], Hakea ilicifolia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 51]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 757]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 456]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103,264]. Asterolecanium hancocki Laing Asterolecanium hancocki Laing, 1929a: 466. Type data: UGANDA: Kuvezeke, on bark of coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her. HOST PLANTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Laing1929a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Laing1929a]. CITATIONS: Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 466-467]; Russel1941 [host, distribution: 230]. Asterolecanium inconspicuum Russell Asterolecanium inconspicuum Russell, 1941: 110. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, on an unknown host; collected G. Compere. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-111,267].

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Asterolecanium ingae Russell Asterolecanium ingae Russell, 1941: 111. Type data: PUERTO RICO: Utuado, on Inga verra. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Inga vera [Russel1941, Martor1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Russel1941, Martor1976]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 143]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-112,267]. Asterolecanium javae Russell Asterolecanium javae Russell, 1941: 116. Type data: JAVA: cultivated in Botanic Garden, on Calophyllum spectabile var. ceramicum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Guttiferae: Calophyllum spectabile ceramicum [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-117,270]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 342]. Asterolecanium lacrimula Russell Asterolecanium lacrimula Russell, 1941: 117. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Darling Riber, Bourke, on an unknown host. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-118,270]. Asterolecanium litseae Kuwana Asterolecanium litseae Kuwana, 1916: 149. Type data: JAPAN: Matsudo in Chiba-Ken, on leaves and the smaller branches of Litsea glauca= (Shirodamo). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.11). HOST PLANTS: Lauraceae: Litsea caulocarpa [Russel1941], Litsea glauca [Kuwana1916, Borchs1960d], Litsea luzonica [Russel1941]. Orchidaceae: Vanda sanderiana [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. Rubiaceae: Psychotria arborescens [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Borchs1960d]; Malaysia (Sabah [Russel1941]); Philippines [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. Palaearctic: Japan [Borchs1960d, Kawai1980]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].


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CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-164]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 178]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 20]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-121,273]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 342-343]. Asterolecanium loranthi Green Asterolecanium loranthi Green, 1922a: 1036. Type data: SRI LANKA: Hakgala, on young branch of Loranthus neelgherrensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her, while indicating that it appears to resemble A. litseae. HOST PLANTS: Loranthaceae: Loranthus neelherrensis [Green1922a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1036]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 285]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 230]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 343-344]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 70]. Asterolecanium louiserussellae Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet Asterolecanium louiserussellae Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 257. Type data: IVORY COAST (CÔTE d’IVOIRE): Ta¨l, on Ouratea duparquetiana. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Ochnaceae: Ouratea duparquetiana [MatileLe1985]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d’Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [MatileLe1985]. CITATIONS: MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-259]. Asterolecanium machili Russell Asterolecanium machili Russell, 1941: 125. Type data: TAIWAN (FORMOSA): Sozan, on Machilus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: U.S. National Ent. Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Lauraceae: Machilus [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 86]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-126,274]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 344-345, 577]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Asterolecanium medium Russell Asterolecanium medium Russell, 1941: 127. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Coolgardie, on Agonis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Agonis [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-128,276].

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Asterolecanium melaleucae (Maskell) Sphaerococcus melaleucae Maskell, 1894b: 94. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Penhurst, on Melaleuca linariifolia, collected by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Sphaerococcus acaciae melaleucae; Fuller, 1897b: 1346. Change of rank. Asterolecanium melaleucae; Miller et al., 1998: 294. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Miller et al. (1998) assigned this species to the Asterolecaniidae with no indication to its generic placement. Here it is assigned to Asterolecanium, but it needs further verification. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca linariifolia [Maskel1894b]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1894b]). CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 85]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy: 1346]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy: 10]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178-179]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 294-295]. Asterolecanium minutum Ramakrishna Ayyar nomen nudum Asterolecanium minutum Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 55. nomen nudum; discovered by Russell, 1941: 230. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this nomen nudum, while suggesting that it might belong to an undescribed species of Polea. Asterolecanium multiporum Green Asterolecanium stypheliae multiporum Green, 1915d: 48. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Warrnambool, on Samolus repens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Asterolecanium multiporum; Russell, 1941: 137. Change of status. HOST PLANTS: Primulaceae: Samolus repens [Green1915d]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Green1915d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Green1915d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-138,278]. Asterolecanium neoguineense Williams & Watson Asterolecanium neoguineense Williams & Watson, 1990: 194. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, on Theobroma cacao. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. SYSTEMATICS: This species was first mentioned by Reyne (1961) from Irian Jaya on Theobroma cacao as Asterolecanium nr. javae Russell (Williams & Watson, 1990). HOST PLANTS: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1990]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990]. CITATIONS: WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-196]. Asterolecanium petrophilae (Fuller) Planchonia petrophilae Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: West Australia, Swan River, on Petrophila linearis. Note: Though there are some specimens in USNM and there could be some material in ANIC and ASCT, it appears that most material has been lost (P.J. Gullan, personal communication, 2000). Note: Described again as “n. sp.” by Fuller (1897c); the publication by Fuller (1897c) predated. Asterolecanium petrophilae; Fuller, 1899: 456. Change of combination.


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HOST PLANTS: Proteaceae: Hakea [Russel1941], Petrophila linearis [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of adult female, nymphs and adult male described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 52]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 758]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 456]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-154,287]. Asterolecanium prominens Green Asterolecanium ceriferum prominens Green, 1909a: 326. Type data: SRI LANKA: Nuwara Eliya, on Oxytenanthera thwaitesii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Asterolecanium prominens; Ali, 1970a: 140. Change of status. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Ramakr1921a], Oxytenanthera thwaitesii [Green1909a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. GENERAL: This species was not mentioned nor studied in the comprehensive revision by Russell (1941). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, catalogue: 140]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 326]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 68]. Asterolecanium proteae Giliomee & Munting Asterolecanium proteae Giliomee & Munting, 1968: 221. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Prince Alfred Hamlet district, on Protea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Proteaceae: Protea [GiliomMu1968]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [GiliomMu1968]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Giliomee and Munting (1968). Description and illustration of the adult male given by Giliomee and Munting (1968). CITATIONS: Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; GiliomMu1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-229]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 511]. Asterolecanium psychotriae Russell Asterolecanium psychotriae Russell, 1941: 162. Type data: TAIWAN (=FORMOSA): Urai, on Psychotria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Rubiaceae: Psychotria [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].

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CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 140]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-163,290]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 345-346, 578]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39-40]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128]. Asterolecanium pudibundum Green Asterolecanium pudibundum Green, 1909a: 323. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on small branches of Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her, while suggesting that apparently it is allied to such forms as ceriferum, elongatum, proboscidis, scirrosis. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 140]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 231]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 70]. Asterolecanium puteanum Russell Asterolecanium puteanum Russell, 1941: 168. Type data: U.S.A.: Georgia, Brunswick, on Ilex vomitoria. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterodiaspis puteanum; Kosztarab, 1996: 295. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Koszta1996], Ilex cassine [Riddic1955], Ilex cassine myrtifolia [Riddic1955], Ilex opaca [Riddic1955], Ilex vomitoria [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996]. Sapotaceae: Bumelia parviflora [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Koszta1996]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Delaware [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Florida [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Georgia [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Maryland [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], North Carolina [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Virginia [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Kosztarab (1996). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution, illustration: 25,29]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295-297]; Riddic1955 [host: 10]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170,291]. Asterolecanium pyriforme (Froggatt) Cerococcus pyriformis Froggatt, 1915: 1057. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Parkes District, on spiny shrub; collected by D. Ploughman. Syntypes, female. Asterolecanium pyriforme; Russell, 1941: 231. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915]). CITATIONS: Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1057]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 231].


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Asterolecanium quadrisetosum Russell Asterolecanium quadrisetosum Russell, 1941: 170. Type data: AUSTRALIA: West Australia, Coolgardie, on Melaleuca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-171,292]. Asterolecanium quaesitum Russell Asterolecanium quaesitum Russell, 1941: 171. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cordoba, on “Tusca” [presumably Acacia moniliformis]. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia moniliformis [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173,293]. Asterolecanium rehi Rübsaamen Asterolecanium rehi Rübsaamen, 1902: 62. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Funchal, on twigs of Globularia salicina. Syntypes, female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. SYSTEMATICS: Lindinger (1912b) regarded this species both as synonym of Asterolecanium fimbriatum and a nomen nudum. Russell (1941: 231) did not accept this interpretation and retained it as an unrecognizable species. HOST PLANTS: Globulariaceae: Globularia salicina [Rubsaa1902]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Rubsaa1902]. BIOLOGY: Causing galls on twigs of Globularia salicina (Rübsaamen, 1902). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Causing galls on twigs of Globularia salicina (Rübsaamen, 1902). CITATIONS: KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 20]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 164]; Rubsaa1902 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 231]. Asterolecanium russellae Lambdin Asterolecanium russellae Lambdin, 1983b: 1002. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on Cypripedium ciliolare. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Orchidaceae: Cypripedium ciliolare [Lambdi1983b]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Lambdi1983b]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin (1983b). CITATIONS: Lambdi1983b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1002-1004]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 346]. Asterolecanium sanbernardensis Hempel Asterolecanium sanbernardensis Hempel, 1937: 18. Type data: BRAZIL: State of São Paulo, São Bernardo, on forest shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.

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HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Myrtus silvestre [Lepage1938]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Hempel1937, Lepage1938]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18-19]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 337-338]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-182,296]. Asterolecanium seabrai Saraiva Asterolecanium seabrai Saraiva, 1936: 1. Type data: PORTUGAL: near Coimbra, on Quercus faginea, April 1936. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus faginea [Saraiv1936]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Portugal [Saraiv1936]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female and nymph by Saraiva (1936). CITATIONS: KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 20]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 231]; Saraiv1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-31]; Seabra1941 [taxonomy: 7]. Asterolecanium striatum Russell Asterolecanium striatum Russell, 1941: 198. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Rutaceae: Citrus [Russel1941, WilliaWa1990]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1990], Java [Russel1941]); Singapore [Russel1941]. KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-199,303]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 452]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 199]. Asterolecanium stypheliae (Maskell) Planchonia stypheliae Maskell, 1892: 6. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Styphelia richei and Leptospermum juniperinum; collected by French. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Planchonia fimbriata stypheliae Maskell, 1894b: 85. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Synonymy by Maskell, 1894b: 85. Planchonia stypheliae; Maskell, 1895b: 62. Change of combination. Asterolecanium stypheliae; Fuller, 1899: 457. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Epacridaceae: Leucopogon richei [Russel1941], Leucopogon virgatus [Russel1941], Styphelia richei [Russel1941]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum juniperinum [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Russel1941] (New South Wales [Russel1941], Victoria [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Test of female, male and nymphs described and illustrated by Russell (1941). Adult female described and illustrated by Morrison & Morrison (1927). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium ]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].


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CITATIONS: Cocker1893h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 53]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 759]; Fuller1899 [host, distribution: 457]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24, 25]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy: 85]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 62]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-200,303]. Asterolecanium subventruosum Russell Asterolecanium subventruosum Russell, 1941: 202. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Styphelia sp.; collected by G. Compere, no. 872. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Epacridaceae: Styphelia [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-203,305]. Asterolecanium theae Tang & Hao Asterolecanium theae Tang & Hao, 1995: 347. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang Province, on Thea sinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. HOST PLANTS: Theaceae: Thea sinensis [TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Zhejiang (Chekiang) [TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347, 578-579, 699]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]. Asterolecanium townsendi Cockerell Asterolecanium townsendi Cockerell, 1902t: 468. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, Platanas, on “Guasima” [=Guazuma]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Sterculiaceae: Guazuma [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1902t, Russel1941, Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of adult female, male and nymphs described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Cocker1902t [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 468-469]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 53]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-208,307]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 222]. Asterolecanium transversum Morrison & Morrison Asterolecanium transversum Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 7. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on bark of undetermined host. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Proteaceae: Banksia [Russel1941], Banksia integrifolia [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Russel1941], Victoria [Russel1941]); New Zealand [MorrisMo1927].

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GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8,39]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-210]. Asterolecanium tumidum Green Asterolecanium tumidum Green, 1909a: 330. Type data: SRI LANKA: Udagama, on leaves of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 330]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 284]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 232]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 71]. Asterolecanium ungulatum Russell Asterolecanium ungulatum Russell, 1941: 213. Type data: SINGAPORE: Botanic garden, on Durio zibethinus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Bombacaceae: Durio zibethinus [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Russel1941]); Singapore [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214,310-312]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 347-348]. Asterolecanium ventruosum (Maskell) Planchonia ventruosa Maskell, 1895b: 63. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Asterolecanium ventruosum; Cockerell, 1896b: 328. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female and adult female described and illustrated by Morrison & Morrison (1927), Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 54]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 759]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220-221,228]. Asterolecanium victoriae Russell Asterolecanium victoriae Russell, 1941: 221. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Sandringham, on Leptospermum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941).


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KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-222,314]. Asterolecanium viridulum Cockerell Asterolecanium viridulum Cockerell, 1902i: 89. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, “on a kind of ironweed”. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Compositae [Morris1919], Baccharis coridifolia [Russel1941], Eupatorium [Russel1941], Vernonia [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Corrientes [Russel1941], Misiones [Morris1919, Russel1941], Tucuman [Cocker1902i, Russel1941]); Brazil [Russel1941] (São Paulo [Lepage1938, Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, male and nymphs described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 89]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 54]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 338]; Morris1919 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-225,315]. Asterolecanium vitreum Russell Asterolecanium vitreum Russell, 1941: 225. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Motueka, on Leptospermum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-226,316]. Asterolecanium vittatum Lambdin Asterolecanium vittatum Lambdin, 1979: 669. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Canberra, Mt. Ainslie, on Acacia decurrens. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia decurrens [Lambdi1979]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Lambdi1979]). CITATIONS: Lambdi1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 669-672].

Bambusaspis Cockerell Asterolecanium (Bambusaspis) Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Type species: Chermes miliaris Boisduval. Subsequently designated by Sanders, 1906: 6. Bambusaspis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 133. Change of status. Banbusaphis; Paik, 1978: 413. Misspelling of genus name. Ambusaspis; Zhang, 1992a: 68. Misspelling of genus name. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Russell (1941), Borchsenius (1960d), Gill (1993), Tang & Hao (1995), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Kosztarab (1996). KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 349-353 (adult) [world]; Williams & Watson 1990: 201 (adult) [Tropical South Pacific]; Wang & Zhang 1987: 37-38 (adult) [China].

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CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 143]; Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Borchs1950a [taxonomy: 781]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 132-134]; Cocker1902g [taxonomy: 114]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-89]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 97,102]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 20]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 22]; Paik1978 [taxonomy: 413]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 4]; Sander1906 [taxonomy: 3]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 335, 348-353]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 40]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, key: 36-41]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, key: 199, 201]; Zhang1992aX [taxonomy: 63-69]; ZhangZh1997 [taxonomy: 12-14]. Bambusaspis abiecta (Russell) Asterolecanium abiectum Russell, 1941: 35. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Los Banos, Luzon, on Bambusa vulgaris. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis abiectus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 354. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Yang1982], Bambusa vulgaris [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Dendrocalamus [Russel1941], Gigantochloa apus [Russel1941, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [TangHa1995]); Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 134]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36,237]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 354]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124]. Bambusaspis acutula (Russell) Asterolecanium acutulum Russell, 1941: 38. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Antipolo, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis acutulus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 354. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941], Bambusa blumeana [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 134,135]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39,238]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 354-355]. Bambusaspis amboinae (Russell) Asterolecanium amboinae Russell, 1941: 43. Type data: INDONESIA: Ambonia, on Bambusa atra. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis amboinae Tang & Hao, 1995: 353. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa atra [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 135]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-44,240]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 353-354].


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Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval) Asterolecanium bambusae Boisduval, 1869: 261. Type data: ALGERIA: Alger, Hamma, on Bambusa arundinacea and on Bambusa distorta. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. Asterolecanium bambusae; Signoret, 1870a: 280. Change of combination. Asterolecanium bambusae; Maskell, 1894: 94. Change of combination. Asterolecanium bambusae; Cockerell, 1896: 9. Change of combination. Asterolecanium bambusae bambusulae Cockerell, 1897p: 590. Type data: GRENADA: Botanic Gardens, on cultivated bamboo; collected on 16 November, 1895, by W.E. Broadway. Syntypes female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 47. Planchonia bambusae; Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899: 42. Change of combination. Planchonia bambusae; Hempel, 1900a: 409. Change of combination. Bambusaspis bambusae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 136. Change of combination. COMMON NAME: bamboo scale [SchmutKlLu1957]. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.3) and by Germain et al. (2003). HOST PLANTS: Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [Habib1957, TangHa1995]. Cupressaceae: Thuja orientalis [Habib1957]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Riddic1955]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [TangHa1995], Acalypha marginata [Habib1957]. Gramineae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, WangZh1987, Gill1993], Arundo donax [FaragAbZo1990], Bambusa [Cocker1897p, GrandpCh1899, Brain1920, Hall1922, Bodenh1924, Laing1927, Takaha1929, Takaha1936c], Bambusa [Theoba1904, Ramakr1921a, Zimmer1948, Riddic1955, TangHa1995], Bambusa [WangZh1987, WilliaWa1990], Bambusa alphonse kurri [Russel1941], Bambusa argentea-striata [Russel1941], Bambusa arundinacea [Boisdu1869, Signor1870a, Theoba1904, Ballou1926], Bambusa aurea [Russel1941], Bambusa aureo-striata [Russel1941], Bambusa balcooa [Russel1941], Bambusa beecheyana [Russel1941], Bambusa blumeana [Russel1941], Bambusa distorta [Boisdu1869, Signor1870a], Bambusa macroculmis [Russel1941], Bambusa multiplex disticha [Russel1941], Bambusa multiplex distincta [Russel1941], Bambusa nana [Ballou1926, Russel1941], Bambusa palmata [Russel1941], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941], Bambusa stenostachya [Takaha1929], Bambusa stricta [Signor1870], Bambusa thouarsii [Russel1941], Bambusa tulda [Russel1941], Bambusa verticillata [Ballou1926], Bambusa viridis-striata [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris [Russel1941, Habib1957, KawaiMaUm1971, WilliaWa1990, Varshn1992], Dendrocalamus [WangZh1987, Gill1993], Dendrocalamus giganteus [Habib1957, WilliaWa1990, Varshn1992, MohammMoMo1997], Dendrocalamus latiflorus [Takaha1929, Russel1941], Dendrocalamus strictus [Ballou1926, Russel1941, Varshn1992], Giganthochloa aspera [Russel1941, Varshn1992], Giganthochloa scribneriana [Russel1941], Gigantochloa [Gill1993], Oxytenanthera [WangZh1987, Gill1993], Oxytenanthera abyssinica [Russel1941], Phyllostachys [Russel1941, WangZh1987, Gill1993], Sphaerobambus philippinensis [Lit1997b]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [Riddic1955]. Myrtaceae: Feijoa [Riddic1955]. Orchidaceae [Habib1957]. NATURAL ENEMIES: ACARI Stigmaeidae: Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez [FaragAbZo1990]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Russel1941]; Cape Verde Islands [VanHarCoWi1990, Fernan1999]; Ghana [Russel1941]; Mauritius [GrandpCh1899, MerrilCh1923, Green1937, Mamet1943a]; Mozambique [Russel1941]; Râunion [Russel1941, Mamet1943a]; Sa¢ Tom, and Principe (Sa¢ Tom, [Seabra1921, Seabra1925]); South Africa [Brain1920, MerrilCh1923]; Togo [Vayssi1913]; Uganda [Gowdey1917]; Zaire [Russel1941]. Australasian: Australia [Russel1941]; Bonin Islands (= Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1990]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1990]; Guam [Russel1941]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916, Russel1941, Zimmer1948]); New Caledonia [Russel1941, WilliaWa1990]; Palau [Takaha1936c]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990]; Samoa [Laing1927, WilliaWa1990]; Vanuatu [WilliaWa1990] [WilliaWa1990]. Nearctic: Mexico [MerrilCh1923]; United States of America (Alabama

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[Russel1941, Ferris1955a], California [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], District of Columbia [Ferris1955a], Florida [Russel1941, MerrilCh1923, Ferris1955a], Georgia [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Illinois [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Louisiana [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Mississippi [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Missouri [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], New York [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Pennsylvania [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Texas [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Washington [Russel1941]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbados (Antigua [Russel1941]); Argentina [Russel1941] (Salta [Lizery1938]); Barbados [Russel1941]; Bermuda [Russel1941]; Brazil [MerrilCh1923, Green1937, Russel1941] (Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1904, Lepage1938], São Paulo [Lepage1938]); Colombia [Figuer1946] [Figuer1952]; Cuba [MerrilCh1923, Ballou1926, Russel1941]; Dominica [Russel1941]; Dominican Republic [Russel1941]; El Salvador [Russel1941]; Grenada [Cocker1897p, MerrilCh1923, Green1937, Russel1941]; Guadeloupe [Russel1941]; Guatemala [Russel1941]; Guyana [Bodkin1917, Russel1941]; Haiti [Russel1941]; Honduras [Russel1941]; Jamaica [Cocker1893h, Cocker1896, Russel1941]; Montserrat [Russel1941]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Martor1976]); Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [Russel1941], Trinidad [Russel1941]); U.S. Virgin Islands [Russel1941]; Venezuela [Russel1941]. Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Guangxi (Kwangsi) [Russel1941], Yunnan [TangHa1995]); India [Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Russel1941, Varshn1992]; Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Philippines [Russel1941] (Mindanao [Lit1997b]); Sri Lanka [Ramakr1921a, Green1937, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Varshn1992]; Taiwan [Takaha1929]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Boisdu1869, MerrilCh1923, Green1937, Russel1941]; China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982] (Heilongliang (HeilungKiang) [TangHa1995]); Egypt [Theoba1904, Hall1922, Hall1923, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Habib1957, FaragAbZo1990, MohammMoMo1997]; France [GermaiMaPi2002]; Israel [Bodenh1924]; Italy [Russel1941, BarbagBiBo1995]; Japan [Kawai1972, Kawai1980]; Madeira Islands [Balach1938a]; United Kingdom (England [MerrilCh1923]). BIOLOGY: Gill (1993) reported that this species is parthenogenetic in California. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: This species has been recorded from many species of bamboo in the West Indies, Central and South America, Africa, Asia. The infestations on leaves and trunk make the plants unsightly, and may reduce the quality of poles in furniture production (Bartlett, 1978a). Farag et al. (1990) evaluated the predatory efficiency and reproduction of the predatory mite, Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Ferris (1955a). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph by Russell (1941) and by Mohammad et al. (1997). KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 143-144]; Balach1931 [host, distribution: 50]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 11]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Barber1893 [host, distribution: 50-51]; Bartle1938a [host, distribution, biological control: 493-495]; Bartle1978a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 46-47]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 73]; Bodkin1917 [host, distribution: 107]; Boisdu1869 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-262]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 170171]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 156]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-139]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112]; Cocker1892 [host, distribution: 77]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 77]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Cocker1897p [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 590]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, distribution: 235]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; FaragAbZo1990 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 153-156]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 49-50]; Fernan1999


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[host, distribution: 86]; Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 18, 22]; Figuer1946 [host, distribution: 199]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 206]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 256]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 22]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-103, 112]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; GrandpCh1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 328-329]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 284]; Habib1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-377]; Hall1922 [description, host, distribution: 3]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 31]; Hall1935a [host, distribution: 217]; Hamon1980 [host, distribution, taxonomy, host plants, life history: 1-2]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 409]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 313]; Henrik1921 [host, distribution: 315]; Hoffma1927 [host, distribution: 73]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 18-19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 176]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 78]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 18]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 21]; Kuwana1909 [host, distribution: 151]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 35]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 336]; LepineMi1931 [host, distribution: 250]; Lindin1909b [host, distribution: 220]; Lindin1912b [description, host, distribution: 82]; Lindin1924 [host, distribution: 174, 179]; Lit1997b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 88-90]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 348]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 149]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 18-19]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 21]; Maskel1984b [taxonomy: 94]; MerrilCh1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 276]; MohammMoMo1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-195, 222-223]; Morris1920 [description, host, distribution: 161]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 127]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control:1-5]; Riddic1955 [host: 7]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49,241]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 450]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 96-97]; Seabra1925 [host, distribution: 39]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280]; SoriaEsVi1998a [host, distribution: 337-342]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 46]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 116]; Takaha1956c [description: 6]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-357,579,701]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 77]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Theoba1904 [host, distribution: 189]; Trabut1911 [host, distribution: 52]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 135]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 72]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 429]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 82]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38-39]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-203]; WuZhLi2000 [host, distribution, life history, chemical control: 118-123]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122]; Zimmer1948 [illustration, host, distribution: 278]. Bambusaspis bambusicola (Kuwana) Asterolecanium bambusicola Kuwana, 1916: 146. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo and other parts of Japan, on stem and branches of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Asterolecanium bambusae tuberculata Takahashi, 1928: 339. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, on the stalk of Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 49. Bambusaspis bambusicola; Borchsenius, 1960d: 141. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.4). HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Brain1920, Takaha1928, Takaha1929, Russel1941, Yang1982, WangZh1987, TangHa1995], Phyllostachys [WangZh1987], Phyllostachys bambusoides [Russel1941].

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DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Louisiana [Russel1941], Mississippi [Russel1941]). Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [TangHa1995]); Taiwan [Takaha1928, Takaha1929, Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982, WangZh1987]; Japan [Kuwana1916, Tachik1955, Russel1941, Kawai1980]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female given by Russell (1941). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph by Russell (1941). KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141-142]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 176]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 21]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-50,242]; Tachik1955 [host, distribution: 52]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8, 46]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 357-358, 579]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 39-40]; Yang1982 [taxonomy:122]. Bambusaspis brunetae (Russell) Asterolecanium brunetae Russell, 1941: 58. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Antipolo, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis brunetae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 358. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-59,246]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 358-359]. Bambusaspis captiosa (Russell) Asterolecanium captiosum Russell, 1941: 59. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Antipolo, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis captiosus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 359. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59,247]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 359-360]. Bambusaspis caudata (Green) Asterolecanium caudatum Green, 1930b: 214. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, on the foliage of Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Bambusaspis caudatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 360. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Green1930b, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Bambusa flexuosa [Russel1941], Bambusa nana [Russel1941], Bambusa pallescens [Russel1941], Bambusa pallescens usteri [Russel1941], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris [Russel1941], Dendrocalamus [TangHa1995], Dendrocalamus strictus [Russel1941].


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DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Russel1941] (Minas Gerais [Russel1941], Rio de Janeiro [Russel1941], São Paulo [Green1930b, Lepage1938, Russel1941]). Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Guangxi (Kwangsi) [Russel1941, TangHa1995]); Vietnam [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Russel1941]; China (People’s Republic) [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of adult female, nymphs and adult male described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Green1930b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 21]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 336]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63,248]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 360, 579]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124]. Bambusaspis chinae (Russell) Asterolecanium chinae Russell, 1941: 65. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung [=Guangdong] Province, Ho Ch’uen, Kaang Shek, Ts’uen fong, on Phyllostachys sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis chinae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 361. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Bambusa flexuosa [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Phyllostachys [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Fujian (Fukien) [TangHa1995], Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Zhejiang (Chekiang) [TangHa1995]); Hong Kong [TangHa1995]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 21]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66,249]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 361-362, 579]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124]. Bambusaspis circularis (Russell) Asterolecanium circulare Russell, 1941: 66. Type data: CHINA: Tai P’ing Shi, Ts’ing Uen district, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis circulare; Tang & Hao, 1995: 362. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [TangHa1995], Bambusa beecheyana [Russel1941, Yang1982], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941], Bambusa stenostachya [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [TangHa1995], Guangxi (Kwangsi) [Russel1941, Yang1982], Hainan [TangHa1995]); Vietnam [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135-136]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67,249]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 362, 579-580]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124].

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Bambusaspis coronata (Green) Asterolecanium coronatum Green, 1909a: 327. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Dendrocalamus giganteus and Gigantochloa aspera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Bambusaspis coronatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 363. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Ramakr1921a], Bambusa stenostachya [Takaha1935, Ali1970a, Yang1982], Bambusa vulgaris [KawaiMaUm1971], Dendrocalamus giganteus [Green1909a, Green1937, Varshn1992], Gigantochloa aspera [Green1909a, Green1937]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987]. Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]; Taiwan [Takaha1935]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982]; Japan [Kawai1980]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Russell (1941). KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 327]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 177]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 78]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 18]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73,252]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; Takaha1935 [host, distribution:5-6]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 363-364]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 68]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124]. Bambusaspis delicatus (Green) Planchonia delicata Maskell, 1895b: 62. nomen nudum. Planchonia delicata Green, 1896: 5. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Asterolecanium delicatum; Cockerell, 1896b: 328. Change of combination. Bambusaspis delicatum; Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Russel1941, WangZh1987, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Fujian (Fukien) [TangHa1995]); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1937, Ramakr1921a, Russel1941, Varshn1992]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [WangZh1987]; Japan [Green1909a]. GENERAL: Adult female, second stage, larva, test of male, male nymph, third-stage male, described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328]; Cocker1902g [taxonomy: 114]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 25]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 50]; Green1896 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 5]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 284]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 19]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 62]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-77,253]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 364-365, 580]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 72]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 40].


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Bambusaspis disiuncta (Russell) Asterolecanium disiunctum Russell, 1941: 79. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Mengtze, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis disiunatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 365. Misspelling of species name. Bambusaspis disiunctus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 365. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Ramakr1921a, Russel1941, TangHa1995], Schizostachyum [Russel1941, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Yunnan [Russel1941, TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-81,254]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 365-366, 580]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]. Bambusaspis exigua (Green) Asterolecanium exiguum Green, 1909a: 315. Type data: SRI LANKA: Vatiyantota, on under surface of leaves of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Bambusaspis exiguus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 366. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female, larva, test of male, adult male, male nymph and third-stage male described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 315]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 282]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-91,258-259]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 366-367]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 69]. Bambusaspis flora (Russell) Asterolecanium florum Russell, 1941: 94. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung [=Guangdong], Kwong Ning district, Koo Shui, on Arundinaria amabilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis florus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 367. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Arundinaria amabilis [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Guangxi (Kwangsi) [Russel1941, TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].

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CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95,260]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367-368, 580, 702]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Bambusaspis fusus (Russell) Asterolecanium fusum Russell, 1941: 95. Type data: CHINA: Kwongtung, Hainan, Hung Mo Shan, on Arundinaria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis fusus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 368. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Hainan [TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-96,261]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 368-369, 580]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Bambusaspis gemmae (Russell) Asterolecanium gemmae Russell, 1941: 97. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Bical, on Schizostachyum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis gemmae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 369. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Schizostachyum [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-99,262]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 369-370]; Wu1983a [taxonomy: 430]. Bambusaspis hemisphaerica (Kuwana) Asterolecanium hemisphaericum Kuwana, 1916: 147. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo and other places of Japan, on stems and branches of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Bambusaspis hemisphaerica; Borchsenius, 1960d: 134. Change of combination. Bambusaspis hemispharica; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 37. Misspelling of species name. Bambusaspis hemisphaenca; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 38. Misspelling of species name. Bambusaspis hemisphaeicus; Tao, 1999: 41. Misspelling of species name. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.5). HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria chino [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, WangZh1987, TangHa1995], Bambusa [Kuwana1916, Yang1982], Bambusa metake [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, WangZh1987, TangHa1995], Phyllostachys [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Jersey [Russel1941]). Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, TangHa1995],


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Hunan (Hunan) [HuHeWa1992], Zhejiang (Chekiang) [TangHa1995, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982, WangZh1987] (Anhui (Anhwei) [TangHa1995]); Japan [Kuwana1916, Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudectroma longicauda Xu [Xu1999]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995). Adult female described by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134, 135]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 176]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22-23]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-148]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-105,264-265]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 5]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 370-371,580,703]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 83]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38]; Xu1999 [biological control: 299-303]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122]. Bambusaspis huangshanensis Zhang, X. Bambusaspis huangshanensis Zhang, X., 1992a: 65. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Shexian county, on Indocalamus sp.; collected by Zhang Xuefan, vi.1986. Holotype female. Type depository: FHAC. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992aX]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [Zhang1992aX]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992a). CITATIONS: Zhang1992aX [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65,69]. Bambusaspis huichowensis Zhang, X. Bambusaspis huichowensis Zhang, X., 1992a: 53. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, on Indocalamus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: FHAC. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992X, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [Zhang1992X, TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992). CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 371, 580]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Zhang1992X [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-54]. Bambusaspis jubata Wu, S.J. Bambusaspis jubatus Wu, S.J., 1983: 209. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Maanshan, on Indocalamus migoi. Holotype female. Type depository: Maanshan: Scientific Committee of Maanshan, Anhui Province, China. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Indocalamus migoi [Wu1983, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [Wu1983, TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Wu (1983) and by Tang & Hao (1995). CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 372,580-581,706]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Wu1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211].

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Bambusaspis larga (Russell) Asterolecanium largum Russell, 1941: 118. Type data: CHINA: on bamboo; intercepted at New York, S.D. Whitlock, 8 June, 1937. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis largus; Wu, S.J., 1983: 211. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Russel1941, Yang1982]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-119,271]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 373, 581]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Wu1983 [taxonomy: 209, 211]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Bambusaspis longa (Green) Planchonia miliaris longa Maskell, 1895b: 62. nomen nudum. Planchonia miliaria longa Green, 1896: 5. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Asterolecanium miliaris longum; Cockerell, 1896b: 328. Change of combination. Asterolecanium lineare Green, 1909a: 336. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on leaves of Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Homonym of Asterolecanium lineare Lindinger, 1909c. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 122. Asterolecanium lanceolatum Green, 1909a: Prefatory note to Vol. IV. Replacement name for Asterolecanium lineare Green, 1909a; synonymy by Russell, 1941: 122. Asterolecanium longum; Russell, 1941: 122. Change of combination and rank. Bambusaspis longus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 374. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Green1896, Green1909a, Russel1941, Varshn1992], Bambusa [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1921a], Bambusa arundinacea [Russel1941], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris [Martor1976]. Dendrocalamus [TangHa1995], Oxytenenthera [TangHa1995], Phyllostachys [TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [MerrilCh1923]). Neotropical: Cuba [MerrilCh1923]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976]). Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Ramakr1919a]); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Varshn1992]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; Cocker1896b [catalogue: 328]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 25]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: Prefatory note, 336, 337]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 284-285]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy: 451]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 21]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 62]; MerrilCh1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 276, 277]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 46]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-124,271]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 374-375, 581]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 69-70].


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Bambusaspis longula (Russell) Asterolecanium longulum Russell, 1941: 121. Type data: HONG KONG: on Arundinaria sinica; collected by A.S. Hitchcock, 5 November, 1921. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis longulus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 373. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria sinica [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-122,273]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 373-374, 581]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Bambusaspis marginalis Borchsenius Bambusaspis marginalis Borchsenius, 1960d: 135. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, in forest, 50 km south of Semao, Pinamikvan. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Borchs1960d, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 375-376, 581]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122]. Bambusaspis masuii (Kuwana) Asterolecanium masuii Kuwana, 1916: 148. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo and Nagasaki, on leaves of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Bambusaspis masuii; Borchsenius, 1960d: 140. Change of combination. Asterolecanium (Bambusaspis) masuii; Kawai, 1972: 19. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.9). HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, WangZh1987], Bambusa [Kuwana1916, Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Yang1982, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1916, Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Russell (1941) KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140-141]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 177-178]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration,

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host, distribution: 126-127,275]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 6]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 376-377, 581]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 39]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122]. Bambusaspis miliaris (Boisduval) Asterolecanium miliaris Boisduval, 1869: 261. Type data: ALGERIA: Alger, from the garden of Hamma, on Bambusa distorta. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis miliaris; Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Change of combination. Asterolecanium miliaris robustum Green, 1908a: 19. Type data: INDIA: Bengal, Pusa, on stems of bamboo. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 203. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Stumpf & Lambdin, 2001: 205. Asterolecanium pseudomiliaris Green, 1922a: 1036. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on foliage of Bambusa sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 203. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Stumpf & Lambdin, 2001: 205. Asterolecanium charmoyi Green, 1924b: 45. Type data: MAURITIUS: on foliage of Bambusa sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 203. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 160-162. Asterolecanium pseudomiliaris bambusifoliae Takahashi, 1930: 11. Type data: TAIWAN: Nisui, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 160. Asterolecanium miliaris miliaris; Russell, 1941: 129. Change of status. Asterolecanium robustum; Ferris, 1955a: 16. Change of combination and status. Bambusaspis miliaris; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 40. Change of combination. Bambusaspis pseudomiliaris; Williams & Watson, 1990: 203. Change of combination. Bambusaspis robusta; Williams & Watson, 1990: 203. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) synonymized Asterolecanium pseudomiliaris bambusifoliae Takahashi, 1930, with Bambusaspis miliaris (Boisduval), while Wong et al. (1999) regarded the former as a separate species, Bambusaspis pseudomiliaris. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Wong et al. (1999) and by Germain et al., (2003). HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Arundinaria glaucescens [Russel1941], Bambusa [Ramakr1921a, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Zimmer1948, Riddic1955, Yang1982, EtiennMa1993], Bambusa [Green1922a, Green1937, Takaha1930, Takaha1933, Ferris1955a, TangHa1995], Bambusa [Ali1967a, WilliaWa1990, Varshn1992, TangHa1995], Bambusa argentea [Russel1941], Bambusa arundinacea [Ballou1926, Russel1941], Bambusa balcooa [Russel1941], Bambusa distorta [Russel1941], Bambusa nana [Russel1941], Bambusa oliveriana [Russel1941], Bambusa pallescens [Russel1941], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941], Bambusa tulda [Russel1941], Bambusa tuldoides [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris vulgaris [Ballou1926, Russel1941, WilliaWa1990], Bambusa vulgaris aureo-variegata [Russel1941], Bambusa vulgaris aureo-variegata [Russel1941], Dendrocalamus strictus [Russel1941], Dendrocalamus thouarsii [Russel1941], Oxytenanthera abyssinica [Russel1941], Phyllostachys [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Schizostachyum [WilliaWa1990, Lit1997b], Schizostachyum glaucifolium [WilliaWa1990]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Russel1941]; Mauritius [Green1924b, Russel1941, Mamet1943a]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Tanzania [Russel1941]. Australasian: Australia [Russel1941]; Fiji [Russel1941, WilliaWa1990]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916,


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Russel1941, Zimmer1948]); Niue [WilliaWa1990]; Samoa [WilliaWa1990]; Tonga [Russel1941, WilliaWa1990]. Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, StumpfLa2001], Illinois [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbados (Antigua [Russel1941]); Bermuda [Russel1941]; Brazil (Bahia [Russel1941], Minas Gerais [Russel1941], Rio de Janeiro [Russel1941], São Paulo [Lepage1938]); Colombia [Kondo2001]; Cuba [Ballou1926, Russel1941]; El Salvador [Russel1941]; Grenada [Russel1941]; Guyana [Russel1941]; Jamaica [Russel1941]; Montserrat [Russel1941]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Russel1941, Martor1976]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands [Russel1941]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [Russel1941], Trinidad [Russel1941]); Venezuela [Russel1941]. Oriental: Burma (= Myanmar) [Russel1941, Varshn1992]; China (People’s Republic) (Fujian (Fukien) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Guangxi (Kwangsi) [Russel1941, Yang1982, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]); India [Ramakr1921a, Russel1941] (Assam [Russel1941, Varshn1992], Bihar [Ali1967a, Varshn1992], Karnataka [Varshn1992], West Bengal [Varshn1992]); Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Philippines [Russel1941] (Luzon [Russel1941, Lit1997b]); Sri Lanka [Ramakr1921a, Green1922a, Green1937, Russel1941, Varshn1992]; Taiwan [Takaha1930, Takaha1933, Russel1941, WongChCh1999]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Russel1941]; China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982]; France [GermaiMaPi2002]; Japan [Russel1941]. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: This species has been recorded from many species of bamboo in the West Indies, Central and South America, Africa, Asia. The infestations on leaves and trunk make the plants unsightly, and may reduce the quality of poles in furniture production. GENERAL: Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Stumpf & Lambdin (2001). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1967a [host, distribution: 30]; Ali1970a [catalogue: 140-141]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 11]; Boisdu1869 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 261, 262]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 77]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, distribution: 235]; EtiennMa1993 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 254]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105,106]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 51]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 16, 25-27]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 758]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 256]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 22]; Giliom2001 [distribution: 86]; GrandpCh1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Green1908a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1036-1037]; Green1924b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 285]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23,25]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 337]; Lit1997b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 90]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 149-150]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19-20]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 21]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy: 94]; Petch1921a [biological control: 89-167]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Riddic1955 [host, distribution: 7]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-130,160-162]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 281-282]; StumpfLa2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-210]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; Takaha1933 [host, distribution: 35]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 16]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 10]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 377,387-388,390-391]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 581,584]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 58,78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host,

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distribution: 41, 42, 43]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 70-72]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 40]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-204]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9,46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122,127,128]; Zimmer1948 [host, distribution: 279]. Bambusaspis mimica (Russell) Asterolecanium mimicum Russell, 1941: 130. Type data: CHINA: Kwangsi, Foo Chiu Haang, Au Tsai, on Bambusa. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterolecanium minicum; Yang, 1982: 127. Misspelling of species name. Bambusaspis mimicus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 378. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Guangxi (Kwangsi) [Russel1941, TangHa1995]); Hong Kong [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-131,277]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 378, 581]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Bambusaspis minuscula (Russell) Asterolecanium minusculum Russell, 1941: 133. Type data: CHINA: Kwangsi [=Guangxi] Province, Chung Chou, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis minusculus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 378. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Yang1982], Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa nana [Russel1941], Bambusa spinosa [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Guangxi (Kwangsi) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Hainan [Russel1941, TangHa1995]); Vietnam [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 138-139]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 23-24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135,277]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 378-379, 582]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Bambusaspis minuta (Takahashi) Asterolecanium minutum Takahashi, 1930: 10. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, Nisui, Suisha; Naze (Amamioshima), on the lower side of the leaf of Bambusa stenostachya. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Bambusaspis minutus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 379. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).


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HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria glaucescens [Russel1941, Varshn1992, Varshn1994, TangHa1995], Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Bambusa stenostachya [Takaha1930], Bambusa tulda [Russel1941, Varshn1992, Varshn1994], Dendrocalamus [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Fujian (Fukien) [Russel1941, TangHa1995], Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, TangHa1995]); India [Russel1941] (West Bengal [Varshn1992, Varshn1994]); Taiwan [Russel1941, Varshn1994, TangHa1995, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Varshn1994]; Vietnam [Russel1941, Varshn1994]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Varshn1994]; Japan [Kawai1980]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 105]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 177]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136,278]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10, 11]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 379-380, 582]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 70]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 338, 339]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8-9,45-46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Bambusaspis nanlinnatalis Zhang, X. Bambusaspis nanlinnatalis Zhang, X., 1992a: 64. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province , Shexian county, on Indocalamus sp.; collected by Zhang Xuefan, v.1986. Holotype female. Type depository: Huang-shan: Forest Protection and Quarantine Station, Forestry Bureau of Huang-shan City, Anhui, China. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992aX]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [Zhang1992aX]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992a). CITATIONS: Zhang1992aX [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65,68]. Bambusaspis nematosphaerica Zhang, X. Bambusaspis nematosphaerica Zhang, X., 1992a: 67. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Tunxi, Huangshan City, on lower surface of leaves of Indocalamus sp.; collected by Zhang Xuefan, xi.1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Huang-shan: Forest Protection and Quarantine Station, Forestry Bureau of Huang-shan City, Anhui, China. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992aX]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [Zhang1992aX]). BIOLOGY: Found on lower surface of leaves (Zhang, 1992a). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992a). CITATIONS: Zhang1992aX [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-69]. Bambusaspis neojubata Tang & Hao Bambusaspis neojubatus Tang & Hao, 1995: 381. Type data: CHINA: Henan Province, Zhengzhou city, on stems of Phyllostachys sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Phyllostachys [TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Sichuan (Szechwan) [TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Henan (Honan) [TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381, 582-583, 704]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42].

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Bambusaspis notabilis (Russell) Asterolecanium notabile Russell, 1941: 140. Type data: CHINA: on bamboo; intercepted Seattle, Washington, E.I. Smith, 26 May, 1937. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis notabile; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 40. Change of combination. Bambusaspis notabilis; Tao, 1999: 42. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [WangZh1987], Arundinaria amabilis [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Phyllostachys puberula [TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-141,280]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381-382, 583, 705]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 40-41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Bambusaspis oblonga (Russell) Asterolecanium oblongum Russell, 1941: 142. Type data: CHINA: on bamboo. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis oblongus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 382. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Gigantochloa tessellata [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Zhejiang (Chekiang) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-143,280]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 382-383, 583]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128]. Bambusaspis ordinaria (Russell) Asterolecanium ordinarium Russell, 1941: 144. Type data: CHINA: on bamboo; intercepted New York, 25 March, 1932. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis ordinarius; Tang & Hao, 1995: 383. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Russel1941, Yang1982]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145,281]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 383-384, 583]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].


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Bambusaspis parva (Russell) Asterolecanium parvum Russell, 1941: 148. Type data: CHINA: Hainan Island, Kachek, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis parvus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 384. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Hainan [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149,283]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 384-385, 583]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128]. Bambusaspis penicillata (Russell) Asterolecanium penicillatum Russell, 1941: 150. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung, [=Guangdong] Province, P’oon Ue district, on Bambusa sp.; collected on 23 August, 1931. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis penicillatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 385. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941], Dendrocalamus [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-151,284]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 385-386, 584]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]. Bambusaspis protrusa Zhang, W.B. & Zhang, X.F. Bambusaspis protrusus Zhang, W.B. & Zhang, X.F., 1997: 12. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Shexian county, on Indocalamus sp.; collected on 21.6.1992, by Zhang Weibing and Zhang Xuefan. Holotype female. Type depository: Huang-shan: Forest Protection and Quarantine Station, Forestry Bureau of Huang-shan City, Anhui, China. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Indocalamus [ZhangZh1997]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [ZhangZh1997]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang & Zhang (1997). CITATIONS: ZhangZh1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14]. Bambusaspis pseudolanceolata (Takahashi) Asterolecanium lanceolatum; Takahashi, 1930: 11. Misidentification; discovered by Takahashi, 1933: 34. Asterolecanium pseudolanceolatum Takahashi, 1933: 34. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, Heito, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Bambusaspis pseudolanceolatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 386. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Takaha1933, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [TangHa1995]); Taiwan [Takaha1933, TangHa1995].

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GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 140]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 24-25]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160,289]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 11]; Takaha1933 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34-35]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 386-387, 584]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]. Bambusaspis pseudominuscula Borchsenius Bambusaspis pseudominuscula Borchsenius, 1960d: 142. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Sishyanbana, vicinity of Minhai, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, WangZh1987]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, WangZh1987]). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 144]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-144]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 25]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 388, 584]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 122]. Bambusaspis pusillus (Russell) Asterolecanium pusillum Russell, 1941: 163. Type data: CHINA: Hainan Island, Kwangtung Province, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis pusillus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 388. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982], Schizostachyum [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982], Hainan [Russel1941, TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 140]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 25]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165,290]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 388-389, 584]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128]. Bambusaspis qingyuanensis Hu & Xia Bambusaspis qingyuanensis Hu & Xia, 1988: 196. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Qingyuan, on leaves of Indocalamus tessellatus; collected on May 2, 1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Entomology, China. Bambusaspis qinyunensis; Tao, 1999: 43. Misspelling of species name. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Indocalamus tessellatus [HuXi1988]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Zhejiang (Chekiang) [HuXi1988]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hu & Xia (1988). CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; HuXi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-198]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43].


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Bambusaspis radiata (Russell) Asterolecanium radiatum Russell, 1941: 175. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung [=Guangdong] Province, Tungking, on Schizostachyum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis radiatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 389. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Schizostachyum [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 140]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 25]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-176,294]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 389-390, 584]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128]. Bambusaspis rubrocomatus (Green) Asterolecanium rubrocomatum Green, 1909a: 316. Type data: SRI LANKA: Vatiyantota, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Bambusaspis rubrocomatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 391. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of adult female, nymph and male described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 282]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-180,295]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 391-392]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 71]. Bambusaspis rufa Zhang, X. Bambusaspis rufa Zhang, X., 1992a: 65. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Shexian county, on upper surface of leaves of Indocalamus sp.; collected Zhang Zuefan, May 1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Huang-shan: Forest Protection and Quarantine Station, Forestry Bureau of Huang-shan City, Anhui, China. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992aX]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [Zhang1992aX]). BIOLOGY: Found on upper surface of leaves (Zhang, 1992a). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992a). CITATIONS: Zhang1992aX [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66,69]. Bambusaspis sasae (Russell) Asterolecanium sasae Russell, 1941: 182. Type data: JAPAN: Yumoto, Nikko, on Sasa albomarginata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis sasae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 139. Change of combination. Asterolecanium (Bambusaspis) sasae; Kawai, 1972: 19. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.8).

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HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria fastuosa [Russel1941, Borchs1960d], Sasa albomarginata [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 139-141]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 177]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 25]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-183,297]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 6]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 392-393]. Bambusaspis shenzhenensis Wu, S.J. Bambusaspis shenzhenensis Wu, S.J., 1992: 75. Type data: CHINA: Kwantung [=Guangdong] Province, Shenzhen, on Bambusa stenostachya. Holotype female. Type depository: Maanshan: Scientific Committee of Maanshan, Anhui Province, China. Bambusaspis shanghensis; Tao, 1999: 42. Misspelling of species name. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa stenostachya [Wu1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Wu1992]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Wu (1992). CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Wu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-77]. Bambusaspis solenophoroides (Green) Planchonia solenophoroides Maskell, 1895b: 62. nomen nudum. Planchonia solenophoroides Green, 1896: 6. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Asterolecanium solenophoroides; Cockerell, 1986b: 328. Change of combination. Bambusaspis solenophoroides; Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Green1896, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992, Varshn1994]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [Ramakr1921a, Varshn1992, Varshn1994]); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992, Varshn1994]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female, larva, test of male and male nymph described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 145]; Cocker1896 [taxonomy: 53]; Cocker1902g [taxonomy: 114]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 53]; Green1896 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 284]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 62]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-193,300]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 393-394]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 72-73]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 339]. Bambusaspis sparus (Russell) Asterolecanium sparus Russell, 1941: 193. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung [=Guangdong] Province, Hainan, Naam-fung, on Dinochloa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.


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Bambusaspis sparus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 394. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Dinochloa [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982], Hainan [TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194,301]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 394, 584]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128]. Bambusaspis subdolum (Russell) Asterolecanium subdolum Russell, 1941: 201. Type data: CHINA: Fukien Province, Koolong Ue, on Phyllostachys aurea. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis subdolus; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 41. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Phyllostachys aurea [Russel1941, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Fujian (Fukien) [Russel1941, WangZh1987, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-203,304]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 395, 584, 707]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41]. Bambusaspis tennuissima (Green) Asterolecanium tennuissimum Green, 1909a: 318. Type data: SRI LANKA: Udagama and Yatiyantota, on both surfaces of leaves of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Bambusaspis tennuissimus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 396. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Russel1941, Varshn1992]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 232]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 396]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 71]. Bambusaspis udagamae (Green) Asterolecanium udagamae Green, 1909a: 319. Type data: SRI LANKA: Udagama, on leaf of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Bambusaspis udagamae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 396. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Russel1941, Varshn1992], Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a].

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DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Varshn1992]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213,309]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 396-397]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 72]. Bambusaspis vulgaris (Russell) Asterolecanium vulgare Russell, 1941: 226. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung [=Guangdong] Province, K’uk Kong district, Lung T’au Shan, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis vulgare; Tang & Hao, 1995: 397. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Zhejiang (Chekiang) [TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 143]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-227,316]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397-398, 585, 708]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128]. Bambusaspis xinanensis Zhang, X Bambusaspis xinanensis Zhang, X, 1992a: 66. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Shexian county, on upper surface of leaves of Indocalamus sp.; collected by Zhang Xuefan, June 1986. Holotype female. Type depository: Huang-shan: Forest Protection and Quarantine Station, Forestry Bureau of Huang-shan City, Anhui, China. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Indocalamus [Zhang1992aX]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (Anhwei) [Zhang1992aX]). BIOLOGY: Found on upper surface of leaves (Zhang, 1992a). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992a). CITATIONS: Zhang1992aX [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67,69].

Callococcus Ferris Callococcus Ferris, 1918b: 328. Type species: Sphaerococcus pulchellus Maskell, by monotypy and original designation. SYSTEMATICS: Borchsenius (1960d) assigned this genus to tribe Polliniini subfamily Cerococcinae of the Asterolecaniidae. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Ferris (1918b) and by Morrison & Morrison (1922). KEYS: Russell 1941: 4 (adult female) [Genera Asterolecaniinae, Asterolecaniidae]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 92,128]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy, description: 328-330]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 189]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 298]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 27]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 3].


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Callococcus acaciae (Maskell) Sphaerococcus acaciae Maskell, 1893b: 237. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Queanbeyan, on Acacia sp.; collected by A.S. Olliff. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Callococcus acaciae; Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 11. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Adult female covered with white cotton, which singly is globular, but may be aggregated in masses. Insect globular, dark-brown; diameter about 1/9 inch. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [Maskel1893b]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1893b, DeitzTo1980, MillerGuWi1998]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of nymph and adult female by Maskell (1893b). CITATIONS: DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 25]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 85]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 237]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 288]. Callococcus leptospermi (Maskell) Sphaerococcus leptospermi Maskell, 1894b: 92. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, produces woody galls on stems of Leptospermum sp. Holotype female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Callococcus leptospermi; Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 13. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: This species induces the formation of woody galls on stems of Leptospermum sp. in Australia (South Australia and Victoria). These galls vary in size, 8-25 mm long, 6-12 mm thick (Maskell, 1894b; Coles et al. 1988). HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Maskel1894b, ColeasVeBr1988]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [ColesVeBr1988], Victoria [ColesVeBr1988]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of nymphs, adult female and adult male by Maskell (1894b) and by Coles et al. (1988). CITATIONS: ColesVeBr1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 15-25]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 86]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy: 165]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 293]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-14]. Callococcus newmanni (Froggatt) Sphaerococcus newmanni Froggatt, 1921b: 14. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Busseltown, on twigs of Melaleuca sp.; collected by L.J. Newman. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Callococcus newmanni; Miller, Gullan & Williams, 1998: 296. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Illustration of test of adult female by Froggatt (1921b). Female test formed of a thin skin of light biscuit to yellowish brown waxy secretion, which dissolves readily in potash. Length of puparium, one-eighth of an inch (Froggatt, 1921b). HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [Frogga1921b]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Frogga1921b]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Froggatt (1921b). CITATIONS: Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 180-181]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 296].

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Callococcus pulchellus (Maskell) Sphaerococcus pulchellus Maskell, 1897: 324. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Darling Ranges, on undetermined plant; collected by Lea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Notes: Froggatt (1921b) indicated that this species infests Melaleuca sp. Callococcus pulchellus; Ferris, 1918b: 329. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Illustration of test cover of adult female by Froggatt (1921b). HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Hypocalymma angustifolium [Fuller1899], Melaleuca [Frogga1921b]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Maskel1897, Frogga1921b]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Maskell (1897). Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Morrison & Morrison (1922). CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 25]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 87]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 329]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17]; Fuller1897b [host, distribution: 1346]; Fuller1897c [host, distribution: 9]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 448]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324-325]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 298]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-35].

Endernia Danzig Endernia Danzig, 1971a: 1414. Type species: Endernia despoliata Danzig, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Danzig (1971a) and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR]. CITATIONS: Danzig1971a [taxonomy, description: 1414-1415]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 281-282]. Endernia despoliata Danzig Endernia despoliata Danzig, 1971a: 1414. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor’ye Kray, Vladivostok, on Quercus mongolica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus mongolica [Danzig1971a]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor’ye Kray [Danzig1971a, Danzig1980b]). BIOLOGY: The female of Endernia despoliata induces the formation of a pit, which is much deeper than the pits induced by other asterolecaniid species; the exuviae of second-instar nymph cover the external opening of the pit; males do not induce pit formation (Danzig, 1971a, 1980b). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1971a, 1980b). KEYS: Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR]. CITATIONS: Danzig1971a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1414-1415]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69,74,242-244]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 282].

Frenchia Maskell Frenchia Maskell, 1892: 56. Type species: Frenchia casuarinae Maskell, 1892, by monotypy. STRUCTURE: The genus Frenchia includes three species, namely F. banksiae, F. casuarinae and F. semiocculta, all known from Australia. Each species induces a different type of gall (Gullan et al., 2004). GENERAL: Definition and characters by Maskell (1892) and by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981).


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KEYS: Russell 1941: 4 (adult female) [Genera of subfamily Asterolecaniinae, family Asterolecaniidae]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1981: 107 (adult female) [World]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1981: 107 (second-instar female) [world]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1981: 109 (First instar) [World]. CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 39]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; LambdiKo1981 [taxonomy, description, revision, key: 105-128]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 189-190]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description: 56-60]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description: 17-20]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description: 22]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 81]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 3]. Frenchia banksiae Lambdin & Kosztarab Frenchia banksiae Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1981: 109. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, near Bairnsdale, from leaf galls of Banksia serrata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. HOST PLANTS: Proteaceae: Banksia serrata [LambdiKo1981]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [LambdiKo1981]). BIOLOGY: The type material of Frenchia banksiae was taken from leaf galls on Banksia serrata; the gall has tufts of modified leaf hairs on both leaf surfaces (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1981). Males apparently do not form galls (Gullan et al., 2004). GENERAL: First-instar female nymph described and illustrated by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981). Second-instar female nymph described and illustrated by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981). CITATIONS: GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution, structure: 163,173-178]; LambdiKo1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-115]. Frenchia casuarinae Maskell Frenchia casuarinae Maskell, 1892: 57. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Casuarina sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1981: 115. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. STRUCTURE: Photograph of mature gall of female by Gullan et al. (2004). Single galls occur on small twigs, while multiple galls, housing two or three insects are found on larger twigs (Gullan et al., 2004). HOST PLANTS: Casuarinaceae: Allocasuarina verticillata [GullanMiCo2004], Casuarina [Maskel1892], Casuarina equisetifolia [Maskel1892, LambdiKo1981], Casuarina quadrivalvis [LambdiKo1981]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1892] (Australian Capital Territory [LambdiKo1981], South Australia [LambdiKo1981], Tasmania [LambdiKo1981], Victoria [GullanMiCo2004]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, second-instar female nymph and first-instar female nymph described and illustrated by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981). CITATIONS: DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 25]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 39]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution, structure: 163,173-178]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; LambdiKo1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-121]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-60]. Frenchia semiocculta Maskell Frenchia semiocculta Maskell, 1895b: 70. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Thronleigh, near Sydney, on Casuarina sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1981: 121. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. HOST PLANTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina suberosa [Maskel1895b, LambdiKo1981]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1895b, LambdiKo1981]).

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GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, first-instar and second-instar female nymph by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1981). CITATIONS: DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 39]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution, structure: 163,173-178]; LambdiKo1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, key: 121-126]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-73]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24].

Grammococcus Miller & Lambdin Grammococcus Miller & Lambdin, 1978: 240. Type species: Grammococcus adetocorymbus Miller & Lambdin, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Miller & Lambdin (1978). CITATIONS: KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 7]; MillerLa1978 [taxonomy, description: 240-243]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]. Grammococcus adetocorymbus Miller & Lambdin Grammococcus adetocorymbus Miller & Lambdin, 1978: 243. Type data: TRINIDAD: Port-ofSpain, St. Clair, Department of Agriculture Grounds, on palm. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Palmae [MillerLa1978]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [MillerLa1978]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, first-instar, second-instar female, male pupa and male prepupa given by Miller & Lambdin (1978). CITATIONS: MillerLa1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-257]. Grammococcus corymbus Miller & Lambdin Grammococcus corymbus Miller & Lambdin, 1978: 257. Type data: COLOMBIA: Melgar (Cund.), on Elaeis guineensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1996). HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Elaeis guineensis [MillerLa1978], Scheelea brachyclada [Matile1996]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [MillerLa1978, Kondo2001]; Peru [Matile1996]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female, adult male, second-instar female, and second-instar male given by Miller & Lambdin (1978). KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 261 (adult female) [Peru]. CITATIONS: Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 252-253]; MillerLa1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-263].

Hsuia Ferris Hsuia Ferris, 1950a: 70. Type species: Hsuia vitrea Ferris, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Ferris (1950a), Borchsenius (1960d) and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 283 (adult) [world]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 145]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 167]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description: 70-71]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 94]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 280, 282-283]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 44]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36].


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Hsuia cheni Borchsenius Hsuia cheni Borchsenius, 1960d: 167. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan Province, Guansyan district, on leafs of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae [Borchs1960d], Bambusa [TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangxi (Kwangsi) [Borchs1960d, TangHa1995], Sichuan (Szechwan) [TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167,169]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 283, 571]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]. Hsuia notata (Lambdin) Asterolecanium notatum Lambdin, 1977: 625. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on Dendrocalamus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Hsuia notata; Tang & Hao, 1995: 283. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Dendrocalamus [Lambdi1977]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Lambdi1977]. CITATIONS: Lambdi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 625-627]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 283-284]. Hsuia vitrea Ferris Hsuia vitrea Ferris, 1950a: 71. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Kunming, at Si-shan, on a small bamboo, possibly a species of Arundinaria. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Arundinaria [Ferris1950a], Bambusa [Yang1982, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Ferris1950a, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue, illustration: 145]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 167]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 284, 571]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131].

Hyalococcus Borchsenius Hyalococcus Borchsenius, 1950a: 782. Type species: Hyalococcus mali Borchsenius, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1950a, 1960d), and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 398 (adult) [world]; Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR]. CITATIONS: Borchs1950a [taxonomy, description: 782-783]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 164-167]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 94]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 335, 398]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36]. Hyalococcus mali Borchsenius Hyalococcus mali Borchsenius, 1950a: 782. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor’ye Kray, on bark of trunks and branches of Malus manshurica and on Pyrus ussuriensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Rosaceae: Malus manshurica [Borchs1950a, Borchs1960d], Pyrus ussuriensis [Borchs1950a, Borchs1960d].

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DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor’ye Kray [Borchs1950a, Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Adult female described and illustrated by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Danzig 1988: 710 (female) [Far East of the USSR]. CITATIONS: Borchs1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 782-783]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-167]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 398-399]. Hyalococcus striatus (Russell) Asterolecanium striatum Russell, 1941: 198. Type data: JAVA: on Citrus sp.; collected by G. Compere, no. 514. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Hyalococcus striatus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 164. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Rutaceae: Citrus [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]); Singapore [Russel1941, Borchs1960d]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 164]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-199, 303]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 399-400].

Liuaspis Borchsenius Liuaspis Borchsenius, 1960d: 174. Type species: Liuaspis sinensis Borchsenius, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1960d) and by Tang & Hao (1995). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 145]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 174]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 110]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 289, 309-310]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 45]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36]. Liuaspis sinensis Borchsenius Liuaspis sinensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 174. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Tsindun, in forest, on stems of bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae [Borchs1960d], Bambusa [Yang1982, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue, illustration: 145-146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 27]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 310, 574]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131].

Mycetococcus Ferris Mycetococcus Ferris, 1918b: 330. Type species: Cerococcus ehrhorni Cockerell, by original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Ferris (1918b; 1955a) and by Gill (1993). KEYS: Ferris 1955a: 14 (female) [North America]. CITATIONS: Ferris1918b [taxonomy, description: 330-331]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 56]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 97, 103]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 188-189]; Miller1996 [catalogue: 69]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 126]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156].


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Mycetococcus corticis (Townsend & Cockerell) Cerococcus corticis Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 170. Type data: MEXICO: Sonora, Nogales, on bark of Quercus engelmanni. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Mycetococcus corticis; Ferris, 1918b: 331. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus engelmanni [TownseCo1898, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Sonora [TownseCo1898, Ferris1955a, Miller1996], Veracruz [Miller1996]). CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 57]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy, taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 331-332]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, distribution: 103]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 57]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170]. Mycetococcus ehrhorni (Cockerell) Cerococcus ehrhorni Cockerell, 1895o: 255. Type data: USA: California, on oak. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Mycetococcus ehrhorni; Ferris, 1918b: 330. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus densiflora [Gill1993], Quercus agrifolia [Gill1993], Quercus chrysolepis [Gill1993]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Cocker1895o, BrownEa1965a, Gill1993]). GENERAL: Adult female described and illustrated by Ferris (1918b) and by Gill (1993). CITATIONS: BrownEa1965a [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 13-14]; Cocker1895o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 57]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 330-331]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103, 113]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83].

Mycococcus Ferris Mycococcus Ferris, 1952: 2. Type species: Mycococcus coperniciae Ferris, by monotypy and original designation. SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1952; 1955a) stated that this genus is apparently referable to the family Asterolecaniidae. The adult female of the type species is concealed beneath a roughly circular, flat, more or less vitreous scale, bearing dorsally a number of quite stout, curling filaments of wax. This is a most peculiar genus, the adult female of which contains almost no clue to its relationships. The eight-shaped pores of the first stage larva seem to indicate a relationship with the Asterolecaniidae. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Ferris (1952; 1955a). CITATIONS: Ferris1952 [taxonomy, description: 2,4]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 61-63]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 290]. Mycococcus coperniciae Ferris Mycococcus coperniciae Ferris, 1952: 2. Type data: CUBA: Province Las Villas, near Santa Clara, on a palm, Copernicia hospita; collected in summer 1951, by Dr. B.E. Dahlgren. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1952) also described on page 3, the species Colobopyga coperniciae Ferris that has the same type data as Mycococcus coperniciae Ferris. Colobopyga coperniciae belongs to the family Halimococcidae. HOST PLANTS: Arecaceae: Copernicia hospita [Ferris1952, Ferris1955a].

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DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Ferris1952, Ferris1955a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of first-instar nymph and adult female by Ferris (1952; 1955a). CITATIONS: Ferris1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2,4]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]. Mycococcus diaspidiformis (Green) Sphaerococcus diaspidiformis Green, 1916e: 64. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Stapleton, on a palm, Livistona humilis; collected Hill, 640. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Mycococcus diaspidiformis; Ferris, 1952: 2. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Miller et al. (1998) tentatively agreed with Ferris (1952) interpretation that this species belongs to the Asterolecaniidae, but indicated that it is clearly not congeneric with Mycococcus coperniciae Ferris, the type species of Mycococcus. HOST PLANTS: Arecaceae: Livistona humilis [Green1916e]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Green1916e]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of first-instar nymph and adult female by Green (1916e). CITATIONS: Ferris1952 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2]; Green1916e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy: 165]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 290].

Neoasterodiaspis Borchsenius Neoasterodiaspis Borchsenius, 1960d: 207. Type species: Asterolecanium pasaniae Kuwana & Cockerell, by original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1960d), Tang & Hao (1995) and by Liu & Shi (1993). KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 311–312 (adult) [world]; Borchsenius 1960d: 208–209 (adult) [Russia]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 207-209]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; LiuSh1993 [taxonomy: 181-182, 187-188]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 129]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 289, 310-312]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 45]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36]. Neoasterodiaspis adjuncta (Russell) Asterolecanium adjunctum Russell, 1941: 39. Type data: VIETNAM: on Quercus hemisphaerica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Neoasterodiaspis adjuncta; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus hemisphaerica [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 18]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40,238]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 312-313]. Neoasterodiaspis castaneae (Russell) Asterolecanium castaneae Russell, 1941: 59. Type data: CHINA: intercepted at Washington D.C., on Castanea mollissima. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Neoasterodiaspis castaneae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: This species induces formation of pits on bark (Russell, 1941).


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HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Castanea [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Castanea henryi [Russel1941], Castanea mollissima [Russel1941], Castanea sequinii [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Hunan (Hunan) [HuHeWa1992], Jiangsu (Kiangsu) [TangHa1995], Jiangxi (Kiangsi) [TangHa1995], Zhejiang (Chekiang) [TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; GullanMiCo2004 [host, distribution, structure: 163,173-178]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 182]; Jia2001 [host, distribution: 32-34]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61,247]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 313, 574]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135]. Neoasterodiaspis horishae (Russell) Asterolecanium horishae Russell, 1941: 106. Type data: TAIWAN (FORMOSA): Horisha, Nanto province, on Pasania brevicaudata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Neoasterodiaspis horishae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [Russel1941, Yang1982], Pasania brevicaudata [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-107,266]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 314, 574]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135]. Neoasterodiaspis kunminensis Borchsenius Neoasterodiaspis kunminensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 209. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, vicinity of Kunmin, forest on Sishan mountain, on Fagaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Neoasterodiaspis kuminensis; Tao, 1999: 45. Misspelling of species name. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae [Borchs1960d, Yang1982], Quercus [TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue, illustration: 146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 314-315, 574]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135]. Neoasterodiaspis nitida (Russell) Asterolecanium nitidum Russell, 1941: 139. Type data: CHINA: Chekiang [=Zhejiang] Province, Tientai Shan, on Lithocarpus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Neoasterodiaspis nitidum; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination.

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HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [TangHa1995], Pasania [Russel1941, Yang1982], Quercus [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Zhejiang (Chekiang) [Russel1941, Yang1982]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-140,279]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 315-316, 574]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135]. Neoasterodiaspis pasaniae (Kuwana & Cockerell) Asterolecanium pasaniae Kuwana & Cockerell in: Kuwana, 1909: 152. Type data: JAPAN: Hachijo Jima, on Pasania cuspidata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Neoasterodiaspis pasaniae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 214, 215. Change of combination. Asterolecanium (Neoasterodiaspis) pasaniae; Kawai, 1972: 19. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.16). HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Pasania cuspidata [Kuwana1909, Borchs1960d], Quercus [TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1909, Borchs1960d, Kawai1980]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Russell (1941). KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 179]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 28]; Kuwana1909 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-150,283]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, description: 5]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-317, 574, 696]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 78]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 134]. Neoasterodiaspis semisepulta (Russell) Asterolecanium semisepultum Russell, 1941: 186. Type data: THAILAND: Chieng Mai Province, between Takaw and Meh Soi, on Pasania polystachya. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Neoasterodiaspis semisepulta; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Pasania polystachya [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-187,298]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 317].


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Neoasterodiaspis skanianae (Russell) Asterolecanium skanianae Russell, 1941: 191. Type data: CHINA: Kweichow [=Guizhou] Province, Tuk Shan, on Quercus (Pasania) scaniana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Neoasterodiaspis skanianae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 208. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Pasania skaniana [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Quercus [TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guizhou (Kweichow) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995], Zhejiang (Chekiang) [TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 208]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-192,300]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318, 574, 697]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135]. Neoasterodiaspis szemaonensis Borchsenius Neoasterodiaspis szemaoensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 211. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, south of Szemao, in forest, on Fagaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae [Borchs1960d, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211, 212]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318-319, 575]; Tao1999; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135]. Neoasterodiaspis yunnanensis Borchsenius Neoasterodiaspis yunnanensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 212. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, 82 km south of Midu, in forest, on Fagaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae [Borchs1960d, Yang1982], Pasania dealbata [Borchs1960d, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-214]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 319-320, 575]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 135].

Palmaspis Bodenheimer Palmaspis Bodenheimer, 1951: 328. Type species: Asterolecanium phoenicis Ramachandra Rao. SYSTEMATICS: Tang & Hao (1995, p. 575) redefined the scope of the genus and placed in it 27 species from various regions of the world. Matile-Ferrero (1996) also accepted Palmaspis as a valid genus, defined it and assigned to it 29 species. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Bodenheimer (1951), Tang & Hao (1995) and by Matile-Ferrero (1996).

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KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 261–262 (adult female) [Peru]; Tang & Hao 1995: 321 (adult) [world]. CITATIONS: Bodenh1951 [taxonomy, description: 328]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, key: 251-264]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 142]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 320-321, 575]. Palmaspis boliviae (Russell) Asterolecanium boliviae Russell, 1941: 52. Type data: BOLIVIA: San Carlos, on Palmae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis boliviae; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 252. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Catostigma radiata [Russel1941], Euterpe precatoria [Matile1996], Jessenia bataua [Matile1996]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Russel1941]; Colombia [Russel1941, Kondo2001]; Peru [Matile1996]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 252-254]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53,243]. Palmaspis bondari (Lepage) Asterolecanium bondari Lepage, 1940: 69-78. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Attalea funifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de SãoPaulo, Brazil. Palmaspis bondari; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Attalea funifera [Lepage1940]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [Lepage1940]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lepage (1940) and by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Lepage1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-73]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-211,308]. Palmaspis degenerata (Russell) Asterolecanium degeneratum Russell, 1941: 75. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Cocos nucifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis degenerata; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Cocos nucifera [Russel1941], Maximiliana [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [Russel1941]); Venezuela [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–25 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-76,253]. Palmaspis dictyospermae (Williams & Mamet) Asterolecanium dictyospermae Williams & Mamet, 1986: 129. Type data: MAURITIUS: Round Island, on Dictyosperma album var. conjugatum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Palmaspis dictyospermae; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination.


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HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Dictyosperma album conjugatum [WilliaMa1986]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [WilliaMa1986]. CITATIONS: Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; WilliaMa1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-132]. Palmaspis difficilis (Russell) Asterolecanium difficile Russell, 1941: 78. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, vicinity of Las Cruses, on Cocos sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis difficilis; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Acristaceae? [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Cocos [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-79,254]. Palmaspis distincta (Russell) Asterolecanium distinctum Russell, 1941: 80. Type data: HONDURAS: La Ceiba, on Attalea cohune. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis distincta; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Yang1982], Schizostachyum [Yang1982]. Palmae: Attalea cohune [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [Russel1941]; Honduras [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-81,255]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Palmaspis elvae Matile-Ferrero Palmaspis elvae Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 254. Type data: PERU: Iquitos, 25 km on the road to Nauta, El Dorado plantation, on Bactris gasipae. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Bactris gasipae [Matile1996]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Matile1996]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1996). KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]. CITATIONS: CouturTaIn1996 [host, distribution: 136]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254-256]. Palmaspis flagellariae (Russell) Asterolecanium flagellariae Russell, 1941: 93. Type data: SINGAPORE: Botanic garden, Straits supplement, on Flagellaria indica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis flagellariae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 321. Change of combination.

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HOST PLANTS: Flagellariaceae: Flagellaria indica [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-94,260]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 321-322]. Palmaspis gilva (Russell) Asterolecanium gilvum Russell, 1941: 99. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, old site of Gorgona, on Attalea cohune. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis gilva; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Attalea cohune [Russel1941], Attalea gomphococca [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-100,262]. Palmaspis hilli (Green) Asterolecanium hilli Green, 1916e: 63. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Stapleton, on foliage of a Livistona humilis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Palmaspis hilli; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Livistona humilis [Green1916e]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Green1916e, Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Green1916e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-106,265]. Palmaspis inlabefacta (Russell) Asterolecanium inlabefactum Russell, 1941: 112. Type data: MEXICO: Cordoba, on chamaeodorea?. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis inlabefacta; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Chamaedorea [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Russel1941] (Veracruz [Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 20]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-113,268].


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Palmaspis inusitata (Russell) Asterolecanium inusitatum Russell, 1941: 113. Type data: VENEZUELA: Cerro del Galipan, north of Caracas, on Caryota sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis inusitata; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Caryota [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-114,269]. Palmaspis jesseniae Matile-Ferrero Palmaspis jesseniae Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 256. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, on Jessenia bataua. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Jessenia bataua [Matile1996]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Matile1996]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1996). KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]. CITATIONS: Matile1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-257]. Palmaspis longifilum (Borchsenius) Asterolecanium longifilum Borchsenius, 1950: 727. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, on Palmae. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Palmaspis longifilum; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae [Borchs1950]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Borchs1950]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1950). CITATIONS: Borchs1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 727, 728]. Palmaspis loretoensis Matile-Ferrero Palmaspis loretoensis Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 256. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, Supay Cocha, on Oenocarpus mapora. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Oenocarpus mapora [Matile1996]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Matile1996]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Matile-Ferrero (1996). KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]. CITATIONS: Matile1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-260]. Palmaspis marfil Matile-Ferrero Palmaspis marfil Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 260. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, El Capite, on Phytelephas macrocarpa. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Phytelephas macrocarpa [Matile1996]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Matile1996]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Matile-Ferrero (1996). KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]. CITATIONS: Matile1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-260].

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Palmaspis oraniae (Russell) Asterolecanium oraniae Russell, 1941: 143. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Sibuyan, Magallanes, Mt. Giting-giting, on Orania philippinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis oraniae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 322. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Orania philippinensis [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 253]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-144,281]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 322-323]. Palmaspis pallida (Russell) Asterolecanium pallidum Russell, 1941: 145. Type data: PANAMA: Colon province, on Attalea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis pallida; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Attalea [Russel1941], Attalea cohune [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Russel1941]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 25]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146,282]. Palmaspis palmae (Cockerell) Fiorinia sp. Cockerell, 1892b: 333. nomen nudum; discovered by Russell, 1941: 146. Asterolecanium palmae Cockerell, 1893j: 255. nomen nudum; discovered by Russell, 1941: 146. Asterolecanium palmae Cockerell, 1893h: 77. Type data: JAMAICA: Catherine Hall, on coconut. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterolecanium palmae; Fernald, 1903b: 52. Notes: Incorrect citation of date of description. Asterolecanium lineare Lindinger, 1909c: 449. Type data: BRAZIL: on Cocos nucifera. Type depository: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universität von Hamburg, Germany. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1936c: 154. Palmaspis palmae; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Coccus nucifera [Cocker1893h, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Cocos [Ferris1955a], Elaeis guineensis [Matile1996], Elaeis melanococca [Ferris1955a], Elaeis oleifera [Matile1996], Guilielma [Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Lepage1938]); Colombia [Kondo2001]; Honduras [Ferris1955a]; Jamaica [Cocker1893h, Cocker1896, Russel1941, Ferris1955a]; Panama Canal Zone [Ferris1955a]; Peru [Matile1996]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island [Ferris1955a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium].


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CITATIONS: Cocker1893h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 77]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 25]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 337]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 449-450]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 254,263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13,146-148,282]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]. Palmaspis palmicola (Mamet) Asterolecanium palmicola Mamet, 1957: 382. Type data: RÉUNION ISLAND: Pic Bébour, on Acanthophoenix sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. Palmaspis palmicola; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Acanthophoenix [Mamet1957]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Réunion [Mamet1957]. CITATIONS: Mamet1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 382-384]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]. Palmaspis phoenicis (Ramachandra Rao) Asterolecanium phoenicis Ramachandra Rao, 1922: 11. Type data: IRAQ, on date palm [= Phoenix dactylifera]. Note: Depository of type material unknown. Asterolecanium phoenicis Green, 1923a: 469. Type data: IRAQ: Baghdad, on the leaf-stalks, leaves and fruits of Phoenix dactylifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 154-156. Synonym and Homonym. Palmaspis phoenicis; Bodenheimer, 1951: 328. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: The brief description of Asterolecanium phoenicis by Ramachandra Rao (1922) validated this name. The name Asterolecanium phoenicis by Green (1923a) is a homonym and synonym of Asterolecanium phoenicis Ramachandra Rao, 1922. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Phoenix dactylifera [Green1923a, Russel1941, Borchs1960d, Beccar1971, MohammMoMo1997]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Sudan [AbbasEl1992]. Palaearctic: Egypt [MohammMoMo1997]; Iran [Kaussa1957, Borchs1960d]; Iraq [Green1923a, Russel1941, Borchs1960d]; Israel [KehatAm1967]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971]. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: A pest of date palm in Israel, Iraq, Egypt and North Africa (Howard et al., 2001). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1923a), Russell (1941). Description of the first-instar nymph given by Russell (1941) and by Mohammad et al. (1997). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 193]; Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-174]; ElmerCaCl1968 [host, distribution, economic importance: 77-91]; Green1923a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-470]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kehat1967a [host, distribution, biological control: 119-125]; KehatAm1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, control: 85-93]; KehatSwBa1961 [host, distribution, chemical control: 835-838]; KehatSwBa1964 [host, distribution, chemical control: 19-27]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; MohammMoMo1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196, 224]; Ramach1922 [taxonomy, economic importance: 11]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-155,287]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 323-324].

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Palmaspis pinangae (Russell) Asterolecanium pinangae Russell, 1941: 156. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Catanduanes, on Pinanga sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis pinangae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 324. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Pinanga [Russel1941], Pinanga barnesii [Russel1941], Pinanga copelandii [Russel1941], Pinanga insignis [Russel1941], Pinanga modesta [Russel1941], Pinanga negrosensis [Russel1941], Pinanga pedicellata [Russel1941], Pinanga philippinensis [Russel1941], Pinanga urosperma [Russel1941], Pinanga woodeana [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-157, 285-286]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 324-325]. Palmaspis sabalis (Russell) Asterolecanium sabalis Russell, 1941: 180. Type data: CUBA: Cayamas, on Sabal palmetto. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis sabalis; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Sabal palmetto [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-181,296]. Palmaspis similis (Russell) Asterolecanium simile Russell, 1941: 187. Type data: HONDURAS: La Ceiba, on Attalea cohune. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis similis; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Attalea cohune [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Cocos nucifera [Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Honduras [Russel1941]; Jamaica [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 254]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187-189,298]. Palmaspis singularis (Russell) Asterolecanium singulare Russell, 1941: 190. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Camarines, Paracale, on Livistona merrilli. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.


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Palmaspis singulare; Tang & Hao, 1995: 325. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Livistona merrilli [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 255]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-191,299]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 325]. Palmaspis spectabilis (Newstead) Asterolecanium spectabile Newstead, 1917a: 15. Type data: MAURITIUS: Botanic Gardens, on palm trees. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Palmaspis spectabilis; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae [Newste1917a, Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Newste1917a, Mamet1943a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female, second stage and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 255]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 150]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-195]. Palmaspis truncata (Russell) Asterolecanium truncatum Russell, 1941: 211. Type data: MEXICO: Santa Lucrecia, on Maximilliana caribaea. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis truncata; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Attalea cohune [Russel1941], Maximiliana caribaea [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Russel1941] (Jalisco [Miller1996]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Russel1941, Miller1996]; Honduras [Russel1941, Miller1996]; Mexico (Chiapas [Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 255]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-212,309]. Palmaspis ucayali Matile-Ferrero Palmaspis ucayali Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 260. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, village, on Cocos nucifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Cocos nucifera [Matile1996]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Matile1996]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1996). KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]. CITATIONS: Matile1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-261].

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Palmaspis unica (Russell) Asterolecanium unicum Russell, 1941: 214. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Tayabas province, on Calamus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis unicus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 325. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Calamus [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 143]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 255]; Matile1996 [taxonomy: 263]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215,312]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 325-326]. Palmaspis urichi (Cockerell) Asterolecanium urichi Cockerell, 1894c: 308. Type data: TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, on palms. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Palmaspis urichi; Matile-Ferrero, 1996: 263. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae [Cocker1896, Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Bactris gasipae [Matile1996], Bactris minor [Russel1941], Guilielma [Russel1941], Guilielma speciosa [Russel1941], Pyrenoglyphis (bactris) major [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Russel1941, Miller1996]. Neotropical: Brazil [Miller1996] (Par [Russel1941]); Grenada [Russel1941, Miller1996]; Nicaragua [Russel1941, Miller1996]; Panama [Russel1941, Miller1996]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]; Peru [Matile1996]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1896, Russel1941, Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1996: 262 (adult female) [Peru]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Cocker1894c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 308]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 9]; CouturTaIn1996 [host, distribution: 136]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 53]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution: 26]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 255]; Matile1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 254, 263]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216].

Pauroaspis Tang Pauroaspis Tang, in: Tang & Hao, 1995: 326. Type species: Asterolecanium ceriferum ceriferum Green, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 327 (adult) [world]. CITATIONS: TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 326-327, 576-577]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 46]. Pauroaspis cerifera (Green) Asterolecanium ceriferum ceriferum Green, 1909a: 324. Type data: SRI LANKA: above Bogawantalawa, in jungle, on leaves of a bamboo species. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Pauroaspis ceriferus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 327. Change of combination and rank. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female, second-stage and third-stage male described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium].


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CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 135]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 283]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 327-328]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 68]; Wu1983a [taxonomy: 430]. Pauroaspis elongata (Russell) Asterolecanium elongatum Russell, 1941: 81. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung [=Guangdong] Province, Kwong Ning district, near Tung Heung, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis elongatus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 132. Change of combination. Pauroaspis elongatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 328. Change of combination. Bambusaspis elongatum; Kozár & Drozdják, 1998: 22. Revived combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 136]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 132]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 22]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-82,255]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 328-329, 577]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 127]. Pauroaspis proboscidis (Russell) Asterolecanium proboscidis Russell, 1941: 157. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Antipolo, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis proboscidis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 132. Change of combination. Pauroaspis proboscidis; Tang & Hao, 1995: 329. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 139]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 132]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-158,288]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 329-330]. Pauroaspis rutilan (Wu, S.J.) Bambusaspis rutilan Wu, S.J., 1983a: 428. Type data: CHINA: Anhui Province, Xuancheng, on Phyllostachys edulis. Holotype female. Type depository: Maanshan: Scientific Committee of Maanshan, Anhui Province, China. Pauroaspis rutilan; Tang & Hao, 1995: 330. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Phyllostachys edulis [Wu1983a, TangHa1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Anhui (Anhwei) [Wu1983a, TangHa1995], Shanxi (Shansi) [TangHa1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Wu (1983a) and by Tang & Hao (1995). CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 330-331,577,698]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; Wu1983a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 428-430].

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Pauroaspis scirrosis (Russell) Asterolecanium scirrosis Russell, 1941: 184. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung [=Guangdong] Province, Canton, Lingnan University, Bamboo Garden, on Bambusa nana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis scirrosis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 132. Change of combination. Pauroaspis scirrosis; Tang & Hao, 1995: 331. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999). HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Bambusa [Zimmer1948, TangHa1995], Bambusa nana [Russel1941, Yang1982], Bambusa thouarsii [Russel1941], Dendrocalamus [TangHa1995], Dendrocalamus strictus [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948]). Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Russel1941]); Cuba [Russel1941]; Guatemala [Russel1941]. Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Russel1941, Yang1982]); Philippines [Russel1941]; Taiwan [WongChCh1999]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 132]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 26]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 80]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-186,297]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 331-332, 577]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9,46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128]; Zimmer1948 [host, distribution: 280-281]. Pauroaspis simplex (Russell) Asterolecanium simplex Russell, 1941: 189. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Bikal, on Schizostachyum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Bambusaspis simplex; Borchsenius, 1960d: 132. Change of combination. Pauroaspis simplex; Tang & Hao, 1995: 332. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Gramineae: Schizostachyum [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 141]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 132]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-190,299]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332-333].

Planchonia Signoret Planchonia Signoret, 1870a: 282. Type species: Coccus fimbriatus Fonscolombe, by monotypy and original designation. Plauchonia; Ashmead, 1891: 100. Misspelling of genus name. GENERAL: Description by Signoret (1870a), Borchsenius (1960d), Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 401 (adult) [world]; Borchsenius 1960d: 145 (adult) [Russia]. CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 144-145]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 77]; Cocker1896 [taxonomy: 8]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy: 1345]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy: 7]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-89]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-89]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 29-30]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy: 91]; MorrisMo1966


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[taxonomy: 156-157]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 4]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description: 282]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 335, 400-401]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 47]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36]. Planchonia algeriensis Newstead Planchonia algeriensis Newstead, 1897a: 99. Type data: ALGERIA: Constantine, on Spartium junceum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Asterolecanium algeriense; Cockerell, 1899a: 393. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Cistaceae: Cistus salviaefolius [Russel1941]. Compositae: Phagnalon [Leonar1908a]. Leguminosae: Spartium junceum [Newste1897a], Templetonia retusa [Leonar1908a]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Newste1897a, Russel1941]; Italy [Leonar1908a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 49]; Houard1911 [structure: 3-25]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 30]; Leonar1908a [host, distribution: 154]; Newste1897a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 99]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43,239-240]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 401-402]. Planchonia arabidis Signoret Planchonia arabidis Signoret, 1877: 608. Type data: FRANCE: Bordelais, on Arabis strica; Collected by J. Lichtenstein. Note: Signoret (1877) credited this species to Lichtenstein, however, the author of this species is Signoret. Planchonia hederae Lichtenstein, 1880: xlv. Type data: FRANCE: Hérault, Montpellier, on Hedera helix. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 44. Planchonia valloti Lichtenstein, 1882e: lxxv. Type data: FRANCE: Dijon, on Hedera helix. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 51. Asterolecanium massalongianum Targioni Tozzetti, 1893: 295. Type data: ITALY: Verona, on Hedera. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 51. Notes: Type material lost; G. Pellizzari-Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov. Pollinia thesii Douglas, 1893: 55. Type data: U.K.: Isle of Purbeck, on Thesium humifusum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 44. Asterolecanium arabidis; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Change of combination. Planchonia arabidis; Kozár & Drozdják, 1998: 30. Revived combination. COMMON NAMES: Pittosporum scale [SchmutKlLu1957]. HOST PLANTS: Araliaceae: Aralia nudicaulis [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Hedera [Targio1893], Hedera helix [Lichte1880, Targio1893, Tranfa1974], Panax [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Boraginaceae: Osmodium carolinum [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Caprifoliaceae: Weigela [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Caryophyllaceae: Lychnis alba [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [Leonar1908a]. Chenopodiaceae: Suaeda [GomezM1948]. Cistaceae: Lechea [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Compositae: Hieracium umbellatum [Russel1941], Phagnalon saxatile [Balach1928a]. Cruciferae: Arabis [Tranfa1974], Arabis collima [Leonar1908a, Tranfa1974], Arabis stricta [Russel1941]. Labiatae [LagowsKo1996], Thymus serpillum [Foldi2000, Gertss2000], Thymus vulgaris [Foldi2003]. Leguminosae: Templetonia resuta [Tranfa1974]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus pennsylvanicus [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Russel1941, Koszta1996], Pittosporum tobira [Leonar1908a, Balach1928a, Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Gill1993], Pittosporum tobira [Tranfa1974]. Polemoniaceae: Phlox [Russel1941,

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Ferris1955a], Phlox divaricata [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Phlox subulata [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Phlox subulata [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Phlox subulata lilacina [Russel1941]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus [Gill1993, Koszta1996]. Santalaceae: Thesium humifusum [Dougla1893, Russel1941]. Scrophulariaceae: Linaria canadensis [Russel1941, Ferris1955a], Pentstemon [Russel1941, Ferris1955a]. Umbelliferae: Seseli [Kozar1999a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1955a, Gill1993, Koszta1996], Connecticut [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], New York [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Ohio [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Russel1941, Ferris1955a, Koszta1996], Virginia [Russel1941], Washington [Russel1941, Landis1968], West Virginia [Ferris1955a, Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; Czech Republic [Russel1941, Zahrad1959a]; France [Lichte1880, Lichte1882e, Russel1941, Foldi2001]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Targio1893, Leonar1908a, Russel1941, Tranfa1974, BarbagBiBo1995]; Poland [LagowsKo1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Spain [GomezM1948, Martin1984MP]; Sweden [Ossian1959, Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Turkmenistan (Ashkhabad Oblast [Potaev1991]); United Kingdom [Dougla1893]. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: This species was reported to cause serious damage to sugar beet in Brownstown, Washington State, USA, causing about 50% yield reduction (Landis, 1968). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941), Ferris (1955a), Borchsenius (1960d), Gill (1993) and by Kosztarab (1996). Test of female, adult female, second stage and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Balach1928a [host, distribution: 141]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134-135]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Dougla1893 [host, distribution: 55]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 49]; Ferris1955a [illustration, host, distribution: 18, 21]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 152]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-99, 106]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-81]; Houard1911 [structure: 3-25]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 290-291]; KosztaKo1978 [illustration, host, distribution: 139-141]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 83]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 30-31]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32, 35]; Landis1968 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 871-872]; Leonar1908a [host, distribution: 154-155]; Lichte1880 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: xlv]; Lichte1882e [taxonomy, host, distribution: lxxv]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175,375]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 197]; Potaev1991 [host, distribution, life history: 73-74]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-47,241]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 450]; Seabra1941 [taxonomy: 7]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution:. 608]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 403-404]; Targio1893 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295-303]; Tranfa1974 [taxonomy, life history, biological control, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-60]; Vasile1986 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control: 41]; Zahrad1959a [distribution: 540]. Planchonia fimbriata (Boyer de Fonscolombe) Coccus fimbriatus Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 209. Type data: FRANCE: probably Marseilles, on Coronilla glauca; collected by Casimir Rostan. Syntypes. Notes: Type material probably lost (D. Matile-Ferrero, 1998, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).


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Planchonia fimbriata; Signoret, 1870a: 283. Change of combination. Asterolecanium fimbriatum; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Change of combination. Planchonia fimbrinata; Martin Mateo, 1984: 64. Misspelling of species name. SYSTEMATICS: In most pre-2000 publications, the author of this species was incorrectly cited as “Fonscolombe”. However, the correct name is “Boyer de Fonscolombe”. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Coronilla glauca [Boyerd1834, Signor1870, Fernal1903b, Russel1941, Borchs1950b]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Maskel1894b]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Melis1930], Pittosporum tobira [Martin1984MP]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1894b]. Palaearctic: France [Boyerd1834, Russel1941]; Sardinia [Melis1930]; Spain [GomezM1954, Martin1984MP]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female and larva by Russell (1941). Russell (1941, p.91), indicated “Although the collection locality was not given, it may have been Marseilles, France, because Fonscolombe stated that it was given to him by Casimir Rostan, then permanent secretary of the Academy of Marseilles”. KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Bodkin1917 [host, distribution: 107]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134]; Boyerd1834 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209]; Cocker1892a [host, distribution: 55]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 77]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cotte1912 [host, distribution: 10,16,40,41,59,110]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 50]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 757]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 136]; Houard1913 [host, distribution: 1]; Kalten1874 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 136]; Lindin1932d [taxonomy: 125]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 85]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 61]; McInti1889 [host, distribution: 25]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-92,259]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 853]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 283]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 404-405]. Planchonia gutta (Green) Asterolecanium gutta Green, 1922a: 1035. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pattipola, on young branches of Calophyllum walkeri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Planchonia gutta; Tang & Hao, 1995: 405. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Guttiferae: Calophyllum walkeri [Green1922a, Green1937, Russel1941, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Russel1941, Varshn1992]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 137]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1035]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 285]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-102,263-264]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 405-406]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 69]. Planchonia launeae (Russell) Asterolecanium launeae Russell, 1941: 119. Type data: MOROCCO: Tagoud, Valley of the ould Draa, on Launea arborescent. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Planchonia launeae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 145. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Launaea arborescens [Russel1941, Rungs1948]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Morocco [Russel1941, Rungs1948].

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GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 145]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 31]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 114-115]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-120,272]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 406-407]. Planchonia nevadense (Balachowsky) Asterolecanium nevadensis Balachowsky, 1935a: 239. Type data: SPAIN: Sierra Nevada, Mulhacen, altitude of 2900–3000 m., on Thymus hirtus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. Asterolecanium nevadense Russell, 1941: 129 Change name for gender agreement. HOST PLANTS: Labiatae: Thymus [GomezM1968, Martin1984MP], Thymus hirtus [Balach1935a, Martin1984MP], Thymus vulgaris [Goux1937a]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1937a]; Spain [Balach1935a, Martin1984MP]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Balach1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-242]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 145]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236-239]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1968 [host, distribution: 548]; Goux1937a [host, distribution: 95]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 31]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138, 139]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 407-408]. Planchonia stentae (Brain) Asterolecanium stentae Brain, 1920: 114. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Caralluma caudata, on Huernia transvaalensis, and on Stapelia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Planchonia stentae; Stumpf & Lambdin, 2000: 368. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Acanthaceae: Megaskepasma erythrochlamys [StumpfLa2000], Ruellia [StumpfLa2000]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex cassine [StumpfLa2000]. Asclepiadaceae [Gill1993], Asclepias fructicosa [Russel1941, StumpfLa2000], Calotropis gigantea [StumpfLa2000], Caralluma [Russel1941], Caralluma caudata [Brain1920, Russel1941], Caralluma caudata [StumpfLa2000], Hoodia [Russel1941, StumpfLa2000], Hoya [StumpfLa2000], Huernia [Russel1941], Huernia bicampanulata [Russel1941, StumpfLa2000], Huernia transvaalensis [Brain1920, Russel1941, StumpfLa2000], Stapelia [Brain1920, StumpfLa2000], Stapelia kavirrondo [Russel1941]. Compositae: Bidens pilosa [StumpfLa2000], Chrysanthemum frutescens [StumpfLa2000], Solidago [StumpfLa2000], Steirodiscus chrysanthemoides [StumpfLa2000]. Convolvulaceae: Evolvulus glomeratus [StumpfLa2000], Ipomea carnea [StumpfLa2000]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria [StumpfLa2000], Kalanchoe [StumpfLa2000], Kalanchoe beharensis [StumpfLa2000]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [StumpfLa2000]. Euphorbiaceae [Gill1993], Chamaesyce hirta [StumpfLa2000], Chamaesyce hyssopifolia [StumpfLa2000], Chamaesyce maculata [StumpfLa2000], Chamaesyce ophtalmica [StumpfLa2000], Euphorbia [StumpfLa2000], Euphorbia lactea [StumpfLa2000], Euphorbia trigona [StumpfLa2000]. Gesneriaceae: Gloxinia [StumpfLa2000]. Lamiaceae: Coleus blumei [StumpfLa2000], Dicerandra frutescens [StumpfLa2000], Monarda punctata [StumpfLa2000], Piloblephis rigida [StumpfLa2000]. Leguminosae: Cajanus cajan [StumpfLa2000], Chamaecrista fasciculata [StumpfLa2000], Crotalaria [StumpfLa2000], Desmodium tortuosum [StumpfLa2000], Indigofera hirsuta [StumpfLa2000], Pediomelum canescens [StumpfLa2000], Pueraria phaseoloides


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[StumpfLa2000]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus caroliniana [StumpfLa2000]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [StumpfLa2000]. Solanaceae: Solanum seaforthianum [StumpfLa2000]. Verbenaceae: Nashia inaguensis [StumpfLa2000]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, Russel1941]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [Gill1993]). Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001]. GENERAL: Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941) and by Gill (1993). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-110]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-197,302]; StumpfLa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 368-369]; StumpfLa2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 368-369]. Planchonia thespesiae (Green) Asterolecanium thespesiae Green, 1909a: 331. Type data: SRI LANKA: Jaffna, on Thespesia populnea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Planchonia thespesiae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 408. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Malvaceae: Thespesia [Ramakr1921a], Thespesia populnea [Green1909a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Ramakr1921a, Green1937, Varshn1992]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). Test of female, adult female and larva described and illustrated by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 285]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 341]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-206,306]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 408-409]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 71]. Planchonia tokyonis (Kuwana) Asterolecanium tokyonis Kuwana, 1916: 149. Type data: JAPAN: Nishigahara, Tokyo, on Pasania cuspidata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Planchonia tokyonis; Tang & Hao, 1995: 409. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 8.10). HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Pasania [TangHa1995], Pasania cuspidata [Kuwana1916, Russel1941], Quercus (Pasania) henryi [Russel1941, Yang1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guizhou (Kweichow) [Russel1941, Yang1982, TangHa1995]). Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1916, Kawai1980]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Kawai 1980: 175 (female) [Japan]; Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 20]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 178]; KozarDr1998a [catalogue: 20]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149, 150]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-207,306]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 409-410, 585]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 128].

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Planchonia zanthenes (Russell) Asterolecanium zanthenes Russell, 1941: 227. Type data: CROATIA: Dalmatia, near Ragusa, on Phagnalon annoticum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Planchonia zanthenes; Borchsenius, 1960d: 145. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Phagnalon annoticum [Russel1941], Phagnalon saxatile [Russel1941]. Labiatae: Salvia [Russel1941, Bodenh1953a]. Leguminosae: Coronilla valentina [Russel1941], Templetonia [Russel1941]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Russel1941], Pittosporum tobira [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Russel1941]; France [Russel1941]; Italy [BarbagBiBo1995]; Sardinia [BarbagBiBo1995] [Russel1941]; Sicily [BarbagBiBo1995]; Syria [Russel1941]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a]; Yugoslavia [Russel1941]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 135]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 153-154]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 31]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-228,317-319]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 410-411].

Polea Green Polea Green, 1922: 462. Type species: Pollinia ceylonica, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Green (1922), Lambdin (1977a, 1999) and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Lambdin 1999: 188 (adult female) [Polea species of world]; Tang & Hao 1995: 285 (adult female) [Polea species of world]; Lambdin 1977a: 911 (adult female) [Polea species of world]; Russell 1941: 4 (adult female) [Genera of subfamily Asterolecaniinae, Family Asterolecaniidae]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 146]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 132]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 462]; Lambdi1977a [taxonomy, description, key: 911]; Lambdi1999 [taxonomy: 188-192]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 158]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 280, 284-285]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]. Polea ceylonica (Green) Pollinia ceylonica Green, 1909a: 341. Type data: SRI LANKA: Ramboda, on under surface of leaves of undetermined tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin, 1977a: 911. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Polea ceylonica; Green, 1922: 462. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Guttiferae: Calophyllum walkeri [Green1909a, Green1922, Green1937, Lambdi1977a, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Green1937, Lambdi1977a, Varshn1992]. GENERAL: Adult female described and illustrated by Lambdin (1977a). KEYS: Lambdin 1999: 188 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 146]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 341]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 462]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 286]; Lambdi1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 911-915]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 285-286]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 73]. Polea martini Lambdin Polea martini Lambdin, 1999: 188. Type data: BORNEO: Brunei, Penanjong Coast, on Calophyllum inophyllum; collected by Jon Martin, 26 March 1989. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 5495.


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HOST PLANTS: Guttiferae: Calophyllum [Lambdi1999], Calophyllum inophyllum [Lambdi1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Brunei [Lambdi1999]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Lambdin (1999). Description and illustration of the adult male given by Lambdin (1999). KEYS: Lambdin 1999: 188 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Lambdi1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-191]; Lambdi2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-172]. Polea minutum Varshney nomen nudum Polea minutum Varshney, 1985a: 23. nomen nudum; discovered by Varshney, 1985a: 23. Polea selangorae Lambdin Polea selangorae Lambdin, 1977a: 913. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuala Selangor, F.M.S., on jungle shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Lambdi1977a]. KEYS: Lambdin 1999: 188 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Lambdi1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 911,913-915]; Lambdi2001 [taxonomy: 167]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 286].

Pollinia Targioni Tozzetti Pollinia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 734. Type species: Coccus pollini A. Costa, by monotypy and original designation. Notes: Original designation of type species was of Pollinia costae Targioni Tozzetti, 1868. The latter is an unjustified replacement name for Coccus pollini A. Costa, 1857. Cisticoccus A. Costa, 1877: 125. Type species: Coccus pollini A. Costa. Junior synonym by community of type species; see Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 38-39. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Signoret (1870a), Leonardi (1920), Borchsenius (1949, 1950), Ferris (1955a), Gill (1993) and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Ferris 1955a: 14 (female) [North America]. CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy: 14]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 154]; Borchs1950 [taxonomy: 131, 132]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 76]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 276]; Costa1877 [taxonomy: 1]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 59]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 64]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 97, 104]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 243]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 135-136]; Green1909a [taxonomy: 340]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description: 258-259]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 182]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 188-189]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 159]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description: 274]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 280, 286-287]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 734]. Pollinia pollini (A. Costa) Coccus pollini A. Costa, 1857: 77. Type data: ITALY: on olive. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari-Scaltriti (1990) personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov. Coccus pollina; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 734. Misspelling of species name. Pollinia costae Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 734. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 159. HOST PLANTS: Oleaceae: Olea europaea [Costa1857, Bodenh1924, Bodenh1926, Bodenh1928, Balach1931a, Borchs1934, Borchs1936, Bodenh1953a], Olea europaea [Hall1922, Hall1923, Melis1930, Kiritc1940, Habib1957, GomezM1958b, Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [ArmitaMc1952, Gill1993]). Palaearctic: Corsica [Balach1931a, Foldi2003]; Crete [ArmitaMc1952, Alexan1980a]; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Bodenh1929b, Habib1957]; France [Signor1870a, Balach1932d]; Georgia (Abkhaz ASSR [Borchs1934, Borchs1936, Kiritc1940, Borchs1960d]); Greece [Bodenh1928,

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Alexan1980a]; Israel [Bodenh1924]; Italy [Costa1857]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926]; Libya [Damian1966]; Sardinia [Melis1930]; Spain [GomezM1958b]; Syria; Turkey [Bodenh1953a]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1960d]. BIOLOGY: This species develops two annual generations in Crete, Greece (Alexandrakis, 1980a), while one annual generation was reported from Sicily (Liotta & Sammartano, 1981). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: A serious pest of olive in Crete, Greece and in Sicily (Liotta & Sammatrano, 1981). Has been accidentally introduced to California, USA and eradicated from several areas in the state (Armitage & McKenzie, 1952). Gill (1993) reported that it was not eradicated from several counties in California, USA, but its pest status was unknown. GENERAL: Adult female described and illustrated by Ferris (1955a), Habib (1957), Borchsenius (1960d) and by Gill (1993). CITATIONS: Alexan1980a [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control: 9-17]; Alexan1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 183-190]; ArmitaMc1952 [economic importance, host, distribution, control, life history: 115-121]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 99]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: 18, 19, 132, 140, lv]; BerlesBePa1907 [biological control: 48-95]; BerlesPa1906 [taxonomy, description, illustration, male: 393-395]; Bodenh1924 [host, distribution: 75-76]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Bodenh1928 [host, distribution: 192]; Bodenh1929b [host, distribution: 112]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135, 137-138]; Borchs1934 [host, distribution: 20]; Borchs1936 [host, distribution: 116]; Borchs1937 [host, distribution: 62]; Borchs1937a [host, distribution: 69]; Borchs1949d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 154]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 129-130]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 76]; Costa1857 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-79]; Damian1966 [host, distribution, chemical control: 8-10]; Dougla1893 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 60]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Gavalo1936 [host, distribution: 75]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution :104,114]; Habib1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-378]; Hall1922 [host, distribution: 10]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 34]; Kiritc1932a [host, distribution: 262]; Kiritc1940 [host, distribution: 119]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution,: 259-262]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 232]; Lindin1931 [taxonomy: 122]; Lindin1932d [taxonomy: 126]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 143]; Liotta1981 [host, distribution, economic importance: 11-12]; LiottaSa1980 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 65-66]; LiottaSa1981 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 205-216]; Martel1908 [host, distribution: 284]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 159]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 61]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 452]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 850, 866]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 275-276]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, structure: 607-608]; Silves1934 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3-24]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 287]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description: 734].

Russellaspis Bodenheimer Russellaspis Bodenheimer, 1951: 328. Type species: Asterolecanium pustulans Cockerell. Russeiiaspis; Wang & Zhang, 1987: 36. Misspelling of genus name. GENERAL: Description by Bodenheimer (1951) and by Tang & Hao (1995). KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 412 (adult). CITATIONS: Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 85-89]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 163,173-178]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 31]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 177]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, key: 335, 411-412]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 47].


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Russellaspis brachylenae (Brain) Asterolecanium pustulans brachylenae Brain, 1920: in Caption of Plates VII, XXVII. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Brachylaena discolor; collected 1916. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa, and Washington, D.C.: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, USA; type no. 28. Asterolecanium brachylenae; Russell, 1941: 55. Change of combination and rank. SYSTEMATICS: Asterolecanium pustulans var. brachylenae was not mentioned by Brain (1920) in the text (pages 108-115) dealing with Asterolecanium species, but was first listed by Brain (1920) in the caption of Plate XXVI. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Brachylaena discolor [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Russel1941, Giliom2001]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 33 (first instar) [world]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, illustration: Pl. vii]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56,245]. Russellaspis pustulans principe (Castel-Branco) Asterolecanium pustulans principe Castel-Branco, 1964: 629. Type data: PRINCIPE ISLAND: on coffee and cacao, December 1963. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal. SYSTEMATICS: Castel-Branco (1971) again described this species while referring to it as n. sp. The original description of 1963 was valid, and the species should be dated 1963. HOST PLANTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Castel1964]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Castel1964]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: São Tome, and Principe (Principe [Castel1964, Castel1971]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Castel-Branco (1971). CITATIONS: Castel1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 629-631]; Castel1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 27-36]; MendesFe1989 [taxonomy: 56]. Russellaspis pustulans pustulans (Cockerell) Asterodiaspis pustulans Cockerell, 1892h: 142. Type data: JAMAICA. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Asterolecanium pustulans; Cockerell, 1893d: 8. Change of combination. Planchonia pustulans; Cockerell, 1893h: 77. Change of combination. Asterolecanium pustulans sambuci Cockerell, 1903d: 112. Type data: EGYPT: Cairo, on Sambucus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 165. Asterolecanium pustulans seychellarum Green, 1910: 3-5. Type data: SEYCHELLE ISLANDS: on Hevea brasiliensis. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Russell, 1941: 165. Asterolecanium sambuci; Bodenheimer, 1935: 265. Change of combination and level. Asterolecanium morini Mamet, 1937: 176. Type data: MAURITIUS: Port Louis, on stems of Pentas cornea. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. Synonymy by Mamet, 1939: 239. Russellaspis pustulans; Borchsenius, 1960d: 154. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: The female induces formation of shallow pits on twigs of host plants. Photograph of pit galls by Gullan et al. (2004).

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HOST PLANTS: Townefortia pubescens [Kuwana1902a]. Acanthaceae: Daedalacanthus [MerrilCh1923], Eranthemum [Riddic1955], Graptophyllum pictum [Ballou1926], Jacobinia [Riddic1955], Jacobinia mohintli [Ballou1926], Strobilanthes [Riddic1955]. Agavaceae: Agave [Riddic1955, Russel1941]. Amaranthaceae: Alternanthera [Habib1957]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [Russel1941, Riddic1955], Mangifera indica [Ballou1926, Lepage1938, Zimmer1948, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997], Rhus leucantha [Ballou1926]. Annonaceae: Annona [Lepage1938, Russel1941], Annona squamosa [Ballou1926, Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Apocynaceae: Carissa [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Carissa edulis [Habib1957], Carissa grandiflora [Riddic1955, Habib1957], Ervatamia coronaria [Riddic1955], Nerium [Lepage1938, Russel1941, Riddic1955], Nerium oleander [Brain1920, Ballou1926, Zimmer1948, Habib1957, WilliaWa1990], Plumeria [Russel1941], Tabernaemontana [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Trachelospermum [Riddic1955]. Araliaceae: Didymopanax morotatoni [Ballou1926], Hedera [Riddic1955], Hedera helix [Ballou1926], Schefflera [Riddic1955]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Stephanotis [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Stephanotis floribunda [Ballou1926]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia speciosa [Russel1941], Jacaranda [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Riddic1955], Jacaranda mimosaefolia [Habib1957], Pyrostegia [Riddic1955], Tecoma smithii [Habib1957]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [Russel1941], Gossampinus malabarica [TangHa1995], Montezuma speciossima [Russel1941]. Boraginaceae: Cordia mixa [Habib1957], Heliotropium peruvianum [Ballou1926]. Burseraceae: Bursera simaruba [Riddic1955]. Cactaceae: Melocactus [Russel1941]. Caprifoliaceae: Symphoricarpos [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Viburnum tinus [Habib1957]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [WilliaWa1990]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Russel1941]. Chrysobalanaceae: Chrysobalanus [Riddic1955]. Combretaceae: Quisqualis indica [Ballou1926]. Convolvulaceae: Porana paniculata [Ballou1926]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum [Russel1941], Sedum [Russel1941]. Cruciferae: Brassica oleracea [Habib1957]. Cucurbitaceae: Momordica balsaminal [Russel1941]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Riddic1955]. Elaegnanceae: Elaeagnus [Riddic1955]. Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylum coca [Ballou1926]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Russel1941], Euphorbia [Russel1941], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Ballou1926, Riddic1955], Hevea [Russel1941], Hevea brasiliensis [Russel1941], Manihot [Russel1941], Pedilanthus [Riddic1955], Sapium [Russel1941, Zimmer1948]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Riddic1955]. Flacourtiaceae: Dovyalis [Riddic1955], Flacourtia [Riddic1955], Flacourtia ramontchi [Russel1941]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [Riddic1955], Pelargonium radula [Ballou1926]. Gramineae: Bambusa [Yang1982]. Guttiferae: Clusia rosea [Ballou1926]. Lauraceae: Persea [Russel1941, Zimmer1948]. Leguminosae: Acacia [Russel1941, Riddic1955], Acacia arabica [Habib1957], Acacia decurrens [Habib1957], Albizia lebbek [Habib1957], Baryxylum africanum [Russel1941], Bauhinia [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957], Bauhinia tomentosa [Ballou1926], Caesalpinia [Habib1957], Cajanus [Russel1941], Cajanus indicus [Habib1957], Calliandra [Riddic1955], Cassia [Riddic1955], Cassia alata [Ballou1926], Cassia fistula [Habib1957], Clitoria [Riddic1955], Crotalaria [Riddic1955], Erythrina [Varshn1992], Leucaena glauca [Cocker1896d, Russel1941, WilliaWa1990], Pithecellobium [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Pithecellobium [Habib1957], Poinciana [Russel1941, Riddic1955], Prosopis [Russel1941, Zimmer1948, Habib1957], Robinia pseudacacia [Habib1957], Sesbania aegyptiaca [Habib1957], Tamarindus [Russel1941], Tamarindus indica [Habib1957], Tephrosia toxicaria [Russel1941], Tipuana tipu [Riddic1955], Vachellia farnesiana [Russel1941]. Lythraceae: Cuphea [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Lagerstroemia [Riddic1955]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Russel1941]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [Habib1957], Gossypium [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957], Hibiscus [MerrilCh1923, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Zimmer1948, Riddic1955], Hibiscus esculentus [Habib1957], Hibiscus mutabilis [Ballou1926], Hibiscus rosasinensis [Ballou1926, Habib1957], Malachra [Russel1941], Sida antillensis [Russel1941], Thespesia populnea [Ballou1926]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [Ballou1926, Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1990], Castilloa [Russel1941, Riddic1955], Ficus [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955],


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Ficus aurea [Riddic1955], Ficus capensis [Riddic1955], Ficus carica [Theoba1904, Ballou1926, Lepage1938, Zimmer1948, Riddic1955, Habib1957, WilliaWa1990, MohammMoMo1997], Ficus elastica [Riddic1955], Ficus glomerata [Riddic1955], Ficus infectoria [Riddic1955, Habib1957], Ficus mysorensis [Riddic1955], Ficus nitida [Habib1957], Ficus religiosa [Ballou1926], Ficus sycomorus [Theoba1904, Habib1957], Ficus utilis [Riddic1955], Morus [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957], Morus alba [Lepage1938, MohammMoMo1997]. Musaceae: Musa paradisiacca [MohammMoMo1997]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [Riddic1955]. Myrsinaceae: Rapanea guianensis [Russel1941]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Habib1957], Eugenia [Riddic1955], Myrtus [Riddic1955], Psidium guajava [Ballou1926, Russel1941], Syzygium [Riddic1955]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [MerrilCh1923, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957], Jasminum humile [Ballou1926], Jasminum sambac [Ballou1926, Zimmer1948], Olea europaea [Lepage1938, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997]. Orchidaceae: Vanda teres [Russel1941]. Palmae: Palma [Riddic1955]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [Russel1941, Riddic1955], Passiflora edulis [WilliaWa1990], Passiflora quadrangularis [Habib1957], Passiflora vitifolia [Zimmer1948]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago [Riddic1955]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [Riddic1955]. Portulacaceae: Talinum [Riddic1955]. Proteaceae: Grevillea [Riddic1955, Habib1957], Grevillea robusta [Ballou1926, Lepage1938, Russel1941, Zimmer1948, WilliaWa1990]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Habib1957], Cydonia [Russel1941], Cydonia oblonga [Ballou1926], Cydonia vulgaris [Lepage1938], Eriobotrya [Habib1957], Malus [Brain1920], Prunus armeniaca [Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997], Prunus avium [Riddic1955], Prunus domestica [Habib1957], Prunus persica [Ballou1926, Riddic1955, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997], Prunus (amygdalus) [Lepage1938, Russel1941, Riddic1955], Pyrus [Lepage1938], Pyrus communis [Ballou1926, Riddic1955, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997], Pyrus cydoniae, Pyrus malus [Ballou1926, Russel1941, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997], Rosa [Riddic1955, Habib1957]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia [Riddic1955], Ixora [Riddic1955], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1990], Pentas [Riddic1955], Pentas carnea [Mamet1937], Psychotria [Russel1941, Riddic1955]. Rutaceae: Aeglopsis chevalieri [Ballou1926], Balsamocitrus paniculata [Ballou1926], Citrus [Riddic1955], Fagara martinicensis [Ballou1926], Murraya exotica [Ballou1926]. Salicaceae: Salix [Habib1957]. Sambucaceae: Sambucus [Russel1941]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [Ballou1926, Russel1941], Casimiroa tetromeria [Russel1941], Cupania edulis [Russel1941], Cupania macrophylla [Ballou1926]. Sapotaceae: Achras zapota [Ballou1926, Riddic1955, Russel1941], Calocarpum mammosum [Russel1941], Chrysophyllum caissita [Russel1941], Dipholis [Riddic1955], Sapota acra [Habib1957]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia juncea [Russel1941]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Riddic1955]. Solanaceae: Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1990], Cestrum [Riddic1955], Cestrum nocturnum [Ballou1926], Solanum [Habib1957]. Sterculiaceae: Assonia [MerrilCh1923], Dombeya [MerrilCh1923], Guazuma tomentosa [Habib1957], Sterculia [Habib1957], Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1990]. Theaceae: Cleyera japonica [Riddic1955], Taonabea stahlii [Russel1941], Thea sinensis [Cen1986]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [Riddic1955], Trema [Riddic1955]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria nivea [Russel1941], Cecropia [Russel1941, Riddic1955]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa americana [Riddic1955], Clerodendrum [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955], Duranta [Habib1957], Lantana [Russel1941, Zimmer1948, Riddic1955]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Riddic1955], Vitis vinifera [Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997]. Xanthophyllaceae: Xanthophyllum [Russel1941]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aspidiotiphagus citrinus [SchmutKlLu1957]. Encyrtidae: Euaphycus portoricensis Dozzier [SchmutKlLu1957], Metaphycus reticulata (Dozzier) [SchmutKlLu1957]. Miscogasteridae: Tomocera californica Howard [Zimmer1948]. THYSANOPTERA Phlaeothripidae: Haplothrips cahirensis Trybom [SchmutKlLu1957], Karnyothrips flavipes Jones [SchmutKlLu1957].

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DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1978]; Cape Verde Islands [Fernan1975, VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros Islands [Mamet1960]; Mauritius [Mamet1937, Mamet1943a]; Mozambique [Russel1941]; Seychelles [Russel1941]; South Africa [Brain1920, MerrilCh1923]. Australasian: Bonin Islands (= Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]; Fiji [WilliaWa1990]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1990]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Cocker1895x, Ehrhor1916, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Zimmer1948, Koszta1996]); Kiribati [WilliaWa1990]; New Caledonia [WilliaWa1990]; Samoa [WilliaWa1990]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1990]. Nearctic: Mexico [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941] (Baja California [Ferris1921, MerrilCh1923, Miller1996], Colima [Miller1996], Sinola [Miller1996], Tamaulipas [Miller1996], Veracruz [Miller1996]); United States of America (Florida [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Koszta1996], Louisiana [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Koszta1996], New York [MerrilCh1923], North Carolina [Kuwana1902a], Texas [Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbados (Antigua [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941]); Bahamas [MerrilCh1923]; Barbados [Russel1941]; Brazil [MerrilCh1923] (Bahia [Russel1941]); Colombia [Figuer1946] [Figuer1952, Kondo2001]; Cuba [MerrilCh1923, Ballou1926, Russel1941]; Dominican Republic [Russel1941]; Grenada [Cocker1896d, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941]; Guyana [Cocker1893h, Bodkin1917, MerrilCh1923]; Haiti [Russel1941]; Jamaica [Cocker1893h, Cocker1896, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941]; Mexico (Chihuahua [Miller1996]); Montserrat [Cocker1893h, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941]; Nicaragua [Russel1941]; Panama [Russel1941]; Panama Canal Zone [Russel1941]; Peru [Russel1941]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Martor1976]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Russel1941]); U.S. Virgin Islands [MerrilCh1923, Russel1941]. Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Zhejiang (Chekiang) [Cen1986]); Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1990]); Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Taiwan [Russel1941]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Yang1982, TangHa1995]; Egypt [Theoba1904, Hall1922, MerrilCh1923, Russel1941, Habib1957, MohammMoMo1997]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Russel1941]; Saudi Arabia [Shalab1961, Beccar1971]. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: A pest of tea in Zhejiang, China (Cen, 1986). A serious pest of apple trees in China (Abd El-Salam & Mangoud, 2001). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1937) (as A. morini, Russell (1941), Habib (1957), Borchsenius (1960d), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang & Hao (1995) and by Kosztarab (1996). Test of female, male and nymph described and illustrated by Russell (1941). Description and illustration of first- and second-instar nymph by Mohammad et al. (1997). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: AbdElSMa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control: 33-44]; Alfier1929 [host, distribution: 8a]; Ali1970a [catalogue: 147]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 11-12]; Barber1893 [host, distribution: 50-51]; Bartle1978a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 47]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 193]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 73-75]; Bodenh1929b [host, distribution: 112]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 265]; Bodenh1935b [life history, host, distribution: 306]; Bodenh1935c [host, distribution: 1156]; Bodkin1917 [host, distribution: 107]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-157]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111]; Cen1986 [life history, economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 27-28]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Cocker1892h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 142-143]; Cocker1893cc [taxonomy, host, distribution: 102]; Cocker1893d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 77-78]; Cocker1895x [host, distribution: 259]; Cocker1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Cocker1896d [host, distribution: 306]; Quaint1897 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 91]; Cocker1903d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 428]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; DeanSc1970 [host, distribution, economic importance, natural enemies, control: 158-163]; Dozier1926a [biological control: 97]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, distribution: 235]; EzzatNa1987


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[distribution: 86]; FangWuXu2001 [host, distribution: 106]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 52]; Fernan1975 [host, distribution: 42-43]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73]; Ferris1955a [host, distribution, economic importance: 25, 28]; Figuer1946 [host, distribution: 199-200]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 206]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Giliom2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 87]; Green1910 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3-5]; Green1915e [host, distribution: 608-636]; Habib1943 [taxonomy, description, life history: 87-111]; Habib1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 372, 374-376]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 4-6]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 32]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, record: 409]; IsmailAb2001 [host, distribution, chemical control: 355-364]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 78]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292, 294-295]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 31-32]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; Kuwana1902a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29, 30]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 337]; Lindin1910c [host, distribution: 440]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 149-150]; Mamet1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176]; Mamet1939 [taxonomy, description: 239]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 150]; Mamet1946 [taxonomy: 245]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20-21]; Mamet1960 [host, distribution: 156]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 106]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 1-303]; MerrilCh1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 277-278]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; MohammMoMo1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-199, 225-226]; Riddic1955 [host: 2]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-168, 230,291]; SalamaHa1974 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 200-204]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 62]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 451]; Shalab1961 [host, distribution: 216]; Silves1934 [economic importance, host, distribution: 3-24]; Stickn1934 [taxonomy: 149]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 93]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412-413, 585, 700]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 58]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47]; Theoba1904 [host, distribution: 188]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 135]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 71]; WatersDrPs1976 [biological control: 313]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-198]; Wolcot1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 511-513]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 124]; Zimmer1948 [host, distribution: 279-280]. Russellaspis sumatrae (Russell) Asterolecanium sumatrae Russell, 1941: 204. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tapanuli, “Toetoepan”, on Quercus hystrix. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington, D.C.: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, USA. Russellaspis sumatrae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 413. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus hystrix [Russel1941]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Russel1941]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Russell (1941). KEYS: Russell 1941: 12–26 (female) [Species of Asterolecanium]; Russell 1941: 26–35 (larva) [Species of Asterolecanium]. CITATIONS: Ali1970a [catalogue: 142]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-205,306]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 413-414].

Sclerosococcus McKenzie Sclerosococcus McKenzie, 1958: 169. Type species: Sclerosococcus ferrisi McKenzie, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by McKenzie (1958) and by Lambdin (1980, 1986). KEYS: Lambdin 1980: 468 (adult) [world].

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CITATIONS: Lambdi1980 [taxonomy, description, key: 468]; Lambdi1986 [taxonomy: 146]; McKenz1958 [taxonomy, description: 169-170]; Miller1996 [catalogue: 69]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 169, 170]; StumpfLa2001a [taxonomy, distribution: 153-156]. Sclerosococcus bromeliae McKenzie Sclerosococcus bromeliae McKenzie, 1963: 38. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Miami, on Bromeliaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Bromeliaceae [McKenz1963]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Miller1996]; United States of America (California [McKenz1963], Florida [McKenz1963, Miller1996]). Neotropical: Peru [Miller1996]. CITATIONS: Lambdi1980 [taxonomy, key: 468]; McKenz1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 39]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]. Sclerosococcus chilensis Lambdin Sclerosococcus chilensis Lambdin, 1980: 468. Type data: CHILE: on Bromeliaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Bromeliaceae [Lambdi1980]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [Lambdi1980]. GENERAL: Adult male described and illustrated by Lambdin (1986). CITATIONS: Lambdi1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 468-470]; Lambdi1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, male, host, distribution: 146-147]. Sclerosococcus ferrisi McKenzie Sclerosococcus ferrisi McKenzie, 1958: 170. Type data: MEXICO: on “succulents”. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1958, Miller1996]. CITATIONS: Lambdi1980 [taxonomy, key: 468]; McKenz1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-171]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]. Sclerosococcus tillandsiae Lambdin Sclerosococcus tillandsiae Lambdin, 1980: 470. Type data: ECUADOR: on Tillandsia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia [Lambdi1980]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Lambdi1980]. CITATIONS: Lambdi1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 470-471].

Trachycoccus Borchsenius Trachycoccus Borchsenius, 1950a: 781. Type species: Asterolecanium tenax Borchsenius, by monotypy and original designation. Notes: Trachycoccus Ferris, 1955a: 215 (type-species: Trachycoccus hyperici Ferris, 1955a) is a homonym of Trachycoccus Borchsenius, 1950a. The former belongs to the Eriococcidae, and was replaced by Hypericoccus Williams, 1961a. Morrisonia Bodenheimer, 1951: 328. Type species: Asterolecanium tenax Bodenheimer, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 125. Homonym of Morrisonia in Lepidoptera, 1874, and in Crustaceae, 1935. SYSTEMATICS: Morrisonia Bodenheimer, 1951 is an objective synonym of Trachycoccus Borchsenius, 1950, by community of type species.


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GENERAL: Definition and characters by Bodenheimer (1951), Borchsenius (1950a, 1960d), Ferris (1955a) and by Tang & Hao (1995). CITATIONS: Bodenh1951 [taxonomy: 328]; Borchs1950a [taxonomy, description: 781]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 169-171]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 215]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 32]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 125, 197]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 289, 333]; WangZh1987 [taxonomy: 36]. Trachycoccus hyperici Ferris Trachycoccus hyperici Ferris, 1955a: 215. Type data: U.S.A.: Indiana, Bloomington, taken at quarantine in California, on Hypericum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Guttiferae: Hypericum [Ferris1955a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1955a], Indiana [Ferris1955a]). CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216]. Trachycoccus tenax (Bodenheimer) Asterolecanium tenax Bodenheimer, 1929b: 111. Type data: EGYPT: Sinai Peninsula, Wadi Nasib, on twig notches of Tamarix sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Trachycoccus tenax; Borchsenius, 1960d: 170, 171. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Russell (1941) listed this species among Asterolecanium species unknown to her. HOST PLANTS: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Bodenh1929b, Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Bodenh1929b, Borchs1960d]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1960d]. CITATIONS: Bodenh1929b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-169]; KozarDr1998 [catalogue: 32-33]; Russel1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 231-232]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333-334].

TAXA REMOVED FROM FAMILY Genera Eremococcus Ferris, 1919d: 252. Type species: Sphaerococcus pirogallis Maskell, by monotypy and original designation. Current status: Eremococcus in the Eriococcidae; see Gullan, Miller & Cook (2004). Asterolecanium (Phenacobryum) Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Notes: Current status: Antecerococcus in the Cerococcidae. Phenacobryum Cockerell, 1902g: 114. Current status: Antecerococcus in the Cerococcidae. Melzeria Green, 1930b: 215. Removed from family by Miller & Williams, 1998: 215. Current status: Melzeria Green in the Eriococcidae, see Miller & Williams (1998).

Species Eremococcus pirogallis (Maskell) Sphaerococcus pirogallis Maskell, 1894b: 95. Current status: Eremococcus in the Eriococcidae; see Gullan, Miller & Cook (2004). Eremococcus rugosus (Maskell) Eremococcus rugosus (Maskell); Current status: Eremococcus in the Eriococcidae; see Gullan, Miller & Cook (2004).

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Eremococcus rugosus elongatus (Maskell) Eremococcus rugosus elongatus (Maskell); Current status: Eremococcus in the Eriococcidae; see Gullan, Miller & Cook (2004). Eremococcus turbinata (Froggatt) Sphaerococcus turbinata Froggatt, 1921b: 19. Current status: Eremococcus in the Eriococcidae; see Gullan, Miller & Cook (2004). Melzeria horni Green Melzeria horni Green, 1930b: 216. Removed from family by Miller & Williams, 1998: 215. Current status: Melzeria horni Green in the Eriococcidae, see Miller & Williams (1998). Planchonia bryoides Maskell Planchonia bryoides Maskell, 1894b: 84. Removed from family by Cockerell, 1902h: 114. Current status: Cerococcus bryoides (Maskell) in the Cerococcidae. Planchonia bryoides stellata Maskell Planchonia bryoides stellata Maskell, 1897: 315. Removed from family by Fernald, 1903b: 58. Current status: Cerococcus stellatus (Maskell) in the Cerococcidae. Trioza kiefferi Asterolecanium rhamni Kieffer, 1898: 214. Notes: Current status: Trioza kiefferi Giard, in the Psylloidea, Triozidae.

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Index to Genera

Abditicoccus Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Ambusaspis; Zhang, misspelling of genus name Amorphococcus Green, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis Signoret, accepted valid name Astenolecanium; Tang & Hao, misspelling of genus name Asterolecanium Targioni Tozzetti, accepted valid name Asterolecanium (Bambusaspis) Cockerell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis Cockerell, accepted valid name Banbusaphis; Paik, misspelling of genus name Callococcus Ferris, accepted valid name Cisticoccus A. Costa, junior synonym Endernia Danzig, accepted valid name Frenchia Maskell, accepted valid name Grammococcus Miller & Lambdin, accepted valid name Hsuia Ferris, accepted valid name Hyalococcus Borchsenius, accepted valid name Liuaspis Borchsenius, accepted valid name Morrisonia Bodenheimer, junior homonym and synonym Mycetococcus Ferris, accepted valid name Mycococcus Ferris, accepted valid name Neoasterodiaspis Borchsenius, accepted valid name Palmaspis Bodenheimer, accepted valid name Pauroaspis Tang, in: Tang & Hao, accepted valid name Planchonia Signoret, accepted valid name Plauchonia; Ashmead, misspelling of genus name Polea Green, accepted valid name Pollinia Targioni Tozzetti, accepted valid name Russeiiaspis; Wang & Zhang, misspelling of genus name Russellaspis Bodenheimer, accepted valid name Sclerosococcus McKenzie, accepted valid name Trachycoccus Borchsenius, accepted valid name

Abditicoccus Bambusaspis Amorphococcus Asterodiaspis Asterolecanium Asterolecanium Bambusaspis Bambusaspis Bambusaspis Callococcus Pollinia Endernia Frenchia Grammococcus Hsuia Hyalococcus Liuaspis Trachycoccus Mycetococcus Mycococcus Neoasterodiaspis Palmaspis Pauroaspis Planchonia Planchonia Polea Pollinia Russellaspis Russellaspis Sclerosococcus Trachycoccus

Index to Species

abiecta; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender abiectum Russell, accepted valid name acaciae Brain, accepted valid name acaciae Maskell, accepted valid name acaciae Morrison & Morrison, accepted valid name acaciae melaleucae; Fuller, change of status

154

Bambusaspis abiecta Bambusaspis abiecta Abditicoccus acaciae Callococcus acaciae Asterolecanium acaciae Asterolecanium melaleucae

ASTEROLECANIIDAE INDICES

155

acutula; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis acutula acutulum Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis acutula adetocorymbus Miller & Lambdin, accepted valid name Grammococcus adetocorymbus adjunctum Russell, accepted valid name Neoasterodiaspis adjuncta agavis Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium agavis alba Takahashi, change of name to agree in gender Asterodiaspis alba album Takahashi, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis alba algeriense; Cockerell, change of name to agree in gender Planchonia algeriensis algeriensis Newstead, accepted valid name Planchonia algeriensis amboinae Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis amboinae arabidis Signoret, accepted valid name Planchonia arabidis aureus Boisduval, junior synonym Asterolecanium epidendri bambusae Boisduval, accepted valid name Bambusaspis bambusae bambusae bambusulae Cockerell, junior synonym Bambusaspis bambusae bambusae tuberculata Takahashi, junior synonym Bambusaspis bambusicola bambusicola Kuwana, accepted valid name Bambusaspis bambusicola banksiae Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Frenchia banksiae beilunensis Hu, accepted valid name Asterolecanium beilunensis bella Russell, change of name to agree in gender Asterodiaspis bella bellum Russell, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis bella biformis Liu & Shi, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis biformis boliviae Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis boliviae bondari Lepage, accepted valid name Palmaspis bondari borboniae Brain, accepted valid name Asterolecanium borboniae borneense Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium borneense bornmuelleri Rübsaamen, accepted valid name Asterolecanium bornmuelleri brachylenae; Russell, change of status Russellaspis brachylenae brevispinum Brain, accepted valid name Asterolecanium brevispinum bromeliae McKenzie, accepted valid name Sclerosococcus bromeliae brunetae Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis brunetae bryoides Maskell, 1894b, Planchonia. Current status: Cerococcus bryoides (Maskell) in the Cerococcidae bryoides stellata Maskell, 1897, Planchonia. Current status: Cerococcus stellatus (Maskell) in the Cerococcidae captiosa; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis captiosa captiosum Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis captiosa castaneae Russell, accepted valid name Neoasterodiaspis castaneae casuarinae Maskell, accepted valid name Frenchia casuarinae caudata; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis caudata caudatum Green, accepted valid name Bambusaspis caudatus cerifera; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Pauroaspis cerifera ceriferum ceriferum Green, accepted valid name Pauroaspis cerifera ceriferum Green, change of status Pauroaspis cerifera ceriferum prominens Green, accepted valid name Asterolecanium prominens ceylonica Green, accepted valid name Polea ceylonica changbaishanensis Liu & Zhang, Z., accepted valid name Asterodiaspis changbaishanensis charmoyi Green, junior synonym Bambusaspis miliaris cheni Borchsenius, accepted valid name Hsuia cheni chilensis Lambdin, accepted valid name Sclerosococcus chilensis chinae Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis chinae

156


cinnamomi Borchsenius, accepted valid name circulare Russell, accepted valid name circularis; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender coffeae Newstead, accepted valid name conimbrigensis Saraiva, accepted valid name conspicuum Brain, accepted valid name coperniciae Ferris, accepted valid name corallinus Takahashi, accepted valid name corallinum; Russell, justified emendation coronata; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender coronatum Green, accepted valid name corticis Townsend & Cockerell, accepted valid name corymbus Miller & Lambdin, accepted valid name costae Targioni Tozzetti, unjustified replacement of name cristatum Ferris, accepted valid name deformis Shi & Liu, nomen nudum unplaced degenerata Russell, change of name to agree in gender degeneratum Russell, accepted valid name delicata Green, accepted valid name delicata Maskell, nomen nudum placed delicatum Green, accepted valid name despoliata Danzig, accepted valid name diaspidiformis Green, accepted valid name dictyospermae Williams & Mamet, accepted valid name difficile Russell, accepted valid name disiuncta; Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender disiunatus; Tang & Hao, misspelling of species name disiunctum Russell, accepted valid name distincta Russell, change of name to agree in gender distinctum Russell, accepted valid name eburneum Heyden, accepted valid name ehrhorni Cockerell, accepted valid name elongata Russell; change of name to agree in gender elongatum Russell, accepted valid name elongatus Russell, change of name to agree in gender elvae Matile-Ferrero, accepted valid name epacridis Maskell, accepted valid name epidendri Bouché, accepted valid name euphorbiae Russell, accepted valid name euryopis Fuller, accepted valid name exigua; Ben-Dov to change of name to agree in gender exiguum Green, accepted valid name exiguus; Tango & Hao, change of name to agree in gender ferrisi McKenzie, accepted valid name fimbriata; Signoret, change of name to agree in gender fimbriata stypheliae Maskell, junior synonym fimbriatum; Russell, change of name to agree in gender fimbriatus Boyer de Fonscolombe, accepted valid name fimbrinata; Martin-Mateo, misspelling of species name flagellariae Russell, accepted valid name flavociliatum Green, accepted valid name

Asterolecanium cinnamomi Bambusaspis circularis Bambusaspis circularis Asterolecanium coffeae Asterolecanium conimbrigensis Asterolecanium conspicuum Mycococcus coperniciae Asterolecanium corallinum Asterolecanium corallinum Bambusaspis coronata Bambusaspis coronata Mycetococcus corticis Grammococcus corymbus Pollinia pollini Asterolecanium cristatum Asterodiaspis deformis Palmaspis degenerata Palmaspis degenerata Bambusaspis delicata Bambusaspis delicata Bambusaspis delicata Endernia despoliata Mycococcus diaspidiformis Palmaspis dictyospermae Palmaspis difficilis Bambusaspis disiuncta Bambusaspis disiuncta Bambusaspis disiuncta Palmaspis distincta Palmaspis distincta Asterolecanium eburneum Mycetococcus ehrhorni Pauroaspis elongata Pauroaspis elongata Pauroaspis elongata Palmaspis elvae Asterolecanium epacridis Asterolecanium epidendri Asterolecanium euphorbiae Asterolecanium euryopis Bambusaspis exigua Bambusaspis exigua Bambusaspis exigua Sclerosococcus ferrisi Planchonia fimbriata Asterolecanium stypheliae Planchonia fimbriata Planchonia fimbriata Planchonia fimbriata Palmaspis flagellariae Asterolecanium flavociliatum


157

flora; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis flora florum Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis flora fusa; Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis fusa fusum Russell accepted valid name Bambusaspis fusa garciniae Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium garciniae gemmae Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis gemmae gilva Russell, change of name to agree in gender Palmaspis gilva gilvum Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis gilva glandulifera Liu & Shi, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis glandulifera grande Newstead, change of name to agree in gender Asterolecanium grandis grandiculum Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium grandiculum grandis Newstead, accepted valid name Asterolecanium grandis greeni Marchal, junior synonym Asterolecanium epidendri gutta Green, accepted valid name Planchonia gutta hadzibeyliae Borchsenius, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis hadzibeyliae hakeae Fuller, accepted valid name Asterolecanium hakeae hancocki Laing, accepted valid name Asterolecanium hancocki hederae Lichtenstein, junior synonym Planchonia arabidis hemisphaeicus; Tao, misspelling of species name Bambusaspis hemisphaerica hemisphaerica; Borchsenius, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis hemisphaerica hemisphaericum Kuwana, accepted valid name Bambusaspis hemisphaerica hemispharica; Wang & Zhang, misspelling of species name Bambusaspis hemisphaerica hilli Green, accepted valid name Palmaspis hilli horishae Russell, accepted valid name Neoasterodiaspis horishae horni Green, 1930b: 216. Current status: Melzeria horni Green in the Eriococcidae huangshanensis Zhang, X., accepted valid name Bambusaspis huangshanensis huichowensis Zhang, X., accepted valid name Bambusaspis huichowensis hyperici Ferris, accepted valid name Trachycoccus hyperici ilicis Newstead, junior synonym Asterodiaspis ilicicola ilicicola Targioni Tozzetti, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis ilicicola inconspicuum Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium inconspicuum inermis Borchsenius, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis inermis ingae Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium ingae inlabefacta Russell, change of name to agree in gender Palmaspis inlabefacta inlabefactum Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis inlabefacta inusitata Russell, change of name to agree in gender Palmaspis inusitata inusitatum Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis inusitata japonica Cockerell, change of name to agree in gender Asterodiaspis japonica japonicum Cockerell, change of name to agree in gender Asterodiaspis japonica javae Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium javae jesseniae Matile-Ferrero, accepted valid name Palmaspis jesseniae jubata; Ben-Dov to change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis jubata jubatus Wu, S.J., accepted valid name Bambusaspis jubata kuminensis; Tao, misspelling of species name Neoasterodiaspis kunminensis kunminensis Borchsenius, accepted valid name Neoasterodiaspis kunminensis lacrimula Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium lacrimula lanceolatum Green, junior synonym Bambusaspis longa lanceolatum; Takahashi, 1930, misidentification Bambusaspis pseudolanceolata larga; Ben-Dov to change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis larga largum Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis larga largus; Wu, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis larga

158


launeae Russell, accepted valid name leptospermi Maskell, accepted valid name lineare Green, junior synonym lineare Lindinger, junior synonym litseae Kuwana, accepted valid name liui Borchsenius, accepted valid name longifilum Borchsenius, accepted valid name longula; Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender longulum Russell, accepted valid name longum Green, accepted valid name loranthi Green, accepted valid name loretoensis Matile-Ferrero, accepted valid name louiserussellae Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, accepted valid name luteola Russell, change of name to agree in gender luteolum Russell, accepted valid name machili Russell, accepted valid name mali Borchsenius, accepted valid name marfil Matile-Ferrero, accepted valid name marginalis Borchsenius, accepted valid name martini Lambdin, accepted valid name massalongianum Targioni Tozzetti, junior synonym masuii Kuwana, accepted valid name medium Russell, accepted valid name melaleucae Maskell, accepted valid name mesuae Green, accepted valid name miliaria longa Green, accepted valid name miliaris Boisduval, accepted valid name miliaris longa Maskell, nomen nudum placed miliaris longum Green, accepted valid name miliaris miliaris; Russell, change of status miliaris robustum Green, junior synonym mimica; Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender mimicum Russell, accepted valid name mimicus; Tang & Hao, change of name to agree in gender mina; Ben-Dov, change name to agree in gender minicum; Yang, misspelling of species name minus Russell, accepted valid name minuscula; Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender minusculum Russell, accepted valid name minutum Ramakrishna Ayyar, nomen nudum unplaced minuta; Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender minutum Takahashi, accepted valid name minutum Varshney, 1985a: 23, nomen nudum unplaced minutus Takahashi, accepted valid name morini Mamet, junior synonym multipora Liu & Shi, accepted valid name multiporum Green, change of status nanlinnatalis Zhang, X., accepted valid name nematosphaerica Zhang, X., acc. valid name neoguineense Williams & Watson, acc. valid name neojubata; Ben-Dov, change name to agree in gender

Planchonia launeae Callococcus leptospermi Bambusaspis longa Palmaspis palmae Asterolecanium litseae Asterodiaspis liui Palmaspis longifilum Bambusaspis longula Bambusaspis longula Bambusaspis longa Asterolecanium loranthi Palmaspis loretoensis Asterolecanium louiserussellae Asterodiaspis luteola Asterodiaspis luteola Asterolecanium machili Hyalococcus mali Palmaspis marfil Bambusaspis marginalis Polea martini Planchonia arabidis Bambusaspis masuii Asterolecanium medium Asterolecanium melaleucae Amorphococcus mesuae Bambusaspis longa Bambusaspis miliaris Bambusaspis longa Bambusaspis longa Bambusaspis miliaris Bambusaspis miliaris Bambusaspis mimica Bambusaspis mimica Bambusaspis mimica Asterodiaspis mina Bambusaspis mimica Asterodiaspis mina Bambusaspis minuscula Bambusaspis minuscula Asterolecanium minutum Bambusaspis minuta Bambusaspis minuta Polea minutum Bambusaspis minuta Russellaspis pustulans pustulans Asterodiaspis multipora Asterolecanium multiporum Bambusaspis nanlinnatalis Bambusaspis nematosphaerica Asterolecanium neoguineense Bambusaspis neojubata


159

neojubatus Tang & Hao, accepted valid name Bambusaspis neojubata nevadense Balachowsky, change of name to agree in gender Planchonia nevadensis nevadensis Balachowsky, accepted valid name Planchonia nevadensis newmanni Froggatt, Callococcus newmanni nitida; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Neoasterodiaspis nitida nitidum Russell, accepted valid name Neoasterodiaspis nitida notabile Russell, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis notabilis notabilis Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis notabilis notata Lambdin, change of name to agree in gender Hsuia notata notatum Lambdin, accepted valid name Hsuia notata oblonga Russell, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis oblonga oblongum Russell accepted valid name Bambusaspis oblonga oblongus; Tang & Hao, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis oblonga oncidii Cockerell, junior synonym Asterolecanium epidendri oraniae Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis oraniae ordinaria; Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender. Bambusaspis ordinaria ordinarium Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis ordinaria ordinarius Russell, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis ordinaria pallida Russell, change of name to agree in gender Palmaspis pallida pallidum Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis pallida palmae Cockerell, 1893h, accepted valid name Palmaspis palmae palmae Cockerell, 1893j: 255, nomen nudum placed Palmaspis palmae palmicola Mamet, accepted valid name Palmaspis palmicola parva; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis parva parvum Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis parva parvus Russell, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis parva pasaniae Kuwana & Cockerell, accepted valid name Neoasterodiaspis pasaniae penicillata Russell, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis penicillata penicillatum Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis penicillata penicillatus Russell, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis penicillata perplexa Russell, change of name to agree in gender Asterodiaspis perplexa perplexum Russell, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis perplexa petrophilae Fuller, accepted valid name Asterolecanium petrophilae phoenicis Green, 1923, junior synonym & homonym Palmaspis phoenicis phoenicis Ramachandra Rao, 1922, accepted valid name Palmaspis phoenicis pinangae Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis pinangae pirogallis Maskell, 1894b: 95. Current status: Eremococcus pirogallis Maskell, in the Eriococcidae. pollina; Targioni Tozzetti, misspelling of species name Pollinia pollini pollini A. Costa, accepted valid name Pollinia pollini polypora Shi & Liu, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis polypora proboscidis Russell, accepted valid name Pauroaspis proboscidis prominens Green, change of status Asterolecanium prominens proteae Giliomee & Munting, accepted valid name Asterolecanium proteae protrusa; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis protrusa protrusus Zhang, W.B. & Zhang, X.F accepted valid name Bambusaspis protrusa pseudolanceolata; Ben-Dov; change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis pseudolanceolata pseudolanceolatum Takahashi, accepted valid name Bambusaspis pseudolanceolata pseudolanceolatus Takahashi, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis pseudolanceolata pseudomiliaris bambusifoliae Takahashi, junior synonym Bambusaspis miliaris pseudomiliaris Green, junior synonym Bambusaspis miliaris

160


pseudominuscula Borchsenius, accepted valid name Bambusaspis pseudominuscula psychotriae Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium psychotriae pudibundum Green, accepted valid name Asterolecanium pudibundum pulchellus Maskell, accepted valid name Callococcus pulchellus pusillum Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis pusillus pusillus Russell, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis pusillus pustulans brachylenae Brain, accepted valid name Russellaspis brachylenae pustulans Cockerell, accepted valid name Russellaspis pustulans pustulans pustulans principe Castel-Branco, accepted valid name Russellaspis pustulans principe pustulans sambuci Cockerell, junior synonym Russellaspis pustulans pustulans pustulans seychellarum Green, junior synonym Russellaspis pustulans pustulans puteanum Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium puteanum pyriforme Froggatt, change of name to agree in gender Asterolecanium pyriforme pyriformis Froggatt, accepted valid name Asterolecanium pyriforme qingyuanensis Hu & Xia, accepted valid name Bambusaspis qingyuanensis qinyunensis; Tao, 1999, misspelling of species name Bambusaspis qingyuanensis quadrisetosum Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium quadrisetosum quaesitum Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium quaesitum quercicola Bouché, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis quercicola quercicola; Signoret, 1877: 606, Misidentification Asterodiaspis ilicicola quercicola; Signoret, 1877a: ccix, Misidentification Asterodiaspis ilicicola radiata; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis radiata radiatum Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis radiata rehi Rübsaamen, accepted valid name Asterolecanium rehi repugnans Russell, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis quercicola rhamni Kieffer, Current status: Trioza kiefferi Giard, 1912 in the Psylloidea, Triozidae roboris Russell, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis roboris robustum Green, change of combination and status Bambusaspis miliaris rubrocomata; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis rubrocomata rubrocomatum Green, accepted valid name Bambusaspis rubrocomata rufa Zhang, X., accepted valid name Bambusaspis rufa rugosus elongatus Maskell, Current status: Eremococcus rugosus elongatus Maskell, in the Eriococcidae rugosus Maskell, 1897: 322. Current status: Eremococcus rugosus Maskell, in the Eriococcidae russellae Lambdin, accepted valid name Asterolecanium russellae rutilan Wu, S.J., accepted valid name Pauroaspis rutilan sabalis Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis sabalis sambuci Cockerell, change of status Russellaspis pustulans pustulans sanbernardensis Hempel, accepted valid name Asterolecanium sanbernardensis sasae Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis sasae scirrosis Russell, accepted valid name Pauroaspis scirrosis seabrai Saraiva, accepted valid name Asterolecanium seabrai selangorae Lambdin, accepted valid name Polea selangorae semiocculta Maskell, accepted valid name Frenchia semiocculta semisepulta Russell, change of name to agree in gender Neoasterodiaspis semisepulta semisepultum Russell, accepted valid name Neoasterodiaspis semisepulta shanghensis; Tao, 1999, misspelling of species name Bambusaspis shenzhenensis shenzhenensis Wu, S.J., accepted valid name Bambusaspis shenzhenensis simile Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis similis similis Russell, change of name to agree in gender Palmaspis similis


161

simplex Russell, accepted valid name Pauroaspis simplex sinensis Borchsenius, accepted valid name Liuaspis sinensis singulare Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis singularis singularis Russell, change of name to agree in gender Palmaspis singularis skanianae Russell, accepted valid name Neoasterodiaspis skanianae solenophoroides Green, accepted valid name Bambusaspis solenophoroides solenophoroides Maskell, nomen nudum placed Bambusaspis solenophoroides sparus Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis sparus spectabile Newstead, accepted valid name Palmaspis spectabilis spectabilis Newstead, change of name to agree in gender Palmaspis spectabilis stentae Brain, accepted valid name Planchonia stentae striatum Russell, accepted valid name Hyalococcus striatus striatum Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium striatum striatus Russell, change of name to agree in gender Hyalococcus striatus stypheliae Maskell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium stypheliae stypheliae multiporum Green, accepted valid name Asterolecanium multiporum subdolum Russell, accepted valid name Bambusaspis subdolum subventruosum Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium subvventruosum suishae Russell, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis suishae sumatrae Russell, accepted valid name Russellaspis sumatrae szemaoensis Borchsenius, accepted valid name Neoasterodiaspis szemaoensis szetchuanensis; Tao, misspelling species name Asterodiaspis szetshuanensis szetshuanensis Borchsenius, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis szetshuanensis tenax Bodenheimer, accepted valid name Asterolecanium tenax tennuissima; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Bambusaspis tennuissima tennuissimum Green, accepted valid name Bambusaspis tennuissima theae Tang & Hao, accepted valid name Asterolecanium theae thesii Douglas, junior synonym Planchonia arabidis thespesiae Green, accepted valid name Planchonia thespesiae tillandsiae Lambdin, accepted valid name Sclerosococcus tillandsiae tokyonis Kuwana, accepted valid name Planchonia tokyonis townsendi Cockerell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium townsendi transversum Morrison & Morrison, accepted valid name Asterolecanium transversum truncata Russell, change of name to agree in gender Palmaspis truncata truncatum Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis truncata tumidum Green, accepted valid name Asterolecanium tumidum turbinata Froggatt, 1921b: 19. Current status: Eremococcus turbinata (Froggatt), in the Eriococcidae ucayali Matile-Ferrero, accepted valid name Palmaspis ucayali udagamae Green, accepted valid name Bambusaspis udagamae ungulatum Russell, accepted valid name Asterolecanium ungulatum unica Russell, change of name to agree in gender Palmaspis unica unicum Russell, accepted valid name Palmaspis unica urichi Cockerell, accepted valid name Palmaspis urichi valloti Lichtenstein, junior synonym Planchonia arabidis variabile Russell, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis variabilis variabilis; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender Asterodiaspis variabilis variolosa Ratzeburg, change of name to agree in gender Asterodiaspis variolosa variolosum japonicum Cockerell, accepted valid name Asterodiaspis japonica variolosum minor Leonardi, nomen nudum placed Asterodiaspis mina variolosum Ratzeburg, change of name to agree in gender Asterodiaspis variolosa

162


variolosus Ratzeburg, accepted valid name ventruosa Maskell, accepted valid name ventruosum Maskell, accepted valid name victoriae Russell, accepted valid name viennae Russell, accepted valid name viridulum Cockerell, accepted valid name vitrea Ferris, accepted valid name vitreum Russell, accepted valid name vittatum Lambdin, accepted valid name vulgare Russell, accepted valid name vulgaris; Ben-Dov, change of name to agree in gender xinanensis Zhang, X, accepted valid name yunnanensis Borchsenius, accepted valid name zanthenes Russell, accepted valid name

Asterodiaspis variolosa Asterolecanium ventruosum Asterolecanium ventruosum Asterolecanium victoriae Asterodiaspis viennae Asterolecanium viridulum Hsuia vitrea Asterolecanium vitreum Asterolecanium vittatum Bambusaspis vulgaris Bambusaspis vulgaris Bambusaspis xinanensis Neoasterodiaspis yunnanensis Planchonia zanthenes

BEESONIIDAE Taxonomy and nomenclature When Green (1926) describing the type species and the genus Beesonia, he discussed its unique characteristics but was unable to assign the genus to any of the available families at that time. Ferris (1950) realized that it was utterly different from other genera, and established for it the new family Beesoniidae. Williams (1969a) suggested that despite the obvious peculiarities of the genus, it probably has close affinities with the family Diaspididae on the basis of the adult males and pupillarial females. Foldi (1995) revised the South American genus Limacoccus Bondar, transferred it to Beesoniidae, and divided the latter to two tribes Beesoniini and Limacoccini. Takagi & Hodgson (2005) suggested, based on cladistic analysis, that the Beesoniidae are closely related to the Stictococcidae. Host plant association, gall forming and geographical distribution The 11 species, here placed in the tribe Beesoniini, are gall-inducing forms. Eight of these have been recorded only from host plants belonging to Dipterocarpaceae, in South East Asia territories. One species, Beesonia ferrugineus (doubtfully assigned to Beesoniidae) is known only from Australia, while Beesonia napiformis has been reported to form galls on Quercus spp. (Fagaceae) in Japan and China. All the 4 species, which have been assigned by Foldi (1995) to the tribe Limacoccini, are not gall-inducing forms, being recorded from plants of the Palmae in South America. Descriptive activity The rate of taxa description in this family is summarized in Table 4. Table 4 Number of genera and species in the Beesoniidae, described in each decade from 1758 to 2004. Decade

No. of genera

Cumulative genera

No. of species

Cumulative species

1758–1900 1910 1920 1930 1940–1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 2

0 0 2 2 2 3 3 4 6

0 1 3 1 0 2 2 2 4

0 1 4 5 5 7 9 11 15

Total

6

6

15

15

Publications The following publications provide significant information on the Beesoniidae: Green (1926), Ferris (1950), Kawai (1980), Takagi (1987a, 1992a, 1995, Takagi (2001) and Takagi & Hodgson (2005).

163

BEESONIIDAE Catalogue of genera and species

Type genus: Beesonia Green, 1926. Beesonidae Ferris, 1950: 5. Beesonii Ferris; Ferris, 1957b: 67. Beesoniidae Ferris; Ferris, 1957b: 67.

Tribe BEESONIINI Foldi Beesoniini Foldi, 1995: 287.

Beesonia Green Beesonia Green, 1926: 55. Type species: Beesonia dipterocarpi Green, by monotypy and original designation. Notes: Type genus of the family Beesoniidae by Ferris (1950). Trichococcus Kanda, 1941d: 4. Type species: Xylococcus napiformis Kuwana, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Takagi, 1987a: 28. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Green (1926), Ferris (1950), Kawai (1980) and by Takagi (1987a, 1992a, 1995). CITATIONS: Beards1984 [taxonomy, ecology: 93]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description: 5-6]; Ferris1957b [taxonomy: 67]; Green1926 [taxonomy, description: 55-59]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 163,178-180]; HuLi1986 [taxonomy: 75-80]; HuLiPr1995 [taxonomy: 85-91]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 181]; KozarDr1998b [catalogue: 34]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description: 280]; Takagi1987a [taxonomy, description: 27-41]; Takagi1992a [taxonomy, description: 10-32]; Takagi1995 [taxonomy, description: 1-19]; Takagi2001 [taxonomy, description: 51-113]; TakagiHo2005 [taxonomy: 11-41]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 67]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 320]. Beesonia dipterocarpi Green Beesonia dipterocarpi Green, 1926: 55. Type data: BURMA: forests of Burma, on the smaller branches of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. STRUCTURE: Adult female globular or ovoid, length 6.5–10 mm; with a small tuberculate prominence at posterior end; anterior part of body membranous, posterior half densely chitinous (Green, 1926). HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Dipterocarpus tuberculatus [Green1926, Varshn1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Burma (= Myanmar) [Green1926, Takagi1995, Varshn1992]. BIOLOGY: This species induces the formation of large galls on branches of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus in Burma (Green, 1926). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, and three nymphal stages by Green (1926). CITATIONS: Beards1984 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 93]; Green1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-59]; Green1928d [taxonomy, description, illustration: 205-207]; Takagi1995 [taxonomy: 3]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 38].

164

BEESONIIDAE CATALOGUE

165

Beesonia ferrugineus (Froggatt) Sphaerococcus ferrugineus Froggatt, 1921b: 10. Type data: AUSTRALIA: northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, on Melaleuca. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Beesonia ferrugineus; Miller et al., 1998: 291. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Miller et al. (1998) studied this species and indicated that its correct family placement was questionable. It forms very distinctive galls that resemble those formed by species of Beesoniidae. Mature females have shallowly invaginated quinquelocular pores (like in species of Beesoniidae and some Eriococcidae) and large bases to the clypeolabral shield (like Beesoniidae). While assigning this species to the Beesoniidae, Miller et al. (1998) indicated that young adult females and first-instar nymph are needed before the family placement can be confirmed. Miller et al. (1998) clearly assigned this species to the Beesoniidae but with no generic placement. For technical reasons the species is placed in the type genus of Beesoniidae. STRUCTURE: Froggatt (1921b) described the galls formed by this species as “Forming reddish brown to dull green rounded fluffy excrescences, composed of many fine filaments or bracts radiating from the basal gall, on the side or tip of the branches of several species of Melaleuca …”. The adult female was described by Froggatt (1921b) as “… dark reddish-brown, marked with dull yellow on the dorsal surface, and is embedded in the central woody cavity. General form oval, dorsal surface conical …”. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [Frogga1921b]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1921b], Queensland [Frogga1921b]). CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 86]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 291]. Beesonia napiformis (Kuwana) Xylococcus napiformis Kuwana, 1914: 1. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Nishigahara, on Quercus serrata (=Quercus acutissima). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Trichococcus napiformis; Kanda, 1941d: 7. Change of combination. Beesonia quercicola Ferris, 1950: 5. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, near Kunming, at Si-Shan, on Quercus acutissima. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Synonymy by Takagi, 1987a: 29. Trichococcus (Beesonia) napiformis; Kawai, 1972: 20. Change of combination. Beesonia napiformis; Kawai, 1980: 181. Change of combination. Beesonia albohirta Hu & Li, 1986: 75. Type data: CHINA: Shandong Province, Taishan, on Quercus variabilis. Holotype first instar. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Synonymy by Takagi, 1987a: 29. Notes: Holotype is first instar nymph. Beesonia brevipes Takagi, 1987a: 30. Type data: NEPAL: Langtang Valley, Bagmati, on Quercus glauca. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Synonymy by Hu et al., 1995: 86. SYSTEMATICS: The description and illustration of a female third-instar nymph, under the name Xylococcus napiformis Kuwana, 1914, by Danzig (1972a: 268, Fig. 4) and by Danzig (1980b: 93, Fig. 31), were misidentifications of Xylococcus quercicola Danzig, 1980a, which is a species in the family Margarodidae; see Danzig (1980a). Beesonia napiformis was correctly included by Kozár & Drozdják (1998b) in the Beesoniidae, while Foldi (1998 and 2001a) erroneously listed it in the Margarodidae.

166


STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 9.1, a,b). HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Castanopsis delavayi [HuLiPr1995], Castanopsis tribuloides [Takagi1987a, Varshn1992], Lithocarpus [Takagi1987a], Lithocarpus elegans [Takagi1987a, Varshn1992], Quercus [Ferris1950, Tao1999], Quercus acutissima [Kuwana1914, Ferris1950, Kawai1980, Paik1978, Takagi1987a, HuLiPr1995], Quercus dentata [HuLiPr1995], Quercus glauca [Kawai1980, Takagi1987a, Varshn1992], Quercus lamellosa [Takagi1987a, Varshn1992], Quercus paucidentata [Takagi1987a], Quercus phillyraeoides [Takagi1987a], Quercus schottkyana [Ferris1950], Quercus variabilis [HuLi1986, HuLiPr1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Tao1999], Jiangsu (Kiangsu) [Tao1999], Yunnan [Ferris1950, Tao1999]); Nepal [Takagi1995, Takagi1987a, Varshn1992]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Ferris1950] (Shandong (Shantung) [HuLiPr1995, Takagi1987a]); Japan [Kuwana1914, Kanda1941d, Kawai1980, Takagi1987a]; South Korea [Paik1978]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1950) (as B. quercicola). Description and illustration of nymphal instars by Ferris (1950) (as B. quercicola), by Takagi (1987a) (as B. brevipes) and by Hu et al. (1995). Description and illustration of adult male, prepupa and pupa by Hu et al. (1995). CITATIONS: CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5, 6]; Floren1917 [taxonomy: 148]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy: 206]; Foldi1997 [taxonomy, structure, phylogeny: 205, 207]; HuLi1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79, 80]; HuLiPr1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-90]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 181]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 83]; KotejaLi1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-369]; KozarDr1998b [catalogue: 34]; Kuwana1914 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 44, 225]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; Takagi1987a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30, 31]; Takagi1995 [taxonomy: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 38]. Beesonia shoreae Takagi Beesonia shoreae Takagi, 1995: 2. Type data: SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah (165m), on saplings of Shorea curtisii. Holotype first-instar larva, Form IA. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. STRUCTURE: Takagi (1995) described this species “on the basis of larval forms purported to belong to 4 ontogenetic courses”. Takagi (1995) suggested that “the larval polymorphism is associated with exploitation of more than a single feeding site provided by the gall’s structure”. HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea curtisii? [Takagi1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Takagi1995]. BIOLOGY: This species induces the formation of galls on twigs of the host plant (Takagi, 1995). CITATIONS: Takagi1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-5].

Danumococcus Takagi & Hodgson Danumococcus Takagi & Hodgson, 2005: 14. Type species: Danumococcus parashoreae Takagi & Hodgson, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and description by Takagi & Hodgson (2005). CITATIONS: TakagiHo2005 [taxonomy, description: 11-41]. Danumococcus parashoreae Takagi & Hodgson Danumococcus parashoreae Takagi & Hodgson, 2005: 14. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Ulu Segama, Bahagian Tawau, on leaves of Parashorea tomentella, collected 24 October, 1988. Holotype first instar. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.


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STRUCTURE: Takagi & Hodgson (2005) provided SEM micrographs of several structures of this species. HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Parashorea tomentella [TakagiHo2005]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [TakagiHo2005]). BIOLOGY: This species induces a distinct type of galls on leaves of Parashorea tomentella [family Dipterocarpaceae] in Sabah, Malaysia (Takagi & Hodgson, 2005). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, first-instar female nymph, first-instar male nymph, and second-instar male nymph by Takagi & Hodgson (2005). CITATIONS: TakagiHo2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-41].

Echinogalla Takagi Echinogalla Takagi, 2001: 67. Type species: Echinogalla pustulata Takagi, by monotypy and original designation. SYSTEMATICS: Takagi (2001) originally placed this genus in Eriococcidae, but was not listed in the Eriococcidae catalogue by Miller & Gimpel (2000). Gullan et al. (2004) assigned the genus to Beesoniidae. Takagi (2001) compared Echinogalla with Gallacoccus because there was no other genus adequate for making a comparison with it. In reality, Echinogalla differs greatly from Gallacoccus, especially in the first instar. It is possible that some features and characters of the first instar reflect peculiar behavioural traits (Takagi, 2001). GENERAL: Definition and characters by Takagi (2001). CITATIONS:]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy: 178-180]; Takagi2001 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 67-68]. Echinogalla pustulata Takagi Echinogalla pustulata Takagi, 2001: 68-70. Type data: MALAYSIA: Malaya, Kuantan Pahang, at Research Forest Reserve, on Shorea falcifera and S. glauca, 1990. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute, Selangor, Malaysia. SYSTEMATICS: The echinate gall induced by Echinogalla pustulata is very similar to that of Gallacoccus spinigalla, but these species are not particularly related to each other (Takagi, 2001). STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, simplified in structure. Quinquelocular disc pores abundant, strewn broadly along body margin on dorsal and ventral surfaces, not occurring anteriorly to anus. Small tubular ducts strewn among five-locular disc pores on abdomen. Setae spinose, mostly on dorsal surface within the band of five-locular disc pores, especially numerous between anus and vulva. Adult male slender and gracile; head with genal area enlarged, occupying a greater part of head, about 0.6–0.7 times as broad as prothorax (Takagi, 2001). HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea falcifera [Takagi2001], Shorea glauca [Takagi2001]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takagi2001]). BIOLOGY: Echinogalla pustulata induces galls in leaf axils, which do not differ in external appearance between plant species. Galls globular and with many robust conical spines, recurvate and separated from each other except for their bases (Takagi, 2001). GENERAL: Description, illustration, photographs and SEM micrographs of first-instar larva by Takagi (2001). CITATIONS: GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 178-180]; Takagi2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 68-70,88,98-112].

Gallacoccus Beardsley Gallacoccus Beardsley, 1971b: 31. Type species: Gallacoccus anthonyae Beardsley, by monotypy and original designation. Gallococcus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 436. Misspelling of genus name. SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from other beesonids are: the possession of small legs, trochanter and femur partially or completely fused; antennae small, three-segmented; labium one-segmented; anal ring without setae or pores; quinquelocular pores

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restricted to venter; without enlarged setae (Beardsley, 1971b). Originally, Beardsley (1971b) assigned this genus to the Eriococcidae. Gullan et al. (2004) transferred it to Beesoniidae. STRUCTURE: The adult females of this gall-inducing genus are globular. Adult males can be recognized by their short three to five segmented antennae (Beardsley, 1971b). KEYS: Beardsley 1971b: 39 (Female) [as Key to known species of Gallacoccus]. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Beardsley (1971b). CITATIONS: Beards1971b [description, distribution: 31]; Beards1984 [distribution, taxonomy: 80,86,93,103]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 164.178-180]; HaoWuJi1997 [taxonomy: 71,74]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 382]; Takagi2001 [taxonomy: 59]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 436,643]. Gallacoccus anthonyae Beardsley Gallacoccus anthonyae Beardsley, 1971b: 32,39. Type data: SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, on Shorea pauciflora; collected July 1969, by M. Anthony. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; antennae small, three-segmented; legs small and stout, femur and trochanter partially fused; anal ring without setae or pores; quinquelocular pores forming a broad band on submargin of venter; without tubular ducts (Beardsley, 1971b). STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, roughly circular. The galls from which the specimens were obtained resemble small fir cones and appear to be composed of a series of overlapping bract-like structures which are attached to a central axis (Beardsley, 1971b). HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea curtisii [Beards1971b]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Beards1971b]. KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 441 (adult female, first instar) [Gallacoccus species]; Beardsley 1971b: 39 (female) [Key to known species of Gallacoccus]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, gall and immatures by Beardsley (1971b). Detailed description and illustration of gall by Anthony (1974) and Meyer (1987). CITATIONS: Anthon1972 [description, host, illustration: 2263-2266]; Anthon1973 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 193-196]; Anthon1974 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 99-144]; Anthon1977 [distribution, host: 181-192]; Anthon1980a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 7-44]; Beards1971b [description, distribution, host, illustration: 31-36,39]; Beards1984 [host, taxonomy: 93]; Beards1984 [host, taxonomy: 93]; Beards1984 [host, taxonomy: 93]; Meyer1987 [physiology: 130-132]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 382]; Takagi2001 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 55-57]; TangHa1995 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 440-441]. Gallacoccus heckrothi Takagi Gallacoccus heckrothi Takagi, 2001: 64-67. Type data: MALAYSIA: Malaya, Selangor, Gombak, near Field Study Centre, University of Malaya, along logging road, on probably Shorea sp.; collected March and April, 1993, by H.P. Heckroth. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. SYSTEMATICS: Gallacoccus heckrothi agrees with G. secundus and G. spinigalla in many characters but differs as follows: in the adult female the disc pores are of two types, the disc pores occur on the head as well as on the posterior portion of the body and some dorsal setae geminate; in the adult male the papillae are tubercular, the antennae, legs and genital capsule as well as the trunk are beset with papillae, the fifth antennal segment is provided with two-knobbed setae and the prescutum is relatively short. Some of these characters, when combined, may have generic value, justifying the erection of a new genus for this species, but it is tentatively referred to Gallacoccus (Takagi, 2001).


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STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, simplified in structure. Quinquelocular pores variable in size, strewn about body on both surfaces except on head, where they are limited to the dorsal surface; broadly scattered in prothoracic region on dorsal surface and also anteriorly to anus; densely strewn between anus and vulva and laterally to vulva, none anteriorly to vulva. Derm with spicules on some segments anterior to anus. Adult male with head very small, abdomen about as long as thorax, gradually narrowing posteriorly on distal half (Takagi, 2001). HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea [Takagi2001]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takagi2001]). BIOLOGY: Galls produced by this species showed no processes on the external surface. One dry gall found was elongate globular, 3.8 cm long and 2.8 cm wide, glabrous on the external surface, with the distal end produced to form a short tube for exit. The gall was similar to galls produced by G. secundus, though the latter is not smooth on the external surface (Takagi, 2001). GENERAL: Detailed description of first-instar female, adult female, first- and second-instar male and adult male by Takagi (2001). CITATIONS: Takagi2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 64-67,90-111]. Gallacoccus secundus Beardsley Gallacoccus secundus Beardsley, 1971b: 36-39. Type data: SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, on Shorea pauciflora; collected July 1969, by M. Anthony. Holotype. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female similar to Gallacoccus anthonyae except with dorsal quinquelocular pores; protuberances present behind each hind coxa; trochanter and femur completely fused (Beardsley, 1971b). STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, broadly oval to circular in outline. The galls of this species are somewhat drupe-like in appearance, consisting of a globular fleshy basal portion with a beaklike apical projection. The interior of the gall contains a single large cavity which the scales occupy. These galls apparently may arise on small twigs and leaf petioles of leaf midribs (Beardsley, 1971b). HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea curtisii [Beards1971b, Anthon1974]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Beards1971b]. KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 441 (Adult female, first instar) [Gallacoccus species]; Beardsley 1971b: 39 (adult female) [Key to known species of Gallacoccus]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, first instar and gall by Beardsley (1971b). Detailed description and illustration of gall by Anthony (1974). Description and illustration of adult female, first-instar females, first-instar males, second-instar males and adult males by Takagi (2001). CITATIONS: Anthon1974 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 99-144]; Anthon1977 [distribution, host: 181-192]; Anthon1980a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1-44]; Beards1971b [description, distribution, host, illustration: 36-39]; Beards1984 [host, taxonomy: 93]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 383]; Takagi2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 59-61,88,95,102-109]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 441-442]. Gallacoccus spinigalla Takagi Gallacoccus spinigalla Takagi, 2001: 61-64. Type data: MALAYSIA: Malaya, Selangor, Gombak, along logging road near Field Study Centre, University of Malaya, probably on Shorea sp.; collected March and April, 1993 by H.P. Heckroth. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of Gallacoccus spinigalla resembles very closely G. secundus, but the two are distinguishable in the first-instar female. In G. spinigalla has no dermal pits present on the head and prothorax; the spiracular disc pores are quinquelocular, not seven-locular as in

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G. secundus; the second-antennal segment has no seta; the seta arising at the middle ventral surface of the hind tarsus is very long; the claws are apparently elongate. In the adult male, G. spinigalla differs from G. secundus in having a much smaller head and smaller eyes (Takagi, 2001). STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, simplified in structure. Quinquelocular disc pores variable in size, strewn broadly around anterior spiracles and also in a broad band along body margin on posterior half of body, completely surrounding vulva. Dorsal derm spiculate in some segments anterior to anus. Adult male with head small, much narrower than thorax, which is about 2.5 times as broad as the head; abdomen (excluding genital capsule) about as long as thorax, gradually narrowing posteriorly in distal half (Takagi, 2001). HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea [Takagi2001]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takagi2001]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of first instars male and females, adult male and females by Takagi (2001). CITATIONS: Takagi2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 51-64,96,99, 103,110].

Mangalorea Takagi Mangalorea Takagi, 1992a: 14. Type species: Mangalorea hopea, by original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Takagi (1992a). CITATIONS: GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 164,178-180]; RamanTa1992 [taxonomy: 1]; Takagi1992a [taxonomy, description: 14-32]. Mangalorea hopeae Takagi Mangalorea hopeae Takagi, 1992a: 10. Type data: INDIA: Southern India, Udupi Region, near Mangalore coast, on Hopea ponga. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Hopea ponga [RamanTa1992, Takagi1992a]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Takagi1992a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of first instar larva, intermediate instars, adult female and adult male by Takagi (1992a). CITATIONS: Foldi1995 [taxonomy: 266]; Takagi1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-32]; Takagi1995 [taxonomy, description: 6, 7].

Tribe LIMACOCCINI Foldi Limacoccini Foldi, 1995: 288.

Limacoccus Bondar Limacoccus Bondar, 1929: 59, 60. Type species: Limacoccus serratus Bondar, by monotypy and original designation. Canceraspis Hempel, 1934: 141. Type species: Canceraspis brasiliensis Hempel, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Lepage, 1938: 334. CITATIONS: Bondar1929 [taxonomy, description: 59, 60]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy, description: 269, 270]; Hempel1934 [taxonomy, description: 141]; Lepage1938 [catalogue]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 29, 110]. Limacoccus brasiliensis (Hempel) Canceraspis brasiliensis Hempel, 1934: 141. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Luz Garden, on a species of Palmae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.


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Limacoccus brasiliensis; Lepage, 1938: 334. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Palmae [Hempel1934], Arecastrum romanzoffianum [Foldi1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Hempel1934, Foldi1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female given by Foldi (1995). Description and illustration of the first instar female and first instar male given by Foldi (1995). CITATIONS: Foldi1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 279-281]; Hempel1934 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144]; Lepage1938 [taxonomy: 334]. Limacoccus kosztarabi Foldi Limacoccus kosztarabi Foldi, 1988b: 154. Type data: VENEZUELA: Puerto Chama, on Attalea speciosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Attalea speciosa [Foldi1988b, Foldi1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Foldi1988b, Foldi1995]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female given by Foldi (1995). Description and illustration of the first instar female and second or cyst-like female instar given by Foldi (1995). CITATIONS: Foldi1988b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281-283]. Limacoccus serratus Bondar Limacoccus serratus Bondar, 1929: 61-64. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, Viçosa, on Attalea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Attalea [Bondar1929, Foldi1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [Bondar1929, Foldi1995]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi (1995). Description and illustration of first instar female and first instar male by Foldi (1995). CITATIONS: Bondar1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-62]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-279]. Limacoccus venezuelana Foldi Limacoccus venezuelana Foldi, 1988c: 320. Type data: VENEZUELA: Puerto Chama, near of Maracaibo lake, on Attalea maracaibensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Attalea maracaibensis [Foldi1988c, Foldi1995]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Foldi1988c, Foldi1995]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi (1995). Description and illustration of first instar female and first instar male by Foldi (1995). CITATIONS: Foldi1988c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 283].

REFERENCES Anthony, M. 1972. Développement de la galle du Gallacoccus anthonyae Beardsley sur la feuille de Shorea pauciflora King (Dipterocarpaceae). Compte Rendu de l’Academie d’Agriculture de France 275: 2263-2266. [Anthon1972] Anthony, M. 1973. Sur la parenchymatisation de l’apex neoforme de la galle du Gallacoccus anthonyae Beardsley. Compte Rendu de l’Academie d’Agriculture de France 276: 193-196. [Anthon1973] Anthony, M. 1974. Cecidogenese comparée de deux galles de coccides (Gallacoccus anthonyae Beardsley et Gallacoccus secundus Beardsley) developpées sur le Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King (Dipterocarpaceae). Part II. Marcellia (Rivista Internazionale di Cecidologia) 38: 99-144. [Anthon1974] Anthony, M. 1977. Morphological and anatomical comparison of normal and cecidial shoots in Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King. Marcellia (Rivista Internazionale di Cecidologia) 40: 181-192. [Anthon1977] Anthony, M. 1980a. Étude bourgeonnements epiphylles déterminés par l’action d’eriococcides cecidogenes chez les Dipterocarpacees du genre Shorea. Part l. Strasbourg: Doctoral Dissertation Univ. Louis Pasteur.. 44 pp. [Anthon1980a] Beardsley, J.W. 1971b. A new genus of gall-inhabiting Eriococcidae from Singapore (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 21: 31-39. [Beards1971b] Beardsley, J.W. 1984. Gall-forming Coccoidea. Pages 79-106. in: Ananthakrishnan, T.N. (Ed.). Biology of Gall Insects. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH. 362 pp. [Beards1984] Bondar, G. 1929. Um novo gênero e nova especie de pulgoes da Bahia. (Homoptera, Coccidae, Pseudococcinae). [A new genus and species of aphids in Bahia.]. Boletim Biologico 16: 59-64. [Bondar1929] Cook, L.G. & Gullan, P.J. 2004. The gall-inducing habit has evolved multiple times among the eriococcid scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83(4): 441-452. [CookGu2004] Danzig, E.M. 1972a. New and little-known species of the scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea) from Siberia and the far east of the USSR. (In Russian.) Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Leningrad 52: 261-276. [Danzig1972a] Danzig, E.M. 1980a. The nomenclature and synonymy of several species of scale insects and white flies (Homoptera: Coccinea, Aleyrodinea). (In Russian.) Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye 59: 594-595. [Danzig1980a] Danzig, E.M. 1980b. Coccoids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with phylogenetic analysis of scale insects fauna of the world. (In Russian). Leningrad: Nauka. 367 pp. [Danzig1980b] Fernald, M.E. 1903b. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360. [Fernal1903b] Ferris, G.F. 1950. Report upon scale insects collected in China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Part I. (Contribution no. 66). Microentomology 15: 1-34. [Ferris1950] Ferris, G.F. 1957b. Notes on some little known genera of the Coccoidea (Homoptera). Microentomology 22: 59-79. [Ferris1957b] Florence, L. 1917. The Pacific coast species of Xylococcus (scale insects). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 10: 147-166. [Floren1917] Foldi, I. 1988b. Diagnose préliminaire de Limacoccus kosztarabi n.sp. des palm trees du Venezuela (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Phoenicococcidae). [Preliminary diagnosis of Limacoccus kosztarabi n.sp. from palms in Venezuela.] Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie 5: 154. [Foldi1988b]

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Foldi, I. 1988c. Diagnose préliminaire de Limacoccus venezuelana n. sp. des Palmiers du Venezuela (Hom. Phoenicococcidae). [Preliminary diagnosis of Limacoccus venezuelana n. sp. from palm trees in Venezuela (Hom. Phoenicococcidae).] Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie 5: 320. [Foldi1988c] Foldi, I. 1995. A taxonomic revision of Limacoccus Bondar with a cladistic analysis of its relationships with other scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Systematic Entomology 20: 265-288. [Foldi1995] Foldi, I. 1997. Defense strategies in scale insects: phylogenetic inference and evolutionary scenarios (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). Mémoires du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (N.S.) Série A, Zoologie 173: 203-230. [Foldi1997] Foldi, I. 1998. Margarodidae. Pages 421-441 in Kozár, F., Catalogue of Palaearctic Coccoidea. Budapest, Hungary: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 526 pp. [Foldi1998] Foldi, I. 2001a. A world list of extant and fossil species of Margarodidae sensu lato (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie 18(3): 195-231. [Foldi2001a] Froggatt, W.W. 1921b. A descriptive catalogue of the scale insects (‘Coccidae’) of Australia. Part III. Department of Agriculture, New South Wales Science Bulletin 19: 1-43. [Frogga1921b] Green, E.E. 1926. On some new genera and species of Coccidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research 17: 55-65. [Green1926] Green, E.E. 1928d. Further observations on Beesonia dipterocarpi Green. Bulletin of Entomological Research 19: 205-207. [Green1928d] Gullan, P.J., Miller, D.R. & Cook, L.G. 2004. Gall-inducing scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Pages 159-229 in: Raman, A., Schaefer, C.W. & Withers, T.M. (Eds.). Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Vol. 1. New Hampshire: Science Publishers. 774 pp. (2 vols.) [GullanMiCo2004] Hao, J.J., Wu, S., Jia, C. & Tang, F.T. 1997. A strange eriococcid genus found in China with description of a new species (Homoptera, Coccidae (Coccoidea?), Eriococcidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 40: 71-74. [HaoWuJi1997] Hempel, A. 1934. Descriptions of three new species, three genera and one new subfamily of coccids (Hemiptera, Homoptera). Revista de Entomologia 4: 139-147. [Hempel1934] Hendricks, H. & Kosztarab, M. 1999. Revision of the Tribe Serrolecaniini (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Berlin & New York: de Gruyter. xiv, 213 pp. [HendriKo1999] Hu, X. & Li, S. 1986. A new species of the genus Beesonia Green (Coccoidea, Beesoniidae) from Shandong, China. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University 17(4): 75-80. [HuLi1986] Hu, X., Li, S. & Prokopy, R.J. 1995. Studies on the morphology and taxonomy of the male of Beesonia napiformis (Kuwana) (Coccoidea: Beesoniidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 29: 85-91. [HuLiPr1995] Kanda, S. 1941d. The genus Xylococcus and the genus Trichococcns N.G. from Japan (Homopteta). Insect World 44: 68-72. [Kanda1941d] Kawai, S. 1972. Diagnostic notes and biology of the coccid species occurring on cultivated or wild trees and shrubs in Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the Tokyo-To Agricultural Experiment Station 6: 1-54. [Kawai1972] Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo: National Agricultural Education Association. 455 pp. [Kawai1980] Koteja, J. 1974b. Comparative studies on the labium in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Warszawie, Rozprawy Naukowe 89: 1-162. [Koteja1974b] Koteja, J. & Liniowska, E. 1974. On some peculiarities in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Przeglad Zoologiczny 18: 365-369. [KotejaLi1974] Kozár, F. & Drozdják, J. 1998b. Beesonidae [Beesoniidae?]. Page 34 in: Kozár, F. Catalogue of Palaearctic Coccoidea. Budapest, Hungary: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 526 pp. [KozarDr1998b]

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Kuwana, S.I. 1914. Coccidae of Japan, V. Journal of Entomology and Zoology 6: 1-8. [Kuwana1914] Lepage, H.S. 1938. Catalogo dos coccídeos do Brasil. [Catalog of coccids from Brazil.]. Revista do Museu Paulista. São Paulo 23: 327-491. [Lepage1938] Meyer, J. 1987. Plant Galls and Gall Inducers. Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger. 291 pp. [Meyer1987] Miller, D.R. & Gimpel, M.E. 2000. A Systematic Catalogue of the Eriococcidae (Felt Scales) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. Andover, U.K.: Intercept Ltd. 589 pp. [MillerGi2000] Miller, D.R., Gullan, P.J. & Williams, D.J. 1998. Family placement of species previously included in the scale insect genus Sphaerococcus Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100: 286-305. [MillerGuWi1998] Morrison, H. 1928. A classification of the higher groups and genera of the coccid family Margarodidae. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 52: 1-239. [Morris1928] Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1-206. [MorrisMo1966] Paik, W.H. (Ed.) 1978. Illustrated flora and fauna of Korea. Insecta (VI). Min. Education (Samhwa Publ. Co. Ltd.). 22: 481 pp. [Paik1978] Raman, A. & Takagi, S. 1992. Galls induced on Hopea ponga (Dipterocarpaceae) in southern India and the gall-maker belonging to the Beesoniidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Insecta Matsumurana (n.s. 47): 1-32. [RamanTa1992] Sasscer, E.R. 1915. Catalogue of recently described Coccidae - V. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 17: 25-38. [Sassce1915] Takagi, S. 1987a. Notes on the Beesoniidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Insecta Matsumurana 37: 27-41. [Takagi1987a] Takagi, S. 1992a. Mangalorea hopeae, a new Beesoniid (Homoptera: Coccoidea) inducing galls on Hopea ponga in southern India. Insecta Matsumurana Part II (n.s. 47): 10-32. [Takagi1992a] Takagi, S. 1995. A new species of Beesonia with larval polymorphism, inducing a stem gall on Shorea curtisii in Singapore [Homoptera: Coccoidea: Beesoniidae]. Insecta Matsumurana 52: 1-19. [Takagi1995] Takagi, S. 2001. Four gall-inducing eriococcids, with notes on dipterocarp-associated gall-inhabiting coccoids (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae and Beesoniidae). Insecta Matsumurana 58: 51-113. [Takagi2001] Takagi, S. & Hodgson, C.J. 2005. A new dipterocarp-associated gall-inhabiting coccoid from Borneo (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Insecta Matsumurana 61: 11-41. [TakagiHo2005] Tang, F.T. & Hao, J. 1995. [The Margarodidae and others of China.]. Beijing, P. R. China: Chinese Agricultural Science Technology Press. 738 pp. [TangHa1995] Tao, C.C.C. 1999. List of Coccoidea (Homoptera) of China. Special Publication (Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute) 78: 1-176. [Tao1999] Varshney, R.K. 1985a. A review of Indian coccids (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Oriental Insects 19: 1-101. [Varshn1985a] Varshney, R.K. 1992. A check list of the scale insects and mealy bugs of South Asia. Part-1. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper (No. 139): 1-152. [Varshn1992] Williams, D.J. 1969a. The family-group names of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 23: 315-341. [Willia1969a]

Index to Genera

Beesonia Green, accepted valid name Canceraspis Hempel, junior synonym Danumococcus Takagi & Hodgson, accepted valid name Echinogalla Takagi, accepted valid name Gallacoccus Beardsley, accepted valid name Gallococcus; Tang & Hao, misspelling of genus name Limacoccus Bondar, accepted valid name Mangalorea Takagi, accepted valid name Trichococcus Kanda, junior synonym

Beesonia Limacoccus Danumococcus Echinogalla Gallacoccus Gallacoccus Limacoccus Mangalorea Beesonia

Index to Species

albohirta Hu & Li, junior synonym anthonyae Beardsley, accepted valid name brasiliensis Hempel, accepted valid name brevipes Takagi, junior synonym dipterocarpi Green, accepted valid name ferrugineus Froggatt, accepted valid name heckrothi Takagi, accepted valid name hopeae Takagi, accepted valid name kosztarabi Foldi, accepted valid name napiformis Kuwana, accepted valid name parashoreae Takagi & Hodgson, accepted valid name pustulata Takagi, accepted valid name quercicola Ferris, junior synonym secundus Beardsley, accepted valid name serratus Bondar, accepted valid name shoreae Takagi, accepted valid name spinigalla Takagi, accepted valid name venezuelana Foldi, accepted valid name

175

Beesonia napiformis Gallacoccus anthonyae Limacoccus brasiliensis Beesonia napiformis Beesonia dipterocarpi Beesonia ferrugineus Gallacoccus heckrothi Mangalorea hopeae Limacoccus kosztarabi Beesonia napiformis Danumococcus parashoreae Echinogalla pustulata Beesonia napiformis Gallacoccus secundus Limacoccus serratus Beesonia shoreae Gallacoccus spinigalla Limacoccus venezuelana


CARAYONEMIDAE Water scales

Taxonomy and nomenclature This small and peculiar family was established by Richard (1986) for one genus, Carayonema Richard, and one species Carayonema orousseti Richard. The latter species was described from a female holotype and four nymphs, all collected in forest litter, at French Guyana in South America. Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000a) described three new species, each assigned to a new genus, and established for the four genera of the family three subfamilies, Carayoneminae Kozár, Mahunkacoccinae Kozár and Foldicoccinae Kozár. Morphology Kozár & Foldi (2002) described the specialized morphology of the adult female together with SEM micrographs. They also provided notes on the biology and suitable collection methods of members of this family. Host plants The host plant relationships of members of this family are unknown. The remarkably small number of recorded specimens was all collected from forest litter. Geographical distribution Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000a) showed that species of the Carayonemidae have been recorded so far only from tropical territories of the Neotropical region.

177

CARAYONEMIDAE Catalogue of genera and species

Type genus: Carayonema Richard, 1986: 268. Carayonemidae Richard, 1986: 268.

Subfamily CARAYONEMINAE Kozár Carayoneminae Kozár, in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 72.

Carayonema Richard Carayonema Richard, 1986: 268. Type species: Carayonema orousseti Richard, by monotypy and original designation. SYSTEMATICS: The family Carayonemidae, established for this genus, was distinguished from other Archeococcoid families, namely Margarodidae, Matsucoccidae and Ortheziidae, mainly by the thoracic and abdominal spiracles being exerted above the cuticle (Richard, 1986). GENERAL: Definition and characters by Richard (1986). KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 81 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: KozárKo2000a [taxonomy: 71, 72]; Richar1986 [taxonomy, description: 268-273]. Carayonema orousseti Richard Carayonema orousseti Richard, 1986: 268. Type data: FRENCH GUYANA: Village de Cacao, south of Cayenne, near river Comte, separated from soil litter by Berlese funnel. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: French Guiana [Richar1986]. BIOLOGY: The host plant of this species is unknown; the specimens were separated, by means of a Berlese funnel, from soil litter of a primary forest (Richard, 1986). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Richard (1986). Richard (1986) described the first and second instar nymph. KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 81 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: KozárFo2002 [taxonomy: 197]; KozárKo2000a [taxonomy: 71-72]; Richar1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-273].

Subfamily FOLDICOCCINAE Kozár Foldicoccinae Kozár, in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 76.

Foldicoccus Kozár Foldicoccus Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000a: 76. Type species: Foldicoccus monikae Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000a). KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 81 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: KozárKo2000a [taxonomy, description: 76-81].

178

CARAYONEMIDAE CATALOGUE

179

Foldicoccus monikae Kozár & Konczné Benedicty Foldicoccus monikae Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000a: 76. Type data: BRAZIL: Brasilia (Distrito Federale), Fazenda Aqua Azul, Maranhao Staatm, collected by using Berlese funnel. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. 284. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Maranhao [KozárKo2000a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female and three nymph stages by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000a). KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 81 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: KozárKo2000a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-81].

Subfamily MAHUNKACOCCINAE Kozár Mahunkacoccinae Kozár, in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 72.

Baloghicoccus Kozár Baloghicoccus Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000a: 74. Type species: Baloghicoccus costaricaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000a). KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 81 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: KozárKo2000a [taxonomy, description: 74-76]. Baloghicoccus costaricaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty Baloghicoccus costaricaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000a: 75. Type data: COSTA RICA: Arenal, from forest litter, 16.i.1993; coll. J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. CR93. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [KozárKo2000a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000a). KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 81 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: KozárKo2000a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76].

Mahunkacoccus Kozár Mahunkacoccus Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000a: 72. Type species: Mahunkacoccus mexicoensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, by monotypy and original designation. KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 81 (female) [world]. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000a). CITATIONS: KozárKo2000a [taxonomy, description: 72-74]. Mahunkacoccus mexicoensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty Mahunkacoccus mexicoensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000a: 73. Type data: MEXICO: Chiapas State, Chajul, Selva Lacandevo, Rio Lacatum, from rainforest litter; 20.6.1996, coll. S. Mahunka. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. 357. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Chiapas [KozárKo2000a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000a). KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000a: 81 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: KozárKo2000a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-74].

REFERENCES Kozár, F. & Foldi, I. 2002. The water scale insects of the mysterious family Carayonemidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura (Milano) 33(3): 197-201. [KozárFo2002] Kozár, F. & Konczné Benedicty, Z. 2000a. Carayonemidae of the Neotropical Region with the descriptions of new genera and species (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 61: 71-82. [KozárKo2000a] Richard, C. 1986. Carayonemidae famille nouvelle Carayonema orousseti n. gen. n. sp. de Guyane française (Homoptera, Coccoidea). [Carayonemidae new family Carayonema orousseti, n. gen., n. sp., from French Guiana (Homoptera, Coccoidea).] Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 22(2): 268-273. [Richar1986]

180

Index to Genera

Baloghicoccus Kozár, accepted valid name Carayonema Richard, accepted valid name Foldicoccus Kozár, accepted valid name Mahunkacoccus Kozár, accepted valid name

Baloghicoccus Carayonema Foldicoccus Mahunkacoccus

Index to Species

costaricaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, acc. valid name mexicoensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, acc. valid name monikae Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, accepted valid name orousseti Richard, accepted valid name

181

Baloghicoccus costaricaensis Mahunkacoccus mexicoensis Foldicoccus monikae Carayonema orousseti


CONCHASPIDIDAE False armoured scales

Taxonomy and nomenclature Green (1896e, 1900a) first distinguished this group as a subfamily of the Coccidae. Later, Ferris (1937) ranked it as a family, a status that is currently widely accepted, e.g. Balachowsky (1942), Mamet (1954b), Morrison & Morrison (1966), Afifi (1969), Williams (1969a), Takagi (1997), Boratynski & Davies (1971), Ben-Dov (1981c), Williams (1992), Takagi (1997) and Kozár & Drozdják (1998d). Geographical distribution A remarkable rate of Conchaspidid species, 11 species of 29 (38%), have been described by Raymond Mamet (1912–1996) all of them from the Island of Madagascar. Nevertheless, as suggested earlier by Ben-Dov (1981c), this might be a reflection of the intensity of survey in this island. The published records suggest that members of this family are more abundant in tropical and subtropical regions of the southern hemisphere. Descriptive activity The rate of taxa description in this family is summarized in Table 5. Table 5 Number of genera and species in the Conchaspididae, described in each decade from 1758 to 2004. Decade

No. of genera

Cumulative genera

No. of species

Cumulative species

1758 1760–1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4

1 0 3 2 1 0 2 1 11 2 2 1 3 0

1 1 4 6 7 7 9 10 21 23 25 26 29 29

Total

5

5

29

29

Publications Mamet (1954b) revised the family on a world-wide basis. A catalogue of the family was prepared by Ben-Dov (1981c). Other comprehensive publication on the family were published by Ferris (1955a), Ben-Dov (1974a) and by Williams (1992).

183

CONCHASPIDIDAE Catalogue of genera and species

Type genus: Conchaspis Cockerell, 1893d: 9. Conchaspinae Green, 1896e: 17. Conchaspidinae Green; Green, 1900a: 66. Conchaspididae Green; Brues & Melander, 1932: 131. Conchaspidae Green; Ferris, 1937: 6.

Asceloconchaspis Williams Asceloconchaspis Williams, 1992: 1326. Type species: Asceloconchaspis milleri Williams. STRUCTURE: The adult female, as well as the nymphs of both sexes, of the species in this genus are covered by a scale formed by secretion of the underlying insect. In the general appearance the scale resembles that of species in the armoured scales family, Diaspididae. However, no exuviae are incorporated in a Conchaspididae scale, thus clearly distinguishing it from the Diaspididae. KEYS: Williams 1992: 1326 (female) [Key to genera of the world]. CITATIONS: Takagi1997 [taxonomy: 29]; Willia1992 [taxonomy: 1326]. Asceloconchaspis milleri Williams Asceloconchaspis milleri Williams, 1992: 1327. Type data: USA: Florida, Dade County, Miami, Simpson Park, on unidentified plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. SYSTEMATICS: Paratype collected from Coccoloba diversifolia. STRUCTURE: Scale of adult female oval, slightly convex, not pointed at top, shiny white, of the consistency of the waxy scales of the genus Chionaspis Signoret, family Diaspididae; with thinner, white wax posteriorly; The insects sometimes showing through the covering (Williams, 1992). HOST PLANTS: Polygonaceae: Coccoloba diversifolia [Willia1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Willia1992]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, first- and second-instar nymph by Williams (1992). CITATIONS: Willia1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1327-1331].

Conchaspis Cockerell Pseudinglisia Newstead, 1893b: 153. Type species: Pseudinglisia rodrigueziae Newstead (= Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell), by original designation. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1895a: 101. Conchaspis Cockerell, 1893d: 9. Type species: Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell, by monotypy. Conchasuis; Bruner, Scaramuzza & Otero, 1945: 225. Misspelling of genus name. Chonchaspis; Tao, 1999: 67. Misspelling of genus name. Chinchaspis; Tao, 1999: 67. Misspelling of genus name. SYSTEMATICS: The adult female, as well as the nymphs of both sexes, of the species in this genus are covered by a scale formed by secretion of the underlying insect. In the general appearance the scale resembles that of species in the armoured scales family, Diaspididae. However, no exuviae are incorporated in a Conchaspididae scale, thus clearly distinguishing it from the Diaspididae. 184

CONCHASPIDIDAE CATALOGUE

185

GENERAL: Definition and characters by Mamet (1954b), Ferris (1955a), Ben-Dov (1981d) and by Williams (1992). KEYS: Williams 1992: 1326 (female) [In key to genera of the world]; Ben-Dov 1974a: 369-372 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238-239 (female) [World]; MacGillivray 1921: 215-216 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Afifi1969 [taxonomy, male: 27]; Ali1970 [catalogue: 61]; Balach1942 [taxonomy: 45]; Balach1948b [taxonomy: 257]; BenDov1974a [records, hosts: 363-373]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 143-150]; BenDov1985 [taxonomy: 174]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy: 25]; Bodenh1944 [taxonomy: 4]; BoratyDa1971 [taxonomy: 60]; Brain1918 [taxonomy: 113]; BruesMe1932 [taxonomy: 131]; BruesMeCa1954 [taxonomy: 133]; Cocker1895a [taxonomy: 101]; Cocker1896b [catalogue: 323]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; DAscolKo1969 [taxonomy: 39]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 38]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Ferris1938 [nomenclature: 46]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 66]; Gowdey1926 [catalogue: 43]; Green1896e [taxonomy: 17,19-20]; Green1900a [taxonomy: 66]; Hempel1904 [taxonomy: 312]; Hempel1912 [catalogue]; KozarDr1998d [catalogue: 165]; Laing1925a [taxonomy: 62]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 375]; Lindin1937 [catalogue: 182]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 212-215]; Mamet1953 [distribution: 251]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy: 189-239]; MorrisMo 1966 [catalogue: 44-45]; Newste1893b [taxonomy: 153]; Newste1903 [taxonomy]; Obenbe1957 [taxonomy]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 859]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy: 29-30]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 67]; Vernal1953 [catalogue: 150]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 323]; Willia1992 [taxonomy, 1325-1331]. Conchaspis acaciae Hodgson Conchaspis acaciae Hodgson, 1967b: 3. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=Rhodesia]: Gwelo, on Acacia karroo. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. STRUCTURE: Scale of adult female quite large, 2.5 – 4 mm in diameter, subcircular. Pale grey in colour but quite dark due to the particles attached to it. Slightly convex, and often aggregated together into compact clusters that also include the scales of the male. Scale of the male elongate, 3 mm long, but otherwise similar to the female (Hodgson, 1967b). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c], Acacia giraffae [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c], Acacia karroo [BenDov1974a, Hodgso1967b, BenDov1981c]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (Southwest Africa) [BenDov1981c, BenDov1974a]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967b, BenDov1974a, BenDov1981d]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1967b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [host, distribution, taxonomy: 365, 370]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 145]; Hodgso1967b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1-3]; Signor1869 [catalogue: 847]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 4]. Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell Pseudinglisia rodrigueziae Newstead, 1893b: 153. Type data: ENGLAND: Eaton Hall, nr. Chester, on Rodriguezia secunda. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 207. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1895a: 101. Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell, 1893d: 9. Type data: JAMAICA: Hope Gardens, on Angraecum eburneum var. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Conchaspis angraeci hibisci Cockerell, 1896h: 19. Type data: MEXICO: Tamaulipas, on Hibiscus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Mamet, 1954b: 213.

186


Conchaspis baiensis Lepage, 1939: 314. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Encyclia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Synonymy by Mamet, 1954b: 213. Conchasuis angraeci; Bruner, Scaramuzza & Otero, 1945: 225. Misspelling of genus name. STRUCTURE: Scale of female subcircular, slightly conical; apex bluntly pointed; six to eight ridges or carinae are radiating from the apex, not all of them reaching the margin; colour white, sub-opaque, while the areas between the ridges are darker. HOST PLANTS: Agavaceae: Yucca aloifolia [BenDov1981c], Yucca gloriosa [Houser1918]. Apocynaceae: Allamanda hendersonii [Ballou1926], Plumeria [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, WilliaWa1990], Tabernaemontana [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Hamon1979, Riddic1955]. Araliaceae: Brassaia [Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Brassaia actinophylla [Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Nothopanax [BeardsTs1990]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa [Hamon1979], Stephanotis [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Mamet1954b]. Bignoniaceae: Kigelia pinnata [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, WilliaWa1990]. Chrysobalanaceae: Chrysobalanus icaco [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [MerrilCh1923, Mamet1954b, Riddic1955, BenDov1974a, Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Acalypha [MerrilCh1923], Acalypha godseffiana [BenDov1974a], Acalypha wilkesiana [Ballou1926, Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Codiaeum [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Riddic1955], Codiaeum variegatum [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Croton [BenDov1981c], Euphorbia lactea [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Pedilanthus tithymaloides [Ballou1926], Trigonostemon malaccanus [Takagi1992]. Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia [Riddic1955], Flacourtia indica [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Homalim longifolium [Takagi1997]. Lauraceae: Nectandra coriacea [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Ocotea catesbyana [Riddic1955], Persea [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Leguminosae: Wistaria [Riddic1955]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Mamet1954b, Riddic1955], Hibiscus mutabilis [BenDov1981c, Simmon1957], Hibiscus rosasinensis [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Malvaviscus [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Moraceae: Ficus sagittata [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Riddic1955]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Hamon1979, BenDov1981c]. Orchidaceae [Lepage1938, SilvadGoGa1968], Angraecum [Gowdey1926, MerrilCh1923, MartorMe1974, BenDov1981c], Angraecum eburneum virens [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Willia1985a], Angraecum sesquipedale [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Angraecum superbum virens [Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Cattleya [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Mamet1954b], Encyclia [Lepage1939, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Vernal1953, Lepage1939], Epidendrum elongatum [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Epidendrum secundum [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Gongora maculata [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Gongora quinquenervis [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Macroplectrum sesquipedale [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Oncidium [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Oncidium ampliatum [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Mamet1954b], Oncidium stipitatum [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Mamet1954b], Rodriguezia secunda [Newste1893b, MerrilCh1923, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, WilliaWa1990], Rodriguezia secunda [BenDov1981c], Spathoglottis pacifica [WilliaWa1990], Vanda [WilliaWa1990], Vanilla fragrans [Martor1976, RicharRiRy2003], Vanilla planifolia [WilliaWa1990, LeRouxRiRi2005]. Piperaceae: Piper angustifolium [Ballou1926, BenDov1981c]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955, Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Pittosporum tobira [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, BeardsTs1990], Pittosporum tobira variegatum [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba diversifolia [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Coccoloba laurifolia [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Coccoloba uvifera [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Riddic1955]. Proteaceae: Cardwellia sublimis [Riddic1955]. Rosaceae: Hibiscus [MerrilCh1923]. Rubiaceae: Ixora [Hamon1979, Riddic1955], Ixora javanica [BenDov1981c]. Rutaceae: Boronia heterophylla [BenDov1981c, BenDovShMi1985]. Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon [Riddic1955].


187

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [BenDov1981c, BenDov1974a]; Cameroon [BenDov1981c, BenDov1974a]; Comoros Islands [RicharRiRy2003]; Congo [BenDov1981c]; Côte d’Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [BenDov1981c]; Madagascar [RicharRiRy2003]; Niger [BenDov1981c]; Nigeria [BenDovShMi1985]; Réunion [RicharRiRy2003, LeRouxRiRi2005]; Zaire [BenDov1981c]. Australasian: Admiralty Islands [GoffCo1985, BeardsTs1990]; Australia [BenDovShMi1985] (Western Australia [BenDov1981c]); Fiji [WilliaWa1990]; French Polynesia [RicharRiRy2003]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1990]. Nearctic: Mexico MerrilCh1923, Mamet1954b, MartorMe1974, BenDov1981c] (District federal [Miller1996], Jalisco [Miller1996], San Luis Potosi [Miller1996], Tamaulipas [Miller1996], Veracruz [Miller1996]); United States of America (California [BenDov1981c], District of Columbia [Mamet1954b], Florida [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955, Hamon1979, BenDov1981c, BeardsTs1990], Ohio [Houser1918]). Neotropical: Barbados [MerrilCh1923]; Bermuda [Simmon1957, BenDov1981c]; Brazil [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c] (Bahia [Lepage1939, Vernal1953a, Mamet1954b], Rio de Janeiro [Lepage1938]); Colombia [BenDov1981c]; Cuba [BenDov1981c, Ballou1926]; Ecuador [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]; Jamaica [MerrilCh1923, Mamet1954b, MartorMe1974, BenDov1981c, Willia1985a]; Nicaragua [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]; Panama [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]; Peru [BenDov1981c]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island [MerrilCh1923, Ali1970, MartorMe1974, BenDov1981c]; Suriname [Newste1914, Mamet1954b]; Trinidad and Tobago [Newste1893b, Mamet1954b, MartorMe1974, BenDov1981c] (Trinidad [MerrilCh1923]); Venezuela [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]. Oriental: Malaysia [Takagi1992, Takagi1997]. Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [MerrilCh1923, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, WilliaWa1990]). NATURAL ENEMIES: ACARI Bdellidae: Bdella distincta Baker & Balock [RicharRiRy2003], Spinibdella depressa Ewing [RicharRiRy2003]. Cheyletidae: Cheyletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago) [GoffCo1985], Hemicheyletia wellsi (Baker) [RicharRiRy2003]. Eupalopselidae: Saniosulus nudus Summers [RicharRiRy2003]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aphytis africanus Quednau [RicharRiRy2003], Marietta pulchella (Howard) [BeardsTs1990]. Pteromalidae: Cephaleata [RicharRiRy2003]. THYSANOPTERA Phlaeothripidae: Alerodothrips fasciapennis (Franklin) [RicharRiRy2003], Karnyothrips flavipes (Jones) [RicharRiRy2003], Karnyothrips melaleucus (Bagnall) [RicharRiRy2003]. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Recorded as a pest of vanilla, Vanilla fragrans in Réunion (Richard et al., 2003; LeRoux et al., 2005). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lepage (1939) (as C. angraeci and as C. baiensis), Mamet (1954b), Ferris (1955a) and by Williams & Watson (1990). Takagi (1992; 1997) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female. Takagi (1997) evaluated the intraspecific variation in some taxonomic characters of the adult female and nymphs. KEYS: Takagi 1997: 42 (female) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (second-instar nymph) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (first-instar nymph) [World]; Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Ali1970 [catalogue: 61]; Arnett1985 [taxonomy: 302]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution, catalogue: 22]; BeardsDaHo1976 [taxonomy: 15-16]; BeardsTs1990 [Host, distribution, Biological control: 151-153]; BenDov1974a [host, distribution, key: 365]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 145-147]; BenDovShMi1985 [host, distribution: 2121]; BrunerScOt1945 [catalogue: 7, 140, 187]; BrunerScOt1975 [catalogue: 8]; Cocker1893cc [taxonomy, host, distribution: 101]; Cocker1893d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Cocker1895a [taxonomy: 101]; Cocker1896b [catalogue: 323]; Cocker1896f [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy: 19]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 20]; Cocker1903a [host, distribution: 165]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 38-39]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68]; FoldiCa1985 [structure, wax glands: 35, 44]; GillFr1979 [catalogue: 21]; GoffCo1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 4]; Gowdey1926 [catalogue: 43]; Green1896e [taxonomy: 19]; Hamon1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1-2]; Houser1918 [host, distribution, key: 159]; HowellWi1976 [taxonomy: 188]; King1901i

188


[host, distribution: 232]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 78]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy: 274]; Koteja1980 [taxonomy: 78]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 669]; KozarDr1998d [catalogue: 165-166]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 81]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 375]; Lepage1939 [taxonomy: 317]; Lepage1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 314-318]; LeRouxRiRi2005 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 400]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 450]; Lindin1937 [catalogue: 182]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 216]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-213]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 13,265]; MartorMe1974 [host, economic importance: 110]; Maxwel1902 [host, distribution: 297, 301]; MerrilCh1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 278]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 2]; MorrisMo1966 [catalogue: 44]; Newell1921 [host, distribution: 50]; Newste1893b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 153]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 307]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 8]; Reh1904b [host, distribution: 177]; RicharRiRy2003 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 36-38]; Riddic1955 [host: 2]; SilvadGoGa1968 [catalogue: 157]; Simmon1957 [catalogue: 11]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 6]; Takagi1992 [host, distribution, structure, SEM: 4, 34, 41-44, 52-55]; Takagi1997 [host, distribution, illustration: 29-71]; Townse1896 [host, distribution: 12]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 150]; Willia1985a [catalogue, host, distribution: 231]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 231]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-207]; Wilson1917 [host, distribution: 16]; Wolcot1936 [catalogue: 121]; Wolcot1948 [catalogue: 160]. Conchaspis buchananiae Takagi Conchaspis buchananiae Takagi, 1992: 4. Type data: MALAYSIA: Bukit Bauk, Daerah Dungun, Terengganu, on Buchanania arborescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Buchanania arborescens [Takagi1992]. Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllum [Takagi1997]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takagi1992, Takagi1997]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Takagi (1992). Takagi (1992; 1997) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female. Takagi (1997) evaluated the intraspecific variation in some taxonomic characters of the adult female and nymphs. KEYS: Takagi 1997: 42 (female) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (second-instar nymph) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 43 (first-instar nymph) [Asia]. CITATIONS: Takagi1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, structure: 4-5, 31-32]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy, illustration, structure, host, distribution: 29-71]. Conchaspis capensis (Linnaeus) Coccus capensis Linnaeus, 1763: 17. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, on Gnaphalium muricatum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams in Ben-Dov, 1981c: 147. Type depository: London: The Linnean Society of London, England. Conchaspis phylicae Mamet, 1954b: 229. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, type-material taken from herbarium material of Phylica capitata, at Stanford University Natural History Museum, California; by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1981c: 147. Conchaspis capensis; Ben-Dov, 1981d: 147. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: The authentic collection of the species of Coccus described by Linnaeus is deposited with the Linnean Society of London. It includes among the various species, a single lot of scale insects labelled capensis in Linnaeus handwriting. The lectotype was selected from this lot by Douglas J. Williams (see Ben-Dov, 1981d). Paratypes of Conchaspis phylicae Mamet are deposited in MNHN.


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HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Gnaphalium muricatum [BenDov1981c], Metalasia muricata [BenDov1981c]. Rhamnaceae: Phylica [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, BenDov1985], Phylica axilaris [BenDov1981c], Phylica capitata [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Phylica nervosa [BenDov1981c], Phylica stipularis [BenDov1981c]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Mamet1954b, BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, BenDovShMi1985]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b) (as C. phylicae). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [host, distribution, taxonomy: 368-369, 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 147]; BenDov1985 [distribution: 174]; BenDovShMi1985 [host, distribution: 2121]; DeLott1962 [taxonomy: 265]; Fabric1787 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 325]; Jackso1913 [taxonomy: 29]; Linnae1763 [taxonomy: 17]; Linnae1767 [taxonomy: 740]; Linnae1788 [taxonomy: 2215]; Linnae1789 [taxonomy: 401]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-230, 239]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 16]; Olivie1791 [catalogue: 94]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 847]; Signor1877 [catalogue: 611, 663]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 11]. Conchaspis cordiae Mamet Conchaspis cordiae Mamet, 1954b: 213. Type data: WEST INDIES: Shoys, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, on Cordia sp. (“black sage”) and on “Mahogany”. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, white, sometimes obscured with greyish-brown extraneous particles; moderately convex; without marked ridges radiating from the scale apex (Mamet, 1954b). HOST PLANTS: Ehretiaceae: Cordia [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b]. Meliaceae: Swietenia mahogani [BenDov1981c, PanisMa1976]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [BenDov1981c, PanisMa1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: British Virgin Islands [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]; Dominican Republic [PanisMa1976, BenDov1981c]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 147-148]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214, 239]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 11]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 8]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 11]. Conchaspis didiereae Mamet Conchaspis didiereae Mamet, 1956a: 47. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tulear, on Didierea mirabilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. STRUCTURE: Scale of female roughly circular, about 3 mm diameter, flat, light cream to light buff in colour; of felted texture; sometimes occurring singly or in masses under the epidermis of the host. Central boss fairly conspicuous, flat. Internally the scale is pure white but not nacreous (Mamet, 1956a). HOST PLANTS: Didieraceae: Alluaudia [BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a], Alluaudia dumosa [BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a], Alluaudia procera [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a], Didiera mirabilis [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, Mamet1956a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1956a, Mamet1959a, BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1956a). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [host, distribution, taxonomy: 365, 370]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; Mamet1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47-48]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 373]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 13].

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Conchaspis diplothemii Lepage & Giannotti Conchaspis diplothemii Lepage & Giannotti, 1943: 346. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Diplothemium candescens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, very slightly convex, of felted texture; colour white. Scale of male elongate, white, felted. HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Diplothemium candescens [LepageGi1943, BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Vernal1953]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, LepageGi1943, Vernal1953]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; LepageGi1943 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 346-348]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216, 239]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 6]; SilvadGoGa1968 [catalogue: 157]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 13]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 150]. Conchaspis ekebergiae Munting Conchaspis ekebergiae Munting, 1964: 59. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Umkomaas, on Ekebergia meyeri. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. STRUCTURE: Scale of adult female circular, moderately convex, often strongly distorted due to its position on the host plant; colour reddish-brown to dull dark brown according to age; about 2.4 mm in diameter. Scale of male broadly oval, felty white without striations, about 1.6 mm long (Munting, 1964). HOST PLANTS: Meliaceae: Ekebergia meyeri [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, Giliom1966, Muntin1964]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1964, Giliom1966, BenDov1981c, BenDov1974a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Munting (1964). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 372 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [host, distribution, key: 366, 369-372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; Giliom1966 [catalogue: 422]; Muntin1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 14]. Conchaspis euphorbiae Brain Conchaspis euphorbiae Brain, 1918: 113. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Namaqualand, Concordia, on Euphorbia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. STRUCTURE: Scale of female nearly circular, up to 6.5 mm in diameter; colour white; moderately convex; somewhat flattened on top, where it usually presents an irregular, central yellowish projection surrounded by a concentric ring. Scale of male elongate, white (Brain, 1918). HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [BenDov1974a, Brain1918, BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Giliom1966], Euphorbia decussata [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (Southwest Africa) [Brain1918, Mamet1954b, Giliom1966, BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [host, distribution, key: 366, 369-372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; Brain1918 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 113-114]; Giliom1966 [catalogue: 422]; Hodgso1967b [taxonomy: 3]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-218, 238]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 7]; MunroFo1936 [catalogue: 33]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 14].


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Conchaspis fluminensis Hempel Conchaspis fluminensis Hempel, 1904: 312. Type data: BRAZIL: Itatiaya, Morro dos papagaios, on a sylvan shrub (=planta). Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. STRUCTURE: Scale of female more or less circular, white, slightly convex (Hempel, 1904). DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Hempel1904] (Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1912, Sander1906, Lepage1938, Vernal1953]). GENERAL: No type material was available for the revision of Mamet (1954b). The species may be recognized only from the incomplete original description. KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 369 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 369]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; Hempel1904 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 312]; Hempel1912 [catalogue: 19]; Houser1918 [key: 171]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 375]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 215-216]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 218-219]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 3]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 150]. Conchaspis garciniae Takagi Conchaspis garciniae Takagi, 1992: 5. Type data: MALAYSIA: Hutan Simpan Beserah, Kuantan, Pahang, on Garcinia scortechinii. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. SYSTEMATICS: Paratype collected from Garcinia nigrolineata. HOST PLANTS: Guttiferae: Garcinia nigrolineata [Takagi1992], Garcinia rostrata [Takagi1997], Garcinia scortechinii [Takagi1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takagi1992]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Takagi (1992). Takagi (1992; 1997) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female. Takagi (1997) evaluated the intraspecific variation in some taxonomic characters of the adult female and nymphs. KEYS: Takagi 1997: 42 (female) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (second-instar nymph) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 43 (first-instar nymph) [Asia]. CITATIONS: Takagi1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-6, 27, 35-41]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy, illustration, structure, host, distribution: 29-79]. Conchaspis hainanensis Hu Conchaspis hainanensis Hu, 1986J: 213. Type data: CHINA: Hainan Island, Guangdong, on an unidentified shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Entomology, China. STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, diameter about 2 mm, very slightly convex, white (Hu, 1986). DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Hainan [Hu1986J]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hu (1986). CITATIONS: Hu1986J [taxonomy, host, distribution: 213]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]. Conchaspis insolitus Mamet Conchaspis insolitus Mamet, 1954b: 219. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, on Euphorbia larro. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. SYSTEMATICS: Paratype collected from Euphorbia stenoclada. STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, roundly convex, of somewhat hard, felted texture, white, outer surface usually coated with pale yellowish glassy secretions produced by the host. Internally, the scale is pure white and a little shiny (Mamet, 1954b).

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HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae [Mamet1959a], Euphorbia [BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a], Euphorbia larro [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Euphorbia oncoclada [Mamet1959a], Euphorbia stenoclada [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a, BenDov1981c]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 369 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 369]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 219-220]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 378]. Conchaspis lata Hempel Conchaspis lata Hempel, 1937: 21. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, on unidentified tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. STRUCTURE: Scale of female circular, slightly convex, compact in texture, generally obscured by buff to dark-reddish particles of the host’s bark; diameter, about 4 mm. Internally the scale is smooth, white-nacreous, with buff markings due to particles of the host’s bark. The scales generally overlap each other and are aggregated into small masses (Mamet, 1954b). DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1937, Lepage1938, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]); Venezuela [BenDov1981c, Afifi1969, DAscolKo1969]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hempel (1937) and by Mamet (1954b). Description and illustration of adult male by Afifi (1969). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph, second- and third-instar female nymph by D’Ascoli and Kosztarab (1969). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 372 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Afifi1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 27-36]; BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; BoratyDa1971 [taxonomy: 60]; DAscolKo1969 [taxonomy, nymph: 41-50]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21-23]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 78]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy: 274]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 669]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 375]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220-222]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 21]; StoetzDa1974a [taxonomy: 478]; StoetzMi1980 [catalogue: 21]. Conchaspis lepagei Hempel Conchaspis lepagei Hempel, 1937: 23. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Santos, on Eugenia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. STRUCTURE: Scale of female semi-transparent, white, flat, elongate-oval, closely felted in texture, occurring singly or aggregated into small elongated masses in which the scales overlap one another; sometimes depressed along the veins of the leaves of the host with the result that the side adjoining the leaf veins becomes straight. Length, about 5.5 mm (Mamet, 1954b). HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Eugenia [BenDov1981c]. Palmae: Astrocaryum ayri [Hempel1937, Lepage1938, Vernal1953, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil, (São Paulo [Hempel1937, Lepage1938, Vernal1953a, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hempel (1937) and by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Afifi1969 [taxonomy: 35]; BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; Brown1959SW [structure, chromosome: 279]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23-25]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 375]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 252]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 222-223]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 11]; SilvadGoGa1968 [catalogue: 157]; StoetzMi1980 [catalogue: 4]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 151].


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Conchaspis madagascariensis Mamet Conchaspis madagascariensis Mamet, 1954b: 223. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Perinet, on “Amborasha”. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. STRUCTURE: Scale of female circular, white, moderately convex, semi-transparent, marginally, ridged; occurring singly. Diameter about 1.5 mm (Mamet, 1954b). DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 370]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 223-225]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 12]; StoetzMi1980 [catalogue: 4]. Conchaspis mameti Ben-Dov Conchaspis mameti Ben-Dov, 1974a: 366. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Betioky, on unidentified tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [BenDov1981c, BenDov1974a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ben-Dov (1974a). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy, host, distribution, key: 366-368, 369-372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; StoetzMi1980 [catalogue: 6]. Conchaspis newsteadi Cockerell Conchaspis newsteadi Cockerell, 1897u: 270. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz, on Plumeria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. STRUCTURE: Scale of female overlapping; subcircular to oval, dirty white, low conical, diameter 2.5 mm. Apex blunted, no radiating ridges. Scale of male similar in texture to that of the female, but small and elongate (Cockerell, 1897u). HOST PLANTS: Apocynaceae: Plumeria [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Willia1985a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c] (Veracruz [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Willia1985a, Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [key: 369-372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; Cocker1897u [taxonomy, host, distribution: 270]; Cocker1899a [catalogue: 395]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 20]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 39]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; Houser1918 [host, distribution: 171]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 215]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 225-226]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 8]; Willia1985a [catalogue, host, distribution: 231]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 231]. Conchaspis orchidarum Mamet Conchaspis orchidarum Mamet, 1954b: 226. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone and COLOMBIA: Carthagena, the specific host plant of the holotype not indicated; type-series taken from orchids, Lockhartia pallida, Epidendrum ciliare and Oncidium ampliatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, white, semi-transparent, conical, with margin flattened, with 6–8 well marked ridges or carinae radiating from the apex to the internal limit of the flattened margin. Diameter, about 2 mm (Mamet, 1954b). HOST PLANTS: Orchidaceae: Epidendrum ciliare [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Lockhartia pallida [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Oncidium ampliatum [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b].

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DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]; Panama [Mamet1954b]; Panama Canal Zone [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 226-228]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 10]. Conchaspis pauliani Mamet Conchaspis pauliani Mamet, 1951: 225. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tsaratanana, on Neodypsis? articulatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. STRUCTURE: Scale of female circular, convex to more or less conical, pure white in colour, sometimes appearing dirty through accumulation of extraneous matter, somewhat shiny, showing circular ridges which give to it a roughened appearance. Central boss small, somewhat denser in texture than the rest of the scale, white, with eight carinae radiating from its centre to margin. Scale of male elongate, case-like, pure white in colour, smaller than that of female (Mamet, 1954b). HOST PLANTS: Palmae: Neodypsis articulatus [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Mamet1951]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Mamet1951]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [catalogue: 369-372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 225, 241-243]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 226]. Conchaspis socialis Green Conchaspis socialis Green, 1896e: 20. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: Tangalla, on unidentified shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. STRUCTURE: Scale of female comparatively large; circular; rounded to bluntly conical above; firm, opaque and closely felted; outer surface greyish to greyish brown; inner surface white and smooth; diameter of mature scale about 5 mm. Scale of male white, oblong, flattened, closely felted, completely enveloping the pupa (Green, 1896e). HOST PLANTS: Sapotaceae: Madhuca [Takagi1997]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Takagi1997]); Sri Lanka [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Ali1970, Green1937, Varshn1985a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). Takagi (1997) presented SEM micrographs of several structures of the adult female. KEYS: Takagi 1997: 42 (female) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (second-instar nymph) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (first-instar nymph) [Asia]; Ben-Dov 1974a: 372 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Ali1970 [catalogue, taxonomy: 61]; BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; Brain1918 [taxonomy: 114]; Cocker1896b [catalogue: 339]; Cocker1899a [catalogue: 395]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 39]; Green1896e [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; Green1937 [catalogue: 313]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy: 23]; Houser1918 [taxonomy: 171]; LepageGi1943 [taxonomy: 348]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 216]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 231-232]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 2]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 17]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy, structure, host, distribution: 29-79]. Conchaspis tsaratananae Mamet Conchaspis tsaratananae Mamet, 1951: 225. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Mt. Tsaratanana, on a palm. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France.


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STRUCTURE: Scale of female elongate oval, very thin, delicate, more or less transparent, white to dirty-white, flat. Central boss small, somewhat denser in texture than surrounding structures, white with slightly elevated carinae radiating from its centre. Scale of male, opaque, dirty-white, smaller than that of female (Mamet, 1954b). HOST PLANTS: Palmae [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a, Mamet1951], Neodypsis [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Mamet1954], Neodypsis decaryi [BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a, BenDov1981c, Mamet1951]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1951; 1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 225 ,243-245]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 14]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 232-233]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 378]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 21]. Conchaspis tsinjoarivensis Mamet Conchaspis tsinjoarivensis Mamet, 1954b: 233. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tsinjoarivo, on unidentified shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. STRUCTURE: Scale of female circular to oval, moderately convex, of somewhat hard texture, white, somewhat obscured by particles of extraneous matter, without conspicuous ridges; occurring singly or in compact masses; central boss fairly conspicuous, somewhat shiny. Internally, the scale is pure white and nacreous. Diameter, about 4 mm (Mamet, 1954b). DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a, BenDov1981c]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 233-235]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 378]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 21]. Conchaspis vaccinii Khoo Conchaspis vaccinii Khoo, 1978: 79. Type data: MALAYSIA: Gunung Bungah Buah, Selangor, on Vaccinium malaccense. Holotype female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Conchaspis malesiana Ben-Dov & Williams, 1985: 67. Type data: SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, on Apocynaceae. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Takagi, 1997: 30. STRUCTURE: Scale of adult female resembling the two valves of a half-opened bivalve clasping on to the leaf stalk. Scale of immature female roughly circular in outline with a conspicuous central boss. Scale white in colour with bits of dark particles incorporated on surface. Internally, scale pure white and smooth (Khoo, 1978). HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera griffithii [Takagi1997]. Apocynaceae [BenDovWi1985], Willughbeia [Takagi1997]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium malaccense [Khoo1978, Takagi1992]. Euphorbiaceae: Aporusa aurea [Takagi1997], Mallotus [Takagi1997]. Guttiferae: Garcinia andamanica [Takagi1992], Garcinia opaca [Takagi1992]. Rubiaceae: Gaertnera vaginans [Takagi1997], Urophyllum [Takagi1997], Urophyllum glabrum [Takagi1997]. Sapotaceae: Payena [Takagi1997], Payena lucida [Takagi1992, Takagi1997], Planchonella firma [Takagi1997]. Symplocaceae: Symplocos adenophylla [Takagi1997], Symplocos conchinchinensis [Takagi1997]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Khoo1978, BenDovWi1985, Takagi1992] (Sarawak [Takagi1997]); Singapore [BenDovWi1985, Takagi1997].

196


GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Khoo (1978), Ben-Dov & Williams (1985) (as C. malesiana) and by Takagi (1992; 1997). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Khoo (1978). Description and illustration of last-instar female nymph by Khoo (1978). Takagi (1992; 1997) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female. Takagi (1997) evaluated the intraspecific variation in some taxonomic characters of the adult female and nymphs. KEYS: Takagi 1997: 42 (female) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (second-instar nymph) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 43 (first-instar nymph) [Asia]. CITATIONS: BenDov1981d [catalogue: 271]; BenDovWi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-70]; Hu1986J [taxonomy: 215]; Khoo1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-83]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Takagi1992 [taxonomy, structure, host, distribution: 1-71]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy, illustration, structure, host, distribution: 29-79]. Conchaspis vaughani Mamet Conchaspis vaughani Mamet, 1954b: 235. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Manjakatompo, on unidentified tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, moderately convex, of somewhat hard texture, white, usually obscured by extraneous matter, without conspicuous ridges; usually occurring singly on leaves and in small masses on twigs; central boss not conspicuous. Internally the scale is pure white and nacreous; about 4 mm in diameter. Scale of male elongate, white and shiny; occurring in radially disposed elements under female scale, with posterior extremity protruding beyond margin of female scale (Mamet, 1954b). HOST PLANTS: Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [BenDov1981c, Mamet1962]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Mamet1962]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 235-236]; Mamet1962 [host, distribution: 161]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 21]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 21]. Conchaspis vayssierei Mamet Conchaspis vayssierei Mamet, 1954b: 236. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Holotype on Areca sp.; Paratypes collected from an unidentified palm. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. STRUCTURE: Scale of female circular, white, somewhat shiny, closely felted in texture; semitransparent, moderately convex; occurring singly or grouped together; central boss conical, opaque, white, with numerous ridges radiating from the apex to its margin; about 2.5 mm in diameter. Scale of male elongate, white, felted in texture, semi-transparent, somewhat shiny, with boss opaque (Mamet, 1954b). HOST PLANTS: Palmae [Mamet1954b], Areca [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Cocos nucifera [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Oreodoxa regia [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a, BenDov1981c]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female, first-, second- and third-instar nymph, adult male, prepupa and pupa by Mamet (1954b). KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Afifi1969 [taxonomy: 35]; BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 370]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 198-207, 236-238]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 379]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 21]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 21].


197

Fagisuga Lindinger Fagisuga Lindinger, 1909b: 107. Type species: Fagisuga triloba Lindinger, by monotypy. GENERAL: The adult female, as well as the nymphs of both sexes, of the species in this genus are covered by a scale formed by secretion of the underlying insect. In the general appearance the scale resembles that of the species in the armoured scales family, Diaspididae. However, no exuviae are incorporated in the scale of species of Conchaspididae, thus clearly distinguishing it from the Diaspididae. KEYS: Williams 1992: 1326 (female) [Key to genera of the world]. CITATIONS: Balach1942 [taxonomy: 45]; Balach1948b [taxonomy: 257]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; Brain1918 [taxonomy: 113]; BruesMeCa1954 [taxonomy: 651]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy: 66]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 303]; Lindin1909b [taxonomy: 107-108]; Lindin1931a [catalogue: 10]; Lindin1937 [catalogue: 185]; Lizery1939 [catalogue: 198]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 212, 216]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy: 193]; MorrisMo1966 [catalogue: 76]; Sander1909a [catalogue: 35]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 859]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy: 29]; Willia1992 [taxonomy, key: 1326]. Fagisuga triloba Lindinger Fagisuga triloba Lindinger, 1909b: 107. Type data: CHILE: locality not indicated, on Nothophagus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985e: 255. Type depository: Hamburg: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universität von Hamburg, Germany. STRUCTURE: Scale of adult female about 1 mm in diameter, arched, dirty white-grey on the outside, white on the inside (Lindinger, 1909b). HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus [Hoy1962a, BenDov1981c, Silves1939, Lindin1909b, MillerGo1975], Nothofagus [Willia1985e], Nothofagus antarctica [BenDov1981c, Laing1927a, Willia1985e], Nothofagus betuloides [Hoy1962a, Willia1985e], Nothofagus dombeyi [GonzalCh1968, BenDov1981c, Laing1927a, Lindin1909b], Nothofagus dombeyi [WeidneWa1968], Nothofagus dombeyi [Sander1909a, Willia1985e], Nothofagus obliqua [GonzalCh1968, BenDov1981e], Nothofagus procera [GonzalCh1968, BenDov1981c]. Rhamnaceae: Colletia spinosissima [Willia1985e]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw [Fulmek1943, Caltag1957]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Laing1927a, GonzalCh1968, Willia1985e] (Chubut [Willia1985e], Tierra del Fuego [BenDov1981c, Willia1985e]); Chile [BenDov1981c, Caltag1957, Hoy1962a, GonzalCh1968, WeidneWa1968, MillerGo1975, Charli1972] (Magallanes [Lindin1909b, Laing1927a, Willia1985e]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Laing (1927a) and by Williams (1985e). CITATIONS: Balach1948b [taxonomy: 257]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; Brain1918 [taxonomy: 113]; Caltag1957 [distribution, natural enemies: 22]; Charli1972 [distribution, host: 215]; Fulmek1943 [catalogue, natural enemies: 34]; GonzalCh1968 [host, distribution: 110]; Hoy1962a [host, distribution: 512]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 78]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy: 274]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 669]; Laing1927a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; Lindin1909b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 107-108]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 160]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 10]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 185]; Lizery1939 [catalogue: 198]; Lizery1954a [catalogue: 3]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy: 193]; MillerGo1975 [host, distribution: 131]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 21]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 76]; Porter1912 [host, distribution: 23]; Sander1909a [taxonomy: 35]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 859]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 20]; Takagi1992 [taxonomy: 3]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 176]; Willia1985e [taxonomy, host, distribution: 255-257].

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Paraconchaspis Mamet Paraconchaspis Mamet, 1959a: 421. Type species: Paraconchaspis major Mamet, by original designation. GENERAL: The adult female, as well as the nymphs of both sexes, of the species in this genus are covered by a scale formed by secretion of the underlying insect. In the general appearance the scale resembles that of the species in the armoured scales family, Diaspididae. However, no exuviae are incorporated in a Conchaspididae scale, thus clearly distinguishing it from the Diaspididae. KEYS: Williams 1992: 1326 (female) [In key to genera of the world]. CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 363]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy: 421]; MorrisMo1966 [catalogue: 144]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy: 29]; Willia1992 [key, taxonomy: 1326]. Paraconchaspis major Mamet Paraconchaspis major Mamet, 1959a: 421. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Maroaantsetra, on Faucherea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Sapotaceae: Faucherea [BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a, BenDov1981c]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1959a). CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 363]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 151]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 379]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 144].

TAXA REMOVED FROM FAMILY Archaspis Bodenheimer, 1943: 25. Current status: a subjective synonym of Quadraspidiotus MacGillivray, 1921 in the Diaspididae; see Balachowsky (1948b), Mamet (1954b) and Ben-Dov (1980). Archaspis ephedrae Bodenheimer, 1943: 26. Current status: a junior synonym of Quadraspidiotus cecconii (Leonardi) in the Diaspididae; see Ben-Dov (1980).

REFERENCES Afifi, S. 1969. Systematic status of the Family Conchaspididae based on the males of Conchaspis lata Hempel (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 36: 25-37. [Afifi1969] Ali, S.M. 1970. A catalogue of the Oriental Coccoidea. (Part III.) (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea). Indian Museum Bulletin 5: 9-94. [Ali1970] Arnett, R.H. 1985. American insects: a handbook of the insects of America north of Mexico. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 850 pp. [Arnett1985] Balachowsky, A.S. 1942. Essai sur la classification des cochenilles (Homoptera - Coccoidea). Annales de l’École Nationale d’Agriculture de Grignon 3: 34-48. [Balach1942] Balachowsky, A.S. 1948b. Les cochenilles de France, d’Europe, du nord de l’Afrique et du bassin Méditerranéen. IV. Monographie des Coccoidea, classification - Diaspidinae (Première partie). (1er partie). Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 1054: 243-394. [Balach1948b] Ballou, C.H. 1926. Los cóccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Boletín Estacion Experimental Agronomica. Santiago de Las Vegas, Cuba 51: 1-47. [Ballou1926] Beardsley, J.W., Davidson, J.A., Howell, J.O., Kosztarab, M., Miller, D.R., Nakahara, S. & Stoetzel, M. 1976. Syllabus for workshop on scale insect identification. 115 [BeardsDaHo1976] Beardsley, J.W. & Tsuda, D.M. 1990. Marietta pulchella (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a primary parasite of Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell (Homoptera: Conchaspididae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. Honolulu, Hawaii: Dec. 31, 1990 (30): 151-153. [BeardsTs1990] Ben-Dov, Y. 1974a. On the species of Conchaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Africa and Madagascar with description of a new species. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 88: 363-373. [BenDov1974a] BenDov, Y. 1980. Observations on scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Middle East. Bulletin of Entomological Research 70: 261-271. Ben-Dov, Y. 1981c. A catalogue of the Conchaspididae (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the world. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 17: 143-156. [BenDov1981c] Ben-Dov, Y. 1981d. Addendum to: a catalogue of the Conchaspididae (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the world. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 17: 271. [BenDov1981d] Ben-Dov, Y. 1985. Coccoidea. Pages 168-175 in: Scholtz, C.H. & Holm, E. (Eds.). Insects of Southern Africa Durban: Butterworths. 502 pp. [BenDov1985] Ben-Dov, Y., Shanuni, Y., Mizrahi, M., Weiss, M., Feldman, Y. & Feldman, M. 1985. Interceptions of scale insects (Coccoidea) at port of entry in Israel. Hassadeh 85: 2120-2121, 2128. [BenDovShMi1985] Ben-Dov, Y. & Williams, D. J. 1985. A new species of Conchaspis Cockerell (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Conchaspididae) from the Oriental region. Israel Journal of Entomology 18: 67-70. [BenDovWi1985] Bodenheimer, F.S. 1943. A first survey of the Coccoidea of Iraq. Government of Iraq, Ministry of Economics, Directorate General of Agriculture, Bulletin 28: 1-33. [Bodenh1943] Bodenheimer, F.S. 1944. A conchaspid from Kurdistan and its importance in the phylogeny of the Diaspididae (Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 13: 4-5. [Bodenh1944] Boratynski, K.L. & Davies, R.G. 1971. The taxonomic value of male Coccoidea (Homoptera) with an evaluation of some numerical techniques. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3: 57-102. [BoratyDa1971] Brain, C.K. 1918. The Coccidae of South Africa - II. Bulletin of Entomological Research 9: 107-139. [Brain1918]

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Index to Genera

Archaspis Bodenheimer, 1943: 25. Current status: a subjective synonym of Quadraspidiotus MacGillivray, 1921 in the Diaspididae. Asceloconchaspis Williams, accepted valid name Asceloconchaspis Chinchaspis; Tao, misspelling Conchaspis Chonchaspis; Tao, misspelling Conchaspis Conchaspis Cockerell, accepted valid name Conchaspis Conchasuis; Bruner, Scaramuzza & Otero, misspelling Conchaspis Fagisuga Lindinger, accepted valid name Fagisuga Paraconchaspis Mamet, accepted valid name Paraconchaspis Pseudinglisia Newstead, junior synonym Conchaspis

Index to Species

acaciae Hodgson, accepted valid name Conchaspis acaciae angraeci Cockerell, accepted valid name Conchaspis angraeci angraeci hibisci Cockerell, junior synonym Conchaspis angraeci baiensis Lepage, junior synonym Conchaspis angraeci buchananiae Takagi, accepted valid name Conchaspis buchananiae capensis Linnaeus, accepted valid name Conchaspis capensis cordiae Mamet, accepted valid name Conchaspis cordiae didiereae Mamet, accepted valid name Conchaspis didiereae diplothemii Lepage & Giannotti, accepted valid name Conchaspis diplothemii ekebergiae Munting, accepted valid name Conchaspis ekebergiae ephedrae Bodenheimer, 1943: 26. Current status: a junior synonym of Quadraspidiotus cecconii (Leonardi, 1908) in the Diaspididae. euphorbiae Brain, accepted valid name Conchaspis euphorbiae fluminensis Hempel, accepted valid name Conchaspis fluminensis garciniae Takagi, accepted valid name Conchaspis garciniae hainanensis Hu, accepted valid name Conchaspis hainanensis insolitus Mamet, accepted valid name Conchaspis insolitus lata Hempel, accepted valid name Conchaspis lata lepagei Hempel, accepted valid name Conchaspis lepagei madagascariensis Mamet, accepted valid name Conchaspis madagascariensis major Mamet, accepted valid name Paraconchaspis major malesiana Ben-Dov & Williams, junior synonym Conchaspis vaccinii mameti Ben-Dov, accepted valid name Conchaspis mameti milleri Williams, accepted valid name Asceloconchaspis milleri newsteadi Cockerell, accepted valid name Conchaspis newsteadi orchidarum Mamet, accepted valid name Conchaspis orchidarum pauliani Mamet, accepted valid name Conchaspis pauliani phylicae Mamet, junior synonym Conchaspis capensis

206

CONCHASPIDIDAE INDICES

rodrigueziae Newstead, junior synonym socialis Green, accepted valid name triloba Lindinger, accepted valid name tsaratananae Mamet, accepted valid name tsinjoarivensis Mamet, accepted valid name vaccinii Khoo, accepted valid name vaughani Mamet, accepted valid name vayssierei Mamet, accepted valid name

207

Conchaspis angraeci Conchaspis socialis Fagisuga triloba Conchaspis tsaratananae Conchaspis tsinjoarivensis Conchaspis vaccinii Conchaspis vaughani Conchaspis vayssierei


DACTYLOPIIDAE Cochineal scales

Taxonomy and nomenclature This family currently accommodates only species of cochineal scales. However, during the period (latter decades of nineteenth century and early 1920s) of nomenclatural confusion as to the definition of Dactylopius, about 120 species and subspecies have been described in or assigned to Dactylopius. Most of these species and subspecies are currently placed in the mealybug family, Pseudococcidae. The history, taxonomy and nomenclature of this confusion has been extensively discussed by Ferris (1955a), Morrison & Morrison (1966), De Lotto (1974a), Miller (1974b), Danzig & Kerzhner (1981), and Opinion 1247 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1983). Ferris (1955a) included under the family name Dactylopiidae all genera which are currently regarded members of the family Eriococcidae, but later (Ferris, 1957c) recognised Eriococcidae as a distinct family that also includes Dactylopius. Gullan & Cook (2001) concluded that the genus Dactylopius belongs to the Eriococcidae, based on morphological study of first-instar nymph, adult female and male and on molecular data. In this catalogue, the species of Dactylopius are maintained under the Dactylopiidae family name. Host plant relationships All the 10 species of the family infest and develop only on species of the plant family, Cactaceae. The cochineal scale, Dactylopius coccus is common on certain species of Cactaceae, especially Nopalea cochenillifera (commonly named “nopales”) that is native to Mexico and Central America. Economic importance Cochineal red dyestuff. The body of adult females of the cochineal scale, Dactylopius coccus is the source of red dyestuff of pre-Hispanic Mexico. The natives of pre-Hispanic Mexico farmed the cochineal with great skill. Through this process, they also selected for a domesticated form of the cochineal, a form that produce the best dye but was also more susceptible to stress from cold and rain than the wild form. When Spaniards arrived in Mexico, they were fascinated by the intense scarlet colour of cochineal dye, which was brighter and better than anything in the Old World. Textiles dyed with cochineal were shipped to Europe and became the one of most significant import commodity from Central America, under Spain monopoly. After about 250 years, the Spanish monopoly on cochineal production was broken when in 1777, a French naturalist smuggled infested cactus pads from Mexico to Haiti. Later, pads were transported to South America, India, the Canary Islands and Portugal. Nonetheless, the cochineal dyestuff became a valuable commodity. For example, Blanchard (1883) reported annual export, from 1845 to 1875, of cochineal insects from the Canary Islands fluctuated from 30 to 300 tonnes. However, there was a setback in the 1870s when synthetic red aniline dyes (from coal tar) were starting to be used instead of cochineal. Aniline dyes essentially replaced cochineal by the early 1900s. Since the 1870s when synthetic red aniline dyes (from coal tar) were starting to be used instead of cochineal, the Aniline dyes essentially replaced cochineal by the early 1900s. Fortunately, production of cochineal continued in Mexico, and this pigment began to appear in commercial products primarily as a food dye. In food industry, cochineal was also replaced by Aniline red dye numbers 2 and 40, which are believed now to be carcinogenic, and cochineal is being reconsidered as a safe food dye.

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Biological control. Since the discovery of the Americas by the Spaniards, this continent was the source of exportation and smuggling of Cactaceae species, for the purpose of cochineal breeding and ornamental plants. These transportations, especially from Mexico, to other regions of the world also included cacti that became noxious weeds in India, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Australia and elsewhere. Species of Dactylopius were included among the potential biological control agents imported to achieve control of cacti weeds in various regions (Moran & Zimmermann, 1984). See also discussion below, under D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus and D. tomentosus. Descriptive activity The rate of taxa description in this family is summarized in Table 6. Table 6 Number of genera and species in the Dactylopiidae, described in each decade from 1758 to 2005. Decade

No. of genera

Cumulative genera

No. of species

Cumulative species

1758–1790 1800 1810 1820 1830–1850 1860 1870–1880 1890 1900–1960 1970 1980–2000

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 4 0

0 1 1 2 2 3 3 6 6 10 10

Total

1

1

10

10

Publications The family was revised by De Lotto (1974a). Additional comprehensive publications on the family were published by Ferris (1955a), Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992) and Gill (1993).

DACTYLOPIIDAE Catalogue of genera and species

Type genus: Dactylopius Costa, 1829 Dactylopites Signoret, 1875c: 339. Dactyloparia Signoret; Atkinson, 1886: 285, 288. Dactylopidae Signoret; Maskell, 1887a: 89. Dactylopina Signoret; Crawford, 1890: 76. Dactylopiini Signoret; Ashmead, 1891: 95. Dactylopinae Signoret; Maskell, 1894b: 86. Dactylopiinae Signoret; Green, 1896e: 17. Dactylopiidae Signoret; Enderlein, 1914: 370.

Dactylopius Costa Dactylopius Costa, 1829: 16. Type species: Dactylopius coccus Costa. Subsequently designated by ICZN, 1983: 77. Notes: Opinion 1247 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1983) set aside previous designations of type species for Dactylopius and designated Dactylopius coccus Costa, 1829 as the type-species. The above Opinion placed Dactylopius Costa, 1829 on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, and Dactylopius coccus Costa, 1829 on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. SYSTEMATICS: This genus currently accommodates species of cochineal scales, family Dactylopiidae. However, during the latter decades of nineteenth century and early 1920s, many species, which belong to the mealybug family, Pseudococcidae, have been described in this genus. The history, taxonomy and nomenclature of this confusion has been extensively discussed by Ferris (1955a, 1957c), Morrison & Morrison (1966), De Lotto (1974a), Miller (1974b), Danzig & Kerzhner (1981), Opinion 1247 (ICZN, 1983) and Gullan & Cook (2001). BIOLOGY: All described species of this genus are known to develop only on host plants of the Cactaceae. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Green (1912a), Ferris (1955a), De Lotto (1974a), Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992) and Gill (1993). KEYS: De Haro & Claps, 1995: 16-17 (female) [world]; Gill, 1993: 148 (female) [USA, California]; Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab, 1992: 35-36 (female) [world]; De Lotto, 1974a (female) [world]; Ferris, 1955a: 86 (female) [North America]. CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 95]; Atkins1886 [taxonomy: 285, 288]; Bodenh1949 [taxonomy: 7]; Cocker1893dd [taxonomy: 1041-1049]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453-454]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy: 345]; Costa1829 [taxonomy: 16]; Crawfo1890 [taxonomy: 76]; DanzigKe1981 [taxonomy: 79-83]; DeHaroCl1995 [taxonomy, description, host plants, economic importance: 1-19]; DeLott1974a [taxonomy, description: 167-170]; Enderl1914 [taxonomy: 370]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 80-82]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy: 19]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 5]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 85-86]; Ferris1957c [taxonomy: 85]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description: 146-148]; Green1896e [taxonomy: 17]; Green1912a [taxonomy, description: 79-93]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 357]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy: 91-99]; Howell1976 [taxonomy: 188]; ICZN1983 [taxonomy: 77-80]; KozarDr1998f [catalogue: 169]; MacGreSa1984 [taxonomy: 217]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 7]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy: 89]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy: 86]; Miller1974b [taxonomy: 146-153]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 54-55]; PerezGKo1992 [taxonomy, description: 1-87]; Portil2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, phylogeny: 1-8]; Signor1875c [taxonomy: 346]; SimmonBe1966 [distribution, biological control: 183-189]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 324]. 211

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Dactylopius austrinus De Lotto Dactylopius austrinus De Lotto, 1974a: 174. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, on Opuntia aurantiaca. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. STRUCTURE: Gunn (1978) described for the first time sexual dimorphism in crawlers of this species, and in the Dactylopiidae. HOST PLANTS: Cactaceae: Opuntia anacantha anacantha [ClapsDe2001], Opuntia anacantha kiska-loro, Opuntia aurantiaca [DeLott1974a, MoranCo1979, Hoskin1984, PerezGKo1992], Opuntia canina [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia kiska-loro [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia pampeana [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia retrorsa [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia sulphurea [ClapsDe2001]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1974a, MoranCo1979, MoranGuWa1982, PerezGKo1992]. Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [DeLott1974a, Hoskin1984, PerezGKo1992]). Neotropical: Argentina (Catamarca [PerezGKo1992], Jujuy [PerezGKo1992], La Rioja [PerezGKo1992], Mendoza [DeLott1974a]). BIOLOGY: Life history of the male and female in South Africa studied and described by Moran & Cobby (1979). Hosking (1984) studied the effect of temperature on the population growth potential of this scale, on Opuntia aurantiaca in Australia. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Imported for the biological control of jointed cactus, Opuntia aurantiaca in South Africa (Moran & Cobby, 1979), where it is regarded the primary biocontrol agent (Moran & Zimmermann, 1991). Introduced into Australia for the biological control of tiger pear, Opuntia aurantiaca (Hosking, 1984). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1974a) and by Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani. KEYS: De Haro & Claps, 1995: 16-17 (female) [world]; Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab, 1992: 35-36 (female) [Species of Dactylopius]; De Lotto, 1974a: 173-174 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: ClapsDe2001 [host, distribution: 79]; ControJoCa1981 [host, distribution, biological control: 1]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; Cullen1995 [biological control: 103-109]; DeHaroCl1995 [taxonomy: 16-17]; DeLott1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174, 175]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy: 91-99]; Gunn1978 [taxonomy, morphology: 333-338]; Hoskin1984 [life history, biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 133-139]; KlugeZiCi1986 [biological control: 295-303]; Koszta1987 [economic importance, biological control: 218]; MoranCo1979 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 629-636]; MoranGuWa1982 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 409-419]; MoranNeHo1986 [biological control: 261-268]; MoranZi1991 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 5-27]; PerezGKo1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-40]; Portil1995 [host, distribution: 62-65]; Portil2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, phylogeny: 1-8]; ZimmerBuAn1974 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 204-209]; ZimmerMo1982 [host, distribution, biological control: 314-320]; ZimmerMoHo1986 [biological control: 269-275]. Dactylopius bassi (Targioni Tozzetti) Coccus bassi Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 129. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov & Marotta, 2001: 169. Coccus bassi Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 25. Type data: MEXICO: probably on Cactaceae, collected by Dr. Bassi. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material lost (Giuseppina Pellizzari, Padova, in letter to Yair Ben-Dov). Dactylopius bassi; Ben-Dov & Marotta, 2001: 169. Change of combination. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Targio1867, BenDovMa2001S].


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GENERAL: Ben-Dov & Marotta (2001) assigned this species to the Dactylopiidae, with indication that it cannot be distinguished from other species of Dactylopius. CITATIONS: BenDovMa2001S [taxonomy, distribution: 169-170]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 129]; Targio1867 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 24, 25, 27]. Dactylopius ceylonicus (Green) Coccus cacti ceylonicus Green, 1896: 7. Type data: SRI LANKA: Hambantota, on Opuntia sp. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Coccus indicus Green, 1908a: 28. Type data: INDIA: Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, on Opuntia dillenii, coll. I. Burkill (Reg. No. 15467). Holotype. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Green, 1922: 358. Dactylopius ceylonicus; Sanders, 1909a: 38. Change of combination. Dactylopius argentinus Dominguez, 1915: 3. Type data: ARGENTINA: States of Cordoba, Santiago del Estero, Rioja and Catamarca, on various species of Cactaceae, such as Opuntia quimilo, O. aurantiaca, O. ficus indica. Syntypes. Synonymy by Lizer y Trelles, 1922. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Dactylopius indicus; Green, 1922: 358. Change of combination. COMMON NAME: wild cochineal insect [Green1922]. SYSTEMATICS: The original description of Dactylopius argentinus Dominguez, 1915 (current status Synonym of D. ceylonicus), includes the binomen, distribution, host plants and the chemical composition of the female. STRUCTURE: Colour illustration of the adult female and male given by Green (1922). HOST PLANTS: Cactaceae: Nopalea [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia [Green1896, DeLott1974a, MacGreSa1984], Opuntia anacantha retrorsa [ClapsDe2001], Opuntia canina [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992], Opuntia chuquisacana [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia dillenii [Green1908a, Sander1909a, Hutson1926, PerezGKo1992], Opuntia discolor [PerezGKo1992, ClapsDe2001], Opuntia ficus-indica [MacGreSa1984, PerezGKo1992], Opuntia longispina [ClapsDe2001], Opuntia monacantha [Green1922, Hutson1926, Ali1967a, DeLott1974a, Varshn1994], Opuntia quimilo [PerezGKo1992, ClapsDe2001], Opuntia retrorsa [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992], Opuntia salmiana [ClapsDe2001], Opuntia soehrensii [ClapsDe2001], Opuntia sulphurea [Ferris1919a, PerezGKo1992]. NATURAL ENEMIES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [TirumaDa1958]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [PerezGKo1992]; Mauritania [PerezGKo1992]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a, MoutiaMa1946]; South Africa [DeLott1974a]. Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [PerezGKo1992], Queensland [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992]). Nearctic: Mexico (Hidalgo [MacGreSa1984], Jalisco [MacGreSa1984], Mexico State [MacGreSa1984], Morelos [MacGreSa1984], Oaxaca [MacGreSa1984], Veracruz [MacGreSa1984]); United States of America (California [Ferris1919a]). Neotropical: Argentina (Entre Rios [Lizery1922], Formosa [PerezGKo1992], San Luis [Lizery1922, PerezGKo1992], Santa Fe [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992], Tucuman [PerezGKo1992]); Bolivia [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992]; Brazil [PerezGKo1992]; Paraguay [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992]. Oriental: Bangladesh [PerezGKo1992]; India [Green1908a, Sander1909a] (Andhra Pradesh [Varshn1994], Bihar [Ali1967a, Varshn1994], Himachal Pradesh [Varshn1994], Orissa [Varshn1994], Tamil Nadu [Varshn1994], West Bengal [Varshn1994]); Nepal [PerezGKo1992]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1922, PerezGKo1992]. BIOLOGY: Karny (1972) studied in South Africa three populations of Dactylopius spp., namely Species P, Species J and Dactylopius indicus [=Dactylopius ceylonicus]. Studies were carried on life history and their suitability for biological control of Opuntia species. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Goeden (1978) discussed the use of this species in biological control of Opuntia spp.

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GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1955a), De Lotto (1974a), Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992). Description and illustration of nymphs of male and female, and adult male by De Haro (1996). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani. KEYS: De Haro & Claps, 1995: 16-17 (female) [world]; Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab, 1992: 35-36 (female) [Species of Dactylopius]; De Lotto, 1974a: 173-174 (female) [world]; Ferris, 1955a: 86 (female) [North America]. CITATIONS: Ali1967a [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 30-31]; AndresDaHa1976 [biological control, economic importance: 481]; BadiiFl2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 503-505]; Beeson1934 [host, distribution, biological control: 203-205]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 296]; ClapsDe2001 [host, distribution: 79]; DeHaro1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-4,179-188]; DeHaroCl1995 [taxonomy: 16-17]; DeHaro1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-188]; DeLott1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-178]; DennilHo1990 [biological control: 1-10]; DestruPrCo1915 [host, distribution, biological control: 323]; Dodd1927 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-44]; Doming1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution, chemistry: 3-5]; Ferris1919a [host, distribution: 20]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-91]; Frogga1917a [host, distribution, biological control: 417-426]; Goeden1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 362-371]; GoedenAn1999 [biological control, host, distribution: 871-890]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 28-29]; Green1912a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-82, 84-87]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 358-359]; Harris2002 [biological control: 74-76]; Hutson1926 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 290-292]; Imms1941 [biological control: 303-305]; Jepson1930 [biological control: 63-72]; Johnst1921 [host, distribution, biological control: 65-66]; Johnst1924 [host, distribution, biological control: 347-401]; Johnst1924a [host, distribution, biological control: 269-290]; Johnst1926 [host, distribution, biological control: 235-240]; Karny1972 [life history, biological control, economic importance, taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-19]; Koszta1987 [economic importance, biological control: 218]; KozarDr1998f [catalogue: 169-170]; LaingHa1976 [biological control: 685]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 147]; Lizery1922 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 107-110]; MacGreSa1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 217-218]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 145]; Mamet1949 [catalogue: 7]; MoranNeHo1986 [biological control: 261-268]; MoranZi1984 [host, distribution, biological control: 297-320]; MoranZi1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 5-27]; MoutiaMa1946 [host, distribution, economic importance: 462]; Ordish1967 [economic importance, biological control]; PerezGKo1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-44]; Portil1995 [host, distribution: 62-65]; Portil2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, phylogeny: 1-8]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1931 [economic importance, host, distribution: 229-237]; Reddy1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 465]; Sander1909a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; Sankar1973 [life history, biological control: 82-88]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 426]; Scott1936 [host, distribution, biological control: 404-410]; Sulliv1990 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 123129]; Sweetm1935 [biological control: 373-377]; Taylor1984 [chemistry, economic importance: 22-25]; TirumaDa1958 [biological control: 545-552]; Tough1938 [host, distribution, biological control: 7-9]; Valles1965 [biological control: 259-279]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 331]; ZimmerMoHo1986 [biological control: 269-275].


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Dactylopius coccus Costa Dactylopius cacti auctorum [non: Linnaeus, 1758]. Coccus sativus Lancry, 1791: 486. nomen oblitum. Type data: SOUTH AMERICA: on Cactaceae. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1974a: 179. Notes: Regarded as nomen oblitum by De Lotto (1974a). Coccus mexicanus Lamarck, 1801: 299. nomen oblitum. Type data: MEXICO: on Cactaceae. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1974a: 179. Notes: Regarded as nomen oblitum by De Lotto (1974a). Dactylopius coccus Costa, 1829: 16. Type data: ITALY: on Opuntia “Fico d’India”. Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari in personal information to Yair Ben-Dov). This binomen has been placed on the Official List of Species Names in Zoology. (Name Number 2851) (see ICZN, 1983.) Coccus cacti; Signoret, 1875c: 347. Notes: Signoret named this binomen Coccus cacti des auteurs. Coccus cacti; Cockerell, 1893dd: 1041. Pseudococcus signoreti Cockerell, 1900g: 992. Replacement name for Coccus cacti des auteurs, of Signoret, 1875c: 347; synonymy by De Lotto, 1974a: 179. Dactylopius coccus; Cockerell, 1902k: 454. Dactylopius mexicanus; Lindinger, 1943c: 249. Change of combination. Dactylopius sativus; Lindinger, 1943c: 249. Change of combination. COMMON NAMES: cochineal; cochineal insect; cochineal scale; cochinilla cultivada; cochinilla del carmin; cochinilla fina; grana cochinilla; grana cultivada; grana fina. SYSTEMATICS: For about 150 years this species was referred to, in scale insect taxonomy, as Coccus cacti Linnaeus, 1758. Cockerell (1899j) demonstrated that the latter species is actually a margarodid. The current status of this species is Protortonia cacti (Linnaeus, 1758) [Margarodidae: Monophlebinae]; see also Ben-Dov (2005a). Cockerell selected as a substitute for Coccus cacti the name Dactylopius coccus O. Costa, 1829. Lindinger (1943c) disclosed that Dactylopius coccus O. Costa was actually a junior synonym of Coccus sativus Lancry, 1791 and Coccus mexicanus Lamarck, 1801. De Lotto (1974a) discussed Lindinger’s findings, but remarked that, considering the wide acceptance of Costa’s name, Lindinger’s (1943c) changes were undesirable. De Lotto (1974a) noted that in order to stabilize Dactylopius coccus, the matter should be referred to the ICZN so that Coccus sativus Lancry, 1791 and Coccus mexicanus Lamarck, 1801, be placed on the Official List of Rejected Names, as nomina oblita. However, no such application has been made. Dactylopius coccus O. Costa, 1829 is accepted in this catalogue, as the currently accepted name of the cochineal insect, while Coccus sativus Lancry, 1791 and Coccus mexicanus Lamarck, 1801, are regarded as nomina oblita that are synonymous with Dactylopius coccus. Dactylopius coccus O. Costa, 1829, has been placed on the Official List of Species Names in Zoology. (Name Number 2851) (see ICZN, 1983.) STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Foldi (2003b). HOST PLANTS: Cactaceae: Nopalea cochenillifera [PortilAr1994], Opuntia [DeLott1974a, MacGreSa1984], Opuntia atropes [PortilAr1994], Opuntia ficus-barbarica [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia ficus-indica [MacGreSa1984, PortilAr1994, DeHaroCl1999], Opuntia hyptiacantha [MacGreSa1984], Opuntia jaliscana [PortilAr1994], Opuntia megacantha [PortilAr1994], Opuntia pilifera [PortilAr1994], Opuntia sarca [PortilAr1994], Opuntia septacantha [PortilAr1994], Opuntia tomentosa [PerezGKo1992, PortilAr1994], Opuntia vulgaris [Mamet1950]. NATURAL ENEMIES: COLEOPTERA: Coccinellidae: Chilocorus [PortilVi1998], Exochomus flavipes [RussoMa1996], Hyperaspis fimbriolata Melsheim [Portil2005], Hyperaspis trifurcata Schaeffer [Portil2005], Scymnus hornii LeConte [Portil2005], Scymnus intrusus Horn [Portil2005]. Nitidulidae: Cybocephalus nigritulus LeConte [Portil2005]. DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Leucopis bellula Willinston [Portil2005]. LEPIDOPTERA: Pyralidae: Laetilia coccidivora (Comstock) [PortilVi1998], Salambona analamprella (Dyar) [Portil2005]. NEUROPTERA: Hemerobidae: Sympherobius amiculus Fitch [Portil2005].

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DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1943a, Mamet1950]; South Africa [DeLott1974a]. Nearctic: Mexico [PortilAr1994] (Hidalgo [MacGreSa1984], Oaxaca [MacGreSa1984, Miller1996], Puebla [MacGreSa1984]). Neotropical: Argentina (La Rioja [DeHaroCl1999]); Peru [DeLott1974a, PortilAr1994, Miller1996]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [Lindin1909c, Lindin1911a, Miller1996]. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: This scale insect was first observed in the sixteenth century in Mexico by the Spaniards who subsequently introduced it to other Spanish territories as well as to Spain. The body of the adult female of this scale insect is the source of the red carmine dye. It was, and still cultivated for that purpose in Central and South America as well as in the Canary Islands (Donkin, 1977). The insect was, and still is bred for that purpose in Central and South America as well as in the Canary Islands (Donkin, 1977). Portillo & Arreola (1994) recorded a form of Nopalea cochenillifera from Peru resistant to the cochineal. Goeden (1978) discussed the use of this species in biological control of Opuntia spp. Cochineal extract was listed as one of the food ingredients capable of eliciting allergic sensitization, although it would rarely be classified as allergic (Taylor & Hefle, 2001). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1955a), De Lotto (1974a) and Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992). Description and illustration of first-instar, second-instar female, second-instar male, prepupa, pupa and adult male by Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani. KEYS: De Haro & Claps, 1995: 16-17 (female) [world]; Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab, 1992: 35-36 (female) [Species of Dactylopius]; De Lotto, 1974a: 173-174 (female) [world]; Ferris, 1955a: 86 (female) [North America]. CITATIONS: AbrahaEd1964 [chemistry: 19-25]; AckachPoJa2003 [chemistry: 1028-1034]; AguirrGu1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-389]; AldamaLl2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 11-19]; AlleviAnBi1998 [host, distribution, chemistry: 575-582]; AlleviAnCi1987 [chemistry: 5469-5472]; AlvarePoVi1996 [life history, economic importance: 19-31]; AquinoBa2002 [structure, chromosomes: 6-10]; AquinoGaCo1994 [structure, chromosomes: 7-23]; Arndt1940 [chemistry, economic importance]; BabithSaPa2003 [chemistry: 258-266]; BaranoZySz2004 [chemistry: 54-57]; Barany1978 [economic importance, chemistry, host, distribution, life history: 85-92]; BarberCaIn1972 [host, distribution, economic importance: 10-20]; BarberInPi1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-216]; BarcenAq1997 [life history, host: 21]; BenDov2005 [taxonomy: 263]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, chemistry: 282-302]; Bohmer2000 [chemistry, economic importance: 57-60]; Brana1966 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 77-91]; Bustam2002 [economic importance: 21-23]; CalvoSa2000 [chemistry: 439-443]; CamposLl1999 [life history, economic importance]; CamposLl2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 143-155]; Cardon1999 [economic importance, chemistry: 18-29]; Cardon1999a [economic importance, chemistry: 50-55]; Castil1993 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, economic importance: 1-94]; ChenLiBe2004 [life history: 301-303]; ClapsDe2001 [host, distribution: 80]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 259-275]; Cocker1900g [taxonomy: 991, 992]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 454]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 346]; ConstaStSa2002 [chemistry: 203-220]; Costa1835 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16, 17]; CruzDiCrDo1994 [life history, host, distribution: 125-130]; CruzHeGaRo2003 [chemistry: 37-45]; CuevaIzCr2001 [chemistry, economic importance: 144]; Dahlgr1963 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-327]; Dalrym1984 [chemistry, economic importance: 3-7]; Decary1930 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 101-117]; DeHaroCl1995 [taxonomy: 16-17]; DeHaroCl1999 [host, distribution: 128]; DeLott1974a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179, 180]; DeNobr1848 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 342-348]; DiazSoSoNu1999 [host, life history, economic importance: 110-111]; Dodd1927 [host, distribution,


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economic importance, biological control: 1-44]; Donkin1977 [taxonomy, economic importance, life history, host, distribution: 1-84]; DragoMaSa2002 [chemistry: 1969-1974]; Eastwo1984 [chemistry, economic importance: 9-19]; Edelst1963 [chemistry: 15-17]; FAO2001 [chemistry, economic importance: 1-107]; FerreiFeSa2003 [host, distribution, life history: 1560-1568]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-87]; Flores1995 [host, distribution, ecology, life history, economic importance: 35-41]; Flores2002 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 16-20]; Foldi2003b [taxonomy: 28]; FordGoGr1987 [chemistry: 897-902]; Franci2002 [chemistry: 173-206]; FranciMa2002 [chemistry: 297-330]; FranciWa2002 [chemistry, economic importance: 173-206]; GarzaZVa1999 [host, life history, economic importance: 112]; Goeden1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 362-363]; GoldenBuSt 2000 [host, distribution, life history]; GonzalMeCa2002 [chemistry, economic importance: 69686974]; Gram1984 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-299]; GrantGaCa1987 [chemistry: 913-917]; Green1912a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-84]; Halpin1996 [chemistry: 76]; Harris2001 [host, distribution, biological control]; Harris2002 [biological control: 74-76]; Haude1998 [chemistry: 240-270]; Hernan1999 [economic importance: 105-118]; HernanDeRo2003 [chemistry: 37-45]; Herrer1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 26-30]; HeShDe2003 [host, distribution, life history: 604-609]; Hordes1980 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-237]; ICZN1983 [taxonomy: 77-80]; KatoHaTs2004 [chemistry: 241-251]; KingDu1998 [chemistry: 847-853]; KlugeZiCi1986 [biological control: 295-303]; Koszta1987 [economic importance: 218]; KozarDr1998f [catalogue: 170]; KozielSa2001 [distribution: 1-5]; KreiteMaDi1998a [life history, economic importance: 201-206]; Lamarc1801 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 299]; LambdiAqGr2002 [chemistry: 11-15]; Lancry1791 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 486]; LeesonAl1999 [chemistry]; Legget1944 [economic importance, chemistry: 1-95]; Lillie1979 [economic importance, chemistry: 57-61]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 450]; Lindin1911a [host, distribution: 7]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 147]; Lindin1943c [taxonomy: 249-250]; Linnae1758 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 457]; LizasoMoGa2000 [chemistry: 549-552]; LlandeCa1999 [host, economic importance: 61-68]; LlandeNi1999 [host, distribution, economic importance]; LlandeNi1999a [host, distribution, life history: 23-29]; MacGreSa1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 218-219]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 145]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 19]; MarinLCi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 115-120]; MarinLCi1983 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 81-83]; Martog1992 [chemistry: 1-226]; Massch1967 [chemistry: 1080-1085]; MatallCaMi2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, ecology: 22-25]; MazaBaNiLl1999 [life history, chemistry]; Mendez1999 [host, distribution, life history: 69-78]; MendezGa1999 [host, life history, economic importance: 31-59]; MendezGoLo2004 [chemistry: 1331-1337]; MendezPaTi2003 [economic importance: 165-171]; MendezVeBr1995 [host, distribution, ecology, life history, economic importance: 42-47]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 69]; MoraBl1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 137]; MoranNeHo1986 [biological control: 261-268]; Nobel1995 [host, distribution, ecology, life history, economic importance: 77-83]; Pelham1963 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 635-639]; PerezG1991 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history: 1-181]; PerezGKo1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemistry: 15-49]; PerezS1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-22]; PerezS1999a [economic importance: 119-136]; Pimien1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 87-95]; PimienNeMu1995 [host, distribution, ecology, life history, economic importance: 1-308]; Portil1992 [host, distribution, economic importance: 50-55]; Portil1993 [life history, economic importance: 25-34]; Portil2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control, phylogeny: 1-8]; PortilAr1994 [host, distribution: 90-95]; PortilFl1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 77-87]; PortilVi1998 [biological control: 43-49]; PortilVi1998a [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; PortilVi1998b [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-21]; PortilVi2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 249-251]; PortilViTr1994 [chemistry, economic importance: 38-42]; PowellHo1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution];

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PuchalOrAc2003 [chemistry: 1252-1258]; ReusHoSt2000 [chemistry: 1836-1839]; Robles1999 [host, life history, ecology: 113-114]; RodrigMeNi2001 [life history, ecology: 73-77]; RodrigNi2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 85-89]; RodrigPo1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 49-53]; RubioMe2001 [chemistry]; RubioSaNo2001 [chemistry]; RubioSaNo2001 [chemistry]; RussoMa1996 [life history, distribution, economic importance: 10-13]; RussoMaSu2001 [host, distribution, life history: 333-338]; Saltzm1986 [chemistry, economic importance: 1-84]; Saltzm1992 [chemistry, economic importance: 474-481]; SaltzmKeCh1963 [chemistry, economic importance: 241-251]; Sandbe1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-215]; SarkanMeEv1961 [economic importance, chemistry: 39-40]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 426]; Schwep1979 [chemistry: 14-23]; Schwep1986 [chemistry, economic importance: 153-174]; SchwepRo1986 [economic importance, life history, chemistry, host, distribution: 255-283]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 846]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 347-349]; Silva1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-316]; SmithMiDa2005 [chemistry: 1010-1030]; Speigh2001 [distribution: 1-5]; Sternl1980 [host, economic importance: 17-21]; SteuriFe2001 [chemistry: 66-72]; Sweetm1935 [biological control: 373-377]; TabarPAlAc2003 [chemistry: 415-419]; Taylor1984 [chemistry, economic importance: 22-25]; Taylor1986 [chemistry: 53-61]; TaylorHe2001 [chemistry, economic importance: 64-69]; Tekele1995 [host, distribution, ecology, life history, economic importance: 48-55]; Tekele1995a [host, distribution, ecology, life history, economic importance: 56-61]; Tekele2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, ecology: 1-191]; Thomso1971 [chemistry: 1-5]; TiedemYa1995 [chemistry: 195-206]; TovarPPaMe1999 [host, life history, economic importance: 115-116]; Turok1996 [economic importance: 91-94]; UematsHiSu2002 [chemistry: 335-342]; Valles1965 [biological control: 259-279]; Valles1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-143]; ViguerPo1995 [host, distribution: 24-25]; ViguerPo1995a [chemistry: 41-48]; ViguerPo1997 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 135-136]; ViguerPo1999 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 79-92]; ViguerPo1999a [economic importance: 93-104]; Waller1986 [chemistry, economic importance: 145-155]; Walton1984 [chemistry, economic importance: 30-34]; Warren1914 [host, distribution, description: 387-391]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 324]; Wood1986 [economic importance: 4-8]; Wouter1985 [chemistry: 119-128]; WouterVe1989a [chemistry: 189-200]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; YangYaLi2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 85-89]; Yannak2003 [economic importance: 1-5]; ZhangShXu2002 [economic importance: 719-726]. Dactylopius confertus De Lotto Dactylopius confertus De Lotto, 1974a: 180. Type data: ARGENTINA: Salta, Morillo, on Cleistocactus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Cactaceae: Cereus aethiops [ClapsDe2001], Cleistocactus [DeLott1974a], Cleistocactus baumannii [PerezGKo1992, ClapsDe2001], Denmoza rhodocantha [ClapsDe2001], Echinopsis leucantha [PerezGKo1992, ClapsDe2001], Gymnocalycium monvillei [ClapsDe2001], Harrisia tortuosa [ClapsDe2001], Pilocereus [ClapsDe2001], Trichocereus candicans [ClapsDe2001]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Formosa [PerezGKo1992], Salta [DeLott1974a], San Luis [PerezGKo1992]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1974a) and by Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani. KEYS: De Haro & Claps, 1995: 16-17 (female) [world]; Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab, 1992: 35-36 (female) [Dactylopius spp.]; De Lotto, 1974a: 173-174 (female) [world].


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CITATIONS: ClapsDe2001 [host, distribution: 80]; DeHaroCl1995 [taxonomy: 16-17]; DeLott1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-181]; PerezGKo1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-52]; Portil1995 [host, distribution: 62-65]; Portil2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, phylogeny: 1-8]. Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell) Acanthococcus confusus Cockerell, 1893gg: 366. Type data: USA: New Mexico, Las Cruces, on a plant of Cactaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Coccus confusus; Cockerell, 1893dd: 1043. Change of combination. Coccus cacti confusus; Cockerell, 1896f: 34. Change of status. Coccus tomentosus confusus; Cockerell, 1898v: 675. Change of status. Coccus tomentosus newsteadi Cockerell, 1898v: 675. Type data: USA: Arizona, Texas; MEXICO: Northern Mexico, on Cacti. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1974a: 180. Pseudococcus confusus newsteadi; Cockerell, 1899t: 284. Change of combination. Pseudococcus confusus; Cockerell, 1899n: 6. Change of combination. Dactylopius confusus; Cockerell, 1902k: 454. Change of combination. Dactylopius confusus newsteadi; Cockerell, 1902k: 454. Change of combination. Coccus confusus capensis Green, 1912a: 91. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, on Opuntia monacantha; collected Lounsbury. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1974a: 180. Dactylopius greenii Cockerell, 1929: 329. Replacement name for Coccus confusus capensis Green, 1912a. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1974a: 180. Dactylopius newsteadi; Cockerell, 1929: 329. Change of combination. Dactylopius confuses; Xie et al., 2004a: 514. Misspelling of species name. COMMON NAMES: California cochineal scale [Gill1993]; california cochineal scale [Gill1993]. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Gill (1993). HOST PLANTS: Cactaceae: Cactus [Riddic1955], Cereus versicolor [PerezGKo1992], Echinocactus [MerrilCh1923], Opuntia [Cocker1896f, Ferris1919a, MerrilCh1923, Ferris1955a, MacGreSa1984, GilreaSm1987], Opuntia aurantiaca [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia dillenii [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia discata [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia elata [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia exaltata [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia ficus-barbarica [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia humifusa [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia lindheimeri [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia monacantha [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992], Opuntia polyacantha [Ferris1919a, PerezGKo1992], Opuntia pumila [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia streptacantha [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia stricta [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992], Opuntia tomentosa [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia wetmorei [Lizery1922], Selenicereus [PerezGKo1992]. NATURAL ENEMIES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis trifurcata Schaeffer [GilreaSm1988]. DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Leucopis bellula Williston [GilreaSm1988]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Epicerchysius thoreauini Girault [Gordh1979]. LEPIDOPTERA Phycitinae: Laetilia coccidivora (Comstock) [GilreaSm1988]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Miller1996]; South Africa [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]; Zimbabwe [Whelan1965]. Australasian: Australia [Miller1996] (Queensland [DeLott1974a], Queensland [PerezGKo1992], Victoria [PerezGKo1992]). Nearctic: Canada (Saskatchewan [MawMo1980, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]); Mexico [MerrilCh1923, Ferris1955a] (Baja California [MerrilCh1923, Ferris1955a, MacGreSa1984], District federal [MacGreSa1984], Durango [Miller1996], Guanajuato [MacGreSa1984], Guerrero [MacGreSa1984, Miller1996], Jalisco [MacGreSa1984, Miller1996], Morelos [MacGreSa1984, Miller1996],

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Nuevo Leon [Miller1996], Oaxaca [MacGreSa1984], Puebla [MacGreSa1984, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996], Sonora [Miller1996], Tamaulipas [MacGreSa1984]); United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1919a, MerrilCh1923, Ferris1955a, Miller1996], California [MerrilCh1923, Ferris1955a, Gill1993, Miller1996], Colorado [MerrilCh1923, Cocker1929, Miller1996], Florida [Miller1996], Idaho [Miller1996], Minnesota [Miller1996], Montana [Ferris1919a], Nebraska [Miller1996], Nevada [Miller1996], New Mexico [Cocker1893dd, MerrilCh1923, Cocker1929, Miller1996], New Mexico [PerezGKo1992], New York [Miller1996], Oklahoma [Miller1996], South Carolina [Miller1996], South Dakota [Miller1996], Texas [Ferris1955a, GilreaSm1987], Utah [Ferris1955a, Miller1996], Washington [Miller1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [Lizery1922]); Bahamas [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]; Cuba [MerrilCh1923]; Haiti [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]; Mexico (Chihuahua [MacGreSa1984]); Peru [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]. Palaearctic: Algeria [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]. BIOLOGY: The bionomics in Texas was studied and described by Gilreath & Smith (1987, 1988). Gill (1993) indicates that this species prefers the flat-padded Platypodium cacti. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: This species has been introduced into five countries as a biological control agent to suppress Opuntia weeds; became established in Australia (Dodd, 1940); was established for a time in South Africa (Dodd, 1940; Annecke & Neser, 1977). Gilreath & Smith (1988) proved that natural enemies play a role in regulating population level of this scale on Opuntia cladophylls in Texas, USA. Goeden (1978) discussed the use of this species in biological control of Opuntia spp. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1955a), De Lotto (1974a), Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992) and Gill (1993). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani. KEYS: De Haro & Claps, 1995: 16-17 (female) [world]; Gill, 1993: 148 (female) [USA, California]; Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab, 1992: 35-36 (female) [Species of Dactylopius]; De Lotto, 1974a: 173-174 (female) [world]; Ferris, 1955a: 86 (female) [North America]. CITATIONS: AndresDa1973 [biological control: 11-28]; AnneckNe1977 [biological control, host, distribution: 303-319]; AquinoGaCo1994 [structure, chromosomes: 7-23]; Cocker1893dd [p. 1043]; Cocker1893gg [p. 366]; Cocker1896f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 454]; Cocker1929 [taxonomy, distribution: 329]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; DeHaroCl1995 [taxonomy: 16-17]; DeLott1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-184]; Dodd1927 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-44]; Dodd1940 [biological control: 41-45, 54-55, 96-105]; Ferris1919a [host, distribution: 20]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88, 89]; Fester1943 [chemistry: 195-196]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148, 150]; Gilrea1985 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-202]; GilreaSm1987 [life history, host, distribution, biological control: 768-774]; GilreaSm1988 [life history, economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 730-738]; Goeden1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 362, 365, 368]; GoedenAnFr1974 [biological control, host, distribution: 490-495]; Green1912a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80, 89-93]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy: 91-99]; Hamlin1924a [biological control: 447-460]; HoskinMcMu1988 [host, distribution, biological control: 115-123]; KozarDr1998f [catalogue: 170-171]; LambdiJo2001 [structure, anatomy: 113-117]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 147]; Lizery1922 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 110-111]; MacGreSa1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 219-220]; MawMo1980 [host, distribution: 208-211]; MerrilCh1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 279, 280]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 71]; Pember1964 [host, distribution: 689]; PerezGKo1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-58]; Pettey1939 [host, distribution, biological control: 413-415]; Pettey1941 [host, distribution, biological control: 133]; Portil1995 [host, distribution: 62-65];


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Portil2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, phylogeny: 1-8]; Riddic1955 [host: 11]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 426]; Smit1952 [taxonomy: 481-482]; Sweetm1935 [biological control: 373-377]; Taylor1984 [chemistry, economic importance: 22-25]; Whelan1965 [host, distribution, economic importance: 67]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 219]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; ZhangChSh2004 [life history: 484-489]; ZhangShXu2004 [host, distribution: 321-326]. Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) Coccus cacti opuntiae Cockerell, 1896f: 35. Type data: MEXICO: Guanajuato, on a species of Cactaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: Cockerell (1896f) credited this species to “Licht. MS”, but the author should be named Cockerell. Coccus tomentosus; Cockerell, 1896f: 35. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1974a: 184. Dactylopius opuntiae; Cockerell, 1929: 328. Change of combination. COMMON NAME: opuntia cochineal scale [Gill1993]. STRUCTURE: The ultrastructure of wax-secreting glands described and SEM photographed by Hartley et al. (1983). Colour photograph given by Gill (1993). HOST PLANTS: Cactaceae: Mammillaria tenuis [PerezGKo1992], Nopalea [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia [DeLott1974a, AnneckBuCo1976, MacGreSa1984], Opuntia? lindheimeri [DeLott1974a], Opuntia cochenillifera [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia dillenii [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia fuscicaulis [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia hernandezi [MacGreSa1984], Opuntia inermis [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992], Opuntia littoralis [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia megacantha [Pettey1947, Pettey1950, DeLott1974a], Opuntia occidentalis [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia palmadora [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia streptacantha [DeLott1974a], Opuntia tardospina [DeLott1974a], Opuntia tomentosa [DeLott1974a, MacGreSa1984], Opuntia tuna [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia vulgaris [PerezGKo1992], Platyopuntia [PerezGKo1992]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cape Verde Islands [VanHarCoWi1990]; Kenya [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]; Madagascar [Miller1996]; Mauritius [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]; Réunion [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]; South Africa [Pettey1947, DeLott1974, AnneckBuCo1976, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]; Zimbabwe [PerezGKo1992]. Australasian: Australia [Miller1996] (New South Wales [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Miller1996]). Nearctic: Mexico (Aguascalientes [MacGreSa1984], Baja California [MacGreSa1984, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996], District federal [MacGreSa1984, Miller1996], Durango [MacGreSa1984, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996], Guanajuato [Cocker1896f], Guerrero [MacGreSa1984], Hidalgo [MacGreSa1984, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996], Jalisco [MacGreSa1984], Mexico State [MacGreSa1984, Miller1996], Michoacan [MacGreSa1984, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996], Morelos [Miller1996], Nayarit [MacGreSa1984], Nuevo Leon [MacGreSa1984], Oaxaca [MacGreSa1984, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996], Puebla [MacGreSa1984], Queretaro [MacGreSa1984], Tamaulipas [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996], Veracruz [MacGreSa1984], Zacatecas [MacGreSa1984]); United States of America (Arizona [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996], California [PerezGKo1992, Gill1993, Miller1996], Texas [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]). Neotropical: Brazil (Pernambuco [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]); Jamaica [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]; Mexico (Chiapas [MacGreSa1984]). Oriental: India [DeLott1974a, Miller1996] (Orissa [PerezGKo1992], Tamil Nadu [PerezGKo1992]); Pakistan [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]; Sri Lanka [DeLott1974a, PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]. Palaearctic: France [Miller1996, Foldi2001]. BIOLOGY: Gill (1993) indicated that this species prefers the Platyopuntia group of flat-pad cacti in the genus Opuntia. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Pettey (1947), Pettey (1950), Pettey & Marais (1950) and Zimmermann & Moran (1991) presented detailed accounts on the role of this species in the successful biological control of prickly pears, especially Opuntia megacantha, in South Africa. Goeden (1978) discussed the use of this species in biological control of Opuntia spp.

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GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1974a), Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992) and by Gill (1993). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani. KEYS: De Haro & Claps, 1995: 16-17 (female) [world]; Gill, 1993: 148 (female) [USA, California]; Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab, 1992: 35-36 (female) [Species of Dactylopius]; De Lotto, 1974a: 173-174 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: Andres1981 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 341-349]; AndresGo1971 [biological control: 143-164]; AnneckBuCo1976 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 111-116]; BalciuBuPu1995 [distribution, biological control: 445]; Bennet1971 [host, distribution, biological control: 371]; Cocker1896f [taxonomy, distribution: 35]; Cocker1929 [taxonomy: 329]; Coyle1990 [host, distribution, biological control: 490-492]; DeHaroCl1995 [taxonomy: 16-17]; DeLott1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-186]; duToit1942 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 300304]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FoxcroHo2000 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, life history: 1-5]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149, 151]; GithurZiHo1999 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, life history, taxonomy: 43-48]; Goeden1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 362-378]; GoedenAnFr1974 [biological control, host, distribution: 490-495]; HartleWaMo1983 [structure: 97-98]; Heap1990 [biological control]; HoffmaImVo2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 900-908]; HoffmaMoZi1999 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 15-20]; HuffakCa1986 [biological control, economic importance: 95-107]; HuffakDaJa1984 [distribution, biological control: 659-691]; KlugeZiCi1986 [biological control: 295-303]; Koszta1987 [economic importance, biological control: 218]; LaingHa1976 [biological control: 685]; MacGreSa1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220-221]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 71]; MoranZi1984 [host, distribution, biological control: 297-320]; Ordish1967 [economic importance, biological control]; PalaciNiLl2004 [chemical control: 99-106]; PerezGKo1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-62]; Pettey1943 [host, distribution, biological control: 743-746]; Pettey1946a [host, distribution, biological control: 31-33]; Pettey1947 [behaviour, ecology, economic importance, biological control, life history, host, distribution: 102-136]; Pettey1950 [life history, ecology, biological control, host, distribution: 1-12]; PetteyMa1950 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 13-34]; Portil1995 [host, distribution: 62-65]; Portil2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, phylogeny: 1-8]; Skaife1979 [host, distribution, life history: 1-3]; SkaifeLeBa1981 [taxonomy, distribution: 1-5]; Sweetm1935 [biological control: 373-377]; Valles1965 [biological control: 259-279]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 132]; VolchaHoZi1999 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, life history, taxonomy: 85-91]; Weber1951 [host, distribution, biological control: 327]; Wilson1964 [biological control: 238]; Zimmer1989a [biological control: 1-2]; ZimmerMo1982 [host, distribution, biological control: 314-320]; ZimmerMo1991 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 29-35]; ZimmerMoHo1986 [biological control: 269-275]. Dactylopius salmianus De Lotto Dactylopius salmianus De Lotto, 1974a: 186. Type data: ARGENTINA: Chaco, Santa Sylvina, on Opuntia salmiana. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Cactaceae: Opuntia salmiana [DeLott1974a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Catamarca [PerezGKo1992], Chaco [DeLott1974a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1974a) and by Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani.


223

KEYS: Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab, 1992: 35-36 (female) [Species of Dactylopius]; De Lotto, 1974a: 173-174 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: ClapsDe2001 [host, distribution: 80]; DeLott1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-188]; PerezGKo1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-68]; Portil1995 [host, distribution: 62-65]; Portil2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, phylogeny: 1-8]. Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamarck) Coccus silvestris Lancry, 1791: 486. nomen oblitum. Type data: SOUTH AMERICA: on Cactaceae. Regarded nomen oblitum by De Lotto (1974a). Coccus tomentosus Lamarck, 1801: 299. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse of the Museum of Natural History, on Cactaceae. Syntypes female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Acanthococcus tomentosus; Cockerell, 1893dd: 1042. Change of combination. Dactylopius silvestris; Lindinger, 1943c: 250. Change of combination. Pseudococcus tomentosus; Cockerell, 1899n: 5. Change of combination. Dactylopius tomentosus; Cockerell, 1902k: 454. Change of combination. COMMON NAMES: tomentose cochineal scale [Gill1993]. SYSTEMATICS: Lindinger (1943c) disclosed that Coccus silvestris Lancry, 1791 predated Coccus tomentosus Lamarck, 1801. De Lotto (1974a) discussed Lindinger’s findings, but remarked that Lindinger’s (1943c) changes were undesirable, and regarded Coccus silvestris Lancry, 1791 a nomen oblitum. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Gill (1993). HOST PLANTS: Cactaceae: Cereus versicolor [MacGreSa1984], Opuntia [Ferris1919a, MacGreSa1984], Opuntia acanthocarpa [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia cochenillifera [MacGreSa1984], Opuntia dillenii [Hutson1926], Opuntia ficus-indica [MacGreSa1984], Opuntia fulgida [MacGreSa1984], Opuntia hernandezi [MacGreSa1984], Opuntia imbricata [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia indica [MacGreSa1984], Opuntia leptocaulis [PerezGKo1992], Opuntia megacantha [MacGreSa1984], Opuntia monacantha [Hutson1926], Opuntia tomentosa [MacGreSa1984], Opuntia vulgaris [MacGreSa1984]. NATURAL ENEMIES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [PuttarCh1957, TirumaDa1958, BaskarLaUt1999, BaskarSrMu2002]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; South Africa [Miller1996]. Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [PerezGKo1992, Miller1996]). Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California [MacGreSa1984, Miller1996], Coahuila [MacGreSa1984], District federal [MacGreSa1984], Guanajuato [MacGreSa1984], Nuevo Leon [MacGreSa1984], Oaxaca [Miller1996]); United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1919a, Miller1996], California [Ferris1919a, Gill1993, Miller1996], Nevada [Miller1996], New Mexico [Miller1996], Texas [Miller1996], Utah [Miller1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Lizery1922, Miller1996]); Colombia [Kondo2001]; Mexico (Chihuahua [MacGreSa1984]). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Goeden (1978) discussed the use of this species in biological control of Opuntia spp. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1955a), De Lotto (1974a), Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992) and by Gill (1993). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani. KEYS: De Haro & Claps, 1995: 16-17 (female) [world]; Gill, 1993: 148 (female) [USA, California]; Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab, 1992: 35-35 (female) [Species of Dactylopius]; De Lotto, 1974a: 173-174 (female) [world]; Ferris, 1955a: 86 (female) [North America].

224


CITATIONS: Alexan1931 [host, distribution, biological control: 226]; BaskarLaUt1999 [biological control: 605-606]; BaskarSrMu2002 [biological control: 54-56]; Cocker1893dd [taxonomy, description: 1041-1049]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 5]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 454]; Dass1934 [host, distribution, biological control: 342-345]; DeHaroCl1995 [taxonomy: 16-17]; Dodd1927 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-44]; Drea1973 [biological control: 49-55]; Ferris1919a [host, distribution: 20]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93]; Frappa1932 [host, distribution, biological control: 48-55]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149, 152]; Goeden1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 362]; Graham1960 [host, distribution, biological control: 40]; Green1912a [taxonomy, distribution: 79]; Hamlin1924 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 60-64]; Hamlin1926 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 97-105]; Hamlin1932 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 89-120]; HenderZi2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 46-47]; Hutson1926 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 290-292]; Imms1931a [biological control: 124-127]; Jepson1930 [biological control: 63-72]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; KozarDr1998f [catalogue: 171]; Lamarc1801 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 299]; Lancry1791 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 486]; LeelaDMu1953 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 219-224]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 147]; Lindin1943c [taxonomy: 250]; Lizery1922 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 110]; MacGreSa1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 222-223]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 145]; Mamet1949 [catalogue: 7-8]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 71]; MoranZi1991a [host, distribution, biological control: 37-55]; MoutiaMa1946 [host, distribution, economic importance: 462]; Painte1951 [economic importance, control]; PerezGKo1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-72]; Portil1995 [host, distribution: 62-65]; Portil2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, phylogeny: 1-8]; PuttarCh1957 [biological control: 7]; Ramach1931 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 14-15]; Reddy1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 465]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 426]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 873]; Taylor1984 [chemistry, economic importance: 22-25]; TirumaDa1958 [biological control: 545-552]; Tooke1930 [host, distribution, biological control: 386-393]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; ZimmerMoHo1986 [biological control: 269-275]. Dactylopius zimmermanni De Lotto Dactylopius zimmermanni De Lotto, 1974a: 189. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, Vargas, on Tephrocactus ovatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Cactaceae: Cereus aethiops [ClapsDe2001], Maihueniopsis darwinii [ClapsDe2001], Maihuenia patagonica [ClapsDe2001], Tephrocactus ovatus [DeLott1974a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [DeLott1974a, ClapsDe2001]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1974a). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani. KEYS: De Haro & Claps, 1995: 16-17 (female) [world]; Pérez Guerra & Kosztarab, 1992: 35-36 (female) [Species of Dactylopius]; De Lotto, 1974a: 173-174 (female) [world]. CITATIONS: ClapsDe2001 [host, distribution: 80]; DeHaroCl1995 [taxonomy: 16-17]; DeLott1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; PerezGKo1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-76]; Portil1995 [host, distribution: 62-65]; Portil2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution, phylogeny: 1-8].


225

TAXA REMOVED FROM FAMILY This family currently accommodates only species of cochineal insects. However, during the period (latter decades of nineteenth century and early 1920s) of nomenclatural confusion as to the correct definition of Dactylopius, about 120 species and subspecies have been described in or assigned to Dactylopius. Most of these taxa now belong to the mealybug family, Pseudococcidae.

REFERENCES Abrahams, D.H. & Edelstein, S.M. 1964. A new method for the analysis of ancient dyed textiles. American Dyestuff Reporter 53: 19-25. [AbrahaEd1964] Ackacha, M.A., Polec-Pawlak, K. & Jarosz, M. 2003. Identification of anthraquinone coloring matters in natural red dyestuffs by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and electrospray mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Separation Science 26(11): 1028-1034. [AckachPoJa2003] Aguirre Rivera, J.R. & Reyes Agéero, J.A. (Eds.) 1999. Memoria. VIII Congreso Nacional y VI Internacional Sobre el Conocimiento y Aprovechamiento del Nopal. San Luis Potos, S.L.P., México: Universidad Autónomo de San Luis Potosí, Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas. 389 pp. [AguirrGu1999] Aldama Aguilera, C. & Llanderal Cazares, C. 2003. Cochineal: Comparison of production methods in cut cladodes. Agrociencia (Agrociencia) Texcoo 37(1): 11-19. [AldamaLl2003] Alexander, W.B. 1931. Control of prickly pear by the cochineal insect. Nature (London) 128(3223): 226. [Alexan1931] Ali, S.M. 1967a. Description of a new and records of some known coccids (Homoptera) from Bihar, India. Oriental Insects. New Delhi 1: 29-43. [Ali1967a] Allevi, P., Anastasia, M., Ciuffreda, P., Fiecchi, A. & Scala, A. 1987. A simple transformation of carminic acid into kermesic acid. Journal of Organic Chemistry 52: 5469-5472. [AlleviAnCi1987] Allevi, P., Anastasia, M., Bingham, S., Ciuffreda, P., Fiecchi, A., Cighetti, G., Muir, M., Scala, A. & Tyman, J. 1998. Synthesis of carminic acid, the colourant principle of cochineal. Journal of the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions 1: 575-582. [AlleviAnBi1998] Alvarez C.G., Portillo M.L. & Vigueras G.A.L. 1996. Factibilidad del cultivo de la cochinilla del carmin en Zapotlanejo, Jalisco, Mexico. [Feasibility of cultivating the cochineal insect in Zapotlanejo, Jalisco, Mexico.] Dugesiana 3(2): 19-31. [AlvarePoVi1996] Andres, L.A. 1981. Biological control of naturalized and native plants: conflicting interests. Pages 341-349. in: Beltsville Symposia in Agricultural Research. 5. Biological control in crop production. Totowa, N.J.: Allanheld, Osmun & Co. 461 pp. [Andres1981] Andres, L.A. & Davis, C.J. 1973. The biological control of weeds with insects in the United States. Miscellaneous Publication (Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control) No. 6: 11-28. [AndresDa1973] Andres, L.A. & Goeden, R.D. 1971. The biological control of weeds by introduced natural enemies. Pages 143-164 in: Huffaker, C.B. (Ed.). Biological Control. New York & London: Plenum Press. 511 pp. [AndresGo1971] Andres, L.A., Davis, C.J., Harris, P. & Wapshere, A.J. 1976. Biological control of weeds. Pages 481-499 in: Huffaker, C.B. & Messenger, P.S. (Eds.). Theory and Practice of Biological Control. New York: Academic Press. 788 pp. [AndresDaHa1976] Annecke, D.P. & Neser, S. 1977. On the biological control of some Cape pest plants. Proceedings of the 2nd National Weed Conference of South Africa. Stellenbosch 303-319. [AnneckNe1977] Annecke, D.P., Burger, W.A. & Coetzee, H. 1976. Pest status of Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg.) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) and Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae) in spineless Opuntia plantations in South Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 39: 111-116. [AnneckBuCo1976] Aquino Perez, G. & Bárcenas, N.M. 2002. Reproductive biology and genetic (genetics?) of cochineal insect (Dactylopius spp.). CACTUSNET NEWSLETTER (FAO International Technical Cooperation on Cactus) No. 7: 6-10. [AquinoBa2002]

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Index to Genera

Dactylopius Costa, accepted valid name

Dactylopius

Index to Species

argentinus Dominguez, junior synonym austrinus De Lotto, accepted valid name bassi Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 129, nomen nudum placed bassi Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 25, accepted valid name cacti auctorum [non: Linnaeus, 1758] cacti ceylonicus Green, accepted valid name cacti confusus; Cockerell, change of status cacti opuntiae Cockerell, accepted valid name coccus Costa, accepted valid name confertus De Lotto, accepted valid name confuses; Xie et al., misspelling of species name confusus capensis Green, junior synonym confusus Cockerell, accepted valid name confusus newsteadi; Cockerell, change of status greenii Cockerell, replacement name unjustified indicus Green, junior synonym mexicanus Lamarck, nomen oblitum newsteadi; Cockerell, change of status opuntiae; Cockerell, change of combination and status salmianus De Lotto, accepted valid name sativus Lancry, nomen oblitum placed signoreti Cockerell, replacement name silvestris Lancry, 1791: 486, nomen oblitum placed tomentosus confusus; Cockerell, change of status tomentosus Lamarck, accepted valid name tomentosus newsteadi Cockerell, junior synonym zimmermanni De Lotto, accepted valid name

245

Dactylopius ceylonicus Dactylopius austrinus Dactylopius bassi Dactylopius bassi Dactylopius coccus Dactylopius ceylonicus Dactylopius confusus Dactylopius opuntiae Dactylopius coccus Dactylopius confertus Dactylopius confusus Dactylopius confusus Dactylopius confusus Dactylopius confusus Dactylopius confusus Dactylopius ceylonicus Dactylopius coccus Dactylopius confusus Dactylopius opuntiae Dactylopius salmianus Dactylopius coccus Dactylopius coccus Dactylopius tomentosus Dactylopius confusus Dactylopius tomentosus Dactylopius confusus Dactylopius zimmermanni


KERRIIDAE Lac scales

Nomenclature and etymology The word lac is derived from the Sanskrit word, laksha which means 100,000 and refers to the large number of the minute insects required to produce lac. Since the lac insects were assigned by Green (1896e) to a distinct subfamily, Tachardiinae, in the Coccidae (=Coccoidea of current usage), an inconsistency, involving three family-group names, have prevailed in the nomenclature of this family. The first family-group name of the lac insects, Tachardiinae, was introduced by Green, 1896e [type genus: Tachardia R. Blanchard in Signoret, 1886, (type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782)]. This family-group name became established and used almost to the present (e.g. Fernald, 1903b; Chamberlin, 1923; Varshney, 1984b). However, it should be noted that Tachardia is an objective synonym of Kerria Targioni Tozzetti, 1884, by sharing the same type species. Kirkaldy (1906) first noted the priority of Laccifer Oken, 1815 (type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782) over Tachardia R. Blanchard, but it was Cockerell (1924) who formally introduced the family-group name Lacciferidae and used it to replace Tachardiidae. Chamberlin (1925) accepted Cockerell’s changes and Lacciferidae was subsequently used for some time in lac insect taxonomy. Later, Lindinger (1933b) pointed out that the names in Oken (1815) were not consistently binominal, hence invalid, and therefore restored Tachardia and Tachardiidae. Oken’s (1815) book was intensively studied by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and an informal opinion was published (ICZN, 1954) which actually supported Lindinger’s (1933b) conclusion. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1954b) opinion invalidated Laccifer, hence also the family-group name Lacciferidae. Nevertheless, several scale insect students continued to use Lacciferidae (e.g. Ferris, 1955a; Kapur, 1958; Munting, 1965a; Wang et al., 1982). The third family-group name for the lac insects, Kerriidae [Type genus: Kerria Targioni Tozzetti, 1884; (type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782) was introduced by Lindinger, 1937 following his earlier findings concerning Laccifer (see above). Morrison & Morrison (1966) concluded that acceptance of Kerriidae as family name would not damage stability since several nomenclatural changes have been made during the 20th century in nomenclature of the lac insects family. Williams (1969a) in his review of the family-group names of scale insects discussed the nomenclature of the three group-names of lac insects, and actually paved the way for the wider acceptance of Kerriidae in recent years (e.g. Koteja, 1974; Miller & Kosztarab, 1979; Varshney, 1984; Williams & Watson, 1990; Matile-Ferrero & Couturier, 1994; Campbell et al., 1994; Gullan & Kosztarab, 1997; Ben-Dov & Lit, 1998; Lit & Gullan, 2001). Despite the senior synonymy status of Kerria over Tachardia, Article 23 of the International Code does not preclude the use of Tachardiidae (see Varshney, 1976). On the other hand, Article 40.2 provides for the maintenance of a replacement family-group name if it has won general acceptance. As shown above, Kerriidae has been frequently used since the 1970’s by more authors from more countries. Ben-Dov & Lit (1998) discussed in great details this nomenclatural issue and proposed to proceed using the name Kerriidae. Varshney (1999) disagreed and insisted on using Tachardiidae.

247

248

KERRIIDAE

Economic importance Lac production. Species of the lac insect family and their commercial, processed products (lac-dye, lac wax and lac resin) were known and used by humans since early times. The early, pre-Linnean records of lac and species of Kerriidae were documented in the Lac Literature compilation by Varshney (1970). The main processed products from Lac insects are: Lac dye, a scarlet pigment used in textile industry, Seedlac and shellac, which are employed in varnishes, paints, printing inks, sealing wax, micanite compounds, coatings for pharmaceutical and confectionery products. Besides, lac is the basic ingredient of an amazing list of articles, such as stiffening agents in the toes and soles of shoes and felt hats, shoe polishes, artificial fruits, lithographic ink, glazes in confections, photograph records, playing card finishes and hair dyes. The major producers of Lac and its derivatives today are India, Thailand and the People’s Republic of China; the first two are also the major exporters of lac products and share almost equally the export market, while China’s production is mainly consumed on the domestic market. Minor producers include Bangladesh, Myanmar, Viet Nam and Sri Lanka. Exports from India reached a peak in 1956–1957 totalling 42,840 tonnes. Today India is responsible for 50% of the world production. Most of the finished shellac is exported. Crop pests. Species of the Kerriidae were mainly reported as source for lac production; however several species have been recorded as agricultural pests. Austrotachardiella colombiana Kondo & Gullan. This species was reported to cause dieback of twigs and branches of two local cultivars of guava, Psidium guajava in Colombia (Kondo & Gullan, 2005). Austrotachardiella gemmifera (Cockerell). Cockerell (1914b) reported this species to destroy Chrysobalanus trees in Kingston, Jamaica. Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin). Pemberton (2003, 2003a) recorded this species as an invader pest in southern Florida, USA, where it was found infesting a total of 67 species of woody plants belonging to 30 plant families. Tachardina aurantiaca (Cockerell). This species was reported as a pest of crops in the Maldives (Watson et al., 1995). Publications Chamberlin (1923, 1925) revised the family. A catalogue of the family was published by Kapur (1958). Varshney (1970) provided an exhaustive bibliography on the family, including publications from pre-Linnean period.

KERRIIDAE

249

Descriptive activity The rate of taxa description in this family is summarized in Table 7. Table 7 Number of genera and species in the Kerriidae, described in each decade from 1758 to 2004. Decade 1758–1770 1780 1790–1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Total

No. of genera

Cumulative genera

No. of species

Cumulative species

0 0 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 1 1 3 3 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 10

0 1 0 2 11 13 4 22 11 2 4 8 6 2 10 2

0 1 1 3 14 27 31 53 64 66 70 78 84 86 96 98

10

10

98

98

KERRIIDAE Catalogue of genera and species

Type genus: Kerria Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 410. Tachardiinae Green, 1896e: 17. Tachardiinae Green; Fernald, 1903b: 123. Tachardiidae Green; Ferris in Chamberlin, 1923: 163. Tachardiini Green; Chamberlin, 1923: 163. Lacciferidae Cockerell, 1924: 47. Lacciferinae Cockerell; Chamberlin, 1925: 32. Lacciferini Cockerell; Chamberlin, 1925: 33. Lacciferi Cockerell; Chamberlin, 1925: 33. Kerriidae Lindinger, 1937: 187. Kerriinae Lindinger, 1937: 187. Lacciferinae Cockerell; Balachowsky, 1950: 8. Tachardiidae Green; Varshney, 1984b: 362. Kerriidae Lindinger; Ben-Dov & Lit, 1998: 455.

Afrotachardina Chamberlin Tachardina (Afrotachardina) Chamberlin, 1923: 201. Type species: Tachardia longisetosa Newstead, by original designation. Afrotachardina; Chamberlin, 1925: 40. Change of status. KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Balachowsky 1950: 8 (female) [Genera of Africa]. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 7-12]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 201]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 40]; Hall1935b [taxonomy: 475-477]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 33-34]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 178]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 5]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440]; Takaha1949 [taxonomy: 8]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387]. Afrotachardina brachysetosa (Chamberlin) Tachardina (Afrotachardina) brachysetosa Chamberlin, 1923: 203. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Annona muricata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Afrotachardina brachysetosa; Chamberlin, 1925JC: 40. Change of combination. Afrotachardina brachysetsa; Varshney, 1997: 30. Misspelling of species name. STRUCTURE: Isolated specimens showing alternating radial furrows and ridges; test 2.5 mm. high and when massed, lac is smooth surfaced and gently lobed. Lac surface a somewhat “dirty” light yellowish orange; secretion when broken showing a clear transparent, amber-like fracture, walls of test about 1/5 mm. thick and gutta-percha like (Chamberlin, 1923). HOST PLANTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Chambe1923]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Chambe1923]. BIOLOGY: Isolated or mass on twigs (Chamberlin, 1923).

250

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

251

GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-204]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 40]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 33]; Thomso1971 [chemistry: 1-5]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Afrotachardina longisetosa (Newstead) Tachardia longisetosa Newstead, 1911: 102 Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Ficus sp., collected by C.C. Gowdey. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Tachardina (Afrotachardina) longisetosa; Chamberlin, 1923: 201. Change of combination. Afrotachardina longisetosa; Chamberlin, 1925: 40. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Test of adult female smoky ochreous buff to dusky amber-yellow. Isolated examples are distinctly hemispherical in form, with strong and somewhat wavy ridges radiating from the dorsum. Central orifice distinct and surrounded by a dull crimson area. Diameter 3–5 mm (Newstead, 1911). HOST PLANTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Gowdey1917, Almeid1969]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1911], Ficus sycomorus [Almeid1969], Ficus thonningii [Gowdey1917, Almeid1969]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Gowdey1917, Almeid1969]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1969]; Uganda [Newste1911]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-132]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-203]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 40]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 34]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 102-103]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30].

Albotachardina Zhang, Z.S. Albotachardina Zhang, Z.S., 1992Z: 386. Type species: Albotachardina yunnanensis Zhang, by original designation. Albotachardia; Tao, 1999: 48. Misspelling of genus name. KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Zhang (1992Z). CITATIONS: KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 48]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy, description: 386]. Albotachardina sinensis Zhang, Z.S. Albotachardina sinensis Zhang, 1992Z: 387. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Changyan hsien, on Ficus benjamina and Ficus obtusifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China. Albotachardia sinensis; Tao, 1999: 48. Misspelling of genus name. STRUCTURE: Resinous test of adult female approximately hemispherical or subglobular, dimensions of larger egg-laying females about 5–6 mm in length, 3–4 mm in width and 2–3 mm in height, colour reddish dark brown (Zhang, 1992Z). HOST PLANTS: Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1992Z], Ficus obtusifolia [Zhang1992Z]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Zhang1992Z]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992Z). CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 387-390].

252

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

Albotachardina yunnanensis Zhang, Z.S. Albotachardina yunnanensis Zhang, 1992Z: 387. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Jingdong hsien, on Ficus benjamina and Ficus obtusifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China. Albotachardia yunnanensis; Tao, 1999: 48. Misspelling of genus name. STRUCTURE: Resinous test of adult female almost oval or subglobular, dimensions of larger egg-laying females about 3.0–4.5 mm in length, 2.0–3.0 mm in height; colour reddish dark-brown (Zhang, 1992Z). HOST PLANTS: Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1992Z], Ficus obtusifolia [Zhang1992Z]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Zhang1992Z]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992Z). CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 387].

Austrotachardia Chamberlin Austrotachardia Chamberlin, 1923: 194. Type species: Tachardia angulata Froggatt, by original designation. KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [genera of Tachardiinae]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 194-195]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 31-33]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 180]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy: 119-126]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 21]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 438]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14-15]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387]. Austrotachardia acaciae (Maskell) Carteria acaciae Maskell, 1892: 56. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Acacia. My specimens were sent by J.G.O. Tepper of Adelaide, with a note: “collected by Mr. Helms, of the Elder Exploration, in central Australia.” (Maskell, 1892). Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Tachardia acaciae; Fernald, 1903b: 123. Change of combination. Austrotachardia acaciae; Chamberlin, 1923: 198. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Insects excreting a quantity of light-red or pinkish resinous matter, aggregated in masses or in detached irregular pieces (Maskell, 1892). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [Maskel1892, Cocker1893r]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1892, Cocker1893r]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198]; Cocker1893r [taxonomy: 181]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 56]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Frogga1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1163]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 31-32]; Lit2002 [taxonomy, structure: 25-38]; Lit2002a [structure: 122-136]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy, structure: 119-126]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 438]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Austrotachardia angulata (Froggatt) Tachardia angulata Froggatt, 1911: 154. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Eden and Milton, on quince. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia.

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

253

STRUCTURE: The waxy secretion of the adult female forming the test is dark red to black in colour, broad at the base and coming up to blunt point at the apex, like a large rose thorn; viewed from above it is seen to be fluted, with four distinct ridges. The outer surface is smooth, with fine white filaments curling through the openings in the test. Height of test, a quarter of an inch. Diameter base, one-fifth of an inch (Froggatt, 1921b). Froggatt (1921b: 28) illustrated the external appearance of the female test. HOST PLANTS: Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga [Frogga1911]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1911, Frogga1921b]). GENERAL: Description of adult female by Froggatt (1911, 1921b). CITATIONS: Frogga1911 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 26-27]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 32]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 438]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Austrotachardia australis (Froggatt) Tachardia australis Froggatt, 1899: 1161. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, on Beyeria viscosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Notes: Froggatt (1921b: 27), indicated that he first collected this species on Beyeria viscosa near Narrabi, New South Wales; later he found it on Melaleuca sp. near Bundaberg, Queensland. Austrotachardia australis; Chamberlin, 1923: 195. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: The female tests vary considerably, the typical ones like a leaf of dark reddish wax, the basal half dull with the upper portion a shining round bead of bright red wax. In the Queensland specimens the wax is more confluent, forming masses in rings around the twigs without any very regular structure (Froggatt, 1921b). Froggatt (1921b: 28) illustrated the external appearance of the female test. HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Beyeria australis [Frogga1899]. Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [Frogga1921b]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1921b], Queensland [Frogga1921b]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Froggatt (1899) and by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Frogga1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1161-1162]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 27-28]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 32]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 438]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Austrotachardia convexa (Fuller) Tachardia convexa Fuller, 1899: 457. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Swan River, on Hypocalymma sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Notes: Depository unknown. Austrotachardia convexa; Chamberlin, 1923: 198. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Hypocalymma [Fuller1899]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1899]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Fuller (1899) and by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 198-199]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 28]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 457]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 32]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 438]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29].

254

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

Austrotachardia melaleucae (Maskell) Carteria melaleucae Maskell, 1892: 54. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Melaleuca uncinata and Eucalyptus sp. (sent by Mr. French) and on Melaleuca pustulata and Aster axillaris (sent by the late Mr. Crawford). Syntypes. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Tachardia melaleuca; Dominguez, 1906: 222. Misspelling of species name. Austrotachardia melaleucae; Chamberlin, 1923: 196. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Female insects producing a quantity of very dark-red or purple resinous matter, which may be aggregated in masses on the twigs, or in detached semi-globular pieces each of which contains an insect. On the outside of these resinous masses may be frequently seen small quantities of white cottony fibres (Maskell, 1892). Froggatt (1921b: 28) illustrated the external appearance of the female test. Chamberlin (1923) described “Lac dark red to purplish; surface of test smooth. Isolated individuals have the test rather elongate and beset with two pairs of symmetrical lobes. In crowded conditions the tests fuse, and this characteristic lobation is lost. Length 4.5 mm, width 2 mm, height 2 mm. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Aster axillaris [Maskel1892]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Maskel1892], Leptospermum [Maskel1893b], Leptospermum flavescens [Frogga1921b], Melaleuca pustulata [Maskel1892], Melaleuca uncinata [Maskel1892]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1893b, Frogga1921b, Chambe1923], Victoria [Maskel1892], Western Australia [Frogga1921b]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-197]; Cocker1893r [host, distribution: 181]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 56]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 125]; Frogga1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1162-1163]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 29]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 33]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 249]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 438]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29].

Austrotachardiella Chamberlin Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) Chamberlin, 1923: 174. Type species: Tachardia rotundata Cockerell & Cockerell, by original designation. Austrotachardiella; Kapur, 1958: 29. Change of status. KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [genera of Tachardiinae]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]. GENERAL: Description and characters by Chamberlin (1923), Ferris (1955a) and by Kondo & Gullan (2005). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 174,187-188]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 220]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 8,29-31]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 401-407]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 180]; Lindin1942 [taxonomy: 120]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 208]; MatileCo1993 [taxonomy: 447-448]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 439]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387]. Austrotachardiella bodkini (Newstead) Tachardia bodkini Newstead, 1917a: 18. Type data: BRITISH GUIANA [=GUYANA]: near Repos, Georgetown, on Sapium jenmani. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Austrotachardiella bodkini; Chamberlin, 1923: 189. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Sapium jenmani [Newste1917a, Chambe1923, Kapur1958]. Moraceae: Ficus religiosa [Fabric1787].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

255

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1917a, Chambe1923, Kapur1958]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1917a) and by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 29]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; MatileCo1993 [taxonomy: 448]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18-19]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Austrotachardiella colombiana Kondo & Gullan Austrotachardiella colombiana Kondo & Gullan, 2005: 405. Type data: COLOMBIA: Cauca, Santander de Quilichao, 1369 meter above sea level, on stems of Psidium guajava; collected 15.vii.2003, by Aicardo Delgado. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [KondoGu2005]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KondoGu2005]. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: This species was reported to cause dieback of twigs and branches of two local cultivars of guava, Psidium guajava in Colombia (Kondo & Gullan, 2005). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Gullan (2005). KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 405 (female) [Species of Austrotachardiella]. CITATIONS: KondoGu2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 401-407]. Austrotachardiella cydoniae (Hempel) Tachardia cydoniae Hempel, 1900a: 410. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, on cultivated quince, Cydonia sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Tachardia rosae Hempel, 1900: 414. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, on branches of cultivated rose. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Chamberlin, 1923: 193. Tachardia caerulea Hempel, 1904: 314. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Maua, on “arbusto silvestre”. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; type no. 132-c. Synonymy by Chamberlin, 1923: 193. Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) cydoniae; Chamberlin, 1923: 193. Change of combination. Austrotachardiella cydoniae; Kapur, 1958: 30. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Rosaceae: Cydonia [Hempel1900a], Rosa [Hempel1900a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Hempel1900]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hempel (1900a) and by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124, 126]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 410,414]; Hempel1901 [pp. 120, 123]; Hempel1904 [p. 314]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 30]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 152]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Austrotachardiella gemmifera (Cockerell) Tachardia gemmifera Cockerell, 1893r: 181. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Chrysobalanus icaco. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Austrotachardiella (Austrotachardiella) gemmifera; Chamberlin, 1923: 191. Change of combination. Austrotachardiella gemmifera; Kapur, 1958: 30. Change of combination. Austrotachardiella gemmiferra; Varshney, 1997: 29. Misspelling of species name.

256

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

STRUCTURE: The female scale is subglobular, shiny, crimson-black, with a crimson ruby-like prominence on the centre of the back, but seen in somewhat immature examples. There are also one or two dorso-lateral prominences, more or less obscure. Sides with 4 or 5 keel-like folds. There is a conspicuous subdorsal aperture. The male scale is cylindrical, rather over 1 mill. Long, dull dark crimson. There is an anterior ridge, leading to a mid-dorsal swelling (Cockerell, 1893r). HOST PLANTS: Rosaceae: Chrysobalanus [Cocker1914b], Chrysobalanus icaco [Cocker1893r]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Jamaica [Cocker1893r, Cocker1914b]. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Cockerell (1914b) reported this species to destroy Chrysobalanus trees in Kingston, Jamaica. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191]; Cocker1893r [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 181-182]; Cocker1914b [host, distribution: 334]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 30]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 231]. Austrotachardiella nigra (Townsend & Cockerell) Tachardia nigra Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 172. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz, Orizaba, on Acacia sp., July 15, 1897. Syntypes, female, type no. 7927. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) nigra; Chamberlin, 1923: 192. Change of combination. Austrotachardiella nigra; Kapur, 1958: 30. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [TownseCo1898]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1903a], Veracruz [TownseCo1898]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1903a [host, distribution: 165]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 126]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 30]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 172-173]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Austrotachardiella rotundata (Cockerell & Cockerell) Tachardia rotundata Cockerell & Cockerell, in Cockerell, 1903a: 165. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, El Platanas, on “Zicna” and “Guasima”; collected Townsend, 4 August. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, USA. Tachardiella rotundata; MacGillivray, 1921: 126. Change of combination. Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) rotundata; Chamberlin, 1923: 188. Change of combination. Austrotachardiella rotundata; Kapur, 1958: 31. Change of combination. Austrotachardiella rotundata; Sharma & Ramani, 1999: 439. Notes: Incorrect citation of “Cockerell” as author. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1903a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 165]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 31]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 126]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

257

Austrotachardiella rubra (Hempel) Tachardia rubra Hempel, 1900a: 411. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Cachoeira, on Croton sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. Austrotachardiella rubra; Kapur, 1958: 31. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Hempel1900a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Hempel1900a]). CITATIONS: Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 126]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 411-412]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 31]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Austrotachardiella sexcordata Matile-Ferrero Austrotachardiella sexcordata Matile-Ferrero in Matile-Ferrero & Couturier, 1993: 445. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, Plantation HAP, on Myrciaria dubia. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 11926. STRUCTURE: Young adult female is covered with brown red, semi-transparent lac; conical with 6 short lateral prolongations. See colour photograph in Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993). Ultrastructure of several cuticular structures in the adult female given in Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993). HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Myrciaria dubia [MatileCo1993]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [MatileCo1993]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993). CITATIONS: KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; MatileCo1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443-448]. Austrotachardiella trilobata (Mendes) Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) trilobata Mendes, 1936: 374. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, on a plant of the Myrtaceae. Syntypes. Type depository: Rio de Janeiro: Fundacao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; type no. 729 730. Austrotachardiella trilobata; Matile-Ferrero & Couturier, 1993: 448. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae [Mendes1936]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Mendes1936]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mendes (1936). CITATIONS: Kapur1958 [catalogue: 29]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; MatileCo1993 [taxonomy: 448]; Mendes1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-376]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29].

Kerria (Chamberliniella) Varshney Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney, 1984b: 365. Type species: Tachardia greeni Chamberlin, by original designation. Homonym of Chamberlinia Machado; discovered by Varshney, 1987a: 361. Kerria (Chamberliniella) Varshney, 1987a: 361. Replacement name for Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney, 1984. SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1984b) described Kerria (Chamberlinia) as a subgenus of (Kerria =) Tachardia, and included in it four species. However, Chamberlinia Varshney, 1984b, was a homonym of Chamberlinia Machado, 1951, in the Myriapoda. Varshney (1987a) introduced the replacement name Kerria (Chamberliniella). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Varshney (1984b) indicated that the species belonging to this sub-genus were considered unsuitable for lac production. KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region].

258

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

GENERAL: Varshney (1984b) provided characters for separating this subgenus from Kerria Kerria. CITATIONS: GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy, description: 365-366, 384]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361-362]. Kerria (Chamberliniella) greeni (Chamberlin) Tachardia fici; Morrison, 1920: 178. Misidentification; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 36. Tachardia (Tachardia) greeni Chamberlin, 1923: 168. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Los Banos, on Ficus ulmifolia. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Laccifer greeni; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination. Kerria greeni; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. Laccifer fici; Ali, 1967a: 41. Misidentification; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 67. Kerria (Chamberlinia) greeni; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. Kerria (Chamberliniella) greeni; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Varshn1976]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [Varshn1976]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia longan [Varshn1976]. Lauraceae: Machilus [Varshn1976]. Leguminosae: Calliandra haematocephala [Varshn1976]. Moraceae: Ficus bengalensis [Varshn1976], Ficus ulmifolia [Chambe1923, Varshn1976], Ficus wightiana [Varshn1976]. Myrtaceae: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [Varshn1976]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [Varshn1976]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Varshn1976]. Sapotaceae: Palaquium formosanum [Varshn1976]. Sterculiaceae: Heritiera littoralis [Varshn1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Chambe1923, Varshn1976]); Taiwan [Varshn1976]; Thailand [Takaha1941, Varshn1976]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). Description of adult female by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Ali1967a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 35]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 17-18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Morris1920 [host, distribution: 178]; Takaha1941 [host, distribution: 138-139]; Takaha1949 [host: 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67-68]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Chamberliniella) javana (Chamberlin) Laccifer javanus Chamberlin, 1925: 34. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Buitenzorg, on Ficus sp., collected by A. Zimmerman. Syntypes. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Tachardia iabana; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Misspelling of species name. Kerria javanus; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. Kerria (Chamberlinia) javana; Varshney, 1984b: 369. Change of combination. Kerria (Chamberliniella) javana; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Bombacaceae: Durio zibethinus [Varshn1976]. Euphorbiaceae: Hevea brasiliensis [Varshn1976], Macaranga megalophylla [Miller1937NCE], Macaranga populifolia [Varshn1976], Mallotus cochinchinensis [Varshn1976]. Moraceae: Ficus [Chambe1925JC], Ficus polysyce [Miller1937NCE].

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NATURAL ENEMIES: DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Dentifibula lacciferi Barnes [Barnes1935]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Chambe1925JC]); Malaysia [Varshn1976]. KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Chamberlin 1925: 33-34 (female) [world]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1925) and by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Barnes1935 [host, distribution, biological control: 525-526]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Miller1933 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control]; Miller1937NCE [economic importance, host, distribution: 1, 21]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-70]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Chamberliniella) meridionalis (Chamberlin) Tachardia (Tachardia) meridionalis Chamberlin, 1923: 167. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on unknown host, from Bremner Collection of Coccidae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Laccifer meridionalis; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination. Tachardia meridionalis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Kerria (Chamberlinia) meridionalis; Varshney, 1984b: 369. Change of combination. Kerria (Chamberliniella) meridionalis; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Chambe1923]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 34]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 21-22]; Takaha1949 [host: 8]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Chamberliniella) rangoonensis (Chamberlin) Laccifer rangoonensis Chamberlin, 1925: 35. Type data: MYANMAR (=BURMA): Rangoon, on Quisqualis sp. collected by J.H. Burkill. Syntypes. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Notes: Chamberlin (1925) erroneously cited India as the type locality. Tachardia rangoonensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Kerria rangoonensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. Kerria (Chamberlinia) rangoonensis; Varshney, 1984b: 369. Change of combination. Kerria (Chamberliniella) rangoonensis; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Green1930c]. Combretaceae: Quisqualis [Chambe1925JC, SharmaBhSu1999]. Theaceae: Thea chinensis [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Burma (= Myanmar) [Chambe1925JC]; India (Assam [Varshn1976]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c]). KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1925). CITATIONS: Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 23]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1948b [host, distribution: 162]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53-54]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

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Kerria (Kerria) Targioni Tozzetti Laccifer Oken, 1815: 430. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy and original designation. Unavailable name; discovered by Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Notes: Kirkaldy (1906) first noted the priority of Laccifer Oken, 1815 (type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782) over Tachardia R. Blanchard, in Signoret, 1886c, but it was Cockerell (1924) who formally introduced the familygroup name Lacciferidae and used it to replace Tachardiidae. Chamberlin (1925) accepted Cockerell’s changes and Lacciferidae was subsequently used in lac insect taxonomy. However, Lindinger (1933b) pointed out that the names in Oken (1815) were not consistently binomial, hence invalid, and therefore restored Tachardia Blanchard. Oken’s (1815) book was intensively studied by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and an informal opinion was published (ICZN, 1954) which actually supported Lindinger’s (1933b) conclusion. The ICZN (1954) opinion invalidated Laccifer, hence also the family-group name Lacciferidae. Nevertheless, several scale insect students continued to use Lacciferidae (e.g. Ferris, 1955a; Kapur, 1958; Munting, 1965a; Wang et al., 1982). Carteria Signoret, 1874: 101. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 123. Homonym of Carteria in Diesing in Protozoa. Kerria Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 410. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy. Tachardia Blanchard in Signoret, 1886c: lxii. Replacement name for Carteria Signoret; synonymy by Chamberlin, 1925: 33. Karteria; Berlese, 1894: 66. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: A misspelling of Carteria Signoret. Lakshadia Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Unjustified replacement name for Tachardia; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 103. Tachardia (Tachardia); Chamberlin, 1923: 165. Change of status. Lackshadia; Mahdihassan, 1931d: 296. Misspelling of genus name. KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [India]; Zhang 1992: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [genera of Tachardiinae]; Varshney 1976: 20-22 (female) [Species of India]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Chamberlin 1925: 33-34 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Green (1922), Varshney (1976; 1984b) and by Mishra & Sushil (2000). CITATIONS: Ali1970 [taxonomy: 63]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Balach1950 [taxonomy: 8-9]; BenDovLi1998 [taxonomy: 455-456]; Berles1896 [taxonomy: 66]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy: 248]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 164-165]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 33-34]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy: 209]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 5]; Green1896e [taxonomy: 17]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 402-406]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; Hemmin1954 [taxonomy: 193-201]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy: 13-23]; Kirkal1906 [taxonomy: 247-249]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy, catalogue: 9]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 453]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 166]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 187]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy: 119-126]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 153-154]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 98]; Mahdih1931d [taxonomy: 296]; Mahdih1935a [taxonomy: 365-366]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 70]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy, description: 215-217]; Morris1920 [taxonomy: 178]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 30, 98-103, 191]; Oken1815 [taxonomy: 425]; Russel1970 [taxonomy: 11]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 439-440]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description: 101-105]; Signor1877 [catalogue, taxonomy: 657]; Signor1886c [taxonomy: lxii]; Takaha1941 [taxonomy: 138]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 48]; Targio1884 [taxonomy: 410]; Targio1885 [taxonomy: 106]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 116-118]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description: 19-22]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy, description: 366-368, 382-383]; Varshn1999 [taxonomy: 61-62]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 327-328]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy: 273].

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Kerria (Kerria) albizziae (Green) Tachardia albizziae Green, 1903a: 98. Nomen nudum; discovered by Green, 1908a: 42. Tachardia albizziae Maxwell-Lefroy, 1908: 129. Nomen nudum; discovered by Green, 1908a: 42. Tachardia albizziae Green, 1908a: 42. Nomen nudum; discovered by Green, 1908a: 42. Tachardia albizziae Green, 1911: 32. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Landolphia sp., Albizia stipulata, Filicium decipium, Harpullia cupanioides, Theobroma cacao, Schleichera trijuga and Croton lacciferum. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Lakshadia albizziae; Mahdihassan, 1923: 50. Change of combination. Laccifer albizziae; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination. Laccifer albissiae; Ali, 1970: 64. Misspelling of species name. Kerria (Kerria) albizziae; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) alvizziae; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Misspelling of species name. Kerria albizzae; Mishra & Sushil, 2000: 217. Misspelling of species name. HOST PLANTS: Apocynaceae: Landolphia [Green1911, SharmaBhSu1999]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton aromaticus [Ali1967a], Croton caudatum [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Croton lacciferum [Green1911], Hemicyclia sepiaria [Ali1967a]. Leguminosae: Albizia chinensis [SharmaBhSu1999], Albizia stipulata [Green1911], Amherstia nobilis [Ali1967a]. Moraceae: Ficus nervosa [Ali1967a]. Sapindaceae: Filicium decipiens [Green1911, Ali1967a], Harpullia cupanioides [Green1911, Ali1967a], Litchi chinensis [Ali1967a, Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Schleichera trijuga [Green1911]. Sterculiaceae: Pterospermum acerifolium [Varshn1976], Theobroma cacao [Green1911, SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Ali1967a, Varshn1976], Uttar Pradesh [Varshn1976], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Sri Lanka [Green1911]. KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1911), Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Ali1967a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40-41]; Ali1970 [taxonomy: 64]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-167]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 34]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Green1903a [taxonomy: 98]; Green1908a [taxonomy: 42]; Green1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-35]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 411-414]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 14]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 50, 99]; Maxwel1908 [taxonomy: 129]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217,219]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 115-118]; Takaha1949 [host: 8]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 27]; VarshnGa1968 [taxonomy: 60]. Kerria (Kerria) brancheata Varshney Kerria brancheatus Varshney, 1966a: 357. Type data: INDIA: Namkum, Ranchi, Bihar, on Schleichera oleosa. Holotype. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Notes: Varshney (1976) referred to it as “n. sp.”, however the description of 1966a was an available one. Kerria (Kerria) brancheata; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Albizia lucidia [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. Sapindaceae: Schleichera oleosa [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976]). KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

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GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1966b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 357]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 27]. Kerria (Kerria) chamberlini Varshney Kerria chamberlini Varshney, 1966a: 356. Type data: INDIA: Jodhpur, Rajasthan, on Ficus infectoria. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Notes: Varshney (1976) referred to it as “n. sp.”, however the description of 1966a was an available one. Kerria (Kerria) chamberlini; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Moghania macrophylla [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. Moraceae: Ficus infectoria [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976], Ficus virens [SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Rajasthan [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976]). KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217,219]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Varshn1966b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 356-357]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, illustration: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis (Mahdihassan) Lakshadia chinensis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: CHINA (south) and BURMA: host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female and first instar. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958; Varshney, 1976). Laccifer chinensis; Chamberlin, 1925: 39. Change of combination. Laccifer longispina Misra, 1930: 161. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Laflong, on Cajanus indicus. Syntypes, female and first instar. Synonymy by Varshney, 1976: 28. Notes: Varshney (1976: 28) reported that no type material was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working. Tachardia chinensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Tachardia longispina; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Laccifer siamensis Takahashi, 1941: 140. Type data: THAILAND: Mt. Sutep, near Chiengmai, on unknown tree. Holotype female. Synonymy by Mahdihassan, 1952: 39. Notes: Type lost; information given by R. Takahashi to A.P. Kapur (Kapur, 1958). Kerria chinensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination and status. SYSTEMATICS: The original description reads: “Next darkest lac comes from Assam and Indo-China. I feel sure, it is the same insect as found in South China and also in Burma. I therefore propose naming it Lakshadia chinensis. The long spinoid process and the rib-like chitinous extensions of the stigmatic processes should be additional guides in its identification (Mahdihassan, 1923: 98). Kapur (1958) and Varshney (1976) noted that the depository of type material was unknown. However, Varshney (1976) indicated that Mahdihassan informed him (in litt.) that he sent his specimens to the British Museum, London. Varshney inquired at the BMNH about such material and was informed that no information was available in London regarding the material submitted by S. Mahdihassan. STRUCTURE: Mahdihassan (1952) reported and described in great detail the oldest specimens of lac in the world, which he identified as belonging to Kerria chinensis. The specimens have been

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263

imported in the eight century A.D. from Siam [=Thailand] and are deposited in the “Shso-in” (the Imperial warehouse) at Nara, Japan. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Cajanus cajan [Misra1930, SharmaBhSu1999]. Sapindaceae: Schleichera [SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bhutan [Varshn1976]; Burma (= Myanmar) [Varshn1976]; India (Assam [Misra1930, Varshn1976], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Kampuchea (Cambodia) [Varshn1997]; Nepal [Varshn1976]; Thailand [Takaha1941]; Vietnam [Varshn1997]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Xizang (Tibet) [Varshn1976]). KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [as India]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Chamberlin (1925) noted that it was impossible to speculate safely as to the real identity of this species. Varshney (1976, 1984b) regarded it as a distinct sub-species. Varshney (1976) gave a good description and illustration of the adult female, based on the material from Thailand, Chiengmai, coll. D.C. Thurman, June 5, 1952 (deposited at USNM). CITATIONS: Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 39]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 15-16, 21]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; LiZhLi1994 [host, distribution, chemistry: 456-459]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 98]; Mahdih1948a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 441-457]; Mahdih1948b [taxonomy: 161-163]; Mahdih1952 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39-43]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-162]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1941 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140-141]; Takaha1949 [host: 9, 10]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 116-118]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, illustration: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) chinensis kydia (Misra) Laccifer kydia Misra, 1930: 162. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Silchar, on Kydia calycina. Syntypes, female and first instar. Notes: Varshney (1976: 30) reported that no type material was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working. Tachardia kydia; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Kerria chinensis kydia; Varshney, 1976: 30. Change of combination and status. SYSTEMATICS: This species is very close to Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis, with which it was synonymized by Mahdihassan (1936a). Varshney (1976) restored it as a subspecies and gave characters for distinguishing between the two. HOST PLANTS: Malvaceae: Kydia calycina [Misra1930, SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Misra1930, Kapur1958, Varshn1976]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Kapur1958 [catalogue: 19]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-163]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-32]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) communis (Mahdihassan) Lakshadia communis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka (=Mysore), host plant not specified. Syntypes, female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958). Laccifer communis; Chamberlin, 1925: 38. Change of combination. Tachardia communis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) communis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: The original description reads: “The darkest lac almost garnet-coloured or ruby-coloured variety, comes from F. mysorensis. It is also found in Hyderabad on F. benghalensis and also to a lesser extent on F. religiosa. In Bombay I found the same species on Albizia lebbek

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in December 1916. My friend Mr. Swaminathan, of the National University, Adyar, sent me specimens of lac, found on F. benjamina in the Botanical gardens, Madras, which again belongs to this insect. It might be the same species, which also occurs more or less rarely in Indo-China and in the Philippines. Considering its wide distribution with regard to host-plants and geography, I propose calling it Lakshadia communis”. (Mahdihassan, 1923). HOST PLANTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Chambe1925JC]. Leguminosae: Albizia lebbek [Chambe1925JC]. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [Chambe1925JC], Ficus drupacea pubesens [SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus mysorensis [Mahdih1923], Ficus religiosa [Chambe1925JC]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Chambe1925JC]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium litchi [Chambe1925JC]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa [Chambe1925JC]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Mahdih1923]). KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]. GENERAL: In the BMNH, collection is deposited one slides (3 specimens) labelled “Tachardia communis, Ficus mysorensis, India, Bangalore, ex-coll. Mahdihassan”; (Jon Martin, The Natural History Museum, London, February 24, 1999, in letter to Yair Ben-Dov). Chamberlin (1925) suggested that this “species” (quotation marks by Chamberlin) is probably a synonym of Kerria lacca, although perhaps forming a distinct race. Varshney (1976) regarded it as “sp. inquirenda”. CITATIONS: Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 218-223]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38-39]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 16-17]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, distribution: 98-99]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) ebrachiata (Chamberlin) Tachardia ebrachiata Chamberlin, 1923: 170. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Manbhum district, on unknown host plant. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Notes: Chamberlin (1923) supposed that the host plant was “manbhum”, but Kapur (1958) clarified that Manbhum is the name of a district. Laccifer ebrachiatus; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination. Laccifer (Tachardia) ebrachiata; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 66. Change of combination. Laccifer brachiata; Takahashi, 1949: 9. Misspelling of species name. Kerria ebrachiata; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) ebrachiata; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. Kerria ebracheata; Sharma et al., 1999: 116. Misspelling of species name. HOST PLANTS: Moraceae: Ficus elastica [Chambe1925JC]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Varshn1976], Ziziphus mauritiana [SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Chambe1923] (Bihar [Ali1967a], Karnataka [Chambe1925JC, Kapur1958]); Pakistan [Varshn1997]. KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923, 1925). CITATIONS: Ali1967a [host, distribution: 41]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 17]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy: 66]; SharmaBhSu1999 [taxonomy, host: 116]; Takaha1949 [taxonomy: 9]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33-34]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

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Kerria (Kerria) fici fici (Green) Tachardia fici Green, 1903a: 97. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Monghyr, on Ficus religiosa and F. benghalensis. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Tachardia (Tachardia) fici; Chamberlin, 1923: 168. Change of combination. Lakshadia ficii; Mahdihassan, 1923: 57. Change of combination. Laccifer fici; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination. Laccifer (Tachardia) fici; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 66. Change of combination. Kerria fici; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) fici fici; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Test of mature female subglobular in isolated examples, often with the supplementary globules of lac attached to the surface. Even where the insects are crowded together and the tests have become confluent, the original form can be roughly distinguished. Colour bright fulvous or castaneous. Apex pierced with the usual three apertures, the two stigmatic apertures closer together than their distance from the anal orifice: the anal aperture the largest surrounded by a prominent rim; the stigmatic apertures small and slightly sunk, usually blocked by white pulverulent wax (Green, 1903a). HOST PLANTS: Bombacaceae: Adansonia digitata [MishraBhSu1998]. Leguminosae: Butea frondosa [Ali1967a, Varshn1976], Butea monosperma [SharmaBhSu1999], Peltophorum inermis [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Samanea saman [Varshn1976], Samanea saman [SharmaBhSu1999]. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [Ali1967a, SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus carica [SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus lacor [Varshn1976], Ficus lucescens [SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus religiosa [Ali1967a, SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus rumphii [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mauritiana [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Ali1967a, MishraBhSu1998], Rajasthan [Varshn1976], Tamil Nadu [Varshn1976], Uttar Pradesh [Varshn1976], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Pakistan [Varshn1997]; Thailand [Varshn1976]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Varshn1976]. KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Ali1967a [host, distribution: 41]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-169]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Green1903a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-99]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 17]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 57, 99]; MishraBhSu1998 [host, distribution, economic importance: 2,49]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy: 66]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 115-118]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-37]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) fici jhansiensis (Misra) Laccifer jhansiensis Misra, 1930: 164. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Jhansi, on Ziziphus jujuba. Syntypes, female and first instar. Notes: Varshney (1976: 37) reported that no type material of this species was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working. Tachardia jhangensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Misspelling of species name. Kerria jhansiensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. Kerria fici jhansiensis; Varshney, 1976: 37. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) fici jhansiensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Misra1930], Ziziphus mauritiana [SharmaBhSu1999].

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DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Uttar Pradesh [Misra1930]). KEYS: Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India]. GENERAL: This species is known so far only from the original description. CITATIONS: Kapur1958 [catalogue: 18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 10]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37-38]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) indicola (Kapur) Laccifer indica Misra, 1930: 164. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Jamunia, on Ziziphus jujuba. Syntypes. Homonym of Lakshadia indica Mahdihassan, 1923. Notes: Varshney (1976: 30) reported that no type material of the species described by Misra, was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working. Tachardia indica; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Laccifer indicola Kapur, 1958: 18. Replacement name for Laccifer indica Misra. Kerria (Kerria) indicola; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Misra1930], Ziziphus mauritiana [Ali1967a, SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Misra1930, Ali1967a]). KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India]. CITATIONS: Ali1967a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 10]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua (Misra) Laccifer ambigua Misra, 1930: 163. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Guna, Jhansi, on “Jheolia” [a botanical or vernacular name of an unknown plant (Kapur, 1958)]. Syntypes, female and first instar. Notes: Varshney (1976: 30) reported that no type material of the species described by Misra, was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working. Tachardia ambigua; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Kerria ambigua; Varshney, 1966: 177. Change of combination. Kerria lacca ambigua; Varshney, 1976: 43. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambiqua; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Misspelling of species name. HOST PLANTS: “jheolia” (common name) [Varshn1966, Misra1930, SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Uttar Pradesh [Misra1930, Varshn1976]). BIOLOGY: Misra (1930) reported this species from “Jheolia”, a vernacular name that was not verified by Kapur (1958) and by Varshney (1976). KEYS: Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Takahashi (1949) regarded this species as a form or subspecies of Kerria lacca. Varshney (1976) gave a table of taxonomic characters to distinguish between Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca, Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua and Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis. CITATIONS: Kapur1958 [catalogue: 14]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-164]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 9, 11]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 177]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43-46]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

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Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca (Kerr) Coccus gummilaccae Goeze, 1778: 342. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782: 374. Type data: INDIA: uncultivated mountains on both sides of the Ganges. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female and first instar. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Varshney, 1976). Coccus ficus Fabricius, 1787: 319. Type data: INDIA: on Ficus religiosa and Indica gummi. Syntypes, female and first instar. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869: 859. Notes: Type material lost (Ziemsen, 1964). Chermes lacca; Roxburgh, 1791: 228. Change of combination. Carteria lacca; Signoret, 1874: 102. Change of combination. Kerria lacca; Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 410. Change of combination. Tachardia lacca; Signoret, 1886c: lxii. Change of combination. Tachardia (Tachardia) lacca; Chamberlin, 1923: 170. Change of combination. Lakshadia indica Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Unjustified replacement name for Coccus lacca Kerr. Laccifer lacca; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. COMMON NAMES: common lac insect [Varshn1976]; lac insect [Kapur1958, Varshn1976]. SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1976) recognized in Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca of India, two infra sub-specific forms, which have been referred to by earlier workers as varieties or strains: 1. Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca f. rangeeni which grows on Ficus spp., Butea monosperma and many other host plants, but not on Schleichera oleosa. The summer generation of this form lasts about 8 months, from October-November to June–July, is called the Baisakhi lac crop. The rainy season generation lasts about 4 months, from June–July to October–November, is called the Katki lac crop. The rangeeni is the major form found in India, though the quality of the lac produced by it is inferior. 1. Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca f. kusumi which grows on Schleichera oleosa and some other host plants but not on Ficus spp. and not on Butea monosperma. The life cycle of both the generations is about 6 months. The summer generation from January–February to June-July, is called the Jethwi lac crop. The winter generation from June-July to January–February, is called the Aghani lac crop. The kusumi is the minor form found in India, but the quality of the lac produced by it is superior to that of the rangeeni form. Varshney (1967) reported on differences between the two forms in their body extracts, and in chromatographic and ultra-violet analyses. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Wong et al. (1999). Misra (1930a) described the postembryonic development, including life cycle, body form, migration of spiracles, wax secretion, lac glands, muscular system and nervous system. Takahashi (1941) illustrated the remarkable variation, from flat elongate to almost globular, in body shape of the adult female. The adult female of this species possesses a pair of long, slender and beaded malpighian tubes, which open by a common ampulla into the alimentary canal. Chromatographic analysis showed a positive relationship between the aqueous solution of lac dye and the malpighian tubes. Varshney & Ganguli (1972) suggested that the tubes absorb the lac-dye from body fluid together with other excretory matter and water. However, Varshney & Ganguli (1972) noted that the dye is not excreted, but stored in the tubes, as the honeydew drops are colourless. Varshney (1978) analysed the honeydew of adult females and found that it contains glucose, fructose, sucrose and an unidentified oligosaccharide. Varshney & Srivastava (1989) analysed the amino acids and carbohydrate constituents of the Kerria lacca f. rangeeni developing on Moghania macrophylla in India, and correlated them with the developmental stages and the annual generations of the insect. HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [SubbarRa1997]. Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Carter1861, SubbarRa1997], Polyalthia longifolia [SubbarRa1997]. Apocynaceae: Thevetia peruviana [Sharma1997]. Betulaceae: Corylus avenae [Hadzib1983]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [Sharma1991, SharmaRa1997]. Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea assamica [SubbarRa1997], Shorea robusta [SubbarRa1997], Shorea roxburghii [SubbarRa1997]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Hadzib1983]. Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylon timeheri [Cocker1893r].

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Euphorbiaceae: Croton oblongifolius [SubbarRa1997], Ricinus communis [SubbarRa1997]. Juglandaceae: Carya pecan [Hadzib1983], Pterocarya pterocarpa [Hadzib1983]. Leguminosae: Acacia auriculaeformis [SubbarRa1997], Acacia catechu [Takaha1941, SubbarRa1997], Acacia farnesiana [SubbarRa1997], Acacia nilotica indica [SubbarRa1997], Albizia [Takaha1941], Albizia julibrissin [Hadzib1983], Albizia lebbek [SubbarRa1997], Albizia lucida [SubbarRa1997], Atylosia mollis [SubbarRa1997], Butea frondosa [Takaha1941], Butea monosperma [SubbarRa1997, SequeiBe1998, SharmaBhSu1999], Cajanus cajan [Takaha1941, SubbarRa1997], Cajanus indicus [Hadzib1983], Dalbergia latifolia [SubbarRa1997], Dalbergia siemaoensis [SubbarRa1997], Dalbergia sisso [SubbarRa1997], Desmodium pulchellum [SubbarRa1997], Desmodium tortuosum [SubbarRa1997], Eriolaena spectabilis [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia chappar [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia macrophylla [SubbarRa1997, SharmaBhSu1999], Flemingia paniculata [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia semialata [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia spectabilis [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia stricta [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia strobilifera [SubbarRa1997], Millettia extensa [SubbarRa1997], Mimosa pudica [SubbarRa1997], Ougenia dalbergioides [SubbarRa1997], Pithecellobium dulce [Takaha1941, JalaluMoSa1999], Pongamia pinnata [SubbarRa1997], Samanea saman [Takaha1941, SubbarRa1997], Tamarindus indica [SubbarRa1997]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus syriacus [SubbarRa1997]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [SubbarRa1997]. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [SubbarRa1997, SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus carica [Hadzib1983], Ficus lacor [SubbarRa1997], Ficus racemosa [SubbarRa1997], Ficus religiosa [SubbarRa1997, SharmaBhSu1999]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [SubbarRa1997]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [SubbarRa1997]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Miller1937NCE], Ziziphus mauritiana [SubbarRa1997, SequeiBe1998, SharmaBhSu1999, Varshn2000], Ziziphus oenoplia [SubbarRa1997], Ziziphus xylopyra [SubbarRa1997]. Rosaceae: Rosa chinensis [SubbarRa1997]. Rutaceae: Citrus paradisi [Glover1935]. Salicaceae: Salix babilonica [Hadzib1983], Salix matsudana [Hadzib1983]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [SubbarRa1997], Litchi chinensis [HsiehHw1983], Schleichera oleosa [SubbarRa1997, SequeiBe1998, SharmaBhSu1999]. Tiliaceae: Grewia hirsuta [SubbarRa1997], Grewia tiliaefolia [SubbarRa1997], Tilia caucasica [Hadzib1983]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [SubbarRa1997]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia [Hadzib1983], Coccophagus tschirchii Mahdihassan [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997], Marietta javanensis How. [Hadzib1983]. Braconidae: Bracon greeni Ashmead [SharmaJaBh1997]. Encyrtidae: Erencyrtus dewitzi [SharmaJaBh1997], Ooencyrtus kerriae Hayat [HayatNaRe2003], Parechtrodryinus clavicornis (Cam.) [SharmaJaBh1997]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus bangaloricus Hayat [HayatNaRe2003], Tachardiaephagus tachardiae (Howard) [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997], Tetrastichus purpureus (Cam.) [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997]. Eupelmidae: Eupelmus tachardiae [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997]. LEPIDOPTERA Blastobasidae: Holocera pulverea Mayr. [Hadzib1983], Pseudohypatopa pulverea (Meyr) [BhattaNaSe1998]. Gelechiidae: Lacciferophaga yunnanea Zagu. [Hadzib1983]. Noctuidae: Eublema amabilis Moore [Hadzib1983, Cock1985], Eublema scitula Rambr. [Hadzib1983]. Tineidae: Nemapogon granellus L. [Hadzib1983]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa madestes [MishraSuSh1996]. PULMONATA Planorbidae: Anisus [Hadzib1983]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Cocker1893r]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Varshn1976]; Burma (= Myanmar) [Varshn1976]; China (People’s Republic) (Hunan (Hunan) [HuHeWa1992]); India (Andhra Pradesh [Varshn1976], Bihar [Varshn1976], Gujarat [Varshn2000], Karnataka [Varshn1976], Tamil Nadu [JalaluMoSa1999], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Malaysia [Varshn1997]; Nepal [Varshn1976]; Pakistan [Varshn1976]; Sri Lanka [Varshn1976]; Taiwan [HsiehHw1983]. Palaearctic: Azerbaijan [Hadzib1983]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1983, Varshn1997]). BIOLOGY: In India, there are two varieties, commonly called “strains”, of K. lacca, the Rangeeni strain and the Kusumi strain. Each strain is specific to particular host trees, has a different life cycle and produces different body extracts. However, morphologically these strains could not be

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separated into different species (Varshney, 1976; Sequeira & Bezkorowajnyj, 1998). Sharma (1991) and Sharma & Ramani (1997) found the pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata a suitable host for laboratory rearing of the two strains Kerria lacca f. rangeeni and Kerria lacca f. kusumi. The development period was shorter than on natural host plants. The pumpkin-developing insects produced about 30% less lac, and the rate of males increased significantly. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Varshney (1970) published a bibliography of about 3000 references on all aspects of Lac insect studies - taxonomy, cultivation, natural enemies and economic importance. Miller (1937) presented a detailed account on attempts (1933-1937) to introduce Kerria lacca into Malaya from India, for commercial lac production. The attempts were abortive, and it was concluded that climatic conditions and other circumstances were wholly unsuitable in Malaya for lac propagation. Takahashi (1941) reported that “the lac cultivation is one of the outstanding industries in Siam [=Thailand]”. Sequeira & Bezkorowajnyj (1998) gave a detailed account on the economy of lac production in India. Sharma (1991) and Sharma & Ramani (1997) found the pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata a suitable host for laboratory rearing of the two strains Kerria lacca f. rangeeni and Kerria lacca f. kusumi. The development period was shorter than on natural host plants. The pumpkin-developing insects produced about 30% less lac, and the rate of males increased significantly. The species was introduced into and became established in the Black sea coast of Georgia and Caspian Sea Coast of Azerbaijan (Kachibaya, 1965; Hadzibejli, 1983). Hsieh & Hwang (1983) reported on experiments on chemical control of this species on litchi in Taiwan. KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976). Varshney (1976) gave a table of taxonomic characters to distinguish between Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca, Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua and Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis. Description and illustration of the first-, second- and third- instar nymphs by Hadzibejli (1983). CITATIONS: Ali1967a [host, distribution: 41-42]; BahuguSh2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 63-70]; BenDovLi1998 [taxonomy: 455-456]; BhattaChMi1994 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 69-71]; BhattaJaMi1995 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 15-18]; BhattaJaMi1999 [life history, ecology: 62-63]; BhattaJaSh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 365-369]; BhattaMiCh1996 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 75-76]; BhattaMiNa1995 [life history, behaviour: 205-206]; BhattaMiSh1999 [chemical control: 59-61]; BhattaMiSu2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 301-303]; BhattaNaSe1998 [biological control: 83-87]; BhattaShSu1996 [biological control, host, distribution: 57-58]; BhattaSuJa2000 [biological control: 155]; BhattaSuMi1998 [behaviour, biological control: 15-16]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy, description, illustration, economic importance, chemistry: 248-262]; Bohmer2000 [chemistry, economic importance: 57-60]; Cardon1999a [economic importance, chemistry: 50-55]; Carter1861 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-10]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 33, 37]; Chauha1970b [structure, chromosomes: 341-344]; Chauha1977 [structure, chromosomes: 155-159]; ChauhaMi1970 [behaviour, life history: 102103]; ChauhaMi1970a [life history, behaviour: 390-392]; ChenChLi2004 [host, distribution, ecology, life history: 159-166]; ChenChLi2004a [chemistry: 362-367]; ChenHo1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 69-73]; ChenXuCh2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 411-417]; ChiuChCh1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 9-11]; Chou1986 [illustration, structure, anatomy: 441]; Cock1985 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control : 213-223]; Cocker1893r [taxonomy: 181]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; ColombBoGa2003 [chemistry, economic importance: 357-364]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211]; CruzHeGaRo2003 [chemistry: 37-45]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fabric1787 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 319]; Fernal1903b

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[catalogue: 124-125]; Ferrie1928 [biological control: 171-176]; Ferrie1935 [biological control: 391-406]; Ghorai1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 1167]; Glover1930 [life history, taxonomy, anatomy, biological control, economic importance: 261266]; Glover1932 [life history, ecology, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-18]; Glover1933 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-23]; Glover1935 [host, distribution, economic importance: 151-153]; Glover1937 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-147]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 342]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-163]; HayatNaRe2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 309-334]; HeShDe2003 [host, distribution, life history: 604-609]; HsiehHw1983 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 31-40]; Huffak1977 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 329-339]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; JaiswaShAg1998 [biological control: 81-86]; JaiswaShAg1999 [biological control: 106-110]; JaiswaShBh1996 [life history, behaviour, chemistry: 349-353]; JaiswaShSu1998 [economic importance, biological control: 133-136]; JalaluMoSa1999 [host, distribution: 161]; KapoorPu2002 [chemistry, economic importance: 8-14]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 19-21]; Kerr1782 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-381]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 454]; KozielSa2001 [distribution: 1-5]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 268]; LiHoLi1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 519-524]; LiHu1994 [host, distribution, life history: 224-226]; Lin2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 121-127]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; LinSu2001 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 65-67]; Lit2002 [taxonomy, structure: 25-38]; Lit2002a [structure: 122-136]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy, structure: 119-126]; LiZhLi1994 [host, distribution, chemistry: 456-459]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 98]; Mahdih1961 [structure, anatomy: 115-126]; Mahdih1963 [life history, structure, anatomy: 423-435]; MehandRaSh1968 [chemistry: 2231-2234]; Miller1937NCE [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 1-21]; MishraBh1995 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 6-8]; MishraBhNa1996 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 189-190]; MishraBhSi1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 28-29]; MishraBhSi1996 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 54-55]; MishraBhSu1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 351-355]; MishraBhSu1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 291-293]; MishraNaBh1995 [host, distribution, control: 14-15]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217,219]; MishraSuBh1995 [economic importance: 28-29]; MishraSuBh1998 [taxonomy: 171-172]; MishraSuBh2000 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 121-124]; MishraSuCh2000 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 343-348]; MishraSuCh2000 [life history, economic importance, host: 343-348]; MishraSuKu2000 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 19-26]; MishraSuSh1996 [chemical control, biological control: 17-20]; Misra1923 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, biological control, chemistry: 1-83]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Misra1930a [life history, structure, anatomy: 455-466]; NegiMiGu1930 [host, distribution, life history: 182-188]; Olivie1791 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96]; PrasadJaKu2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 54-58]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; RamaniSh1991 [life history, economic importance: 47-53]; RamaniSh1995 [economic importance: 19-20]; Roxbur1791 [taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 228-235]; SahaJaSi2000 [life history, economic importance, ecology, host, distribution: 125-132]; SequeiBe1998 [economic importance, life history, chemistry, host: 225-234]; Sharma1991 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 544-545]; Sharma1997 [host, distribution: 29]; SharmaBhSu1999 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 115-118]; SharmaJaBh1997 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 17-22]; SharmaJaKu1999 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 95-99]; SharmaJaKu2000 [biological control: 156]; SharmaJaKu2001 [biological control: 369-371]; SharmaRa1997 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 169-174]; SharmaRa2001

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271

[host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 456-459]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 853, 859]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 102-105]; Signor1877 [catalogue: 649, 668]; Signor1886c [taxonomy: lxii]; SinghMiKu2001 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 166-170]; SinghMiSu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 490-493]; Speigh2001 [distribution: 1-5]; Srivas1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 83-91]; SrivasKuMi1998 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 1,9-12]; SrivasKuSa2002 [life history, chemistry: 3250328]; SunLiCh2003 [host, distribution: 129-132]; SushilBhJa2002 [biological control: 100-101]; SushilBhMi2000 [biological control, host: 152-154]; SushilMiBh1997 [chemical control, biological control: 39-41]; SushilMiBh1999 [biological control: 365-368]; Takaha1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 139-140]; Takaha1949 [host, distribution: 8-11]; Tanaka1997 [chemistry: 373-380]; TandonBaJa2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-354]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Targio1884 [taxonomy: 410]; ThamasGu2003 [host, distribution, life history: 77-79]; Thomas2003 [host, distribution, economic importance: 24-27]; TulsyaBo1970 [structure: 99-106]; Varshn1970 [taxonomy: i-v]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-43]; Varshn1978 [chemistry, physiology: 95-98]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 367-368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2000 [host, distribution: 27]; VarshnGa1972 [structure, anatomy: 195-201]; VarshnSr1989 [taxonomy, chemistry, life history: 380-382]; Waller1986 [chemistry: 145-155]; WenLuHa2002 [host, distribution: 56-64]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7-8,45]; WouterVe1989a [chemistry: 189-200]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; YangZhCa1998 [host, distribution, ecology: 647-651]; ZhouLiZh2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 55-57]. Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis (Mahdihassan) Lakshadia mysorensis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, on Shorea talura, let. S. Mahdihassan, Nov. 1922, No. 1st 9/14/23. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Varshney, 1976: 46. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Laccifer mysorensis; Chamberlin, 1925: 38. Change of combination. Tachardia mysorensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Kerria mysorensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. Laccifer mysorensia; Ali, 1970: 67. Misspelling of species name. Kerria lacca mysorensis; Varshney, 1976: 46. Change of status. Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. COMMON NAMES: Mysore lac insect [Varshn1976]; mysore lac insect [Varshn1976]; trivoltine lac insect [Varshn1976]. SYSTEMATICS: The original description reads: “The next darkest lac is the product of the Mysore lac insect. It is the smallest commercial lac insect in India. It is the only trivoltine insect of its kind. It is to be called Lakshadia mysorensis” (Mahdihassan, 1923). HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea roxburghii [SharmaBhSu1999], Shorea talura [Chambe1925JC, Varshn1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Kapur1958]). BIOLOGY: This subspecies was reported to develop 3 generations, in 12-13 months, in South India on Shorea talura. However, the same subspecies developed 2 generations, in 12 months, in Bihar, India on Shorea talura (Varshney, 1976). KEYS: Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca]. GENERAL: In the BMNH collection are deposited two slides (6 specimens) labelled “Tachardia mysorensis, Shorea talura, Bangalore, India, ex-collected by Mahdihassan”; (Jon Martin, The Natural History Museum, London, February 24, 1999, in letter to Yair Ben-Dov). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976). Varshney (1976) gave a table of

272

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taxonomic characters to distinguish between Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca, Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua and Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis. CITATIONS: Ali1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 38]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 22]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, distribution: 98]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-48]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) lacca takahashii Varshney Kerria lacca takahashii Varshney, 1974: 23. Nomen nudum; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 70. Kerria lacca takahashii Varshney, 1976: 70. Type data: THAILAND: Chieng-Mai, from “old lac samples of Siam lac”, Collected by R.K. Varshney, 1966. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Kerria (Kerria) lacca takahashii; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Varshn1976]. KEYS: Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca.]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-72, 90]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) mengdingensis Zhang, Z.S. Kerria (Kerria) mengdingensis Zhang, Z.S., 1993a: 276. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Mengding of gengma-hsien, on Ficus benjamina and Ficus lacor, host plant of holotype not indicated, 3 May 1965, Collected by Zhang Z. S. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China. STRUCTURE: Isolated resinous test of adult female globose or approximately hemispherical; surface smooth or granulose, diameter of test 6–8 mm; colour orange brown. Male pupa test resinous cigar-like; length 2.7–3.3 mm, width 0.7–0.9 mm, colour reddish yellow. Adult male and female normally uniform orange or yellow but a variety with rich crimson colour in all stages is seen (Zhang, 1993a). HOST PLANTS: Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1993a], Ficus lacor [Zhang1993a]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Zhang1993a]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Varshn1997]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1993a). CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 276-277, 284-285]. Kerria (Kerria) nagoliensis (Mahdihassan) Lakshadia nagoliensis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: INDIA: Madhya Pradesh, Raipur and Sohagpur, on Schleichera trijuga. Syntypes, female and first instar. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958). Laccifer nagoliensis; Chamberlin, 1925: 37. Change of combination. Tachardia nagoliensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Kerria nagoliensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) nagoliensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. COMMON NAMES: Nagoli lac [Varshn1976]; nagoli lac [Varshn1976]; Schleichera trijuga lac [Varshn1976]. SYSTEMATICS: The original description (Mahdihassan, 1923, p. 98) of this species reads “. on S. trijuga. This insect exudes a thick layer of resin and has very strongly developed stigmatic processes and a spinoid process”.

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

273

HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia auriculaeformis [MishraKuSu1999], Acacia catechu [MishraKuSu1999], Acacia farnesiana [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Flemingia macrophylla [MishraKuSu1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mauritiana [MishraKuSu1999]. Sapindaceae: Schleichera oleosa [SharmaBhSu1999], Schleichera trijuga [Mahdih1923, Kapur1958, Varshn1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Madhya Pradesh [Mahdih1923, Varshn1976, Varshn1984b]). KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Chamberlin (1925) suggested that this species is probably a synonym of Kerria Kerria lacca lacca. Varshney (1976) regarded it as “sp. inquirenda”. CITATIONS: Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 37]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 22]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98]; MishraKuSu1999 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 130-131]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48-49]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) nepalensis Varshney Kerria nepalensis Varshney, 1973: 12. Nomen nudum; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 49. Kerria nepalensis Varshney, 1976: 49. Type data: INDIA: North Bihar, Valmikinagar, Indo-Nepal border, on Litchi chinensis, collected by R.K. Varshney, 31.12.1968. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Kerria (Kerria) nepalensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Varshn1976]); Nepal [Varshn1976]. KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Varshn1973 [taxonomy: 12]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, illustration: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) pusana (Misra) Laccifer pusana Misra, 1930: 163. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Pusa, on Ziziphus jujuba and Butea frondosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Notes: Varshney (1976: 52) reported that no type material was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working. Tachardia pusana; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Kerria (Kerria) pusana; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Butea frondosa [Misra1930], Butea monosperma [SharmaBhSu1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Misra1930], Ziziphus mauritiana [SharmaBhSu1999]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Misra1930, Varshn1976]). KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description of adult female by Misra (1930) and by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Kapur1958 [catalogue: 19]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51-53]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Kerria (Kerria) ruralis (Wang, Yao, Teiu & Liang) Laccifer ruralis Wang, Yao, Teiu & Liang, 1982: 53. Type data: China: Yunnan Province, on branches of Mallotus philippinensis, June 10, 1969. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Kerria (Kerria) ruralis; Varshney, 1997: 28. Change of combination.

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KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus philippinensis [WangYaTe1982]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [WangYaTe1982]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Wang et al. (1982). CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; WangYaTe1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-57]. Kerria (Kerria) sharda Mishra & Sushil Kerria sharda Mishra & Sushil, 2000: 217. Type data: INDIA: Orissa, Sarat, on Schleichera oleosa; collected on 10 July 1997. Holotype female. type no. LR5331. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. HOST PLANTS: Sapindaceae: Schleichera oleosa [MishraSu2000]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Orissa [MishraSu2000]). KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mishra & Sushil (2000). CITATIONS: MishraSu2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-220]; Varshn2003 [taxonomy: 22-23]. Kerria (Kerria) sindica (Mahdihassan) Lakshadia sindica Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: PAKISTAN: Sind, near Hyderabad, on Acacia arabica, November. 1922; let S. Mahdihassan, Sept. 14, 1923 host plant not indicated. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Varshney, 1976: 73. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Laccifer sindica; Chamberlin, 1925: 37. Change of combination. Tachardia sindica; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination. Kerria sindica; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination. Lakashadia sindica; Ali, 1970: 68. Misspelling of genus name. Kerria (Kerria) sindica; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia arabica [Kapur1958, Varshn1976], Albizia lebbek [Varshn1976]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Varshn1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Kapur1958, Varshn1976]. KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Ali1970 [taxonomy: 68]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 37-38]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 23]; LiHu1994 [host, distribution, life history: 224-226]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; LiYaWa1991 [host, distribution, chemistry: 555-559]; LiZhLi1994 [host, distribution, chemistry: 456-459]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, description: 98]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-74]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; YanLiWa1992 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, economic importance: 71-77]. Kerria (Kerria) yunnanensis Ou & Hong Kerria (Kerria) yunnanensis Ou & Hong, 1990: 15. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Jingdong, on Dalbergia obtusifolia, May 4, 1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Dalbergia obtusifolia [OuHo1990]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [OuHo1990]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ou & Hong (1990). CITATIONS: OuHo1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-18]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

275

Lac Anderson nomen nudum Lac Anderson, 1790: 359. Nomen nudum. Notes: Morrison & Morrison (1966: 101) presented information about this Nomen Nudum as follows: “In his introductory letter to the Roxburgh 1790 article describing the lac insect, Anderson said: “Mr. Roxburgh’s discovery will bring Lac a genus into the class Hemiptera of Linnaeus”. There was no obvious use of the binomial system in this presentation”. It should be indicated that in the Coccoidea, there is also Lacca Signoret, 1869: 848, a Nomen Nudum which is placed with Ceroplastes in the Coccidae (see Ben-Dov, 1993: 153).

Metatachardia Chamberlin Tachardia (Metatachardia) Chamberlin, 1923: 172. Type species: Tachardia conchiferata Green, by monotypy and original designation. Metatachardia; Chamberlin, 1925: 39. Change of status. Metacardia; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1926: 450. Misspelling of genus name. etatachardia; Varshney, 1984b: 383. Misspelling of genus name. KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [Genera of Tachardiinae]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [World]. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976). Varshney (1984b) provided characters for separating this genus from Kerria. CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 172]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 39]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 23-24]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 454]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 190]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 119-120]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440]; Takaha1949 [taxonomy: 10-11]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 49]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 75]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366, 369, 383]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy: 273]. Metatachardia conchiferata (Green) Tachardia conchiferata Green, 1922: 407. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kandy, Matale, Jaffna and Tangalla, on Mimosa sp., Annona palustris, Excoecaria agallocha and on Croton lacciferum. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Tachardia (Metatachardia) conchiferata; Chamberlin, 1923: 172. Change of combination. Lakshadia conchiferata; Mahdihassan, 1923: 53. Change of combination. Laccifer conchiferatus; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination. Metatachardia conchiferata; Chamberlin, 1925: 39. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Annonaceae: Annona palustris [Varshn1976]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton lacciferum [Varshn1976], Excoecaria agallocha [Varshn1976]. Leguminosae: Mimosa [Green1922]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922), Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-173]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 39]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 407-408]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 23-24]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 53, 49]; Takaha1949 [host: 10]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-78]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Metatachardia fukienensis Zhang, Z.S. Metatachardia fukienensis Zhang, Z.S., 1993a: 274. Type data: CHINA: Fukien Province, Nanching, on Litchi chinensis and Mallotus philippinensis, host plant of holotype not indicated, 5 June 1978, Collected by Zhang, Z. S. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.

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STRUCTURE: Similar to that of Metatachardia hunanensis, except that the lac is much lighter in colour, being clear reddish orange. Diameter of isolated tests 2.4–3.4 mm. Male pupa resinous test cigar-like; colour reddish yellow, length 2.7–2.8 mm; width 0.7–0.8 mm (Zhang, 1993a). HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus philippinensis [Zhang1993a]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Zhang1993a]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Fujian (Fukien) [Zhang1993a]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Varshn1997]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1993a). CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-276, 282-283]. Metatachardia hunanensis Zhang, Z.S. Metatachardia hunanensis Zhang, Z.S., 1993a: 274. Type data: CHINA: Hunan Province, Kiangin hsien, on Mallotus philippinensis, 26 May 1979, Collected by Zhang, Z. S. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China. STRUCTURE: Resinous test of adult females globose or approximately hemispherical, smooth above with six deep depressions above the marginal area, each surrounded by prominent radiating ridges forming a definite and graceful shell-like pattern; colour reddish brown to orange brown, partly due to the colour of the contained insect, the lac being semi-translucent. Diameter of isolated tests 2–3 mm. Male pupa resinous test cigar-like; colour reddish yellow; length 2.5–2.7 mm; width 0.6–0.7 mm (Zhang, 1993a). HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus philippinensis [Zhang1993a]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Hunan (Hunan) [Zhang1993a]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Varshn1997]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1993a). CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274, 280-281]. Metatachardia myrica Tang Metatachardia myrica Tang, 1974: 207. Type data: CHINA: Chekiang Province, on Myrica. Holotype female. HOST PLANTS: Myricaceae: Myrica [Tang1974]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Zhejiang (Chekiang) [Tang1974]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1974). CITATIONS: KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 454]; Tang1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-209]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Metatachardia sinensis Zhang, Z.S. Metatachardia sinensis Zhang, Z.S., 1993a: 273. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Changyan hsien, on Ficus benjamina, Eriolaena malvacea and Dalbergia spp., host plant of holotype not indicated, 13 June 1971, Collected by Zhang, Z. S. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China. STRUCTURE: Resinous test of adult females globose or approximately hemispherical, smooth above with six deep depressions above the marginal area, each surrounded by prominent radiating ridges forming a definite and graceful shell-like pattern; colour reddish brown to orange brown, partly due to the colour of the contained insects. The lac being semi-translucent. Diameter of isolated tests 5–6 mm. Male pupa resinous test cigar-like; colour reddish yellow, length 2.9–3.5 mm; width 0.8–1.0 mm (Zhang, 1993a). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Dalbergia [Zhang1993a]. Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1993a]. Sterculiaceae: Eriolaena malvacea [Zhang1993a].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

277

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Zhang1993a]). Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Varshn1997]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1993a). CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273, 278-279]. Metatachardia yunnanensis Zhang, Z.S. Metatachardia yunnanensis Zhang, Z.S., 1992a: 383. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Changyar hsien, on Ficus benjamina, Eriolaena malvacea and Dalbergia spp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China. STRUCTURE: Resinous test of adult females globose or approximately hemispherical, smooth above with six deep depressions above the marginal area, each surrounded by prominent radiating ridges forming a definite and graceful shell-like pattern, colour reddish brown to reddish yellow brown, partly due to the colour of the contained insects, the lac being semi translucent. Diameter of isolated tests 5.5–6.5 mm. Male pupa resinous test cigar-like, colour reddish yellow, length 3.3–3.8 mm, width 0.9–1.1 mm (Zhang, 1992a). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Dalbergia [Zhang1992aZ]. Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1992aZ]. Sterculiaceae: Eriolaena malvacea [Zhang1992aZ]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Zhang1992aZ]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Zhang (1992aZ). CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Zhang1992aZ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-385].

Paratachardina Balachowsky Paratachardina Balachowsky, 1950: 8. Type species: Carteria decorella Maskell, by monotypy and original designation. KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region]; Varshney 1976: 55-56 (female) [Species of India]; Balachowsky 1950: 8 (female) [Genera of Africa]. GENERAL: Description and definition by Balachowsky (1950), Varshney (1976) and by Williams & Watson (1990). Varshney (1984b) provided characters for separating this genus from related ones. CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy, description: 8]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 454]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy: 119-126]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 147]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440-441]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description: 54-56, 80]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366, 370-371, 383]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 187]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387]. Paratachardina capsella Wang Paratachardina capsella Wang, 1986a: 196. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, on Rhus chinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus chinensis [Varshn1997]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Varshn1997]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Wang (1986a). CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Wang1986a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-198]. Paratachardina decorella (Maskell) Carteria decorella Maskell, 1893b: 247. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, on Myrica cerifera. Specimens of males and second stage female sent by Mr. Koebele. Adults sent by Mr. Olliff. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand.

278

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

Tachardia decorella; Maskell, 1895b: 70. Change of combination. Tachardia (Carteria) decorella; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1921a: 340. Change of combination. Paratachardina decorella; Balachowsky, 1950: 8. Change of combination. Tachardina decorella; Brimblecombe, 1962: 228. Change of combination. Paratachardina decorella; Varshney, 1984b: 370. Change of combination. COMMON NAMES: native cochineal [Maskel1895a]; native shellac [Maskel1895a]. STRUCTURE: Froggatt (1921b: 28) illustrated the external appearance of the female test. HOST PLANTS: Epacridaceae: Monotoca elliptica [Frogga1921b]. Juglandaceae: Carya illinoiensis [Brimbl1962]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [Frogga1921b]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia smithii [Frogga1921b]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1895a], Queensland [Brimbl1962], Victoria [Maskel1895a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; Brimbl1962 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 228]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-211]; Cocker1903c [taxonomy: 66]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 56]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124]; Frogga1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1162]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-29]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 36-37]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 455]; Lit2002 [taxonomy, structure: 25-38]; Lit2002a [structure: 122-136]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy, structure: 119-126]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 247-249]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 70]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 147]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) Tachardia lobata Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919a: 47. Nomen nudum; discovered by Varshney, 1967a: 77. Tachardia lobata Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1921a: 340. Nomen nudum. Tachardia minuta; Green, 1922: 414. Misidentification; discovered by Chamberlin, 1923: 208. Tachardina lobata Chamberlin, 1923: 208. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Flueggea leucopyrus. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Tachardina lobata; Chamberlin, 1925: 41. Notes: Incorrect citation of “Green” as author. Tachardina lobata; Kapur, 1958: 37. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Green. Paratachardina lobata; Varshney, 1976: 56. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Green. Paratachardina lobata; Varshney, 1984b: 370. Change of combination. Paratachardina lobata; Varshney, 1984b: 370. Notes: Incorrect citation of “Green” as author. SYSTEMATICS: Green (1922) described and illustrated in great detail a species that he identified as Tachardia minuta Morrison, 1920. Chamberlin (1923) concluded that Green’s (1922) description was a misidentification of Morrison’s species, and described a new species that he named Tachardina lobata. Chamberlin (1925) supposed that the species should be credited to Green, and his interpretation was adopted by Kapur (1958) and by Varshney (1976; 1984b). However, according to Article 50(a) of the International Code the author is Chamberlin. HOST PLANTS: Aceraceae: Acer rubrum [Pember2003a]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Pember2003a], Schinus terebinthifolius [Pember2003a], Toxicodendron radicans [Pember2003a]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Pember2003a], Annona squamosa [Pember2003a]. Apocynaceae: Trachelospermum jasminoides [Pember2003a]. Clusiaceae: Rheedia aristata [Pember2003a]. Combretaceae: Bucida buceras [Pember2003a], Terminalia catappa [Pember2003a]. Euphorbiaceae: Bischofia javanica [Pember2003a], Codiaeum variegatum [Pember2003a], Flueggea leucopyrus [Chambe1923], Sauropus androgynus [Pember2003a]. Fagaceae: Quercus laurifolia [Pember2003a]. Gramineae: Bambusa vulgaris [Pember2003a], Phyllostachys nigra [Pember2003a]. Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus officinalis [Pember2003a].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

279

Lauraceae: Cinnamomum zeylanicum [Pember2003a], Laurus nobilis [Pember2003a]. Leguminosae: Acacia farnesiana [Pember2003a], Cassia pendula [Pember2003a]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia [Pember2003a]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Pember2003a]. Meliaceae: Agalia odorata [Pember2003a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [Pember2003a], Ficus benjamina [Pember2003a], Morus [Pember2003a]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [Pember2003, Pember2003a]. Myrtaceae: Calyptranthes pallens [Pember2003a], Eugenia aggregata [Pember2003a], Eugenia brasiliensis [Pember2003a], Eugenia uniflora [Pember2003a], Myrciaria cauliflora [Pember2003, Pember2003a], Pimenta dioica [Pember2003a], Pimenta racemosa [Pember2003a]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Pember2003a]. Oleaceae: Jasminum gracillimum [Pember2003a], Osmanthus fragans [Pember2003a]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [Pember2003a]. Palmae: Chrysobalanus icaco [Pember2003]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [Pember2003a]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Pember2003a]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [Pember2003a], Hamelia patens [Pember2003a], Ixora coccinea [Pember2003a], Psychotria nervosa [Pember2003a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Pember2003a], Citrus sinensis [Pember2003a], Clausena lansium [Pember2003a], Fortunella japonicum [Pember2003a], Murraya paniculata [Pember2003a], Zanthoxylum fagara [Pember2003a]. Sapindaceae: Dimocarpus longan [Pember2003a], Litchi sinensis [Pember2003a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Pember2003a], Synsepalum dulcificum [Pember2003a]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia [Pember2003a], Brunfelsia lactea [Pember2003a], Brunfelsia nitida [Pember2003a], Cestrum nocturnum [Pember2003a]. Verbenaceae: Citharexylum spinosum [Pember2003a]. Vitaceae: Parthenocissus quinquefolia [Pember2003a]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Ammonoencyrtus carolinensis (Meyer) [Schauf2005], Tachardiaephagus tachardiae Howard. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Pember2003]). Oriental: India [Varshn1997]; Sri Lanka [Chambe1923, Varshn1997]. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Pemberton (2003, 2003a) recorded this species as an invader pest in southern Florida, USA, where it was found infesting a total of 67 species of woody plants belonging to 30 plant families. KEYS: Varshney 1976: 55 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 218-223]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-209]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 41]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 414-416]; Hamon2000 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance]; HowardPeHa2004 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 96]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 37-38]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; Pember2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 353-360]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Schauf2005 [distribution, biological control: 115-118]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-58]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Paratachardina lobata schmidti (Mahdihassan) Tachardina lobata schmidtii Mahdihassan, 1946: 136. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, on Guazuma tomentosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958). Tachardina lobata schmidtii; Kapur, 1958: 38. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 56. Paratachardina lobata schmidti; Varshney, 1984b: 370. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Mahdihassan (1946) described this subspecies and the closely related one, Tachardina lobata walczuchii from the same locality and host plant, while distinguishing them from each other on the basis of morphologically-different symbionts. Kapur (1958, p. 38) regarded Tachardina lobata schmidti as a synonym of Tachardina lobata, whereas Varshney (1984b) regarded the former as a distinct subspecies. HOST PLANTS: Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa [Mahdih1946].

280

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Mahdih1946]). CITATIONS: Kapur1958 [catalogue, taxonomy: 37-38]; Mahdih1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135-136]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Paratachardina lobata walczuchae (Mahdihassan) Tachardina lobata walczuchii Mahdihassan, 1946: 136. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, on Guazuma tomentosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Paratachardina lobata walczuchae; Varshney, 1984b: 370. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Mahdihassan (1946) described this subspecies and the closely related one, Tachardina lobata schmidti from the same locality and host plant, while distinguishing them from each other on the basis of morphologically-different symbionts. Kapur (1958, p. 38) regarded Tachardina lobata schmidti as a synonym of Tachardina lobata. However, both Kapur (1958) and Varshney (1984b) regarded Tachardina lobata walczuchae as a distinct subspecies. HOST PLANTS: Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa [Mahdih1946, Kapur1958]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Mahdih1946]). CITATIONS: Kapur1958 [catalogue: 38-39]; Mahdih1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135-136]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 56]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Paratachardina minuta (Morrison) Tachardia minuta Morrison, 1920: 179. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Basilan, Isabela, on Mangifera indica. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Tachardina (Tachardina) minuta; Chamberlin, 1923: 209. Change of combination. Paratachardina minuta; Varshney & Teotia, 1968: 489. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Test somewhat egg-shaped, broadest behind, but with a constriction on each side about the middle, strongly convex, broadly ribbed laterally, this is more pronounced on the anterior portion, posterior dorsal opening oval, located just at the end of the larval exuvium, the anterior pair of openings diagonally slitlike, placed just before the exuvium; maximum length, about 1.5 mm; colour dark red to almost black (Morrison, 1920). HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Morris1920, Varshn1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Mindanao [Morris1920]). BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of the host, mostly on the underside along the midribs (Morrison, 1920). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920). CITATIONS: Kapur1958 [catalogue: 39]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-181]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; VarshnTe1968 [taxonomy: 489]. Paratachardina mithila Varshney Paratachardina mithila Varshney, 1968: 489. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Shilong, in the gardens of Ward Lake, on Photinia notoniana var. macrophylla. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Paratachardina mithila Varshney, 1976: 58. Notes: Listed again as “n. sp.”, however, the description date is 1968. Paratachardina mithilae; Varshney, 1997: 30. Misspelling of species name. SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1984b) concluded that the description of this species by Varshney (1968) validated it.

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

281

HOST PLANTS: Rosaceae: Photinia notoniana macrophylla [Varshn1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Varshn1976]). KEYS: Varshney 1976: 56 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Ali1970 [host, distribution: 69]; Varshn1968 [taxonomy, description: 489]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-61]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Paratachardina morobensis Williams & Watson Paratachardina morobensis Williams & Watson, 1990: 189. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe P., Bulolo, on Casuarina oligodon, collected by J.A. Simpson, 31 March 1977. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Paratachardina morobensis; Sharma & Ramani, 1999: 441. Notes: Incorrectly cited as “n. sp.”. HOST PLANTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina oligodon [WilliaWa1990]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1990). CITATIONS: SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 441]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189]. Paratachardina silvestrii (Mahdihassan) Tachardia silvestri Mahdihassan, 1923: 76. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka (=Mysore), Bangalore, on Ixora parviflora, collected by F. Silvestri, February 1922. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Varshney, 1976: 61. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Tachardina silvestrii; Chamberlin, 1925: 41. Change of combination and justified emendation. Paratachardina silvestrii; Varshney & Teotia, 1968: 489. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: The name Tachardia silvestri was given by Mahdihassan (1923, p. 76) to lac insects on Ixora parviflora from Mysore, India, which differed from Tachardia minuta in the type and shape of their symbionts. HOST PLANTS: Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Varshn1976]. Rubiaceae: Ixora parviflora [Mahdih1923, Varshn1976]. Santalaceae: Santalum album [Varshn1976]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa [Varshn1976]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Mahdih1923, Varshn1976]). KEYS: Varshney 1976: 55 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Chamberlin (1925) noted that Tachardia silvestri was very closely allied to Tachardia minuta. He also noted that it seems probable that it is really valid, although, this cannot be regarded as certain until it has been adequately redescribed. Description and illustration of adult female by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 218-223]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 39]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 76]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; VarshnTe1968 [taxonomy: 489]. Paratachardina ternata (Chamberlin) Tachardina (Tachardina) ternata Chamberlin, 1923: 208. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Travencore, on Acacia sundra. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Tachardina ternata; Chamberlin, 1925: 41. Change of combination. Paratachardina ternata; Varshney, 1968a: 489. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia sundra [Chambe1923, Varshn1976].

282

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Varshn1976, Varshn1984b]). KEYS: Varshney 1976: 56 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 41]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 39-40]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 63-64]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Paratachardina theae (Green) Tachardia decorella theae Green in Green & Mann, 1907: 348. Type data: INDIA: Darjeeling and Assam, on tea plants. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Tachardina theae; Chamberlin, 1923: 210. Change of status and combination. Notes: Incorrect citation of Green & Mann as authors. Laccifer theae; Misra, 1930: 161. Change of combination. Tachardina theae; Kapur, 1958: 40. Notes: Incorrect citation of “Green & Mann” as authors. Paratachardina theae; Varshney & Teotia, 1968: 489. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999). HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Varshn1976]. Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus philippinensis [Varshn1976]. Lauraceae: Machilus [Varshn1976]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia longifolia [Varshn1976]. Moraceae: Ficus religiosa [Varshn1976], Ficus retusa [Varshn1976]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Varshn1976]. Rubiaceae: Cinchona calisaya [Varshn1976], Gardenia florida [Varshn1976]. Theaceae: Thea sinensis [GreenMa1907]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Guangdong (Kwangtung) [Varshn1976], Hunan (Hunan) [HuHeWa1992]); India (Assam [GreenMa1907], West Bengal [GreenMa1907, Varshn1976]); Taiwan [Varshn1976, WongChCh1999]. KEYS: Varshney 1976: 56 (female) [India]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210]; GreenMa1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 348-349]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-181]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 40]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 455]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-67]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; VarshnTe1968 [taxonomy: 488]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8,45]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518].

Tachardiella Cockerell Tachardiella Cockerell, 1901l: 249. Type species: Tachardia cornuta Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation. Tachardia (Tachardiella); Chamberlin, 1923: 174. Change of status. SYSTEMATICS: Chamberlin (1923) splited Tachardiella Cockerell into two subgenera, namely Tachardiella (Tachardiella) and Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella), but Chamberlin (1925: 39) changed the rank of these genera and combined them into a single genus Tachardiella. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Chamberlin (1923) and by Ferris (1955a). KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-397 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [genera of Tachardiinae ]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [genera of Kerriidae].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

283

CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 174-176]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 39]; Cocker1901 [taxonomy: 63]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 219-223]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 220]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 8,24-29]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 153-154]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 191]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 439]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387]. Tachardiella argentina (Dominguez) Tachardia argentina Dominguez, 1906: 219. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cordoba Province, in the surroundings of Totoral, on south-eastern slope of the hills which borders the mill of this locality, on Tusca trees, Acacia cavenia. Syntypes, female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Tachardiella argentina; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Dominguez (1906) studied and analyzed the chemical composition of the lac excreted by this species. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia cavenia [Doming1906]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Doming1906]). GENERAL: Description of adult female by Dominguez (1906). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy: 194]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Doming1906 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, chemistry: 219-223]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 24]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]. Tachardiella artocarpi (Hempel) Tachardia artocarpi Hempel, 1921: 145. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, on twigs of “jaqueira” [=jack-fruit] Artocarpus heterophyllus, “cajueiro” [= cashew] Anacardium occidentale and Terminalia catappa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. Tachardiella artocarpi; Chamberlin, 1923: 194. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [Hempel1921]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [Hempel1921]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [Hempel1921]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1921]). GENERAL: Description of adult female by Hempel (1921). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy: 194]; Hempel1921 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145-146]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 24-25]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardiella cordaliae (Leonardi) Tachardia cordaliae Leonardi, 1911a: 24. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Cordalia lineata. Syntypes. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Tachardiella cordaliae; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination. Tachardiella condaliae; Varshney, 1997: 29. Misspelling of species name. Tachardiella condaliae; Sharma & Ramani, 1999: 439. Misspelling of species name. HOST PLANTS: Cordalia lineata [Leonar1911a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Leonar1911a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Leonardi (1911a). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 194]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 25]; Leonar1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29].

284

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

Tachardiella cornuta (Cockerell) Tachardia cornuta Cockerell, 1894s: 284. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Little Mountain, Mesilla Valley, on Parthenium incanum. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Tachardiella (Tachardiella) cornuta; Chamberlin, 1923: 182. Change of combination. Tachardiella cornuta; Kapur, 1958: 25. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Parthenium incanum [Cocker1894s]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1902m]; United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1894s]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923) and by Ferris (1955a). CITATIONS: Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 218-223]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Cocker1894s [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 284]; Cocker1902m [taxonomy, host, distribution: 177-178]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 25]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardiella ferrisi Chamberlin Tachardiella (Tachardiella) ferrisi Chamberlin, 1923: 183. Type data: MEXICO: Lower California, La Paz, on Acacia flexicaulis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Tachardiella ferrisi; Kapur, 1958: 26. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Tests smooth and gently lobed; lac is smooth and between dragon’s blood and burnt sienna in colour, averaging, perhaps, a little darker than the latter (Chamberlin, 1923). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia flexicaulis [Chambe1923]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California [Chambe1923]). BIOLOGY: Loosely massed upon twigs of host (Chamberlin, 1923). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 221]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 26]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardiella fulgens (Cockerell) Tachardia fulgens Cockerell, 1895r: 1. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, on Sesbania ?. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Tachardiella fulgens; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination. Tachardiella (Tachardiella) fulgens; Chamberlin, 1923: 183. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Sesbania [Cocker1895r]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Varshn1997]; United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1895r]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183]; Cocker1895r [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 221]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 25-26]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 230].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

285

Tachardiella glomerella (Cockerell) Tachardia glomerella Cockerell, 1905a: 52. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, on the mesa near Little Mountains, Mesilla Valley, on Gutierrezia glomerella. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Tachardiella glomerella; MacGillivray, 1921: 153. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Crowded on the stems of Gutierrezia glomerella Greene, the individuals coalescing in large numbers, but not (in the material received) entirely surrounding the stem; colour very dark, with translucent shining orange-red rounded bosses, suggesting of guava jelly (Cockerell, 1905a). HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Gutierrezia glomerella [Cocker1905a]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1905a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Cocker1905a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 221]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 26]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardiella ingae (Hempel) Tachardia ingae Hempel, 1900a: 415. Type data: BRAZIL: near river Moggy-guassu, on twigs of Inga. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. Tachardiella ingae; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Inga [Hempel1900a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Hempel1900a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 415-416]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 26-27]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardiella larreae (Comstock) Carteria larreae Comstock, 1882: 211. Type data: U.S.A. and MEXICO: specific locality not stated, but “South-western portions of the United States and Mexico”, on Covillea glutinosa [=Larrea mexicana]. Syntypes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Tachardiella larreae; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination. Tachardiella (Tachardiella) larreae; Chamberlin, 1923: 177. Change of combination. Lakshadia larreae; Mahdihassan, 1923: 53. Change of combination. Tachardiella (Tachardiella) larreae californica Chamberlin, 1923: 179. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Shaver’s Well, near Mecca, on Peucephyllum shotti, summer 1918, collected by G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Synonymy by Ferris (1955a: 223). Tachardiella larreae californica; Kapur, 1958: 27. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Peucephyllum schotti [Chambe1923]. Zygophyllaceae: Covillea glutinosa [Comsto1882], Larrea [Cocker1893r]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Tachardiobius nigricans Timberlake [Gordh1979]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Comsto1882]; United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1893r], California [Chambe1925JC]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923).

286

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

CITATIONS: Blanch1883 [taxonomy, economic importance: 262-263]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Cocker1893r [host, distribution: 181]; Colton1943 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 21-32]; Colton1944 [structure: 1-24]; Colton1948 [structure: 66]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 211-212]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 125]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 223]; Gordh1979 [biological control: 928]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 27]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 53]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardiella lycii (Leonardi) Tachardia lycii Leonardi, 1911a: 22. Type data: ARGENTINE: Cacheuta, on Lycium chilense. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Tachardiella lycii; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Solanaceae: Lycium chilense [Leonar1911a]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Leonar1911a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Leonardi (1911a). CITATIONS: Kapur1958 [catalogue: 27]; Leonar1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardiella mexicana (Comstock) Carteria mexicana Comstock, 1882: 212. Type data: MEXICO: Tamaulipas, Tampico, on Mimosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Tachardia mexicana; Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 173. Change of combination. Tachardia fulvoradiata Cockerell, 1898j: 431. Type data: MEXICO: on a large tree named “Palo de gusano”, June 4, 1897; collected by Townsend. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Chamberlin, 1923: 185. Tachardia (Tachardiella) mexicana; Chamberlin, 1923: 185. Change of combination. Tachardia (Tachardiella) texana Chamberlin, 1923: 186. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Atosca County, Jordanton, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Synonymy by Chamberlin, 1925: 40. Tachardiella mexicana; Chamberlin, 1925: 40. Change of combination. Tachardiella texana; Chamberlin, 1925: 40. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [Chambe1923, Chambe1925JC], Mimosa [Comsto1882, Cocker1893r, TownseCo1898]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Tamaulipas [Comsto1882, Cocker1893r]); United States of America (Texas [Chambe1923, Chambe1925JC]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923, 1925). CITATIONS: Blanch1883 [taxonomy, economic importance: 263-264]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-186]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 40]; Cocker1893r [host, distribution: 181]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 431]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124, 126]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 223]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 28]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 173]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

287

Tachardiella nigra Fonseca Tachardiella nigra Fonseca, 1975: 81. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, in park at Morumbi, on plant of the Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: São Paulo: Instituto Biologico de São Paulo, Brazil. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae [Fonsec1975]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Fonsec1975]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Fonseca (1975). CITATIONS: Fonsec1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardiella ourinhensis Hempel Tachardiella ourinhensis Hempel, 1937: 8. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Ourinhos, on Myrtaceae. Holotype female, type no. 711. Type depository: São Paulo: Instituto Biologico de São Paulo, Brazil. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae [Hempel1937]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Hempel1937]). GENERAL: Description of the adult female given by Hempel (1937). Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1994) suggested that this species belongs to Austrotachardiella. CITATIONS: Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8-9]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 28]; MatileCo1993 [taxonomy: 448]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardiella parva (Hempel) Tachardia parva Hempel, 1900a: 413. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Cochoeira and Ypiranga, on a tree of Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. Tachardiella parva; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination. Tachardiella (Tachardiella) parva; Chamberlin, 1923: 184. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a, MacGil1921, Chambe1923, Kapur1958]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Hempel1900a, Hempel1901, MacGil1921, Chambe1923, Kapur1958]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). Description of adult female by Hempel (1901). CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-185]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 126]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 413-414]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122-123]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 28-29]; MacGil1921 [catalogue: 154]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardiella pustulata (Cockerell) Tachardia pustulata Cockerell, 1895r: 2. Type data: USA: Arizona, near Phoenix, on a small perennial Compositae, 1894, collected by Professor Toumey. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Tachardiella (Tachardiella) pustulata; Chamberlin, 1923: 179. Change of combination. Tachardiella pustulata; Kapur, 1958: 29. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Compositae [Cocker1895r], Baccharis [Chambe1923, Kapur1958]. Rubiaceae: Bigelovia brachylepis [Chambe1923, Kapur1958]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1895r, Chambe1923, Kapur1958], California [Chambe1923]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923).

288

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

CITATIONS: Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-180]; Cocker1895r [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 126]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 223]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 29]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29].

Tachardina Cockerell Tachardina Cockerell, 1901l: 249. Type species: Tachardia albida Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation. Tachardina (Tachardina); Chamberlin, 1923: 204. Change of status. KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region]; Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Southern Africa]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Balachowsky 1950: 8 (female) [Genera of Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976). CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy, description: 7-12]; Brain1920 [taxonomy: 122-123]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 204-205]; Cocker1901 [taxonomy: 63-64]; Hall1935b [taxonomy: 475-477]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 34-40]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 455]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 196]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 153-154]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 191]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 441]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 78]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366, 370]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387]. Tachardina actinella (Cockerell & King) Tachardia actinella Cockerell & King, 1901: 342. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, host plant not specified. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Tachardina (Tachardina) actinella; Chamberlin, 1923: 207. Change of combination. Tachardina digitata Munting, 1965a: 37. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Strandfontein, on Rhus glauca, 25 May 1962, Collected by J. Munting. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. HC1511. Synonymy by Munting, 1966: 123. HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus glauca [Muntin1965a]. Ebenaceae: Euclea racemosa [Muntin1965a], Royena pallens [Hall1935b]. Euphorbiaceae: Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia [Hall1935b]. Juglandaceae: Carya [Hall1935b]. Proteaceae: Grevillea [Hall1935b]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Hall1935b]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Brain1920, Hall1935b], Citrus paradisi [Brain1920]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [Varshn1997]; South Africa [Brain1920, Muntin1965a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935b]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923) and by Munting (1965a; 1966). CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-124]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-208]; CockerKi1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 342]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 478-479]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 34]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-39]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 123]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 230].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

289

Tachardina affluens affluens (Brain) Tachardia affluens Brain, 1920: 125. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Euclea sp.; Collection No. 76. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Tachardina (Tachardina) affluens; Chamberlin, 1923: 206. Change of combination and rank. Tachardina affluens; Kapur, 1958: 34. Change of combination and rank. STRUCTURE: Test more or less globular, almost as deep as wide, sometimes slightly tapering to the top, about 3 mm in diameter, yellowish to dull shellac-brown with a reddish spot in the centre. The test is generally smooth, but may show indications of faint ridges to the margins, which are prominent in young specimens. Male scale is exceptionally long and narrow, pale yellowish brown, with reddish larval exuviae; posterior aperture closed by a rough buff flap (Brain, 1920). HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Athanasia [Muntin1965a]. Ebenaceae: Euclea [Brain1920], Euclea crispa [Muntin1965a], Euclea undulata undulata [Muntin1965a]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus spina-christi [Matile1988]. Solanaceae: Cestrum aurantiacum [Muntin1965a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, Muntin1965a]. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia [Matile1988]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923) and by Munting (1965a). CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-126]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-207]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 34-35]; Matile1988 [host, distribution: 26]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-35]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardina affluens coagulata Hall Tachardina affluens coagulata Hall, 1935b: 484. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Brits, on ?Hakea sp., collected by Mrs. R. Martin, 1932, and Warmbath, on “Persimon”, collected by R.J.B. Meek, June 1931. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. HOST PLANTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Hall1935b]. Proteaceae: Hakea [Hall1935b]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hall1935b]. KEYS: Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Munting (1966) studied paratypes of this subspecies and found that its characters fall within the range of variation of Tachardina affluens affluens, but formally he did not synonymize Tachardina affluens coagulata with the former. Description and illustration of adult female by Hall (1935b). CITATIONS: Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 484]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 35]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy: 123]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]. Tachardina affluens natalensis Hall Tachardina affluens natalensis Hall, 1935b: 484. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Pietermaritzburg, on Ficus sp.; collected by A. Kelley, 1910. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. HOST PLANTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Hall1935b]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hall1935b]. KEYS: Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Munting (1966) studied paratypes of this subspecies and found that its characters fall within the range of variation of Tachardina affluens affluens, but formally he did not synonymize Tachardina affluens natalensis with the former.

290

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 484]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 35]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy: 124]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina africana Hall Tachardia decorella; Brain, 1920: 125. Misidentification; discovered by Chamberlin, 1923: 212. Tachardina africana Hall, 1935b: 481. Type data: ZIMBABWE (=SOUTHERN RHODESIA): Melfort, on Acacia sp., 11 June 1928. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [Hall1935b, Muntin1965a, Muntin1966], Acacia karroo [Brain1920, Hall1935b, Muntin1965a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [Varshn1997]; South Africa [Brain1920, Hall1935b, Muntin1965a, Muntin1966]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935b]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hall (1935b). CITATIONS: AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 481-483]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 35]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina albida Cockerell Tachardina albida Cockerell, 1901l: 249. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Verulan, on Mimosa sp.; collected by Fuller. Syntypes. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Tachardia albida; Fernald, 1903b: 123. Change of combination. Tachardina (Tachardina) albida; Chamberlin, 1923: 206. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Forming smooth yellowish-white masses on the twigs; the extremely dense and hard lac of several individuals running together; masses up to 10 mm diameter and 30 mm in length. The individuals are marked externally by orange patches, each presenting a small corrugated or segmented ridge, and an aperture. Cavities for females globular to subpyriform. Male scales of the usual elongated form. Red, with a very short dorsal segmented ridge, about one-third of total length of scale (Cockerell, 1901l). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [Hall1935b], Acacia karroo [Cocker1901], Acacia stolonifera [Hall1935b], Mimosa [Cocker1901l]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cocker1901l, Brain1920, Chambe1923, Hall1935b]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935b]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 41]; Cocker1901l [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 477-478]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 35-36]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369-370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 230].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

291

Tachardina aurantiaca (Cockerell) Tachardia aurantiaca Cockerell, 1903c: 65. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Garoet, on grapefruit, Citrus. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Tachardina (Tachardina) aurantiaca; Chamberlin, 1923: 205. Change of combination. Tachardina aurantiaca; Hall, 1935b: 475. Notes: Incorrect citation of “Green” as author. Tachardina aurantiaca; Kapur, 1958: 36. Change of combination. Tachardina aurentiaca; Varshney, 1984b: 370. Misspelling of species name. STRUCTURE: Scales usually separate, sometimes coalescing, round, as seen from above, 4 mm long, convex, but flattened dorsally, so that they are not half as high as broad; surface thrown more or less into concrete folds; colour bright orange; median dorsal area ferruginous, with radiating ridges and the usual orifices, the minutely transversely ribbed larval exuviae in the middle. Young up to about 2 mm long, orange-ferruginous, with rather obscure radiating ridges (Cockerell, 1903c). Resinous test of adult female circular, somewhat flattened dorsally: the larval pellicle forming a crenulated ridge in the centre of the dorsal area: anal orifice circular or broadly oval, its posterior rim raised into a prominent tooth-like point: respiratory orifices small, very slightly prominent, situated one on each side of and close to the larval pellicle: sides more or less distinctly broadly radially fluted. Colour bright fulvous to castaneous, the larval pellicle reddish; semitranslucent. Diameter 25 mm (Green, 1913). HOST PLANTS: Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia [Green1913]. Leguminosae: Acacia sphaerocephala [Morris1921, Chambe1923], Albizia [Green1913], Cajanus cajan [Morris1921, Chambe1923], Pithecolobium [Takaha1941, Kapur1958]. Moraceae: Ficus [Takaha1941, Kapur1958]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Takaha1941], Ziziphus mauritiana [Kapur1958]. Rubiaceae: Ixora macrothyrsa [Morris1921, Chambe1923]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Cocker1903c]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Christmas Island [OdowdGrLa2003]. Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Cocker1903c, Green1913, Varshn1976]); Malaysia [Varshn1976]; Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Singapore [Morris1921, Takaha1941]; Thailand [Takaha1941, Varshn1976]. BIOLOGY: Found on bark of branch (Cockerell, 1903c). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-206]; Cocker1903c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65-66]; Green1913 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 314-316]; Hall1935b [taxonomy: 475]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 511]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 36]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 455]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 647]; OdowdGrLa2003 [host, distribution: 813]; Takaha1941 [host, distribution: 138]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 59]. Tachardina bernardi Balachowsky Tachardina bernardi Balachowsky, 1950: 13. Type data: ALGERIA: Tassili N’Ajjeret; between Amais and Djanet; between Fort Gandel and Dider; Ihrir and Ahrar; on Acacia raddiana and A. seyal; collected between April and May 1949. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia raddiana [Balach1950], Acacia seyal [Balach1950]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1950]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Balachowsky (1950). CITATIONS: Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30].

292

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

Tachardina brachystegiae Hall Tachardina brachystegiae Hall, 1935b: 484. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=SOUTHERN RHODESIA]: Glendale, on Ziziphus jujuba; Mazoe on Cestrum sp., on Acacia sp., on Brachystegia sp.; El Dorado on Berlinia globiflora; Salisbury on “custard apple”, on Hibiscus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. HOST PLANTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Hall1935b]. Leguminosae: Acacia [Hall1935b], Berlinia globiflora [Hall1935b], Brachystegia [Hall1935b]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Hall1935b]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Hall1935b]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1935b]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hall (1935b). CITATIONS: AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 484-485]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 36]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, description: 39-40]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina diclipterae Hall Tachardina diclipterae Hall, 1935b: 485. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=SOUTHERN RHODESIA]: Inyazura, on Dicliptera rogersii; collected on 6 June 1928. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. HOST PLANTS: Acanthaceae: Dicliptera rogersii [Hall1935b, Muntin1965a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1935b, Muntin1965a]. BIOLOGY: Found to infest the stems just below ground level and on the roots (Hall, 1935b). KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hall (1935b) and supplemented by Muntin (1965a). CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 485-486]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 37]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35-36]; Muntin1973a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, description: 30]. Tachardina gripha Munting Tachardina gripha Munting, 1966: 124. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Van Rhynsdorp District, Bitterfontein, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis; collected by J.H. Giliomee, 18 February 1965. Holotype female, type no. HC1851. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. STRUCTURE: Test of adult female round, somewhat flattened on top; about 2 mm in diameter; pinkish in colour, and of a gelatinous texture when freshly secreted; occurring singly or in fused masses on the host plant. Male puparia not seen (Munting, 1966). HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Muntin1966]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1966]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Munting (1966). CITATIONS: Muntin1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-126]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina karroo (Brain) Tachardia karroo Brain, 1920: 124. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Montague, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis, in association with Tachardia minor, collected by C.P. van der Merwe, November 1914. Holotype female, type no. 185. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

293

Tachardina (Tachardina) karroo; Chamberlin, 1923: 211. Change of combination. Tachardina karroo; Hall, 1935b: 480. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Test of adult female globose; about 2.5 mm in diameter; yellow, glassy, transparent with the insect clearly visible inside in fresh material. Male puparia about 1.3 mm long (Munting, 1966). HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1920, Muntin1966]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, Muntin1966]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923), Hall (1935b) and by Munting (1966). Munting (1966: 129) discussed and indicated that there was confusion about the true collection of data of the type series; the collection data given here was taken from the original description. CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-212]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 480-481]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 37]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-129]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina lereddei Balachowsky Tachardina lereddei Balachowsky, 1950: 12. Type data: ALGERIA: Tassili N’Ajjers, gorges d’Ahrar, Sahara central, altitude of 1300 m, on Tamarix f. gallica. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix gallica [Balach1950]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1950]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Balachowsky (1950) and by Munting (1973a). CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 37]; Muntin1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina minor (Brain) Tachardia minor Brain, 1920: 124. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Montague, on rhenosterbosch, Elytropappus rhinocerotis; collected by C.P. van de Merwe. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Tachardina (Tachardina) minor; Chamberlin, 1923: 211. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1920]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 39]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina oligopora Munting Tachardina oligopora Munting, 1966: 129. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Van Rhynsdorp District, Bitterfontein, on Struthiola ?confusa; collected by J.H. Giliomee, 18 February 1965 Holotype female, type no. HC1894. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa.

294

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

STRUCTURE: Test of young adult female circular, flattened dorsally, yellow with a brownish mediodorsal area, and distinct lateral ridges. Male puparium reddish brown, and about 1.5 mm in length (Munting, 1966). HOST PLANTS: Thymelaeaceae: Struthiola confusa ? [Muntin1966]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Varshn1997]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Munting (1966). CITATIONS: Muntin1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-131]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina perplexa Munting Tachardina perplexa Munting, 1973a: 59. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Van Rhynsdorp District, Bitterfontein, on Galenia africana; collected by J.G. Theron, November 1964. Holotype female, type no. HC1725. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female globular, smooth, dirty-white or light brown, with a dark mediodorsal spot; often thickly encrusted on stems of the host plant. Male puparium elongate, about 1.5 mm long, brown in colour (Munting, 1973a). HOST PLANTS: Aizoaceae: Galenia africana [Muntin1973a]. Leguminosae: Acacia [Muntin1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Munting (1973a). CITATIONS: Muntin1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59, 61]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina protrudens Munting Tachardina protrudens Munting, 1965a: 39. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Piketberg District, Aurora, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis, collected by J. Munting, 19 May 1962. Holotype female, type no. HC1201. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Muntin1965a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1965a]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Munting (1965a). CITATIONS: Muntin1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina psiadiae Mamet Tachardina psiadiae Mamet, 1954: 22. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ambatoloana, on twigs of Psiadia; collected by R. Paulian, November 1950. Holotype female, type no. 279. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. STRUCTURE: Test of adult female circular, yellowish-buff, globular, slightly flattened dorsally. No regular flutings but with a few irregular shallow depressions. Occurring singly on the stems of the host plant. Diameter 3.5 mm; height 2.0 mm (Mamet, 1954). HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Psiadia [Mamet1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954). CITATIONS: Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30].

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

295

Tachardina recurva Munting Tachardina recurva Munting, 1973a: 59. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Du Toit’s Kloof Pass, on Erica sp.; collected by J. Munting. Holotype female, type no. HC2056. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female dirty yellow, globular, about 2 mm in diameter, occurring singly or in fused masses on the host plant. Male puparia with posterior third, curved upwards and slightly forward so that the exit faces forward (Munting, 1973a). HOST PLANTS: Ericaceae: Erica [Muntin1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Munting (1973a). CITATIONS: Muntin1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59, 62-63]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina sclerosa Munting Tachardina sclerosa Munting, 1965a: 41. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Clanwilliam District, Citrusdal, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis; collected by J. Munting, 14 May 1962. Holotype female, type no. HC1416. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Muntin1965a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1965a]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Munting (1965a). CITATIONS: Muntin1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-43]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina spinosa Munting Tachardina spinosa Munting, 1966: 131. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Worcester, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis; collected by J. Munting, 1 December 1964. Holotype female, type no. HC1747. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. STRUCTURE: Test of adult female indistinguishable from those of Tachardina karroo which was found in association with this species on the same plant (Munting, 1966). HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Muntin1966]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1966]. KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Munting (1966). CITATIONS: Muntin1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-133]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]. Tachardina tsimbazazae Mamet Tachardina tsimbazazae Mamet, 1954: 24. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tsimbazaza, on twigs of Diospyros kaki; collected by A. Robinson, 15 May 1950. Syntypes, female, type no. 166,255. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. STRUCTURE: Test of adult female circular to oval, dome-shaped, flattened on top, with usually 16 distinct, straw-coloured to yellowish, irregular ridges radiating from a little below the apex to the margin which sometimes appears as coarsely crenulate. Colour dark greyish-brown. Tests may be separate, but are often so close together that they coalesce into masses of varying sizes. Longest diameter 3.5–4.0 mm; height about 2.0 mm (Mamet, 1954). HOST PLANTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Mamet1954]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954). CITATIONS: Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30].

296

KERRIIDAE CATALOGUE

TAXA REMOVED FROM FAMILY

Gascardia Gascardia Targioni Tozzetti, 1893a: 88. Current status: Gascardia Targioni Tozzetti in the Coccidae. Gascardia madagascariensis Gascardia madagascariensis Targioni Tozzetti, 1893a: 88. Notes: Current status: Gascardia madagascariensis Targioni Tozzetti, in the Coccidae.

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Varshney, R.K. 2003. Status of taxonomic aspects of the Lac insects of world. Bionotes 5(1): 22-23. [Varshn2003] Varshney, R.K. & Ganguly, G. 1968. Advances in the taxonomy of lac insects. Patna University Journal 23: 55-63. [VarshnGa1968] Varshney, R.K. & Ganguly, G. 1972. Studies on the Malpighian tubes of the lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) [Homoptera: Tachardiidae] and their relation with lac-dye. Journal of the Zoological Society of India 24(2): 195-201. [VarshnGa1972] Varshney, R.K. & Srivastava, P.N. 1989. Amino acid and carbohydrate constituents of the Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Homoptera: Tachardiidae) at different stages of development. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 25(3): 380-382. [VarshnSr1989] Varshney, R.K. & Teotia, T.P.S. 1968. A supplementary list of the host-plant of lac insects. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 64: 488-511. [VarshnTe1968] Wallert, A. 1986. Fluorescent assay of quinone, lichen and redwood dyestuffs. Studies in Conservation 31: 145-155. [Waller1986] Wang, T.C. 1986a. A new species of Paratachardina Balachowsky (Homoptera: Coccoidea). (In Chinese). Acta Entomologica Sinica 29(2): 196-198. [Wang1986a] Wang, T.C., Yao, T.F., Teui, S.Y. & Liang, Z.J. 1982. A new species of Laccifer, with preliminary studies on the biological characteristics (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Lacciferidae). (In Chinese). Scientia Silvae Sinicae 18: 53-57. [WangYaTe1982] Watson, G.W., Ooi, P.A.C. & Girling, D.J. 1995. Insects on plants in the Maldives and their management. CAB International, Wallingford. 124 pp. [WatsonOoGi1995] Wen, H.C., Lu, F.M., Hao, H.H. & Liou, T.D. 2002. Insects pests and their injuries and control on longan in Southern Taiwan. (In Chinese). Journal of Agricultural Research of China 51(3): 56-64. [WenLuHa2002] Williams, D.J. 1969a. The family-group names of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 23: 315-341. [Willia1969a] Williams, D.J. 1985a. T.D.A. Cockerell’s scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in the British Museum (Natural History). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 46: 215-240. [Willia1985a] Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London: CAB International Institute of Entomology. 267 pp. [WilliaWa1990] Wong, C.Y., Chen, S.P. & Chou, L.Y. 1999. [Guidebook to Scale Insects of Taiwan.] Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute. 98 pp. [WongChCh1999] Wouters, J. & Verhecken, A. 1989a. The coccid insect dyes: HPLC and computerized diode-array analysis of dyed yarns. Studies in Conservation 34: 189-200. [WouterVe1989a] Xie, Y.P., Xue, J.L., Zhang, Y.F. & Zheng, L.Y. 2004a. A review on waxy secretions of scale insects and their chemical composition.]. (In Chinese with summary in English.). Entomological Knowledge 41(6): 512-518 [XieXuZh2004a] Yan, K., Li, J., Wang, S., Tan, D. & Hu, H. 1992. [A study on the climatic adaptability of the lac insect, Kerria sindica (Mahdihassan). (In Chinese). Forest Research 5(1): 71-77. [YanLiWa1992] Yang, C.Y., Zhang, J.Y. & Cai, J. 1998. [Study on the adaptability response between lac insect and its host tree. (In Chinese). Forest Research 11(6): 647-651. [YangZhCa1998] Zhang, Z. 1992. Description of a new genus and two new species of lac insects (Homoptera; Tachardiidae). Oriental Insects 26: 386-390. [Zhang1992Z] Zhang, Z. 1992a. A new species of Metatachardia Chamberlin from Yunnan, China (Homoptera: Tachardiidae). Oriental Insects 26: 383-385. [Zhang1992aZ] Zhang, Z. 1993a. Four new species of lac insects of the genera Metatachardia and Kerria from China (Homoptera: Tachardiidae). Oriental Insects 27: 273-286. [Zhang1993a] Zhou, C.H., Li, Z.H., Zhang, J.Y., Gu, Y., Yang, S.Y. & Zong, X.X. 2001. Traditional and alternative uses of pigeonpea in China. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter No.8: 55-57. [ZhouLiZh2001]

Index to Genera

Afrotachardina; Chamberlin, change of status Afrotachardina Albotachardia; Tao, misspelling of genus name Albotachardina Albotachardina Zhang, Z.S., accepted valid name Albotachardina Austrotachardia Chamberlin, accepted valid name Austrotachardia Austrotachardiella; Kapur, change of status Austrotachardiella Carteria Signoret, junior homonym and synonym Kerria (Kerria) etatachardia; Varshney, 1984b: 383, misspell. gen. name Metatachardia Gascardia Targioni Tozzetti, Current status: Gascardia Targioni Tozzetti in the Coccidae. Karteria; Berlese, misspelling of Carteria Kerria (Kerria) Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney, junior homonym Kerria (Chamberliniella) Kerria (Chamberliniella) Varshney, replacement name Kerria (Chamberliniella) Kerria Targioni Tozzetti, accepted valid name Kerria (Kerria) Lac Anderson, 1790, nomen nudum unplaced Lac Laccifer Oken, unavailable name that is placed Kerria (Kerria) Lackshadia; Mahdihassan, misspelling of Lakshadia Kerria (Kerria) Lakshadia Mahdihassan, unjustified replacement name Kerria (Kerria) Metacardia; Ramakrishna Ayyar, misspelling of genus name Metatachardia Metatachardia; Chamberlin, change of status Metatachardia Paratachardina Balachowsky, accepted valid name Paratachardina Tachardia (Metatachardia) Chamberlin, acc. valid name Metatachardia Tachardia (Tachardia); Chamberlin, change of status Kerria (Kerria) Tachardia (Tachardiella); Chamberlin, change of status Tachardiella Tachardia Blanchard in: Signoret, replace. name & syn. Kerria (Kerria) Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) Chamberlin, accepted valid name Austrotachardiella Tachardiella Cockerell, accepted valid name Tachardiella Tachardina (Afrotachardina) Chamberlin, acc. valid name Afrotachardina Tachardina (Tachardina); Chamberlin, change of status Tachardina Tachardina Cockerell, accepted valid name Tachardina

Index to Species

acaciae Maskell, accepted valid name actinella Cockerell & King, accepted valid name affluens Brain, accepted valid name affluens coagulata Hall, accepted valid name affluens natalensis Hall, accepted valid name africana Hall, accepted valid name albida Cockerell, accepted valid name albissiae; Ali, 1970: 64, misspelling of species name albizzae; Mishra & Sushil, 2000: 217, misspel. spe. name albizziae Green, 1903a: 98, nomen nudum placed

311

Austrotachardia acaciae Tachardina actinella Tachardina affluens affluens Tachardina affluens coagulata Tachardina affluens natalensis Tachardina africana Tachardina albida Kerria (Kerria) albizziae Kerria (Kerria) albizziae Kerria (Kerria) albizziae

312

KERRIIDAE INDICES

albizziae Green, 1908a: 42, nomen nudum placed albizziae Green, 1911, accepted valid name albizziae Maxwell-Lefroy, 1908, nomen nudum placed alvizziae; Varshney, 1984b: 368, misspel. species name ambigua Misra, accepted valid name angulata Froggatt, accepted valid name argentina Dominguez, accepted valid name artocarpi Hempel, accepted valid name aurantiaca Cockerell, accepted valid name aurentiaca; Varshney, 1984b, misspelling of species name australis Froggatt, accepted valid name bernardi Balachowsky, accepted valid name bodkini Newstead, accepted valid name brachiata; Takahashi, 1949, misspelling of species name brachysetosa Chamberlin, accepted valid name brachysetsa; Varshney, misspelling of species name brachystegiae Hall, accepted valid name brancheatus Varshney, accepted valid name caerulea Hempel, junior synonym capsella Wang, accepted valid name chamberlini Varshney, accepted valid name chinensis chinensis; Varshney, change of status chinensis kydia; Varshney, change of status chinensis Mahdihassan, accepted valid name colombiana Kondo & Gullan, accepted valid name communis Mahdihassan, accepted valid name conchiferata Green, accepted valid name condaliae; Sharma & Ramani, 1999, misspell. spe. name condaliae; Varshney, 1997, misspelling of species name convexa Fuller, accepted valid name cordaliae Leonardi, accepted valid name cornuta Cockerell, accepted valid name cydoniae Hempel, accepted valid name decorella Maskell, accepted valid name decorella theae Green, accepted valid name decorella; Brain, 1920, misidentification diclipterae Hall, accepted valid name digitata Munting, junior synonym ebracheata; Sharma et al., 1999, misspell. species name ebrachiata Chamberlin, accepted valid name ferrisi Chamberlin, accepted valid name fici fici; Varshney, change of status fici Green, accepted valid name fici jhansiensis; Varshney, change of status fici; Ali, 1967a, misidentification fici; Morrison, 1920, misidentification ficus Fabricius, junior synonym fukienensis Zhang, Z.S., accepted valid name fulgens Cockerell, accepted valid name fulvoradiata Cockerell, junior synonym gemmifera Cockerell, accepted valid name

Kerria (Kerria) albizziae Kerria (Kerria) albizziae Kerria (Kerria) albizziae Kerria (Kerria) albizziae Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua Austrotachardia angulata Tachardiella argentina Tachardiella artocarpi Tachardina aurantiaca Tachardina aurantiaca Austrotachardia australis Tachardina bernardi Austrotachardiella bodkini Kerria (Kerria) ebrachiata Afrotachardina brachysetosa Afrotachardina brachysetosa Tachardina brachystegiae Kerria (Kerria) brancheata Austrotachardiella cydoniae Paratachardina capsella Kerria (Kerria) chamberlini Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis Kerria (Kerria) chinensis kydia Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis Austrotachardiella colombiana Kerria (Kerria) communis Metatachardia conchiferata Tachardiella cordaliae Tachardiella cordaliae Austrotachardia convexa Tachardiella cordaliae Tachardiella cornuta Austrotachardiella cydoniae Paratachardina decorella Paratachardina theae Tachardina africana Tachardina diclipterae Tachardina actinella Kerria (Kerria) ebrachiata Kerria (Kerria) ebrachiata Tachardiella ferrisi Kerria (Kerria) fici fici Kerria (Kerria) fici fici Kerria (Kerria) fici jhansiensis Kerria (Chamberliniella) greeni Kerria (Chamberliniella) greeni Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca Metatachardia fukienensis Tachardiella fulgens Tachardiella mexicana Austrotachardiella gemmifera

KERRIIDAE INDICES

313

gemmiferra; Varshney, misspelling of species name Austrotachardiella gemmifera glomerella Cockerell, accepted valid name Tachardiella glomerella greeni Chamberlin, accepted valid name Kerria (Chamberliniella) greeni gripha Munting, accepted valid name Tachardina gripha gummilaccae Goeze, 1778, nomen nudum placed Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca hunanensis Zhang, Z.S., accepted valid name Metatachardia hunanensis iabana; Lindinger, misspelling of species name Kerria (Chamberliniella) javana indica Mahdihassan, unjustified replacement name Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca indica Misra, junior homonym Kerria (Kerria) indicola indicola Kapur, replacement name Kerria (Kerria) indicola ingae Hempel, accepted valid name Tachardiella ingae javana; Varshney, change name to agree in gender Kerria (Chamberliniella) javana javanus Chamberlin, accepted valid name Kerria (Chamberliniella) javana jhangensis; Lindinger, 1933b, misspelling species name Kerria (Kerria) fici jhansiensis jhansiensis Misra, accepted valid name Kerria (Kerria) fici jhansiensis karroo Brain, accepted valid name Tachardina karroo kydia Misra, accepted valid name Kerria (Kerria) chinensis kydia lacca ambiqua; Varshney, 1984b, misspell. species name Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua lacca Kerr, accepted valid name Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca lacca lacca; Varshney, change of status Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca lacca mysorensis; Varshney, change of status Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis lacca takahashii Varshney, 1974, nomen nudum placed Kerria (Kerria) lacca takahashii lacca takahashii Varshney, 1976, accepted valid name Kerria (Kerria) lacca takahashii larreae californica Chamberlin, junior synonym Tachardiella larreae larreae Comstock, accepted valid name Tachardiella larreae lereddei Balachowsky, accepted valid name Tachardina lereddei lobata Chamberlin, accepted valid name Paratachardina lobata lobata lobata Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919a, nomen nudum placed Paratachardina lobata lobata lobata Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1921a, nomen nudum placed Paratachardina lobata lobata lobata schmidtii Mahdihassan, accepted valid name Paratachardina lobata schmidti lobata walczuchii Mahdihassan, accepted valid name Paratachardina lobata schmidti lobata welezuchii; Roonwal, misspelling of species name Paratachardina lobata schmidti longisetosa Newstead, accepted valid name Afrotachardina longisetosa longispina Misra, junior synonym Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis lycii Leonardi, accepted valid name Tachardiella lycii madagascariensis Targioni Tozzetti, Gascardia Current status: Gascardia madagascariensis Targioni Tozzetti, in the Coccidae. melaleuca; Dominguez, misspelling of species name Austrotachardia melaleucae melaleucae Maskell, accepted valid name Austrotachardia melaleucae mengdingensis Zhang, Z.S., accepted valid name Kerria (Kerria) lacca takahashii meridionalis Chamberlin, accepted valid name Kerria (Chamberliniella) meridionalis mexicana Comstock, accepted valid name Tachardiella mexicana minor Brain, accepted valid name Tachardina minor minuta Morrison, accepted valid name Paratachardina minuta minuta; Green, 1922: 414, misidentification Paratachardina lobata lobata mithila Varshney, accepted valid name Paratachardina mithila mithilae; Varshney, 1997, misspelling of species name Paratachardina mithila morobensis Williams & Watson, accepted valid name Paratachardina morobensis myrica Tang, accepted valid name Metatachardia myrica mysorensia; Ali, 1970, misspelling species name Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis mysorensis Mahdihassan, accepted valid name Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis

314

KERRIIDAE INDICES

nagoliensis Mahdihassan, accepted valid name nepalensis Varshney, 1973, nomen nudum placed nepalensis Varshney, 1976, accepted valid name nigra Fonseca, accepted valid name nigra Townsend & Cockerell, accepted valid name oligopora Munting, accepted valid name ourinhensis Hempel, accepted valid name parva Hempel, accepted valid name perplexa Munting, accepted valid name protrudens Munting, accepted valid name psiadiae Mamet, accepted valid name pusana Misra, accepted valid name pustulata Cockerell, accepted valid name rangoonensis Chamberlin, accepted valid name recurva Munting, accepted valid name rosae Hempel, junior synonym rotundata Cockerell & Cockerell, accepted valid name rubra Hempel, accepted valid name ruralis Wang, Yao, Teiu & Liang, accepted valid name sclerosa Munting, accepted valid name sexcordata Matile-Ferrero, accepted valid name sharda Mishra & Sushil, accepted valid name siamensis Takahashi, junior synonym silvestri Mahdihassan, accepted valid name silvestrii; Chamberlin, 1925, justified emendation sindica Mahdihassan, accepted valid name sinensis Zhang, Z.S., accepted valid name sinensis Zhang, Z.S., accepted valid name spinosa Munting, accepted valid name ternata Chamberlin, accepted valid name texana Chamberlin, junior synonym theae; Chamberlin, change of status trilobata Mendes, accepted valid name tsimbazazae Mamet, accepted valid name yunnanensis Ou & Hong, accepted valid name yunnanensis Zhang, Z.S., accepted valid name yunnanensis Zhang, Z.S., accepted valid name

Kerria (Kerria) nagoliensis Kerria (Kerria) nepalensis Kerria (Kerria) nepalensis Tachardiella nigra Austrotachardiella nigra Tachardina oligopora Tachardiella ourinhensis Tachardiella parva Tachardina perplexa Tachardina protrudens Tachardina psiadiae Kerria (Kerria) pusana Tachardiella pustulata Kerria (Chamberliniella) rangoonensis Tachardina recurva Austrotachardiella cydoniae Austrotachardiella rotundata Austrotachardiella rubra Kerria (Kerria) ruralis Tachardina sclerosa Austrotachardiella sexcordata Kerria (Kerria) sharda Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis Paratachardina silvestrii Paratachardina silvestrii Kerria (Kerria) sindica Albotachardina sinensis Metatachardia sinensis Tachardina spinosa Paratachardina ternate Tachardiella mexicana Paratachardina theae Austrotachardiella trilobata Tachardina tsimbazazae Kerria (Kerria) yunnanensis Albotachardina yunnanensis Metatachardia yunnanensis

LECANODIASPIDIDAE False pit scales

Taxonomy and nomenclature Targioni Tozzetti (1869) assigned Lecanodiaspis to “Trib. 4a” Lecanodiaspites. This distinct status was accepted by subsequent authors, who differed, however, in its rank. Leonardi (1920), MacGillivray (1921), Ferris (1937, 1955a) regarded Lecanodiaspis as part of the Asterolecaniidae. Russell (1941) and Balachowsky (1942) placed Lecanodiaspis and related genera in subfamily Asterolecaniinae of the Asterolecaniidae, while Tang & Hao (1995) assigned the group to Subfamily Lecanodiaspidinae of Asterolecaniidae. Borchsenius (1959a) raised the group to family rank, Lecanodiaspididae and most authors followed this interpretation, e.g. Howell & Kosztarab (1972), Hodgson (1973a), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Kosztarab (1996), Foldi (1997) and Gullan & Cook (2001). Williams (1969a) indicated that the family status Lecanodiaspididae was not certain. The name Lecanodiaspis, which has been introduced by Targioni Tozzetti (1869), was misspelled as Lecaniodiaspis by Signoret (1870a), and this misspelling has been perpetuated in scale insect nomenclature for almost a century; see list of misspellings under Lecanodiaspis below. Descriptive activity The rate of taxa description in this family is summarized in Table 8. Table 8 Number of genera and species in the Lecanodiaspididae, described in each decade from 1758 to 2004. Decade

No. of genera

Cumulative genera

No. of species

Cumulative species

1758–1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 5

0 1 0 3 4 3 4 4 5 22 2 3 0 2 4

0 1 0 4 8 11 15 19 24 46 48 51 51 53 57

Total

5

5

57

57

315

316

LECANODIASPIDIDAE

Publications Comprehensive revisions, on a world-wide basis, were carried out by Williams & Kosztarab (1970), Howell & Kosztarab (1972), Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973), Lambdin et al. (1973). Hodgson (1973a) revised the Lecanodiaspis species of the Ethiopian region. Additional important publications were published by Borchsenius (1960d) and Ferris (1955a).

LECANODIASPIDIDAE Catalogue of genera and species

Type genus: Lecanodiaspis Targioni Tozzetti, 1869: 260. Lecanodiaspites Targioni Tozzetti, 1869: 260. Lecaniodiaspidae Targioni Tozzetti; Maskell, 1879: 205. Lecanodiasparia Atkinson, 1886: 276. Lecaniodiaspini; Ashmead, 1891: 100. Lecanodiaspini Targioni Tozzetti, 1893: 302. Lecaniodiaspididae Targioni Tozzetti; Borchsenius, 1959a: 840. Lecanodiaspididae Targioni Tozzetti; Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 24.

Anomalococcus Green Anomalococcus Green, 1902b: 260. Type species: Anomalococcus crematogastri Green, by monotypy and original designation. Anemolus; Mahdihassan, 1934: 261. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Only one species indicus was mentioned in association with this name by Mahdihassan (1934). Therefore, Morrison & Morrison (1966, p. 9) concluded that Anemolus was a lapsus for Anomalococcus Green. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 22, 24 (adult) [World]. CITATIONS: AfifiKo1969 [taxonomy: 3]; Borchs1959a [taxonomy: 841]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 57]; Green1902b [taxonomy, description: 260]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description: 15]; Green1909a [p. 302]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy: 1, 3, 75, 110, 127]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description: 1-5, 22-24]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 179]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 187, 189]; Mahdih1934 [taxonomy: 261]; MorrisMo1966 [catalogue, taxonomy: 10]; Ramakr1921a [catalogue: 342]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy: 52]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 3]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy: 28, 46]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 37]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy: 4]. Anomalococcus crematogastri Green Anomalococcus crematogastri Green, 1902b: 261. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Ficus religiosa. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Anomalococcus cremastogastri; Tao, 1999: 37. Misspelling of species name. STRUCTURE: The adult female is enclosed in a thin, complete test of wax-like secretion. Viewed dorsally, the test is ovate with the posterior end wider. A strong median carina is present with several faint transverse ridges. In lateral view, the dorsum is highly convex, while the ventral surface is slightly concave (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973). The insects are thickly clustered on small twigs where they are enclosed in shelters constructed by the ant, Crematogaster dohrni. HOST PLANTS: Moraceae: Ficus [LambdiKo1973], Ficus carica [LambdiKo1973], Ficus glomerata [LambdiKo1973], Ficus religiosa [Green1902b, LambdiKo1973]. Rutaceae: Feronia limonia [LambdiKo1973]. Ulmaceae: Trema orientale [LambdiKo1973]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1902b, LambdiKo1973]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 24 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 57]; Green1902b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 303]; Green1937 [catalogue: 287]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 179]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 145]; Lindin1957 317

318

LECANODIASPIDIDAE CATALOGUE

[taxonomy: 544]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 365]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 189]; Morris1921 [taxonomy: 644]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 342]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]. Anomalococcus indicus Ramakrishna Ayyar Anomalococcus indicus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919: 627. Type data: INDIA: Coimbatore, on Acacia leucophloea. Syntypes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Anomalococcus hirsutus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1924: 344. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 36. Anomalococcus hirsutus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1926: 452. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 36. Anomalococcus hirsutus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 53. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Tinnevelly, on undetermined tree. Syntypes. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 36. Anemolus indicus; Mahdihassan, 1934: 261. Misspelling of genus name. SYSTEMATICS: The binomen Anomalococcus hirsutus was published twice, as a Manuscript Name credited to Green, by Ramakrishna Ayyar (1924, 1926) both of which are Nomina Nuda. Ramakrishna Ayyar (1930) provided several characters distinguishing the former from A. indicus, and therefore under Article 12 of the ICZN, A. hirsutus became an available name, that should be credited to Ramakrishna Ayyar (1930). STRUCTURE: Female test highly convex; smooth, dorsal carina represented at most by a series of small tubercles; transverse carina absent. Male test elliptical; median carina prominent along with 7-8 transverse ridges (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [LambdiKo1973], Acacia arabica [LambdiKo1973], Acacia farnesiana [LambdiKo1973], Acacia leucophloea [LambdiKo1973]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ramakr1919, LambdiKo1973]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female given by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 24 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-37]; Mahdih1934 [taxonomy: 261]; Ramakr1919 [taxonomy: 627]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy: 45]; Ramakr1919b [taxonomy: 92]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy: 342]; Ramakr1924 [taxonomy: 344]; Ramakr1926 [taxonomy: 452]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52-53]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 452]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; Varshn1967 [taxonomy: 77].

Brookesiella Lambdin & Kosztarab Brookesiella Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1974: 409. Type species: Brookesiella tuberans Lambdin & Kosztarab, by monotypy and original designation. KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1974: 412 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 3-4]; LambdiKo1974 [taxonomy, description: 409-412]. Brookesiella tuberans Lambdin & Kosztarab Brookesiella tuberans Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1974: 409. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Yudnapinna, on Acacia aneura. Holotype. Type depository: Adelaide: South Australian Museum, South Australia, Australia. STRUCTURE: This species does not elicit gall formation on its host, but induces a swelling at the feeding site (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1974). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia aneura [LambdiKo1974]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [LambdiKo1974]).


319

GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1974). CITATIONS: GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 168, 208-210]; LambdiKo1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 409-412].

Celaticoccus Lambdin & Kosztarab Celaticoccus Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1976a: 56. Type species: Sphaerococcus cantentulatus Froggatt, by monotypy and original designation. CITATIONS: KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 4]; LambdiKo1976a [taxonomy, description: 55-61]. Celaticoccus cantentulatus (Froggatt) Spherococcus cantentulatus Froggatt, 1921b: 8. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Condobolin District, on Acacia pendula. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1976a: 57. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Celaticoccus cantentulatus; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1976a: 57. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: These coccids attack the young branchlets … causing them to swell out into gouty excrescences, irregularly rounded, up to an inch in length and one-eighth of an inch in diameter. These thickened twigs are hollow, containing a row of gall chambers, each separated from the other. The adult female rests in the centre, upon an oval depression or scar, through which there is sometimes an aperture; the outer surface of the gall mass marked with tubercles corresponding with the depressions inside the gall chambers. Adult female reddish brown, semi globular, wrinkled, with the abdominal segments reduced to a point at the apex; legs and antennae aborted (Froggatt, 1921b). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia pendula [Frogga1921b]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1921b, LambdiKo1976a]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Froggatt (1921b) and Lambdin & Kosztarab (1976a). CITATIONS: Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy: 165]; LambdiKo1976a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-61]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 289].

Cosmococcus Borchsenius Cosmococcus Borchsenius, 1959a: 842. Type species: Cosmococcus erythrinae Borchsenius, by original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1959a, 1960d) and by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 22 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960d: 242 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1959a [taxonomy, description: 841-842, 846]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 241-242]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 416]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description: 4-5, 22, 37-38]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 43]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy: 85]. Cosmococcus albizziae Borchsenius Cosmococcus albizziae Borchsenius, 1960d: 244. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, on branches of Albizia mollis. Holotype. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. STRUCTURE: Female test oval, moderately convex; dense; enveloping the female body above and below (Borchsenius, 1960d; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Albizia mollis [Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d) and Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 38 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960d: 242 (female) [World].

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CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-247]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 416]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-43]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43-44]. Cosmococcus erythrinae Borchsenius Cosmococcus erythrinae Borchsenius, 1959a: 845. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Mangshi, on branches of Erythrina indica. Holotype. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. STRUCTURE: Female test slightly convex, ornately sculptured with white gibbous projections. Male test oval, flat, with longitudinal and transverse ridges, beige in colour (Borchsenius, 1959a; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Erythrina indica [Borchs1959a, Borchs1960d]. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [LambdiKo1973]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1959a, Borchs1960d]); India [LambdiKo1973]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1959a, 1960d) and Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 38 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960d: 242 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 845-846]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-243]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 416-417]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 43-48]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]. Cosmococcus euphorbiae Borchsenius Cosmococcus euphorbiae Borchsenius, 1959a: 845. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Binchwan, on the stems of Euphorbia splendens. Holotype. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. STRUCTURE: Female test subcircular, slightly convex; wax protrusions forming a medial carina; transverse mid-dorsal projections extending from the medial carina to submedial area where it fuses with the two submedial longitudinal rows or irregularly shaped projections. Margins with 9–11 wax-like projections of variable shape and size; 6–7 mm long, 5–6 mm wide. Male test short, oval, with a longitudinal rib in the middle and several transverse ridges; 2.3 mm long, 1.4 mm wide (Borchsenius, 1960d; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973). HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia splendens [Borchs1959a, Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1959a, Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1959a 1960d) and Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 38 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960d: 242 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 845-846]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242, 244]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 417]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 48-53]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]. Cosmococcus mimusopis (Green) Lecaniodiaspis mimusopis Green, 1922a: 1034. Type data: SRI LANKA: Hambantota, on Mimusops hexandra. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Cosmococcus mimusopis; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 53. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Sapotaceae: Mimusops hexandra [Green1922a, Green1937, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972].


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DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 28 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 13 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1034-1035]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 287]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3, 85-89]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description: 53-54]; Ramakr1926 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 455]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13, 63-65].

Cresococcus Wang Cresococcus Wang, 1982: 85. Type species: Cresococcus candidus Wang, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Wang (1982). CITATIONS: KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 5]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 417]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy, description: 85-88]. Cresococcus candidus Wang Cresococcus candidus Wang, 1982TC: 87. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Yunnan Tali, on Quercus. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Wang1982TC]. Rosaceae: Malus [Wang1982TC]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Wang1982TC]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Wang (1982). CITATIONS: KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 417]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-88].

Gallinococcus Lambdin & Kosztarab Gallinococcus Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 54. Type species: Gallinococcus ferrisi Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973, [=Amorphococcus leptospermi Morrison & Morrison, 1927]. SYSTEMATICS: The holotype of both Amorphococcus leptospermi Morrison & Morrison (1927) and of Gallinococcus ferrisi Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973) [the type species of Gallinococcus Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973)] is the same single specimen, deposited in USNM, and labelled in red ink “Amorphococcus leptospermi/n.sp./Holotype/HM.” in black ink “8480/{Sphaerococcus/ leptospermi} Masl./on/{Leptospermum}/N.S.W/W.W. Froggatt” in pencil “40358/B”.The right label is not original and labelled, in pencil, “Leptosperm/associated with Lecanodiaspis/H.M. March 11,/1952” and in ink “Gallinococcus/ferrisi n. sp./Det Lambdin & Krb.” (See Miller et al., 1998: 294). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 22 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 6]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description: 54-60]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 294]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy: 85]. Gallinococcus leptospermi (Morrison & Morrison) Amorphococcus leptospermi; Ferris, 1919d: 250. Misidentification. Amorphococcus leptospermi Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 2. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on Leptospermum laevigatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 40358. Amorphococcus fallax Lindinger, 1943b: 206. Unjustified replacement name for Amorphococcus leptospermi Morrison & Morrison.

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Gallinococcus ferrisi Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 55. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on Leptospermum laevigatum. Holotype. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Miller et al., 1998: 294. Notes: The holotype of both Amorphococcus leptospermi Morrison & Morrison (1927) and Gallinococcus ferrisi Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973) is the same single specimen, deposited in USNM, and labelled in red ink “Amorphococcus leptospermi/n.sp./Holotype/HM.” in black ink “8480/Sphaerococcus/leptospermi Masl./on/ Leptospermum/N.S.W/W.W. Froggatt” in pencil “40358/B”. The right label is not original and labelled, in pencil, “Leptospermi/associated with Lecanodiaspis/H.M. March 11,/1952” and in ink “Gallinococcus/ferrisi n. sp./Det Lambdin & Krb.” (See Miller et al., 1998: 294). Gallinococcus leptospermi; Miller et al., 1998: 294. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: The holotype of both Amorphococcus leptospermi Morrison & Morrison (1927) and Gallinococcus ferrisi Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973) is the same single specimen, deposited in USNM, and labelled in red ink “Amorphococcus leptospermi/n.sp./Holotype/HM.” in black ink “8480/Sphaerococcus/ leptospermi Masl./on/Leptospermum/N.S.W/W.W. Froggatt” in pencil “40358/B”. The right label is not original and labelled, in pencil, “Leptospermi/associated with Lecanodiaspis/H.M. March 11,/1952” and in ink “Gallinococcus/ferrisi n. sp./Det Lambdin & Krb.”. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [LambdiKo1973], Leptospermum laevigatum [MorrisMo1927, LambdiKo1973]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [MorrisMo1927, LambdiKo1973]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973) as Gallinococcus ferrisi. CITATIONS: Ferris1919d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-251]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 168, 208-210]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-60]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 206]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 190]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 294]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-3].

Lecanodiaspis Targioni Tozzetti Lecanodiaspis Targioni Tozzetti, 1869: 261. Type species: Lecanodiaspis sardoa Targioni Tozzetti, by monotypy. Lecaniodiaspis; Signoret, 1870a: 270. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis; Signoret, 1870a: 285. Correct spelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Ashmead, 1891: 100. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Cockerell, 1893h: 76. Misspelling of genus name. Birchippia Green, 1900e: 450-451. Junior synonym. Type species: Birchippia anomala, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Green, 1901a: 295. Lecaniodiaspis; Fernald, 1903b: 54. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis Targioni Tozzetti; Kirkaldy, 1905: 78. Correct spelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Newstead, 1911: 100. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodaspis; Froggatt, 1915: 760. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Lawson, 1917: 169. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Brain, 1920: 115. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Hall, 1926a: 29. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Balachowsky, 1934d: 148. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Bodenheimer, 1935: 260. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Green, 1937: 287. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Lizer y Trelles, 1938: 348. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Takahashi, 1950: 69. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; De Lotto, 1955: 269. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Ferris, 1937: 6. Misspelling of genus name.


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Lecaniodiaspis; Ferris, 1955a: 44. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 233. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis; Munting & Giliomee, 1967: 102. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis; Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 24, 105. Correct spelling of genus name. SYSTEMATICS: Howell & Kosztarab (1972) divided Lecanodiaspis into four species groups, namely, eucalypti (which include 21 species), africana (includes 7 species), quercus (includes 8 species) and the prosopidis group with 14 species. GENERAL: Definition and characters, based on the adult female by Ferris (1955a), Borchsenius (1960d), Howell & Kosztarab (1972) and Hodgson (1973a). Definition and characters, based on the first-instar nymph, by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Brain 1920: 115 (female) [Species of South Africa]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 23 (female) [World]; Lambdin et al. 1973: 4-6 (female) [Species in the Quercus group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 24-25, 95-97, 110-113 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 13-16 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; Balach1934d [taxonomy: 148]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 260]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 233]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 76]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; DeLott1955 [taxonomy: 269]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 44-45]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 239-240]; Green1900e [taxonomy, description: 448-449]; Green1901a [taxonomy: 293-295]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 168, 208-210]; Hall1926a [taxonomy: 29]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description: 1-248]; Kirkal1905 [taxonomy: 78]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 417]; LambdiHoKo1973 [taxonomy: 1-26]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy: 60-61]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 169]; Lizery1938 [taxonomy: 348]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 24, 105]; MuntinGi1967 [taxonomy: 102]; Newste1911 [taxonomy: 100]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, distribution: 413]; Signor1870a [taxonomy:270, 273, 285-286]; Takaha1950 [taxonomy: 69]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 44]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy: 85]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 329]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy: 3-16]. Lecanodiaspis acaciae (Maskell) Prosopophora acaciae Maskell, 1893b: 225. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on the twigs of Acacia calamifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Lecaniodiaspis acaciae; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Misspelling of genus name. Prosopophora acaciae; Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Change of combination. Prosopophora acaciae; Fuller, 1897c: 7. Change of combination. Lecaniodiaspis acaciae; Fernald, 1903b: 54. Misspelling of genus name. Prosopophora acacia; Borchsenius, 1960d: 224. Misspelling of species name. Lecanodiaspis acaciae; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 30. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia calamifolia [Maskel1893b, Fernal1903b, Frogga1915, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972], Acacia cyanophylla [Fernal1903b], Acacia decurrens [WilliaKo1970], Acacia microbotrya [Fernal1903b]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [WilliaKo1970], Western Australia [Fernal1903b, Frogga1915, HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 37 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 29 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 15 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 49]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 54]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 760]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-34]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 37]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-226]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15, 17-20].

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Lecanodiaspis africana Newstead Lecaniodiaspis africana Newstead, 1911: 100. Type data: EGYPT: Ezbet el Nakhl, on Acacia arabica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1973a: 416. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis africana; Newstead, 1911: 100. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis africana; Hall, 1926a: 29. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis africana; Hall, 1927b: 160. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis africana; Hall, 1927c: 266. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis africana; Balachowsky, 1934d: 148. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis africana; Bodenheimer, 1935: 260, 270. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis africana; Hodgson, 1973a: 416. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Habib1957, HowellKo1972]. Leguminosae: Acacia [Hodgso1973a], Acacia arabica [Newste1911, Hall1922, Habib1957, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a], Acacia seyal [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a], Acacia tortilis [Bodenh1929b, Habib1957, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia alba [HowellKo1972], Lawsonia inermis [Hall1923]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1911, Hall1922, HowellKo1972], Ficus benghalensis [Hodgso1973a], Ficus carica [Habib1957, Beccar1971, HowellKo1972], Ficus infectoria [Hall1925, Habib1957, HowellKo1972], Ficus laurifolia [HowellKo1972], Ficus nitida [Habib1957, HowellKo1972], Ficus pseudosycomorus [Bodenh1929b]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Habib1957, HowellKo1972]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Bodenh1929b, Hodgso1973a], Ziziphus spina-christi [Habib1957, HowellKo1972]. Salicaceae: Salix [Hall1925, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Gambia [Hodgso1973a]; Mauritania [Hodgso1973a]; Niger [HowellKo1972]; Nigeria [Hodgso1973a]; Sudan [Hodgso1973a]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Hodgso1973a]; Egypt [Newste1911, Bodenh1929b, Hodgso1973a, EzzatNa1987]; Israel [HowellKo1972]; Libya [Hodgso1973a]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab (1970) and Hodgson (1973a). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 97 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 13 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: AfifiKo1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-15]; Balach1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 306, 307]; Balach1934d [host, distribution: 148]; Balach1937e [illustration, host: 79]; Balach1958a [taxonomy: 46]; Balach1958b [distribution: 279]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 194]; Bodenh1929b [host, distribution, taxonomy: 112]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 260, 270]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 233]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 215-217]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 237]; Draper1907 [host, distribution]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Habib1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 372-374]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33, 59]; Hall1925 [host, distribution: 18, 25]; Hall1926a [host, distribution: 29, 36, 41]; Hall1927b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160, 173]; Hall1927c [host, distribution: 266]; Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 416-419]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 97-98]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 253]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 418]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, distribution: 52]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 136]; Newste1906 [taxonomy: 68]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101, 102]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 84]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 23-26]. Lecanodiaspis albilineata Williams & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis albilineata Williams & Kosztarab, 1970: 26. Type data: GUATEMALA: Coban, on Camellia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.


325

HOST PLANTS: Theaceae: Camellia [WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams and Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 154 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-159]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16, 26-29]. Lecanodiaspis anomala (Green) Birchippia anomala Green, 1900e: 451. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Birchip, on an unidentified leguminous shrub. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Lecaniodiaspis anomala; Green, 1901a: 294. Change of combination and misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis anomala; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 35. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae [Green1900e, Fernal1903b, Frogga1915, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Green1900e, Fernal1903b, Frogga1915, HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). Description and illustration of adult male by Afifi & Kosztarab (1969). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 36 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 29 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 15 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: AfifiKo1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-18]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 56]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 760]; Frogga1921a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54]; Green1900e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 451-452]; Green1901a [taxonomy: 295]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-39]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 36]; Morris1919 [taxonomy: 67]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15, 35-39]. Lecanodiaspis atherospermae (Maskell) Prosopophora atherospermae Maskell, 1896b: 395. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, “Fernshaw”, “Black Spur”, on Atherosperma moschatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Lecaniodiaspis atherospermae; Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Change of combination and misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis atherospermae; Fernald, 1903b: 54. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis atherospermae; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 113. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Atherospermataceae: Atherosperma moschata [Maskel1896b, Fernal1903b, Frogga1915, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1896b, Fernal1903b, Frogga1915, HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 113 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, distribution: 236]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 49]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 54]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 761]; Frogga1921a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-118]; Maskel1896b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 395-396]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 32, 33].

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Lecanodiaspis australis Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis australis Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 39. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on an undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 35 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 27 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 40-43]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 35]. Lecanodiaspis baculifera Leonardi Lecanodiaspis baculifera Leonardi, 1907: 11. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on undetermined host. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [HowellKo1972]. Viscaceae: Viscum album [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Leonar1907, HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 112 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: AminAfNa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-169]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-122]; Leonar1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-14]. Lecanodiaspis brabei Brain Lecaniodiaspis brabei Brain, 1920: 117. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Newlands, on Brabejum stellatifolium. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1973a: 419. Type depository: Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, USA. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis brabei; Brain, 1920: 117. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis brabei; Howell & Kosztarab, 1971: 113. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Bignoniaceae: Tecoma [Giliom1966, AfifiKo1969, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. Proteaceae: Brabejum stellatifolium [Brain1920, MunroFo1936, AfifiKo1969, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, MunroFo1936, Giliom1966, AfifiKo1969, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972) and Hodgson (1973a). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 35 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 28 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 15 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: AfifiKo1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-22]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117, 118]; Giliom1966 [host, distribution: 419]; Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419-422]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 35]; MunroFo1936 [host, distribution: 88]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15, 33-36]. Lecanodiaspis brachystegiae Hall Lecaniodiaspis mimosae brachystegiae Hall, 1935a: 219. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Salisbury, The Kopje, on Brachystegia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis.


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Lecaniodiaspis mimosae brachystegiae; Hall, 1935a: 219. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis brachystegiae; Hodgson, 1973a: 422. Change of status and correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Brachystegia [Hall1935a, Hodgso1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1935a, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1973a). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 97 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Hall1935a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 219]; Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 422-424]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 104]. Lecanodiaspis brookesae Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis brookesae Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 44. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, “Nat. Ranch”, on Zieria pilosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Rutaceae: Zieria pilosa [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Lambdin & Podsiadlo (2001). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 36 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 28 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 44-47]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 36]; LambdiPo2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 287-293]. Lecanodiaspis casuarinae Williams & Watson Lecanodiaspis casuarinae Williams & Watson, 1990: 181. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Buso, on branches of Casuarina sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. HOST PLANTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [WilliaWa1990]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990]. CITATIONS: WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181]. Lecanodiaspis convexa Froggatt Lecaniodiaspis convexus Froggatt, 1915: 761. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Picton, on Eucalyptus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Notes: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Described again as “n.sp.” in Froggatt (1921a). Lecaniodiaspis convexus; Froggatt, 1915: 761. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis convexa; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 47. Change species name to agree in gender, and correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Frogga1915, Frogga1921a, HowellKo1972, WilliaKo1970]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915, Frogga1921a, HowellKo1972, WilliaKo1970]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 36 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 28 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 16 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 761-762]; Frogga1921a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54, 55]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-52]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 36]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16, 40-43].

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Lecanodiaspis crassispina Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis crassispina Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 52. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Mildura, on Eucalyptus incrassata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [HowellKo1972]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus incrassata [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [HowellKo1972], Victoria [HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Lambdin & Podsiadlo (2001). KEYS: Howell, et al. 1973: 36 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Hodgson 1972: 29 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-56]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 36]; LambdiPo2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 287-293]. Lecanodiaspis cremastogastri Takahashi Lecaniodiaspis cremastogastri Takahashi, 1929: 47. Type data: TAIWAN: Hori, attacking branches of Lithocarpus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis cremastogastri; Takahashi, 1929: 47. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis cremastogastri; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 122. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [Takaha1929, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972], Quercus [Takaha1942c, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Hainan [Takaha1942c, HowellKo1972]); Taiwan [Takaha1929, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab (1970) and Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 112 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 236]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-126]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 418]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49]; Takaha1942c [host, distribution: 501]; Takaha1950 [taxonomy: 71]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]. Lecanodiaspis dealbatae Lambdin Lecanodiaspis dealbatae Lambdin, in; Howell et al. 1973: 37. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Emerald, on Acacia dealbata; collected by French, 1915. Holotype female, type no. BCRI590. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia dealbata [HowellLaKo1973]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [HowellLaKo1973]). BIOLOGY: Adult female produce pits (Howell et al., 1973). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell et al. (1973). KEYS: Howell et al., 1973: 34-37 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]. CITATIONS: HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-42].


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Lecanodiaspis dendrobii (Douglas) Prosopophora dendrobii Douglas, 1892a: 207. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Dendrobium calceolaria. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Lecaniodiaspis dendrobii; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Change of combination and misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis dendrobii; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 159. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton [HowellKo1972]. Leguminosae: Acacia [Lizery1938]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [Lizery1938], Morus [Lizery1938]. Orchidaceae [HowellKo1972], Dendrobium [Dougla1892a, HowellKo1972], Dendrobium calceolaria [Dougla1892a, Fernal1903b, HowellKo1972]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum convolvulus [Lizery1938]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Lizery1938]. Verbenaceae: Lippia [Lizery1938]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Miller1996]. Neotropical: Argentina [Miller1996] (Buenos Aires [Lizery1938], Cordoba [Lizery1938, GranarCl2003], Corrientes [Lizery1938], San Juan [Lizery1938, GranarCl2003], Tucuman [GranarCl2003]); Colombia [Miller1996, Kondo2001]; Guatemala [Miller1996]; Guyana [Dougla1892a, Fernal1903b, HowellKo1972, Miller1996]; Honduras [Miller1996]; Uruguay [Lizery1938]; Venezuela [Miller1996]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 155 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 15 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Bodkin1914 [taxonomy: 108]; Bodkin1917 [taxonomy: 107]; Bodkin1922 [host, distribution: 60]; Cocker1893k [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 548]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 312]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 237]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy: 50]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 251]; Dougla1892a [taxonomy: 207]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 55]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 633]; Green1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 293, 294]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-163]; Kirkal1905 [taxonomy: 78]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 369]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 348-349]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 189]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 79]; Newste1893 [taxonomy: 78]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 452]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15, 43-46]. Lecanodiaspis dilatata Froggatt Lecaniodiaspis dilatata Froggatt, 1915: 762. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, near Sydney, on the wattles, at National Park, and on Acacia discolor. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Notes: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Described again as “n. sp.” in Froggatt (1921a). Lecaniodiaspis dilatata; Froggatt, 1915: 762. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis dilatata; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 56. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia discolor [Frogga1915, Frogga1921a, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915, Frogga1921a, HowellKo1972, WilliaKo1970]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 37 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 29 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 15 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 762]; Frogga1921a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-60]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 37]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15, 46-49].

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Lecanodiaspis distincta Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis distincta Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 60. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, “Southport”, on Acacia longifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Entomological Collection U.S. National Museum Natural History, USA. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia longifolia [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 34 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 25 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-64]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 34]. Lecanodiaspis dorsospinosa Hodgson Lecanodiaspis dorsospinosa Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 65. nomen nudum; discovered by Hodgson, 1973a: 424. Lecanodiaspis dorsospinosa Hodgson, 1973a: 424. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, 23 miles south of Barberton, on Ziziphus mucronata. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mucronata [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1973a). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 34 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 27 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424-426]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 34]. Lecanodiaspis elongata Ferris Lecaniodiaspis elongata Ferris, 1950: 6. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Kunming, An-lin-wen-chian, on Lithocarpus spicata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis elongata; Ferris, 1950: 6. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis elongata; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 127. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus spicata [Ferris1950, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Ferris1950, HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1950) and Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 112 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-7]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-132]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]. Lecanodiaspis elytropappi Munting & Giliomee Lecaniodiaspis elytropappi Munting & Giliomee, 1967: 102. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Ceres, Koue Bokkeveld, on the stem of Elytropappus rhinocerotis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis elytropappi; Munting & Giliomee, 1967: 102. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis elytropappi; Hodgson, 1973a: 426. Correct spelling of genus name.


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HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [MuntinGi1967, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [MuntinGi1967, Hodgso1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Munting & Giliomee (1967) and Hodgson (1973a). Description and illustration of adult male by Giliomee (1967a). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 35 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 27 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Giliom1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 185-197]; Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 426-428]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 511]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 35]; MuntinGi1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-108]. Lecanodiaspis eremocitri Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis eremocitri Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 132. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Goondiwindi, on Eremocitrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Adelaide: South Australian Museum, South Australia, Australia. HOST PLANTS: Rutaceae: Eremocitrus [HowellKo1972], Eremocitrus glauca [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [HowellKo1972], South Australia [HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 113 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-136]. Lecanodiaspis erica Hodgson Lecanodiaspis erica Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 65. nomen nudum; discovered by Hodgson, 1973a: 428. Lecanodiaspis erica Hodgson, 1973a: 428. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Tradouw Pass, on the smaller stems and twigs of Erica sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. HOST PLANTS: Ericaceae: Erica [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a], Erica versicolor [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hodgso1973a, HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1973a). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 35 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 28 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 428-431]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 35]. Lecanodiaspis erratica De Lotto Lecaniodiaspis erratica De Lotto, 1955: 269. Type data: KENYA: Kiambu, Nairobi District, on stems and branches of Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis erratica; De Lotto, 1955: 269. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis erratica; Hodgson, 1973a: 431. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Moraceae: Ficus mallotocarpa [DeLott1967a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1955, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1955, Hodgso1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1973a). CITATIONS: DeLott1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 269]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 431-433]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 104-105].

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Lecanodiaspis esperancei Howell Lecanodiaspis esperancei Howell, in: Howell et al. 1973: 42. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Esperance, on wild bush; collected George Compere. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [HowellLaKo1973]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell et al. (1973). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 34-36 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]. CITATIONS: HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-46]. Lecanodiaspis eucalypti (Maskell) Prosopophora eucalypti Maskell, 1893b: 226. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Whitton, on Eucalyptus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Lecaniodiaspis eucalypti; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Change of combination and misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis eucalypti; Fernald, 1903b: 55. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis eucalypti; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 66. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Maskel1893b, Fernal1903b, Frogga1915, MorrisMo1927, HowellKo1972, WilliaKo1970]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1893b, Fernal1903b, Frogga1915, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab (1970) and by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 36 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 29 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 14 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 49]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 55]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 762-763]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-70]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 36]; Maskel1893a [taxonomy: 105]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226, 227]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-31]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 49-53]. Lecanodiaspis frenchi Froggatt Lecaniodiaspis frenchi Froggatt, 1915: 763. Type data: AUSTRALIA: North-West Victoria, on Eucalyptus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Notes: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Described again as “n.sp.” in Froggatt (1921a). Lecaniodiaspis frenchi; Froggatt, 1915: 763. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis frenchi; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 34. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Frogga1915, Frogga1921a, HowellKo1972, WilliaKo1970], Eucalyptus gracilis [WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [HowellKo1972], Victoria [Frogga1915, Frogga1921a, HowellKo1972, WilliaKo1970]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 34 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 27 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 14 (first-instar nymph) [World].


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CITATIONS: French1907 [taxonomy: 184]; French1907a [taxonomy, description: 240]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 763]; Frogga1921a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-75]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 34]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 53-56]. Lecanodiaspis greeni Takahashi Lecaniodiaspis greeni Takahashi, 1950: 69. Type data: INDONESIA: Riau Islands, Rempang, on unidentified plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin et al., 1976: 44. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis greeni; Takahashi, 1950: 69. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis greeni; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 218. Correct spelling of genus name. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Takaha1950, HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin et al. (1976). KEYS: Lambdin et al. 1976: 49 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 218]; LambdiHoKo1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-49]; Takaha1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 69-70]. Lecanodiaspis hodgsoni Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis hodgsoni Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 164. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Tucson, on Fouquieria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. HOST PLANTS: Fouquieriaceae: Fouquieria [HowellKo1972], Fouquieria splendens [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 153 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: AminAfNa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-169]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-168]. Lecanodiaspis ingae Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis ingae Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 168. Type data: PUERTO RICO: “Maunabo”, on the bark (trunk and branches) of Inga vera. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Inga laurina [HowellKo1972], Inga punctata [HowellKo1972], Inga vera [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [HowellKo1972]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island [HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 154 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-172]. Lecanodiaspis magna Brain Lecaniodiaspis magna Brain, 1920: 117. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Groot Drakenstein, on the crowns of a native bush. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, USA. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis.

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Lecaniodiaspis magna; Brain, 1920: 117. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis magna; Hodgson, 1973a: 433. Correct spelling of genus name. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, MunroFo1936, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1973a). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 35 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 28 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117]; Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 433-435]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 75-76]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 35]; MunroFo1936 [host, distribution: 88]. Lecanodiaspis majestica Wang & Qiu Lecanodiaspis majesticus Wang & Qiu, 1986: 303. Type data: CHINA: Shandong, on Pasania cleistocarpa; collected March 21, 1981 by Qin yuan-ying. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Pasania cleistocarpa [WangQi1986]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) (Shandong (Shantung) [WangQi1986]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Wang & Qiu (1986). CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]; WangQi1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 303-305]. Lecanodiaspis malaboda Green Lecaniodiaspis malaboda Green, 1909a: 300. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Myristica laurifolia; Watawella, on Bocagea obliqua. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis malaboda; Green, 1909a: 300. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis malaboda; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 136 . Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Annonaceae: Bocagea obliqua [Green1909a, HowellKo1972]. Fagaceae [Takaha1952, HowellKo1972]. Moraceae: Artocarpus gomeziana [HowellKo1972]. Myristicaceae: Myristica fragrans [HowellKo1972], Myristica laurifolia [Green1909a, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1952, HowellKo1972]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a, HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 112 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 242]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 287]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-141]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 342]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 63]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy: 49]; Takaha1950 [taxonomy: 69]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 10]. Lecanodiaspis melaleucae (Fuller) Prosopophora melaleucae Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Australia, Swan River, on Melaleuca leucadendron. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 76. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Note: Described again as “n. sp.” by Fuller, 1897c: 7. Lecaniodiaspis melaleucae; Fuller, 1899: 455. Change of combination and misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis melaleucae; Fernald, 1903b: 55. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis melaleucae; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 76. Correct spelling of genus name.


335

HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [HowellKo1972], Melaleuca lanceolata [HowellKo1972], Melaleuca leucadendron [Fuller1897b, Fernal1903b, Frogga1915, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [HowellKo1972], Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fernal1903b, Frogga1915, HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 35 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 27 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 14 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 55]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 763]; Frogga1921a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56, 57]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455-456]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-80]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 35]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 56-59]. Lecanodiaspis microcribraria Froggatt Lecaniodiaspis microcribraria Froggatt, 1915: 763. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Dandenong Mountain Ranges, on the branch of Epacris impressa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Notes: Described again as “n. sp.” in Froggatt (1921a). Lecaniodaspis microcibraria; Froggatt, 1921a: 57. Misspelling of genus and species names. Notes: Froggatt (1921a), which is a reprinted copy of Froggatt (1915) misspelled microcibraria for microcribraria. Lecanodiaspis microcribraria; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 81. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Epacridaceae: Epacris impressa [Frogga1915, Frogga1921a, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Frogga1915, Frogga1921a, HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 34-37 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 25 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 763-764]; Frogga1921a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53, 57]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-85]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 34]. Lecanodiaspis mimosae (Maskell) Prosopophora prosopidis mimosae Maskell, 1897: 316. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA, South-West Africa [=NAMIBIA]: on Mimosa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Lecaniodiaspis mimosae; Cockerell, 1899a: 394. Change of combination and status. Lecaniodiaspis mimosae; Fernald, 1903b: 55. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis mimosae; Brain, 1920: 116. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis mimosae; Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 30. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis mimosae; Hall, 1935a: 219. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis mimosae; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 172. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Acacia [Hodgso1973a], Acacia giraffae [Hodgso1973a, HowellKo1972], Acacia horrida [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a], Acacia karroo [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a], Mimosa [Maskel1897, Fernal1903b, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (South-West Africa) [Maskel1897, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]; South Africa [Maskel1897, Fernal1903b, HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1973a). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 154 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 15 (first-instar nymph) [as World].

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CITATIONS: Balach1929a [host, distribution: 318]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 49]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 55]; Hall1935a [taxonomy, description: 219]; Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 435]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 172-173]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30, 31]; MunroFo1936 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 88]; Newste1911 [taxonomy: 102]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 452]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15, 59-63]. Lecanodiaspis murphyi Lambdin Lecanodiaspis murphyi Lambdin, in: Lambdin et al., 1973: 16. Type data: SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah Forest, on unidentified host; collected by D.H. Murphy, 22 November 1972. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, USA. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [LambdiHoKo1973]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin et al. (1973). KEYS: Lambdin et al. 1973: 4-6 (female) [Species of Quercus group]. CITATIONS: LambdiHoKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-20]. Lecanodiaspis natalensis Brain Lecaniodiaspis natalensis Brain, 1920: 116. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Hibiscus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1973a: 438. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis natalensis; Brain, 1920: 116. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis natalensis; Hodgson, 1973a: 438. Correct spelling of genus name HOST PLANTS: Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Hodgso1973a, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, MunroFo1936, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1973a). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 97 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-117]; Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 438-440]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105]; MunroFo1936 [host, distribution: 88]. Lecanodiaspis newmani Froggatt Lecaniodiaspis newmani Froggatt, 1915: 764. Type data: AUSTRALIA: West Australia, near Perth, upon the branches of an undetermined species of Eucalyptus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Notes: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Described again as “n. sp.” in Froggatt (1921a). Lecaniodiaspis newmani; Froggatt, 1915: 764. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis newmani; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 219. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Frogga1915, Frogga1921a, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Frogga1915, Frogga1921a, HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Froggatt (1915, 1921a). CITATIONS: Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 764]; Frogga1921a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 219-220].


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Lecanodiaspis parinarii Hall Lecaniodiaspis parinarii Hall, 1935a: 219. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Southern Zimbabwe, Macheke, Mazoe, Inyazura, on Parinarium mobola [= Parinarium curatellifolia]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1973a: 440. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Lecaniodiaspis parinarii; Hall, 1935a: 219. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis parinarii; Hodgson, 1973a: 440. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Rosaceae: Parinarium curatellifolia [Hall1935a, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1935a, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1973a). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 97 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Hall1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-220]; Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-442]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105-106]. Lecanodiaspis parthenii Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis parthenii Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 173. Type data: MEXICO: Catorce (San Luis Potosi), on the twigs of Parthenium argentatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Compositae: Parthenium argentatum [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [HowellKo1972] (Coahuila [Miller1996], San Luis Potosi [HowellKo1972, Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 154 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-177]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 79]. Lecanodiaspis prosopidis (Maskell) Prosopophora prosopidis Maskell, 1895b: 60. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Benson, on Prosopis juliflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Lecaniodiaspis prosopidis; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Change of combination and misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis (Prosopophora) celtidis Cockerell, 1896h: 19. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, San Antonio, on Celtis occidentalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 178. Leconiodiaspis (Prosopophora) celtidis; Cockerell, 1896b: 327. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis (Prosopophora) tessellatus Cockerell & Quaintance, 1897: 161. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, on Carya porcina. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 178. Lecaniodiaspis (Prosopophora) radiatus Cockerell, 1897u: 269. Type data: MEXICO: Salina Cruz, on bark of branch of some woody plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 178. Lecaniodiaspis (Prosopophora) radiatus; Cockerell, 1897u: 269. Misspelling of genus name. Prosopophora manihotis Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 172. Type data: MEXICO: Morelos, Cuautla, on the bark of the “nettle tree”. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1902t: 468.

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Lecaniodiaspis manihotis; Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Change of combination and misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis pruinonsis celtidis; Hunter, 1899a: 77. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis pruinosa celtidis Hunter, 1899a: 77. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, on Ulmus, Ulmus americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 178. Lecaniodiaspis celtidis; Fernald, 1903b: 54. Change of combination. Lecaniodiaspis celtidis; Fernald, 1903b: 54. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis prosopidis; Fernald, 1903b: 55. Change of combination. Lecaniodiaspis pruinosa; Fernald, 1903b: 55. Change of combination. Lecaniodiaspis radiata; Fernald, 1903b: 56. Change of combination. Lecaniodiaspis tessellata; Fernald, 1903b: 56. Change of combination. Lecaniodiaspis tessellata; Fernald, 1903b: 56. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis aescula Williams & Kosztarab, 1970: 20. Type data: U.S.A.: Washington D.C., on Azalea mollis. Holotype larva. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 178. Notes: The holotype is a first-instar nymph. Lecanodiaspis aescula; Williams & Kosztarab, 1970: 20. Change of combination. SYSTEMATICS: Williams & Kosztarab (1970) – based on a study of the first-instar nymphs – found distinguishing characters between L. celtidis, L. aescula, L. prosopidis, L. pruinosa, L. radiata and L. tessellata and retained them as distinct species. However, Howell & Kosztarab (1972) concluded that the adult females of the above-mentioned six species are so similar morphologically and regarded all of them as synonyms of L. prosopidis. HOST PLANTS: Aceraceae: Negundo [Ferris1955a]. Altingiaceae: Liquidambar styraciflua [HowellKo1972]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [HowellKo1972], Cotinus [HowellKo1972]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex crenata [HowellKo1972]. Berberidaceae: Berberis [HowellKo1972]. Bignoniaceae: Campsis radicans [Riddic1955, HowellKo1972], Catalpa [HowellKo1972], Tecoma [Ferris1955a]. Buxaceae: Buxus [HowellKo1972]. Capparidaceae: Koeberlinia spinosa [HowellKo1972]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [HowellKo1972]. Chenopodiaceae: Sarcobatus [HowellKo1972]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum ellipticum [BenDov1980]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus [HowellKo1972]. Cornaceae: Cornus [Riddic1955], Cornus florida [HowellKo1972]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Ferris1955a, Riddic1955], Diospyros virginiana [CockerQu1897, Fernal1903b, HowellKo1972]. Ericaceae: Azalea mollis [WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972], Gaylussacia [HowellKo1972], Kalmia latifolia [HowellKo1972], Rhododendron [HowellKo1972], Vaccinium [HowellKo1972]. Euphorbiaceae: Jatropha [TownseCo1898, Fernal1903b, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Manihot [TownseCo1898, Fernal1903b, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Ferris1955a]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus glabra [Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Aesculus hippocastanum [WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972]. Juglandaceae: Carya [Riddic1955], Carya porcina [Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Juglans nigra [HowellKo1972]. Lauraceae: Persea [HowellKo1972]. Leguminosae: Acacia [HowellKo1972], Acacia greggii [Ferris1955a], Albizia [HowellKo1972], Calliandra [HowellKo1972], Gymnocladus [HowellKo1972], Pithecellobium [HowellKo1972], Prosopis [HowellKo1972], Prosopis juliflora [Fernal1903b, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Prosopis velutina [Ferris1955a], Pueraria thunbergiana [HowellKo1972], Robinia [Ferris1955a], Robinia pseudoacacia [HowellKo1972], Sophora japonica [HowellKo1972], Vachellia farnesiana [Ferris1955a]. Magnoliaceae: Liriodendron tulipifera [HowellKo1972], Magnolia [HowellKo1972]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [HowellKo1972]. Moraceae: Ficus [HowellKo1972], Ficus religiosa [HowellKo1972], Morus [Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [HowellKo1972], Ligustrum japonicum [HowellKo1972], Syringa persica [HowellKo1972]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [HowellKo1972]. Ranunculaceae: Aquilegia [HowellKo1972]. Rhamnaceae: Colubrina [HowellKo1972], Ziziphus obtusifolia


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[HowellKo1972]. Rosaceae: Malus [Ferris1955a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [HowellKo1972]. Rutaceae: Citrus [HowellKo1972], Thamnosma montana [HowellKo1972]. Salicaceae: Populus [Ferris1955a], Populus trichocarpa [HowellKo1972], Salix [Ferris1955a]. Smilacaceae: Smilax havanensis [HowellKo1972]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [HowellKo1972]. Theaceae: Camellia [HowellKo1972]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Celtis occidentalis [Cocker1897a, Fernal1903b, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Ulmus [Fernal1903b, HowellKo1972], Ulmus americana [Ferris1955a]. Vitaceae: Ampelopsis arborea [HowellKo1972]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [TownseCo1898, Fernal1903b, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972] (Coahuila [Miller1996], Oaxaca [Miller1996], Sonora [Miller1996]); United States of America (Alabama [Ferris1955a], Alaska [HowellKo1972], Arizona [Fernal1903b, HowellKo1972, Ferris1955a], Arkansas [HowellKo1972], California [HowellKo1972], Colorado [HowellKo1972], Florida [Fernal1903b, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Georgia [Fernal1903b, Ferris1955, HowellKo1972], Kansas [Fernal1903b, Ferris1955a], Mississippi [HowellKo1972], Nebraska [HowellKo1972], Ohio [Fernal1903b], Oklahoma [HowellKo1972], Pennsylvania [WilliaKo1970], Texas [Cocker1897a, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Washington [WilliaKo1970]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970) (as L. celtidis and L. prosopidis). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 155 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 14, 16 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 46]; Buchne1930 [taxonomy, structure: 443]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 238]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1897a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12, 13]; Cocker1897u [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267-268]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 8]; CockerQu1897 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161]; Dean1909 [host, distribution: 265]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 49]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 55]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-48]; FerrisKe1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 317]; Gee1912 [host, distribution: 485]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy: 269]; Hollin1923 [host, distribution: 44, 62]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-184, 219]; Hunter1899a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 77]; Hunter1902 [host, distribution]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 169-170]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 197]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 189]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60, 61]; Merril1953 [host, distribution: 11, 125]; MerrilCh1923 [host, distribution: 196, 285]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 79]; Newell1921 [host, distribution: 59]; Richte1928 [taxonomy: 187]; Riddic1955 [host: 12]; Scott1900 [host, distribution: 53]; Sleesm1945 [host, distribution: 44]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 218]; Stickn1934 [taxonomy: 149]; Trimbl1928 [host, distribution: 43]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 223]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 37-40, 66-69]; Wilson1917 [host, distribution: 34]. Lecanodiaspis rufescens (Cockerell) Prosopophora rufescens Cockerell, 1893v: 151. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Cruces, on a chenopodiaceous plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Prosopophora yuccae rufescens; Cockerell, 1896i: 50. Change of status. Lecaniodiaspis rufescens; Ehrhorn, 1899a: 104. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis rufescens; Ehrhorn, 1899a: 104. Change of status. Lecaniodiaspis rufescens; Fernald, 1903b: 56. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis rufescens; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 184. Correct spelling of genus name.

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HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Toxicodendron radicans [HowellKo1972]. Asclepiadaceae: Sarcobatus [HowellKo1972], Sarcobatus vermiculatus [Ferris1955a]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [Ferris1919a], Atriplex canescens [HowellKo1972]. Compositae: Chrysothamnus mohavensis [Ferris1919a, HowellKo1972]. Euphorbiaceae: Adelia neomexicana [Ferris1919a]. Fouquieriaceae: Fouquieria splendens [Cocker1899l, Fernal1903b, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972]. Leguminosae: Robinia [HowellKo1972]. Oleaceae: Forestiera neo-mexicana [HowellKo1972], Ligustrum [HowellKo1972], Olea europaea [HowellKo1972], Syringa [HowellKo1972]. Rosaceae: Adenostoma fasciculatum [Ehrhor1899a, Fernal1903b, Ferris1919a, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Adenostoma oblongifolia [Fernal1903b]. Thymelaeaceae: Dirca [HowellKo1972]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marietta mexicana (Howard) [MyartsRu2000]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1902m, HowellKo1972, Miller1996, MyartsRu2000]; United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1899l, Fernal1903b, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972, Miller1996], California [Ehrhor1899a, Fernal1903b, Ferris1919a, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972, Miller1996], Colorado [Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972, Miller1996], New Mexico [Ferris1919a, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972, Miller1996]). Neotropical: Chile [HowellKo1972, Miller1996]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 153 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 14 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: AminAfNa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-169]; Cocker1893v [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 151]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 32]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Cocker1899l [taxonomy, host, distribution: 267]; Cocker1902m [host, distribution: 178]; Cocker1914b [taxonomy: 331]; Ehrhor1899a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 104]; Essig1911 [taxonomy: 469]; Essig1929 [host, distribution]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 56]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-189]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 189]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 79]; MyartsRu2000 [distribution, biological control: 7-33]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 79-82]. Lecanodiaspis rugosa Hempel Lecaniodiaspis rugosa Hempel, 1900a: 407. Type data: BRAZIL: Ypiranga, on an unidentified forest tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis rugosa; Fernald, 1903b: 56. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis rugosa; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 190. Change of combination and correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variegatum [HowellKo1972], Croton [SilvadGoGa1968]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Lepage1938, SilvadGoGa1968, HowellKo1972]. Moraceae: Ficus [HowellKo1972], Ficus carica [HowellKo1972]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillaea [SilvadGoGa1968]. Rosaceae: Rosa [HowellKo1972]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Lepage1938, SilvadGoGa1968, HowellKo1972], Citrus aurantifolia [HowellKo1972], Citrus sinensis [HowellKo1972]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Lepage1938, HowellKo1972], Vitis vinifera [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Hempel1900a, Fernal1903b, HowellKo1972] (Sao Paulo [Lepage1938]); Colombia [Figuer1946, Figuer1952, Kondo2001]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 154 (female) [World].


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CITATIONS: BusoliRa1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 308]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 251]; CostaL1928 [host, distribution: 161]; CostaL1936 [catalogue]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 56]; Figuer1946 [catalogue, host, distribution: 200]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 206]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 407-409]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 119]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-194]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 339]; Lizery1938 [taxonomy: 349]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 189]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 135]. Lecanodiaspis russellae Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis russellae Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 195. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cordoba, on Lippia lycioides. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Verbenaceae: Lippia lycioides [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 154 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195]. Lecanodiaspis sardoa Targioni Tozzetti Lecanodiaspis sardoa Targioni Tozzetti, 1869: 262. Type data: ITALY: Sardinia, Cape Meridionale, Mountain of Seven Brothers, on the branches of Cistus salvifolius. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material lost; Information from G. Pellizzari (Padova, Italy) to Y. Ben-Dov. Lecaniodiaspis sardoa; Cockerell, 1893h: 76. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis sardoa; Borchsenius, 1960d: 234. Misspelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Cistaceae: Cistus? [Cocker1893h, Melis1930, HowellKo1972, BenDov1980, Martin1984MP], Cistus creticus [HowellKo1972], Cistus rosmarinifolius [HowellKo1972], Cistus albidus [HowellKo1972], Cistus heterophyllus [HowellKo1972], Cistus ladaniferus [Neves1936, GomezM1937, GomezM1946, HowellKo1972, Martin1984MP], Cistus laurifolius atlantica [Rungs1934, HowellKo1972], Cistus monospessulanum [MazzeoLoRu1994], Cistus monspeliensis [Neves1936, HowellKo1972], Cistus rosmarinifolius [Martin1984MP], Cistus salviaefolia [Targio1869, Fernal1903b, Melis1930, Neves1936, HowellKo1972, Martin1984MP], Cistus salvifolius [HowellKo1972], Helianthemum [HowellKo1972], Helianthemum confertum [HowellKo1972], Helianthemum elandicum [HowellKo1972], Helianthemum ellipticum [BenDov1980], Helianthemum eremophilum [HowellKo1972], Helianthemum fumana [HowellKo1972], Helianthemum lavandulaefolium [HowellKo1972], Helianthemum racemosum [Martin1984MP], Helianthemum salviaefolius [GomezM1937], Helianthemum sessilifolium [HowellKo1972], Helianthemum squamatum [GomezM1937, GomezM1948, Martin1984MP], Helianthemum umbellatum [HowellKo1972, Martin1984MP], Helianthemum violaceum [Martin1984MP]. Compositae: Cirsium [HowellKo1972]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Protyndaricus coccidiphagus Mercet [GomezM1937]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [HowellKo1972]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Cyprus [HowellKo1972]; France [HowellKo1972, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Israel [BenDov1980]; Italy [HowellKo1972, BarbagBiBo1995]; Morocco [Rungs1934, HowellKo1972]; Portugal [Neves1936, Seabra1942, HowellKo1972]; Sardinia [Targio1869, Melis1930, HowellKo1972]; Sicily [MazzeoLoRu1994]; Spain [GomezM1937, GomezM1946, GomezM1968, HowellKo1972, Martin1984MP]; Tunisia [HowellKo1972]; Turkey [HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 36 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 29 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 14 (first-instar nymph) [World].

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CITATIONS: Balach1927 [host, distribution: 176]; Balach1929a [host, distribution: 221]; Balach1930 [host, distribution: 313]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 99]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 263]; Balach1937 [host, distribution: 339]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 46]; BenDov1980 [host, distribution: 268]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 251, 266, 270]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 135, 138, 158]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-236]; Cocker1893h [taxonomy: 76]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy, distribution: 50]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 56]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy: 44]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 81]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-242]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 87]; GomezM1948 [host, distribution: 81]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 136]; GomezM1957 [host, distribution: 63]; GomezM1958a [host, distribution: 7, 11]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 201]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 108]; GomezM1968 [host, distribution: 548]; Goux1943b [host, distribution: 131]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-94]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 36]; Kirkal1905 [taxonomy: 78]; Leonar1908b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 79]; Leonar1918 [host, distribution: 212]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 263-265]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 155]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105, 179]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 120, 156]; Lindin1931 [taxonomy: 121]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 136]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 187]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 221]; Martin1984MP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 206]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14, 15]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 201]; Paoli1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Pelliz1987 [host, distribution: 118]; Rungs1934 [host, distribution: 22]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 114]; Seabra1942 [host, distribution: 2]; Signor1870a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 285-286]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 219]; Targio1869 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262, 263]; Trabut1911 [taxonomy: 52]; Vayssi1927 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 89-94]. Lecanodiaspis subterranea Kosztarab & Howell Lecanodiaspis subterranea Kosztarab & Howell, 1978: 49. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Willow Tree, on roots of Bassia quinquecuspis F. v. M. var. quinquecuspis. Holotype. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. HOST PLANTS: Chenopodiaceae: Bassia quinquecuspis [KosztaHo1978]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [KosztaHo1978]). CITATIONS: KosztaHo1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-54]. Lecanodiaspis takagii Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis takagii Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 146. Type data: JAPAN: Kyushu Island, Kagoshima, on Ficus pumila. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. HOST PLANTS: Araliaceae: Hedera helix [HowellKo1972]. Fagaceae: Ficus pumila [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [HowellKo1972]; South Korea [Paik1978]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 113 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-150]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, distribution: 413]. Lecanodiaspis tapirirae Ferris & Kelly Lecaniodiaspis tapirirae Ferris & Kelly, 1923: 316. Type data: MEXICO: Gulf of California, Ceralbo Island, on Tapirira edulis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis.


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Lecaniodiaspis tapirirae; Ferris & Kelly, 1923: 316. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis tapirirae; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 199. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Anacardiaceae: Tapirira edulis [FerrisKe1923, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972]. Compositae: Parophyllum gracilis [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [FerrisKe1923, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972] (Baja California [HowellKo1972, Miller1996]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris & Kelley (1923) and Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 153 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-51]; FerrisKe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-317]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-203]; Miller1996 [catalogue, distribution: 79]. Lecanodiaspis tarsalis Newstead Lecaniodiaspis tarsalis Newstead, 1917a: 16. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on “native tree”. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1973a: 442. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis tarsalis; Newstead, 1917a: 16. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis tarsalis; Brain, 1920: 118. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis tarsalis; Hall, 1935a: 221. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis tarsalis; Hodgson, 1973a: 442. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Brain1920, Hall1935a, MunroFo1936, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. Sterculiaceae: Dombeya [Hall1935a, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a], Dombeya rotundifolia [Brain1920, MunroFo1936, Giliom1966, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Newste1917a, Brain1920, MunroFo1936, HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935a, Hodgso1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1973a). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 35 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 28 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 15 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-119]; Giliom1966 [host, distribution: 418]; Hall1935a [host, distribution: 221]; Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 442-445]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 94-95]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy: 35]; MunroFo1936 [host, distribution: 88]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16, 17]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15, 85-88]. Lecanodiaspis thamnosmae Ferris Lecaniodiaspis thamnosmae Ferris, 1955a: 52. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, on Thamnosma montana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis thamnosmae; Ferris, 1955a: 52. Misspelling of genus name. Lecanodiaspis thamnosmae; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 203. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Berberidaceae: Berberis [HowellKo1972]. Rutaceae: Thamnosma montana [Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Virginia [HowellKo1972]).

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GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1955a) and Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 153 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-207]. Lecanodiaspis varioseta Howell & Kosztarab Lecanodiaspis varioseta Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 207. Type data: PERU: “Coscomba”, near Piura, on Hymenaea courbaril. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nat. Ent. Collection, U.S. Nat. Museum, Natural History, USA. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Hymenaea courbaril [HowellKo1972], Prosopis [HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 153 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: AminAfNa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-169]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-212]. Lecanodiaspis yuccae Townsend Lecaniodiaspis yuccae Townsend, 1892: 13. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Organ Mountains, on Dasylirion wheeleri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, USA. Note: Misspelling of genus name as Lecaniodiaspis. Lecaniodiaspis yuccae; Townsend, 1892: 13. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis yuccae; Cockerell, 1893h: 76. Misspelling of genus name. Lecaniodiaspis (Prosopophora) yuccae; Cockerell, 1895u: 730. Change of combination. Lecanodiaspis yuccae; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 212. Correct spelling of genus name. HOST PLANTS: Agavaceae: Dasylirion wheeleri [Townse1892, HowellKo1972], Dasylirion [Cocker1893h], Yucca [HowellKo1972], Yucca macrocarpa [Townse1892, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972]. Compositae: Parthenium incanum [Fernal1903b]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Townse1892, Cocker1893h, Fernal1903b, Ferris1955a, HowellKo1972], Texas [HowellKo1972]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1955a) and Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 155 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 14 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Cocker1893h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 76-77]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 32, 35]; Cocker1895u [taxonomy: 728, 730]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy: 19]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy: 50]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 56]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55]; GilletBa1895 [host, distribution: 127]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-217]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 189]; RileyHo1892 [host, distribution: 65]; Townse1892 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 13]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 91-94]. Lecanodiaspis zygophylli Hodgson Lecanodiaspis zygophylli Hodgson, 1973a: 445. Type data: MAURITANIA: Coppolani, on Zygophyllum waterlotii. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, France. HOST PLANTS: Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum waterlotii [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritania [HowellKo1972, Hodgso1973a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1973a). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 97 (female) [World].


345

CITATIONS: Hodgso1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 445-447]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 106].

Prosopophora Douglas Prosopophora Douglas, 1892a: 207. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 223-224 (female) [Palearctic region]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 223-224]; Dougla1892a [taxonomy, description: 207]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy: 1345]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy: 7]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 418]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy: 85]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 142]. Prosopophora circularis Borchsenius Prosopophora circularis Borchsenius, 1960d: 226. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, 25 km north of Tsindun, on unknown host. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. STRUCTURE: This species induces the formation of pits on stems of its undetermined host plant (Borchsenius, 1960d). DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 224 (female) [Palearctic region]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-229]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 168, 208-210]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 418]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]. Prosopophora pasaniae Borchsenius Prosopophora pasaniae Borchsenius, 1960d: 224. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, on branches of Pasania dealbata. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Lecanodiaspis pasaniae; Howell et al., 1973: 46. Change of combination. Prosopophora pasaniae; Kozár & Drozdják, 1998: 418. Revived combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Pasania dealbata [Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d) and Howell et al. (1973). KEYS: Howell et al. 1973: 34-37 (female) [Species of eucalypti group]; Borchsenius 1960d: 224 (female) [Palearctic region]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-226]; HowellLaKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-51]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 418-419]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]. Prosopophora peni Borchsenius Prosopophora peni Borchsenius, 1960d: 229. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan Province, on branches of unknown tree. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Lecanodiaspis peni; Lambdin et al., 1973: 20. Change of combination. Prosopophora peni; Kozár & Drozdják, 1998: 419. Revived combination. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Sichuan (Szechwan) [Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d) and Lambdin et al. (1973). KEYS: Lambdin et al. 1973: 4-6 (female) [Species of Quercus group]; Borchsenius 1960d: 224 (female) [Palearctic region].

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CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-230]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 419]; LambdiHoKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-24]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]. Prosopophora robiniae Borchsenius Prosopophora robiniae Borchsenius, 1960d: 230. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, vicinity of Kunmin, on branches of Robinia pseudoacacia. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Robinia pseudoacacia [Borchs1960d]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d). KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 224 (female) [Palearctic region]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 419]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]. Prosopophora tingtunensis Borchsenius Prosopophora tingtunensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 231. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, vicinity of Tsindun, on branches of Pasania sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Lecanodiaspis tingtunensis; Lambdin et al., 1973: 24. Change of combination. Prosopophora tingtunensis; Kozár & Drozdják, 1998i: 419. Revived combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Pasania [Borchs1960d], Quercus [LambdiPo2003]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1960d]); Singapore [LambdiPo2003]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1960d) and Lambdin et al. (1973). Description and illustration of first-instar, second-instar female and second-instar male by Lambdin & Podsiadlo (2003). KEYS: Lambdin et al. 1973: 4-6 (female) [Species of Quercus group]; Borchsenius 1960d: 224 (female) [Palearctic region]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-233]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 419]; LambdiHoKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-29]; LambdiPo2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-183]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45].

Psoraleococcus Borchsenius Psoraleococcus Borchsenius, 1959a: 841. Type species: Psoraleococcus verrucosus Borchsenius. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1959a, 1960d) and Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1974: 412 (female) [World]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 22, 62-63 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960d: 223, 238 (adult) [Palearctic region]. CITATIONS: Borchs1959a [taxonomy, description: 841, 846]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description: 236-238]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 419]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description: 61-63]; LambdiKo1974 [taxonomy: 409-412]; LambdiKo1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 724]; MorrisMo1966; PodsiaLa2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 47]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 182]. Psoraleococcus browni Lambdin & Kosztarab Psoraleococcus browni Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1988: 724. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: on Myrmecodia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. HOST PLANTS: Rubiaceae: Myrmecodia [LambdiKo1988].


347

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [LambdiKo1988]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1988). CITATIONS: LambdiKo1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 724-727]. Psoraleococcus costatus Borchsenius Psoraleococcus costatus Borchsenius, 1959a: 842. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, 25 km south of Szemao, in forest, on the stems of an undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Lecanodiaspis costata; Lambdin et al., 1973: 6. Change of combination. Psoraleococcus costatus; Kozár & Drozdják, 1998i: 419. Revived combination. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1959a, Borchs1960d]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1959a, 1960d) and by Lambdin et al. (1973). KEYS: Lambdin et al. 1973: 4-6 (female) [Species of Quercus group]; Borchsenius 1960d: 238 (adult) [World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 842]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-241]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 419-420]; LambdiHoKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-11]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]. Psoraleococcus foochowensis (Takahashi) Lecaniodiaspis cremastogastri foochowensis Takahashi, 1936a: 217. Type data: CHINA: Fujian Province, Foochow [=Fouzhou], on an unknown host. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin et al., 1973: 11. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Lecanodiaspis foochowensis; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 127. Change of combination and rank. Psoraleococcus foochowensis; Kozár & Drozdják, 1998i: 420. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [Takaha1936a, HowellKo1972], Quercus [Takaha1942b, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1936a]; Thailand [Takaha1942b]. Palaearctic: China (People’s Republic) [Takaha1936a]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin et al. (1973). Description of adult female by Takahashi (1936a, 1942b). KEYS: Lambdin et al. 1973: 4-6 (female) [Species of Quercus group]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 236]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 127]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 420]; LambdiHoKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-16]; Takaha1936a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217-218]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 16]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]. Psoraleococcus lombokanus Lambdin & Kosztarab Psoraleococcus lombokanus Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 63. Type data: INDONESIA: Lombok, at Rampoeng (45 km east of Mataram), on Annona muricata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Lombok [LambdiKo1973]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 63 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63, 63-68]; PodsiaLa2001 [taxonomy: 3].

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Psoraleococcus morrisoni (Takahashi) Lecaniodiaspis morrisoni Takahashi, 1950: 70. Type data: INDONESIA: Riau Islands, Rempang, on an unknown plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin et al., 1976: 49. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Psoraleococcus morrisoni; Borchsenius, 1960d: 236. Change of combination. Lecanodiaspis morrisoni; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 219. Correct spelling of genus name. Psoraleococcus morrisoni; Howell & Kosztarab, 1972: 219. Change of combination. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Takaha1950, HowellKo1972, LambdiHoKo1976]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin et al. (1976). Description and illustration of first instar and the second instar female by Podsiadlo & Lambdin (2003). KEYS: Lambdin et al. 1976: 53 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 236]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 219]; LambdiHoKo1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-54]; PodsiaLa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 335-342]; Takaha1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 70]. Psoraleococcus multicribratus Lambdin & Kosztarab Psoraleococcus multicribratus Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 68. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, on Piper nigrum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. HOST PLANTS: Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [LambdiKo1973]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [LambdiKo1973]). GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). CITATIONS: LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63, 68-73]; PodsiaLa2001 [taxonomy: 3]. Psoraleococcus multipori (Morrison) Anomalococcus multipori Morrison, 1921: 641. Type data: SINGAPORE: on Nephelium lappaceum. Holotype. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Psoraleococcus multipori; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 73. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: Adult female occurring on the stems of the host, beneath shelters of ants. “… enclosed in a dark-brownish or reddish sac, which is irregular in shape, circular to oval, usually broader behind, somewhat convex; typically with rounded, clear, shining, median, longitudinal ridge, bordered on each side by a pitted longitudinal groove of varying distinctness; all the surface except the median ridge covered over with white wax, which becomes thick and almost plate like along the margin, while varying in thickness in different spots dorsally …” (Morrison, 1921). HOST PLANTS: Dipterocarpaceae [Lit1997b]. Palmae: Oncosperma horridum [LambdiKo1973]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Morris1921, LambdiKo1973]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c]); Philippines (Palawan [Lit1997b]); Singapore [Morris1921, LambdiKo1973]. BIOLOGY: Morrison (1921) recorded this species in association with ants, Green (1930c) from nests of Dolichoderus carbonarius latisquama in Sumatra, while Takahashi (1929, 1950) reported that it was protected by Crematogaster rogenhoferi. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1921) and Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 62 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62, 73-79]; Lit1997b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 93]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 641-644]; PodsiaLa2001 [taxonomy: 3].


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Psoraleococcus quercus (Cockerell) Lecaniodiaspis (Prosopophora) quercus Cockerell, 1896h: 19. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, on Quercus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: Cockerell (1896i: 51) again described this species as “n.sp”. Prosopophora quercus; Maskell, 1897a: 243. Change of combination. Psoraleococcus quercus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 241. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Fagaceae: Castanea [Takaha1956c, HowellKo1972], Castanea pubinervis [TakahaTa1956, HowellKo1972], Castanopsis [HowellKo1972], Lithocarpus glaber [HowellKo1972], Pasania [Borchs1960d], Pasania glabra [Kuwana1902, Fernal1903b, HowellKo1972], Quercus [Cocker1896h, Cocker1896i, Borchs1960d, WilliaKo1970, HowellKo1972], Quercus acuta [Kuwana1902, Fernal1903b, TakahaTa1956, HowellKo1972], Quercus cuspidata [Maskel1897a, HowellKo1972], Quercus glauca [TakahaTa1956, HowellKo1972], Quercus phillyraeoides [TakahaTa1956, HowellKo1972], Quercus salicifolia [Maskel1897a, Kuwana1902, HowellKo1972], Quercus salicina [HowellKo1972], Quercus sessilifolia [Kuwana1902, Fernal1903b, HowellKo1972], Shiia [Takaha1956c]. NATURAL ENEMIES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Cerapterocroides japonicus Ashmead [Tachik1984]. DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Cocker1896b, Fernal1903b, Tachik1955, HowellKo1972]; North Korea [HowellKo1972]; South Korea [Paik1978]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Williams & Kosztarab (1970). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 112 (female) [World]; Williams & Kosztarab 1970: 14 (first-instar nymph) [World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 241]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 141]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy: 50]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 56]; Hartma1916 [taxonomy: 93]; HashimHiMu1971 [chemistry: 100-109]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-146]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 420]; Kuwana1902 [host, distribution: 48]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 179]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 168]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 168]; Maskel1897a [host, distribution: 243]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, distribution: 413]; Tachik1955 [host, distribution: 52]; Tachik1984 [biological control: 41-44]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy: 49]; Takaha1956c [taxonomy, distribution: 4]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 2]; WilliaKo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 72-76]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]. Psoraleococcus verrucosus Borchsenius Psoraleococcus verrucosus Borchsenius, 1959a: 842. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, 8 km north of Szemao, in forest, on stems of an undetermined stems. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (People’s Republic) (Yunnan [Borchs1959a, Borchs1960d, LambdiKo1973]); Taiwan [new]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1959a, 1960d) and Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Podsiadlo & Lambdin (2001). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 63 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960d: 238 (female) [Palearctic region]. CITATIONS: Borchs1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 842]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 237-239]; KozarDr1998i [catalogue: 420]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63, 79-84]; PodsiaLa2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47].

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Pterococcus Howell & Kosztarab Pterococcus Howell & Kosztarab, 1973: 1358. Type species: Lecanodiaspis duriana Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Howell & Kosztarab (1973) and Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 23 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: HowellKo1973 [taxonomy, description: 1358]; KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 14]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description: 84]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy: 85]. Pterococcus durianus (Takahashi) Lecaniodiaspis duriana Takahashi, 1952: 11. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, on a branch of Durio sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Pterococcus durianus; Howell & Kosztarab, 1973: 1358. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Bombacaceae: Durio [HowellKo1972, Takaha1952]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1952, HowellKo1972]. BIOLOGY: Protected within shelters by Crematogaster or attended by Oecophylla imaragdina. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell and Kosztarab (1972). CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 236]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-110]; HowellKo1973 [taxonomy: 1358]; Takaha1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11].

Stictacanthus Lambdin & Kosztarab Stictacanthus Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 84. Type species: Lecanodiaspis azadirachtae Green, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 23 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 15]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description: 84-90]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy: 85]. Stictacanthus azadirachtae (Green) Lecaniodiaspis azadirachtae Green, 1909a: 298. Type data: SRI LANKA: Jaffna, on Azadirachta indica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Prosopophora azadirachtae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 224. Change of combination. Stictacanthus azadirachtae; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 85. Change of combination. STRUCTURE: This species induces shallow pits on young stems of Azadirachta indica (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973). HOST PLANTS: Leguminosae: Derris elliptica [Reyne1954, HowellKo1972, LambdiKo1973], Derris malaccensis [HowellKo1972, LambdiKo1973]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Green1909a, HowellKo1972]. DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [HowellKo1972]; Indonesia (Sumatra [Reyne1954, HowellKo1972]); Sri Lanka [Green1909a, HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Howell & Kosztarab (1972) and by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Howell & Kosztarab 1972: 97 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 224]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 298]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 287]; GullanMiCo2004 [taxonomy, structure: 168, 208-210]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-103]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-90]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 342]; Reyne1954 [host, distribution: 239]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 63].


351

Virgulicoccus Lambdin & Kosztarab Virgulicoccus Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 90. Type species: Birchippia americana Leonardi, by monotypy and original designation. GENERAL: Definition and characters by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1973: 23 (female) [World]. CITATIONS: KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy: 17]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description: 90-96]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy: 246]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy: 85]. Virgulicoccus americanus (Leonardi) Birchippia americana Leonardi, 1911: 246. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Larrea divaricata and on Larrea cuneata [=cuneifolia]. Syntypes. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Lecanodiaspis americana; Lindinger, 1931a: 44, 90. Change of combination. Virgulicoccus americanus; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973: 91. Change of combination. HOST PLANTS: Caricaceae: Jarilla [LambdiKo1973]. Zygophyllaceae: Larrea cuneifolia [Lizery1939, LambdiKo1973], Larrea divaricata [Leonar1911, Morris1919, HowellKo1972, LambdiKo1973]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [LambdiKo1973], Mendoza [Leonar1911, Morris1919, LambdiKo1973], San Juan [LambdiKo1973]); Puerto Rico & Vieques Island [HowellKo1972]. GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973). CITATIONS: Chiesa1942 [host, distribution: 204]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 217-218]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-96]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-248]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 44, 90]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 178]; Morris1919 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68].

TAXA REMOVED FROM FAMILY Austrolichtensia hakearum Lecanodiaspis hakearum Fuller, 1897c: 7. Removed from family by Fuller, 1899: 457. Current status: Austrolichtensia hakearum (Fuller, 1897) in the Coccidae. Cerococcus artemisiae Lecanodiaspis artemisiae Cockerell, 1897w: 514. Removed from family by Ferris, 1955a: 32. Current status: Cerococcus artemisiae in the Cerococcidae. Cerococcus parrotti Lecanodiaspis parrotti Hunter, 1899a: 76. Removed from family by Howell et al., 1971: 1. Current status: Cerococcus parrotti in the Cerococcidae. Lecanopsis aphenogastrorum Lecanodiaspis aphenagosterum [Misspelling] Balachowsky, 1935b: 264. Current status: Lecanopsis aphenogastrorum Gómez-Menor Ortega in the Coccidae.

REFERENCES Afifi, S. & Kosztarab, M. 1969. Morphological and systematic studies on the adult males of some species of Lecanodiaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 36: 1-23. [AfifiKo1969] Amin, A.H., Afifi, S.A. & Nada, S.M.A. 1976. Taxonomy of four adult males of family Lecanodiaspididae. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d’Egypte 60: 153-169. [AminAfNa1976] Ashmead, W.H. 1891. A generic synopsis of the Coccidae. Family X. - Coccidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of America 18: 92-102. [Ashmea1891] Atkinson, E.T. 1886. Insect-pests belonging to the homopterous family Coccidae. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Natural History 55: 267-298. [Atkins1886] Balachowsky, A.S. 1927. Contribution à l’étude des coccides de l’Afrique mineure (1re note). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 96: 175-207. [Balach1927] Balachowsky, A.S. 1929a. Contribution à l’étude des coccides de l’Afrique Mineure (6e note). Faune du Hoggar. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 98: 301-322. [Balach1929a] Balachowsky, A.S. 1930. Contribution à l’étude des coccides de France (1re note). Faunule des Iles d’Hyères (Port-Cros et Levant). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 1929: 311-317. [Balach1930] Balachowsky, A.S. 1931a. Contribution à l’étude des coccides de France (5e note). Faune de Corse. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 1931: 96-102. [Balach1931a] Balachowsky, A.S. 1934d. Les coccides du Sahara central. Mission du Hoggar. III. (Février à Mai 1928). In: Seurat, L.-G. Études Zoologiques sur le Sahara Central. Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 4: 145-157. [Balach1934d] Balachowsky, A.S. 1935b. Les cochenilles de l’Espagne. Revue de Pathologie végétale et d’Entomologie agricole de France 22: 255-269. [Balach1935b] Balachowsky, A.S. 1937. Sur quelques cochenilles récoltées au cours du Congrès d’Avignon. [Contribution à l’étude des coccides de France, 21e note.]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 41 (1936): 339-340. [Balach1937] Balachowsky, A.S. 1937e. Les cochenilles de France, d’Europe, du nord de l’Afrique et du bassin Méditerranéen. Caractères généraux des cochenilles. (2me partie) Morphologie interne. Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 564: 73-129. [Balach1937e] Balachowsky, A.S. 1942. Essai sur la classification des cochenilles (Homoptera - Coccoidea). (In French.) Annales de l’École Nationale d’Agriculture de Grignon 3: 34-48. [Balach1942] Balachowsky, A.S. 1958a. Les cochenilles du Sahara Français.1ère partie. Travaux de l’Institut de Recherches Sahariennes 3: 31-53. [Balach1958a] Balachowsky, A.S. 1958b. Les cochenilles du continent Africain Noir. v. 2 Aspidiotini (2me partie), Odonaspidini and Parlatorini. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (Sciences Zoologiques). Tervuren 4: 149-356. [Balach1958b] Ballou, C.H. 1926. Los cóccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Boletin Estacion Experimental Agronomica. Santiago de Las Vegas, Cuba 51: 1-47. [Ballou1926] Barbagallo, S., Binazzi, A., Bolchi Serini, G., Conci, C., Longo, S., Marotta, S., Martelli, M., Patti, I., Pellizzari, G., Rapidsarda, C. & Russo, A. 1995. Homoptera Sternorrhyncha. In: Minelli, A., Ruffo, S. & La Posta, S. (Eds.). Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana, 43. Bologna: Calderini. 50 pp. [BarbagBiBo1995] Beccari, F. 1971. Contribution to the knowledge of the entomofauna of Saudi Arabia. First list of insects, mites and nematodes. Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale. Firenze 65: 178-211. [Beccar1971] Ben-Dov, Y. 1980. Observations on scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Middle East. Bulletin of Entomological Research 70: 261-271. [BenDov1980]

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Index to Genera

Anemolus; Mahdihassan, misspelling of genus name Anomalococcus Green, accepted valid name Birchippia Green, junior synonym Brookesiella Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Celaticoccus Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Cosmococcus Borchsenius, accepted valid name Cresococcus Wang, accepted valid name Gallinococcus Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecainodiaspis; Newstead, 1911, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodaspis; Froggatt, 1915, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Balachowsky, 1934d, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Bodenheimer, 1935, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Borchsenius, 1960d, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Brain, 1920, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Cockerell, 1893h, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; De Lotto, 1955, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Fernald, 1903b, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Ferris, 1955a, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Green, 1937, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Hall, 1926a, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Lawson, 1917, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Lizer y Trelles, 1938, misspelling genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Munting & Giliomee, 1967, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Signoret, 1870, misspelling of genus name Lecaniodiaspis; Takahashi, 1950, misspelling of genus name Lecanodiaspis Targioni Tozzetti, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis; Morrison & Morrison, 1966, correct spelling Prosopophora Douglas, accepted valid name Psoraleococcus Borchsenius, accepted valid name Pterococcus Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Stictacanthus Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Virgulicoccus Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name

Anomalococcus Anomalococcus Lecanodiaspis Brookesiella Celaticoccus Cosmococcus Cresococcus Gallinococcus Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Lecanodiaspis Prosopophora Psoraleococcus Pterococcus Stictacanthus Virgulicoccus

Index to Species

acaciae Maskell, accepted valid name aescula Williams & Kosztarab, junior synonym africana Newstead, accepted valid name albilineata Williams & Kosztarab, accepted valid name albizziae Borchsenius, accepted valid name

365

Lecanodiaspis acaciae Lecanodiaspis prosopidis Lecanodiaspis africana Lecanodiaspis albilineata Cosmococcus albizziae

366

LECANODIASPIDIDAE INDICES

americana Leonardi, accepted valid name Virgulicoccus americanus americanus; Lambdin & Kosztarab, cha. spe. name agree. gen. Virgulicoccus americanus anomala Green, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis anomala aphenagosterum [Misspelling ], Lecanodiaspis, sensu Balachowsky, 1935b: 264; Current status: Lecanopsis aphenogasterorum Gomez-Menor Ortega in Coccidae artemisiae Cockerell, 1897w: 514, Lecanodiaspis Current status: Cerococcus artemisiae in the Cerococcidae atherospermae Maskell, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis atherospermae australis Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis australis azadirachtae Green, accepted valid name Stictacanthus azadirachtae baculifera Leonardi, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis baculifera brabei Brain, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis brabei brachystegiae; Hodgson, change of status Lecanodiaspis brachystegiae brookesae Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis brookesae browni Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Psoraleococcus browni candidus Wang, accepted valid name Cresococcus candidus cantentulatus Froggatt, accepted valid name Celaticoccus cantentulatus casuarinae Williams & Watson, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis casuarinae celtidis Cockerell, junior synonym Lecanodiaspis prosopidis circularis Borchsenius, accepted valid name Prosopophora circularis convexa Froggatt, change name to agree in gender Lecanodiaspis convexa convexus Froggatt, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis convexa costatus Borchsenius, accepted valid name Psoraleococcus costatus crassispina Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis crassispina cremastogastri foochowensis Takahashi, accepted valid name Psoraleococcus foochowensis cremastogastri Takahashi, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis cremastogastri cremastogastri; Tao, misspelling of species name Anomalococcus crematogastri crematogastri Green, accepted valid name Anomalococcus crematogasrti dealbatae Lambdin, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis dealbatae dendrobii Douglas, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis dendrobii dilatata Froggatt, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis dilatata distincta Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis distincta dorsospinosa Hodgson, 1973a, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis dorsospinosa dorsospinosa Howell & Kosztarab, 1972, nom. nudum placed Lecanodiaspis dorsospinosa duriana Takahashi, accepted valid name Pterococcus durianus durianus; Howell & Kosztarab, cha. spe. name agree. gender Pterococcus durianus elongata Ferris, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis elongata elytropappi Munting & Giliomee, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis elytropappi eremocitri Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis eremocitri erica Hodgson, 1973a, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis erica erica Howell & Kosztarab, 1972, nomen nudum placed Lecanodiaspis erica erratica De Lotto, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis erratica erythrinae Borchsenius, accepted valid name Cosmococcus erythrinae esperancei Howell, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis esperancei eucalypti Maskell, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis eucalypti euphorbiae Borchsenius, accepted valid name Cosmococcus euphorbiae fallax Lindinger, unjustified replacement name Gallinococcus leptospermi ferrisi Lambdin & Kosztarab, junior synonym Gallinococcus leptospermi foochowensis; Howell & Kosztarab, change of status Psoraleococcus foochowensis frenchi Froggatt, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis frenchi


367

greeni Takahashi, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis greeni hirsutus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1924, nomen nudum placed Anomalococcus indicus hirsutus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1926, nomen nudum placed Anomalococcus indicus hirsutus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930, junior synonym Anomalococcus indicus hodgsoni Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis hodgsoni indicus Ramakrishna Ayyar, accepted valid name Anomalococcus indicus ingae Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis ingae leptospermi Morrison & Morrison, accepted valid name Gallinococcus leptospermi leptospermi; Ferris, misidentification Gallinococcus leptospermi lombokanus Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Psoraleococcus lombokanus magna Brain, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis magna majestica; change name to agree in gender Lecanodiaspis majestica majesticus Wang & Qiu, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis majestica malaboda Green, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis malaboda manihotis Townsend & Cockerell, junior synonym Lecanodiaspis prosopidis melaleucae Fuller, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis melaleucae microcibraria; Froggatt, misspelling of species name Lecanodiaspis microcribraria microcribraria Froggatt, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis microcribraria mimosae brachystegiae Hall, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis brachystegiae mimosae; Cockerell, change of status Lecanodiaspis mimosae mimusopis Green, accepted valid name Cosmococcus mimusopis morrisoni Takahashi, accepted valid name Psoraleococcus morrisoni multicribratus Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Psoraleococcus multicribratus multipori Morrison, accepted valid name Psoraleococcus multipori murphyi Lambdin, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis murphyi natalensis Brain, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis natalensis newmani Froggatt, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis newmani parinarii Hall, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis parinarii parrotti Hunter, 1899a: 220, Lecanodiaspis. Current status: Cerococcus parrotti in the Cerococcidae. parthenii Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis parthenii pasaniae Borchsenius, accepted valid name Prosopophora psaniae peni Borchsenius, accepted valid name Prosopophora peni prosopidis Maskell, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis prosopidis prosopidis mimosae Maskell, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis mimosae pruinosa celtidis Hunter, junior synonym Lecanodiaspis prosopidis quercus Cockerell, accepted valid name Psoraleococcus quercus radiatus Cockerell, junior synonym Lecanodiaspis prosopidis robiniae Borchsenius, accepted valid name Prosopophora robiniae rufescens Cockerell, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis rufescens rugosa Hempel, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis rugosa russellae Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis russellae sardoa Targioni Tozzetti, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis sardoa subterranea Kosztarab & Howell, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis subterranea takagii Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis takagii tapirirae Ferris & Kelly, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis tapirirae tarsalis Newstead, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis tarsalis tessellatus Cockerell & Quaintance, junior synonym Lecanodiaspis prosopidis thamnosmae Ferris, accepted valid name Lecanodiaspis thamnosmae tingtunensis Borchsenius, accepted valid name Prosopophora tingtunensis

368


tuberans Lambdin & Kosztarab, accepted valid name varioseta Howell & Kosztarab, accepted valid name verrucosus Borchsenius, accepted valid name yuccae Townsend, accepted valid name zygophylli Hodgson, accepted valid name

Brookesiella tuberans Lecanodiaspis varioseta Psoraleococcus verrucosus Lecanodiaspis yuccae Lecanodiaspis zygophylli



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