A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese (ABC Chinese Dictionary Series)

CHINESE LANGUAGE / LINGUISTICS

Also in the ABC Chinese Dictionary series

system represented by the script, comparing it with those of various later forms of Chinese that have been recorded in alphabetic sources.

ABC CHINESE-ENGLISH COMPREHENSIVE DICTIONARY

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese will be of special interest to Chinese historical phonologists and scholars concerned with the history and culture of China and Central Asia during the Yuan period (1279–1368 A.D.).

“An important landmark in the history of Chinese lexicography. Among its many achievements, it is going to play an important role in the standardization of pinyin orthography.” —Modern Language Journal

Edited by John DeFrancis

2001, 272 pages Paper ISBN 978-0-8248-2770-0 “The index . . . is surprisingly effective to use. The editing and proofing of the main entries is superb. . . . It is a rare book that can bring new scholarly attention to a topic while also introducing it to the general public. This new offering does both admirably and should be widely emulated.” —Modern Language Journal

ABC CHINESE-ENGLISH DICTIONARY Edited by John DeFrancis 2000, 920 pages, desk reference edition Cloth ISBN 978-0-8248-2320-7 1998, 920 pages, pocket edition Paper ISBN 978-0-8248-2154-8 “Quite likely to become a standard reference work for English-speaking students of Mandarin, and to remain so for quite some time.” —China Review International

A Handbook of

ABC DICTIONARY of CHINESE PROVERBS (YANYU)

'PHAGS-PA CHINESE

2003, 1,464 pages Cloth ISBN 978-0-8248-2766-3

Edited by John S. Rohsenow W. South Coblin is professor of Chinese at the University of Iowa. His primary academic interests have centered on Chinese historical phonology, comparative and historical dialectology, and the history of Chinese koinés. In addition, he has worked actively in the fields of Old Tibetan and Sino-Tibetan comparative and historical linguistics. He is the author of six books and monographs and numerous articles on these subjects. His concern with 'Phags-pa Chinese arose directly from his interests in Tibetan and Chinese historical linguistics.

Coblin

(Continued from front flap)

A Handbook of

'PHAGS-PA CHINESE

W. South Coblin

Cover design by Santos Barbasa Jr.

University of Hawai‘i Press

'Phags-pa is of immense importance for the study of premodern Chinese phonology. However, the script is difficult to read and interpret, and secondary materials on it are scattered and not easily obtained. The present book is intended as a practical introduction to 'Phags-pa Chinese studies and a guide for reading and interpreting the script. It consists of two parts. The first part is an introductory section comprising four chapters. This is followed by a glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese forms and their corresponding Chinese characters, together with pı¯nyı¯n and stroke-order indexes to those characters. The first introductory chapter outlines the invention of the 'Phags-pa writing system, summarizes the major types of material preserved in it, and describes the historical and linguistic contexts in which this invention occurred. Following chapters detail the history of 'Phags-pa studies, the alphabet and its interpretation, and the salient features of the underlying sound

(Continued on back flap)

Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822-1888

www.uhpress.hawaii.edu

jack mech.indd 1

'Phags-pa Chinese is the earliest form of the Chinese language to be written in a systematically devised alphabetic script. It is named after its creator, a brilliant thirteenth-century Tibetan scholar-monk who also served as political adviser to Kublai Khan. 'Phags-pa’s invention of an alphabet for the Mongolian language remains an extraordinarily important accomplishment, both conceptually and practically. With it he achieved nothing less than the creation of a unified script for all of the numerous peoples in the Mongolian empire, including the Central Asian Turks and Sinitic-speaking Chinese.

ABC Chinese Dictionary 10/27/06 11:40:40 AM

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

ABC CHINESE DICTIONARY SERIES Victor H. Mair, General Editor The ABC Chinese Dictionary Series aims to ptovide a complete set of convenient and reliable reference tools for all those who need to deal with Chinese words and characters. A unique feature of the series is the adoption of a strict alphabetical order, the fastest and most user-friendly way to look up words in a Chinese dictionary. Most volumes contain graphically oriented indices to assist in finding characters whose pronunciation is not known. The ABC dictionaries and compilations rely on the best expertise available in China and North America and are based on the application of radically new strategies for the study of Sinitic languages and the Chinese writing system, including the first clear distinction between the etymology of the words, on the one hand, and the evolution of shapes, sounds, and meanings of characters, on the other. While aiming for conciseness and accuracy, series volumes also strive to apply the highest standards of lexicography in all respects, including compatibility with computer technology for information processing.

Other titles in the series

ABC Chinese-English Dictionary (desk reference and pocket editions) Edited by John DeFrancis ABC Dictionary of Chinese Proverbs Edited by John S. Rohsenow ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary Edited by John DeFrancis ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese Axel Schuessler

A Handbook of

'Phags-pa Chinese

w.

South Coblin

ABC Chinese Dictionary Series

University of Hawai'i Press Honolulu

© 2007 University of Hawai'i Press

All rights reserved Primed in the United States of America 12 11 10 09 08 07

6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Coblin, W. South. A handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese / W. South Coblin p. cm. -

(ABC Chinese dictionary series)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8248-3000-7 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-IO: 0-8248-3000-8 (cloth: alk. paper) 1. Mongolian language-Alphabet-Handbooks, manuals, etc.

als, etc.

2. 'Phags-pa alphabet-Handbooks, manu-

3. Mongolian language-Phonology-Handbooks, manuals, etc.

I. Title.

II. Series

PL402 .C63 2006 494' .23813-dc22

2005056867

University of Hawai'i Press books are primed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources.

Text prepared by the author.

Primed by IBT Global

In Memory of

Fang-kuei Li

Contents

Preface

IX

Abbreviations Introduction

xi xiii

I. The 'Phags-pa Chinese Script: Its Invention, Textual Attestation, and Historical Background 1 II. A Brief Review of 'Phags-pa Chinese Studies

23

III. Analysis and Interpretation of the 'Phags-pa Alphabet

32

IV. A Structural and Historical Consideration of the 'Phags-pa Chinese Sound System 69 Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

105

PInyIn Index to Chinese Characters in the Glossary

177

Stroke Order Index to Chinese Characters in the Glossary

213

Index of Transliterated 'Phags-pa Orthographic Forms in the Glossary References

299

Vll

287

Preface

During the compilation of this work I have received help and encouragement from many friends and colleagues. Particularly notable among these are David P. Branner, Victor Mair, Jerry L. Norman, and Axel Schuessler. I am also grateful to an anonymous reviewer for a number of suggestions and corrections. I am of course responsible for all remaining errors and weaknesses. Research for the project was supported in part by a Career Developmental Assignment from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Iowa. Over a period of several years I was also afforded the services of two research assistants, Ms. Jungim Chang and Mr. John Schlitz, whose prodigious labors on the indexes to the text were invaluable to me. It is a pleasure to acknowledge their help and the generous support of my Department in assigning them to me.

ix

Abbreviations

s*fri

BJX

Baijiaxlng

GH

Guanhuit g~15

Inscr

Inscriptions

JY

Junast and Yang (1987)

LC

Luo and Citi (1959)

LR

Left Readings of Sin Sukchu

MGZY

Menggii ziyun ~tI~gffit

PR

Popular Readings of Sin Sukchu

QYS

Qieyun t}]~ System

RR

Right Readings of Ch'we Sejin

SR

Standard Readings of Sin Sukchu

Su

Sutras

xi

Introduction

China is blessed with one of the oldest continuously used writing systems in the world. But this unique script has been the bane of historical phonologists, because it is logographic rather than alphabetic. Due to this peculiarity, the script effectively conceals from phonologists the pronunciations that underlie it. This is not to say that there is no field of Chinese historical phonology. Quite to the contrary, there has been such a field for well over a century. But it is a curious and often vexatious discipline. To pursue it certain complex and idiosyncratic textual materials, such as fanqie &.tlJ collectanea, rime tables, versified texts, and sets of structurally related logographs, are juxtaposed, shuffled, and manipulated to construct abstract systems, whose phonetic reality is then postulated using formalized sets of assumptions and procedures. The products of these procedures are conventionally called "reconstructions," and they often differ considerably from one investigator to another. The result is that for any given period in the history of Chinese one may find a perplexingly broad choice of these "systems," all arising out of the same corpora of data. The fact that these systems are called "reconstructions" is in a sense potentially misleading. For the procedures underlying them are for the most part rather different from those applied by historical linguists who use the classical comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction to study the sound systems of earlier languages. In fact, the sinological approach probably has more in common with the techniques of textual analysis and phonetic interpretation familiar to students of ancient written languages like Latin, Greek, Old English, etc. The difference is of course that these languages are written alphabetically and the interpretation of their writing systems is simpler by many orders of magnitude than what is done in Chinese. This may in good part account for the existence of the multiple systems in the Chinese field. To wit, it may be that the available data simply cannot bear the weight sinologists place upon them. Put another way, while it may indeed be feasible to learn significant things about earlier Chinese phonology from the written sources in question, it may not be possible to reconstitute entire sound systems on that basis. In any case, it seems clear that the field of Chinese historical phonology as it is practiced today is so peculiar and exacting that it lies essentially beyond the reach both of sinologists who have not received specialized training in it and of the broad range of historical linguists who might wish to familiarize themselves with it. One may, if one wishes, consult handbooks and learn anything Xlll

Introduction

from a bit to a great deal about English, French, German, or Spanish historical phonology. But pre-modern Chinese phonology remains for most non-specialist readers a closed book. Interestingly, however, besides the abovementioned logographic sources, there exists for certain varieties of standard Chinese a corpus of systematic alphabetic records, commencing in the thirteenth century and continuing to the present day. (We exclude here the sizable corpus of Tibetan, Uyghur, and other transcriptional materials of Tang times, since these do not employ systematic orthographic systems.) This alphabetic material begins in 1269 with Chinese recorded in the 'Phags-pa alphabet. Then, from the mid-1400s, we have Korean transcriptions written in a specially modified version of the Han' gUl alphabet. These materials record both a reading pronunciation and a spoken pronunciation for the southern koine, sound system (i.e., the so-called Nfmyln) 1¥i~ of the Ming !jJ3/Qlng known in traditional times as Guanhua '§~§. Alphabetic materials for this same southern-based Guanhua pronunciation resume in the late sixteenth century in the orthographies developed by Western missionaries and continue until the demise of the Nfmyln in the nineteenth century. Starting in the sixteenth century we also have Korean records for the northern pronunciation (i.e., Beiyln ::!~~) of the Guanhua koine. And in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there are records of this type of speech in Manchu orthography. And again in the eighteenth century there are Western (mainly French) records of this type of speech. Then, in the nineteenth century we find a wide range of Western sources on the Beiyln, which ultimately feed directly into twentieth-century recordings of Gu6yu ~§:g/Putonghua tff~~§. It seems clear that this rich corpus of orthographic material, covering a span of over seven centuries, can and should form the basis of an alphabetically based history of standard Chinese pronunciation. For the period in question, at least, Chinese historical phonology can be described with the same rigor, clarity, and precision found in handbooks treating alphabetically recorded languages in other parts of the world. A history of the sort envisaged here should begin with the type of Chinese recorded in 'Phags-pa script. But with this there are a number of problems. For the 'Phags-pa sources have hitherto been difficult both of access and interpretation. They can be obtained, to be sure; but finding them requires considerable effort and an active familiarity with the field of 'Phags-pa studies. And once they have been acquired, there remains the question of how to locate things in them and how then to read and construe what one has found. The result is that 'Phags-pa data have seldom

m

xiv

Introduction

been taken into consideration by Chinese historical phonologists who were not themselves 'Phags-pa specialists. And, when such data have been cited by those specialists, they have been viewed warily by other linguists, for the quite understandable reason that these readers have had no way to assess for themselves the cited material. To overcome these obstacles, what is needed today is a source book which introduces the 'Phags-pa data in an easily understandable and accessible form. Such a work would allow all concerned readers to find what interests them and analyze it for themselves. The present handbook is intended as a reference source of this kind. The work consists of two main parts, an introductory section comprising four chapters, and a glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese forms and their corresponding Chinese characters, together with pInyIn and stroke order indexes to those characters. The first introductory chapter outlines the invention of the 'Phags-pa Chinese writing system, summarizes the major types of material preserved in it, and describes the historical and linguistic contexts in which its invention occurred. The second chapter is a brief history of 'Phags-pa studies. The third chapter deals specifically with the alphabet and its interpretation. The fourth and final chapter describes certain salient features of the underlying sound system represented by the script and compares it with those of various later forms of Chinese which have been recorded in alphabetic sources. The field of 'Phags-pa studies has justifiably been considered a complex and even arcane one. It is our hope that the present work will enable all readers to gain control of the 'Phags-pa material and use it to the fullest in their own research on the history of the Chinese language.

xv

I The 'Phags-pa Chinese Script Its Invention, Textual Attestation, and Historical Background

1.1 The Invention of the Script The 'Phags-pa script is named for its creator, the 'Phags-pa (lit., "excellent, glorious") Lama, a Tibetan who was active in the court of the Mongol emperor Qubilai (i.e., Kublai Khan, Yuan Shizu 7GtI:t*£L 1215-1294). The full name of the 'Phags-pa Lama (which epithet is actually a title rather than a name) was 'Gro-mgon 'Phags-pa Blo-gros rgyal-mtshan. There exists a surprisingly large corpus of biographical information on him in Chinese, Tibetan, and Mongolian sources. A discussion of these, with a digest of their contents and a comprehensive list of translations and related studies, is given by Nakano (1971: 24-41). For a very detailed recent study of the Tibetan bibliographical sources, see Wang Qllong (2001). The lama was born in Tibet in either 1235 or 1239, a scion of the noble Sa-skya clan. As a young man he accompanied his uncle, Sa-skya pal)Qita, on a trip to Mongolia, where he remained after his uncle's death. In 1253 he was summoned by Prince Qubilai, who received him in audience and was much impressed by him.! From that point on he became a member of Qubilai's retinue. In 1260 Qubilai ascended the throne and appointed the 'Phags-pa Lama National Preceptor (GuoshI ~ gjfi), charging him with the task of developing an alphabet. This alphabet was completed in 1269, whereupon it was promulgated in an imperial edict. The text of this edict is preserved in the Yufmshf 7G5t: and is reproduced by Luo and Cai (1959: 9-10) and Jlinast and Yfmg (1987: 1). It has been translated into Western languages a number of times. An English translation that includes part of the wider Yuansh f passage in which it occurs was made by Leon Hurvitz and included in Poppe (1957: 5). Another English translation is that of Cheng (1985: 148, n. 15). Parallel passages from other sources are translated by Nakano (1971: 35-36, n. 42).

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

We now reproduce part of the edict text, together with a translation adapted from those of Hurvitz and Cheng. Having discussed the general benefits of writing and the Mongols' previous lack of a practicable system, the edict continues as follows: 2 ~~m,~~&~~~~,~~~*o~~ffl~.'W*~~M'~

-~~m.~*m'~M$~mA~~~~.~~*'~~-W~*' M~m*~$WBo~~~tt~~.~~~~'~m~~~*'ill~ tX~~*MUZ

0

If we examine this matter with regard to the Liao and JIn, and to the countries of remote areas, as a rule each has its own script. Nowadays civilized polity has gradually come to flourish, and yet we lack a writing system. The institutions of our dynasty are in fact not yet complete. Wherefore, we specifically command the National Preceptor, 'Phags-pa, to create a new Mongolian script, in order to transcribe all writing systems, our expectation being simply to facilitate smooth communication. From this time forward, whatever documents are issued under the Imperial Seal are to use the new Mongolian script, with the national writing of each [other] country alongside. From this passage several significant points emerge. At the outset it becomes clear that the new writing was to be first and foremost a "Mongolian script," i.e., a national writing system for Mongolian, such as the Khitans and Jurchens, also non-Sinitic peoples who had conquered China, had possessed for their own languages. It therefore seems probable that the writing of Mongolian was the first problem the 'Phags-pa Lama had to address in his orthography project. However, the new script was also to be used to "transcribe" (ylxie ~~) other scripts. This did not simply mean that these materials were to be translated into 'Phags-pa Mongolian. Rather, it was specifically stipulated that the new forms should appear beside native written forms of languages other than Mongolian and should thus phonetically transcribe those languages in the new system. This might seem to imply that the script was intended to have a single, unified phonetic value, like today's International Phonetic Alphabet, so that readers of the Mongolian system could then pronounce forms written in other languages. But in actual practice this does not seem to have been the case. For we know, for instance, that Chinese 'Phags-pa had letters which Mongolian 'Phags-pa did not. And it appears, in fact, that each language had its own transcriptional conventions. For example, in the

2

The 'Phags-pa Chinese Script

Chinese 'Phags-pa system, the letter h in syllable internal position (concerning which see Chapter III, section 3.3.9 below) is generally thought to have been a diacritic governing a following vowel. 3 But in the Sanskrit 'Phags-pa system internal h was used to help transcribe Sanskrit voiced aspirated letters. For example, Sanskrit 'Phags-pa ba = Skt. ba, Sanskrit 'Phags-pa b + ha = Skt. bha, etc. Thus, it is not possible to take values known from a particular system and read them into one of the others without further ado. Each system must be dealt with on its own terms. Comparison between systems can at most give us hints regarding interpretation.

1.2 The Propagation and Use of the Script Virtually nothing is known about the progress of the 'Phags-pa Lama's work on the new script. As suggested above, we may suppose that the Mongolian system had primacy and was definitely ready in 1269, as the histories report. According to Lu6 and Cai (1959: 32), the first section (out of four) of the Chinese 'Phags-pa inscription on the Hnglu Ch6ngyfmg Wanshoug6ng shengzhl bei *~.m~M. '§~ §':P~ stele is reliably datable to 1269. Poppe (1957: 6) notes that in that same year 'Phags-pa script schools were established in all provinces and that in the following year positions for teachers in these schools were established. In the immediately following years further steps of various kinds were taken to promote the use of the script. In 1272, three years after it had been introduced, a report was submitted to the throne to the effect that "in spite of the establishment of a state school of Mongolian script, children and the younger brothers of Chinese officials were not being taught this script .... The upshot of this report was a decree according to which all edicts were to be written thenceforth with Mongolian (i.e., l).P'ags-pa) script, and that the children and younger brothers of Chinese officials were to be sent to school" (Poppe, loco cit.). We may be reasonably confident that what was required of the Chinese here was not the learning of the Mongolian language per se but rather mastery of the 'Phags-pa orthography for their own language. This suggests that that orthography was already complete in all its essentials by at least 1272, and in fact almost certainly by the time the schools were established in 1269. The final touch in the effort to establish and propagate the new writing was the establishment in 1275 of a special department of the Hanlinyuan !fi$! fHJG to deal with the script. The 'Phags-pa Chinese orthography was used throughout the Yuan period on

3

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

a number of written media. Surviving examples of it will be discussed in section 1.4 below. The script in all its forms was virtually abandoned at the fall of Yuan. The highly stylized seal version of it survived in the carving of seals in Tibet. Interest in it remained alive for some time in Korea, where is was still known by at least some individuals in the fifteenth century (Ledyard 1997).

1.3 The Form and Ordering of the Alphabet The earliest known description of the 'Phags-pa writing system is found in the same Yu{mshI section containing the edict mentioned above. We reproduce the pertinent passage here, substituting our own translation for that of Hurvitz.

Its syllables number only somewhat over a thousand, while its letters are forty-one. As to the way it forms syllables by linking components4 with each other, there is a method in which rimes are linked. And as for the way it forms syllables by combining two, three, or four elements,5 there is a method for making the rimes congruent. 6 But as to its essential concern, it takes making the initials congruent as its guiding principle. This account, while formulaic and couched in the language of the traditional Chinese philological discipline known as shengyunxue !I:~i'l~, does convey certain essentials about the 'Phags-pa system. It had forty-one letters, from which over a thousand separate syllables could be formed. The letters for the initials acted as the real foundation of the written syllable, to which further elements bearing on the finals might then be added. And, finally, there were letters which could be used to stand for the codas of syllables, exclusive of the rimes as a whole. 7 Like Indicderived scripts in general, it assumes an inherent vowel a in all syllables unmarked for other vowels, and those other vowels must then be indicated by special graphic devices. Thus, for example, if the letter b is written alone as a distinct syllable, it is read as ba, etc. 8 Not surprisingly, given its origin, the 'Phags-pa script is generally recognized as Tibetan-based. However, there are elements in it which are clearly not of Tibetan

4

The 'Phags-pa Chinese Script

origin; and the provenance of these constitutes a special area of inquiry within the field of 'Phags-pa studies. Full lists of the 'Phags-pa alphabet are given in three early sources. Two of these, the Fifshakifo 1t.~ of Sheng Xlming ~~~ EY3 (fl. Yuan Dynasty, 1206-1368) and the Shashf huiyilO. :t:tr~ (published 1376) of Tao Zongyi ~~*1i , contain essentially the same list. Facsimiles of the original texts containing the lists, together with translations by Hurvitz, are given in Poppe (1957: 10-15), and a useful numbered version of the list is provided by Nakano (1971: 39). A facsimile of another text version of the Shashf huiyilO passage is reproduced by Clauson (1959: 321), with a translation (ibid., pp. 302-303). We give the list below, with Nakano's numbering inserted: 1.

=m

7. E

~; 2. ICi 1!); 3.

a

~; 8.

~ '1'8; 10.

13. 2J 18. ~ 23. r2 28. ~I ~; 34.

~; 39.

rr=I 1)l; 9.

~A; 4. 2

*;

m; 5.

a 1t;

EI M; 11.:z:

6.

~; 12.

as 1fi; OJ

9j~;

U; 14. CJ ~; 15. 2J 16. O.j . ; 17. '\5l t~; 1* (> ~); 19. :5l ~; 20. f:zs: *:f; 21. ~ ;;fi; 22. ::3 iii; !ThJ; 24. \AI $; 25. I Ill; 26. [21 *I; 27. 51 ~; 19>; 29. ~ ~; 30. I§I U5i1; 31. C\I 1ft; 32. ~ J®~; 33. ~ A ~; 35. ~ ~ (~DSf);9 36. rEI D; 37. ~ it; 38. [:>l c: -ili; 40. <J 1%; 41. t:: $ (~DSf)

Both texts state that the list contains forty-three letters, but in fact neither has that number. The Shashf huiyilO version has forty-one, while the Fifshakifo has forty-two. The list above is that of the Shash f hu iyilO. Between numbers 37 and 38 of the list, the Fifshakifo has another letter which appears to be essentially the same as 38 and lacks a Chinese character equivalent. It is generally believed to be a copyist's error. Thus, the list represented in the two texts actually has forty-one members, in complete agreement with the number given in the Yufmshf account. Both texts also state that, when the alphabet is used to write Chinese, three letters are discarded, i.e., 25 :::r:, 35 ~,and 38 [:>l; and four new ones must be added, i.e., 42 ~,43 51,44 . Its interpretation as [u] is uncontroversial. The letter ~ e is believed to be derived from Tibetan e .......... Shen (2000: 96) suggests that it is an inversion of the Tibetan letter. It is generally interpreted as a mid front vowel of some sort most often transcribed e, or e in the literature. We shall interpret it as [e]. The graphic form of the letter tends to vary in the texts, with one variant being -d. This form is unfortunately quite similar to one of the usual writings of medial w (see section 3.3.10). The two are consequently often confused, particularly in the MGZY, which makes no real distinction. In many cases distribution can be used to distinguish them. In others, comparison with text examples in inscriptional and other sources allows us to disentangle them. As a result, the forms in the MGZY can be normalized to indicate the distinction. In our Glossary and examples we use the variant A for this vowel. By contrast, medial w will be conventionally written -=:::::t to provide maximal differentiation between the two. The letter X 0 is derived by inversion of Tibetan 0 -v--'. X is the form used in absolute final position. Elsewhere a vertical bar is added in the center to link the vowel with a following element, thus: ,/f\:. The letter is thought to represent a mid back rounded vowel. We interpret it as [J].

e,

3.3.10 The Medial Semivowels Ll,

~); 19. :5l

~ '['B; 10.

14. El ~; 15. 2J

Pft;

m;

21. ~ ;fi; 22. ::::3 55

iII;

23. r2

ifnJ;

24. W 1$; 25. ;::c;

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

~; 27. 51 ~; 28.

Ill; 26. 1ft; 32.

['2.J

37. ~

1:ft; 38. r:>I ~; 39.

] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR 1)::> ("*"); PR ::>; LR .::> Late Ming: Ricci guo [1)u::>]; Trigault go [1)::>] Port-Chin Dict guo [1)u::>]; DialoguesEarly Qlng: Varo go (Voc.) [1)::>]; Premare-

m

wan QYS nguan'Phags-pa 453 on ("*") [::>n] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR 1)w::>n ("*"); PR w::>n; LR Late Ming: Ricci - ; Trigault uon, uon, uan [u::>n - uan] Port-Chin Diet cuon, cuoa, guan [xu::>n - xuan - yuan]; DialoguesEarly Qlng: Varo UlID (Voc.) [uan]; Premare ouan, oUlin [uan] wu 1i QYS nguo: 'Phags-pa 284 u (1:) [u] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR 1)u (1:); PR - ; LR :1)u Late Ming: Ricci - ; Trigault u [u] Port-Chin Dict u [u]; DialoguesEarly Qlng: Varo il [u]; gil (Voc.) [1)u]; Premare ou [u] 91

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

The SR system invariably has initial l)- in such cases, while the LR system has this initial only in examples of the third type. In the later southern GR varieties, such as those represented in these examples, syllables such as wo 1M normally have initial do not. In cases like wu 1i there is much variation l)-, while those like wan among the later varieties. For example, Varo knew variant readings in both [u] and [l)u]. In the northern (i.e., Beiyln) pronunciation of GR, there was no initial l)- at all, and all syllables such as these had initial zero. 'Phags-pa Chinese seems to have sided with this type of language here.

m

4.2.2 Syllable Finals. We have found the following syllable finals in the 'Phags-pa Chinese sound system: 1

1

i

ji

yl

il)

jil)

in

jin

win

u

ue

ye

Ul)

wUl)

YUl)

un

uw

y

yn

aj

jaj waJ waw* jaw

al) am

jal) jam

wal) a

yal) ja

an wa

iw

jiw

jan

wan

im

jim

aw

AI] en

Jen ye*

yen

ew

jew

yew* em

:Jl)

:In

Y:Jn

:JW

:J

W:J

gj*

gl)

gn

gW

gm

jem

e

je

we*

(Finals followed by stars occur exclusively in the rusheng tone category in the MGZY.)

92

The 'Phags-pa Chinese Sound System

The vowel system inherent in these finals is as follows: u

1, U

a

A

The vowel represented by the letter "A" here is interpreted as [0] by Nakano (1971) and as [0] by Shen (2001). Syllable codas are -j, -w, -E, -n, -1), and -m. No final glottal stop is indicated in the orthography. The possible existence of such a coda is taken up in section 4.2.3 below. It is assumed that prevocalic [y] joins [j] and [w] as a medial semivowel. When the 'Phags-pa final system is compared with that of Sin's SR system, and also with later forms of GH, a number of differences obtain, involving individual syllables or small sets of syllables. These have been discussed in some detail in our two earlier articles (1999; 2001), and will not be dealt with again here. Instead, we shall concentrate on several points of wider comparative interest. 4.2.2.1 Medial [j]. Medial [j] occurs before the vowels [a], [e], and [i]. It is not found before [}], [1], [A], or [g]. Medial [y] occurs before the back rounded vowels [u] and [:)] in our analysis. Certain other investigators interpret our medial [y] as [j] here (see 3.3.10). 'Phags-pa Chinese is decidedly unusual in contrasting the syllable nuclei [i] and [ji]. To the best of our knowledge, no other form of alphabetically recorded or modem spoken Chinese shows a contrast of this type. The following are some examples:

m

jI QYS kiei 'Phags-pa 198 gyi (:ljZ) [kji] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR kjej (:ljZ); PR ki; LR ki jI ~ QYS kj'i 'Phags-pa 157 gi (:ljZ) [ki] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR kjej (:ljZ); PR ki; LR ki

93

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

jIng #£ QYS kieng 'Phags-pa 92 gying (.IfL) [kjiI]] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR kil) (.IfL); PR - ; LR kil) jIng :;; QYS kjung 'Phags-pa 43 ging (~) [kil)] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR kiI] (~); PR - ; LR However, within the 'Phags-pa system as a whole, the configuration [ji] is no more unusual than are [je] and [ja]. It is worth noting here that one never finds such contrasts as [-ja-] versus Ha-] or [-ja-] versus [-jia-], etc., in 'Phags-pa Chinese, or in any other alphabetically recorded form of pre-modem Chinese, for that matter. The interaction between forms with and without medial [j] in 'Phags-pa Chinese has been of some interest to Chinese historical phonologists because in certain cases it is found to replicate the so-called s Ideng IJ] ~ ("four level" or "four division") arrangement of finals found in the Song rime tables. Examples: 'Phags-pa I.

T

Sin SR

Varo

kan (~)

kan [kan]

[kjan] (.IfL)

kjan (~)

kien [kjen]

(~)

kjen (~)

kien [kjenJ

484 gyan [kjenJ (~)

kjen (~)

kien [kjen]

409 gan

II. Fs9 463 gyan III.

Jt 466 gen

IV.

J!

[kan]

[ken]

(~)

Here we see that 'Phags-pa Chinese shows distinctions not found either in Sin's SR system or in later forms of GH, as represented by the Varo data. In the 'Phags-pa forms all rime table categories are indeed distinguished. If a speaker of 'Phags-pa Chinese had chosen to read this set of rime table syllables aloud, this is what he would have heard in the mid-thirteenth century. But are we then justified in projecting the distinguishing features seen here back to the time when the earliest prototypes of the tables were produced, whenever that was, and claiming that this very configuration is what the table-makers heard and tried to incorporate into their charts? Of course not. No evidence for such an idea has ever been adduced. We do 94

The 'Phags-pa Chinese Sound System

not know who the table-makers were, when or where they worked, or how their language or languages may have been related to 'Phags-pa Chinese. All we can say, until these questions have been addressed and convincingly answered, is that in the thirteenth century this particular set of finals was distinguished in this way. 4.2.2.2 The 'Phags-pa vowel e [e]. The 'Phags-pa vowel e [e] is interesting in that it corresponds almost exclusively to the combination [je] or [je] in the SR system and various later forms of alphabetically attested Chinese. This is illustrated in the following examples:

m

bian QYS bjan:3 'Phags-pa 476 pen Cr.) [ben] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR bjen (J::.); PR - ; LR :bjen Late Ming: Ricci picn [pien]; Trigault pien, picn [pien] Port-Chin Dict - ; DialoguesEarly QIng: Varo pien [pien]; Prcmarelifm ~ QYS ljan 'Phags-pa 482 len (3:JL) [len] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR Ijen (3:JL); PR - ; LR Ijen Late Ming: Ricci - ; Trigault lien [lien] Port-Chin Dict - ; Dialogues lien, lie' [lien] Early QIng: Varo lien [lien]; Prcmare lien [lien] In some cases of this type there is no significant contrast involved. For example, there is no 'Phags-pa syllable *lyan [ljen] opposite ~ len (3:JL) [len]. But in others there is a definite contrast. The syllables j ian Jt (gen [ken] ) and j ian ~ (gyan [kjen]) in the preceding section illustrate this. The philological significance of the contrast found in the following pair is of a different sort:

zhan it QYS .tjan 'Phags-pa 474 jen [t§en] (3:JL) Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR

t~jen

( $;); PR - ; LR 95

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

zhan 1m QYS tsjan 'Phags-pa 486 jyan [~jen] (.IfL) Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR ~jen ( $:); PR - ; LR In 'Phags-pa Chinese the QYS shesh~mg E 1: (i.e.,,t-, etc.) and zhengchr IE~ (i.e., ts-, etc.) initials are not distinguished. However, in the present pair of syllables, the traditional distinction survives in the 'Phags-pa finals. It is not preserved in the SR system, where the two syllables are homophones. 4.2.2.3 'Phags-pa Final -yon [-y::m]. This final has a very limited distribution. The entry lines of the Glossary in which it appears are the following: shang;ff' t~

516. gyon [ky;)n] 517. khyon [k'y;)n] 518. lyon [ly;)n]

ping

~

, qu

~ ,

1m ' ;ff

, ;ffi , shang f.fg , qu

'ff ' If]

ping.' shang ~ , ~ , qu ~~

As mentioned in 3.3.10, syllables of this type belong to a larger group whose finals tend to be realized as [yen] or [yen] in many of the known GH types and as [y;)n] in certain others. Mixture of the two types in a single language variety is not characteristic of the GH materials. The following examples illustrate this: quan 7:. QYS khiwen: 'Phags-pa 498 khwyan (1:) [k'yen] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR k'yen (1:); PR - ; LR Late Ming: Ricci -; Trigault k'iuen [k'yen] Port-Chin Diet chiuon [k'y;)n]; DialoguesEarly QIng: Varo k'iuen [k'yen]; Premare k'uen [k'yen]

l'

chuan QYS Qjwan 'Phags-pa 502 cwyan (.IfL) [d~en] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR d~en (.IfL); PR - ; LR d~en

96

The 'Phags-pa Chinese Sound System

Late Ming: Ricci c'huen [t{;'uen]; Trigault c'huen [t{;'uen] Port-Chin Dict - ; Dialogues ciuo [t{;'u::>n] Early Qlng: Varo chuen' (Voc.) [t~'uen]; Premare tch'ouen [t{;'uen] quan it QYS dzjwan 'Phags-pa 505 tswyan (1jZ) [dzyen] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR dzyen (1jZ); PR - ; LR dzyen Late Ming: Ricci n]; DialoguesEarly Qlng: Varo iuen (Voc.) [yen]; Premare iuen [yen] yuan j)] QYS jwan 'Phags-pa 512 xwyan (1jZ) [fiyen] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR yen (1jZ); PR - ; LR yen Late Ming: Ricci yuen [yen]; Trigault iuen [yen] Port-Chin Dict yuon [y::>n]; DialoguesEarly Qlng: Varo iuen (Voc.) [yen]; Premare iuen [yen] Here we see that it is only in the regional GH varieties of the PortugueseChinese Dictionary and the Dialogue texts that [y::>n] occurs. 'Phags-pa Chinese seems to represent a mixture of the two types. Perhaps this is not that surprising, if we are correct in viewing the 'Phags-pa system as a composite one. However, the fact is that the mixture here is not random, for the syllables having final-yon [y::>n] invariably occur in syllables belonging to the third level (or "division") of the rime tables. Syllables which contrast with them in the system and have final -wyan [yen] 97

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

appear in the fourth division of the tables. The following are the pertinent contrasting fourth division-type entry lines, which constrast with lines 516 and 517 above: 497. gwyan [kyen]

ping

1A '

§~ , ~,I@

, ~ , shang I!jj\ , qu §~ , ~ , *~

,

1~

498. khwyan [k'yen]

ping5

7:.

Now, it defies credence to suppose that this is an accident. How has it come about? The answer may be as follows. In the rime books of the Song period, such as the Xlnkan yimliie, the characters in lines 497/516 and 498/517 are in separate, non-contiguous homophone groups. Consequently, the inclination of the MGZY compilers would have been to separate them. However, such a separation would require that their 'Phags-pa head forms differ in spelling. It seems likely that none of the speech types on which the 'Phags-pa system was based actually made such a distinction, and the script did not readily lend itself to an artificial or purely orthographic differentiation at this point. 6 Consequently, different pronunciation types from different koine sub-varieties were chosen to represent the distinction. Our assumption is, then, that no single "real" koine sub-variety made the distinction seen here. But both realizations of the finals in question, i.e., [yen] and [y::m], were actually found among speakers of the various koine sub-types. 4.2.2.4 'Phags-pa _hang [Al)] and -wang [ual)]. In 3.3.9 we noted that the 'Phagspa equivalent of final [al)] in Sin Sukchu's SR system is sometimes _hang [Al)]. However, there is another interesting equivalence, which the following examples illustrate: shuang ~ QYS ~ang 'Phags-pa 146 shwang (.3:fL) [~wal)] Early Ming: Sin Sukchu SR ~al) (.3:fL); PR ~wal); LR ~wal) Late Ming: Ricci -; Trigault xoam, xuam [~ual)] Port-Chin Diet sa', san, xan [san - ~an]; DialoguesEarly Qlng: Varo xoang [~ual)]; Premare choang, chouang [~ual)]

98

The 'Phags-pa Chinese Sound System

zhuang :fj QYS
ping

1*

4.

' Jjz: ,

* '

ping j'$ ,

[~dl)]

*'

ping

phhing [P'dl)]

~

M ' 00 '

#J¥1 '

, ~ , ~~

ti3

f'r1 '¥

z ' -7

' tf

ping

ping Ji3 ' ffig , J3Jj , :rAg , IDJ~ , jAg , shang JI'~

,

~

,~ ,

tshing [dZdl)]

ping Jij ,

~

,

qu

~~

ping ping

~

1~

ping

:m

~ '''Ea' ~f,!f 7.f

'If

:tJJ ' #Jt ' iff ' qu ill

,

lhing [ldl)]

1~

*' m

ping

shhing [~dl)]

~,m

*T ' qu

If'

dzhing [tSdl)]

shing [Sdl)]

m' ~il ' ®:

qu U&: '

JJI ' qu

shang

, Etj 'If' ~ pIng

ping

bhing [Pdl)]

Z Z

,

[LC 101; JY 37]

ch'ing [1ll'aD]

phing [bdl)]

fjI ,

~

i$ , ij~

T '¥ '

ping

ching [d1;.dl)]

i i

, shang

thing [ddl)] nhing [ml)]

~

~

ping ~ , ~It

I Z ZZ !

! I !

'

dhing [tgl)]

~

iff ' qu iff

, t~

, ti

.±. ' ~ , tt ' ~1 ' ~ , j~

1E '

~

, ~ , shang 114

{~

, shang ~ ,

1!f

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

[LC 101; JY 38] 87. ;

(-

88. ;

(-

89. 90. 91.

!)

I)

[gyuI)]

~ (-~) Hyung (- Hyung) ~

, t~ ,

,

ping

[YyUI)]

ftt '

, 'If

~

ft~

, $k , fk ' 1if '

ill ' 1fiiJ ' 1fi!J

,

*# '

ping ~J1

' :% '

~, ~~, ~

, ~~ , ,~ , shang

~

,

fIa =

=

hying [xjiI)]

-->

JI ' 'If '

ping ~ , 11!® ' ]e! , *~ JJt ' • ' #& ' 1~ , shang #l ' ffi£ ' Jfk ' ~U ' I[ , gu ]e! , 1~ , t.~ , ~ , f~ , -gfu

khying [k'jiI)] ~

~][

shang Mil]

gying [kjiI)]

94.1 i 1 95.

ping

hyung (- hyung) [xyUI)]

shang

93.

tfiiJ ' shang

,

~,~

I (- i) ~

,~[ilJ

ping {);) , l::J[ , shang l::J[ , {);) ,

khyung (- khyung) [k' yUI)]

~ (- ~) kyung (- kyung)

92. ;

ping fr§J ,

gyung (- gyung) [kyuI)]

ping

JW '

¥ '

Hying> hying [l\iiq]

~

,

~

,

gu

~

ping £

[LC 102; JY 39] 96.

97.

~

'wung [?WUI)]

i (- i)

ping

15L

ping 17 ' 1~J ' £iT ' JJ ' M ' ~ , , 17f~ , fjflJ ' ?JQ ' shang ~ , ~ , ft ' ¥ ' f¥ ' gu 17

Hying (- Hying) [yjiI)] ~

~*

, tfU '

tf~

' ~17, hwu; iti Xwung

Inscr:

115

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

~ ~

III.

9S. 99.

~ ~

ping ImJ ' Itlfj , :liE '

gang [kal)] khang [k' al)]

ping

*, *',

ping

m' .m

100.

~

ngang [l)al)]

101.

~

dang [tal)]

~

thang [t'al)]

102.

~

103. 2

yang [jal)]

ping

'& '

~Ni

IMJU '

idJ '

, mr

~

~IMJ

m' ~ , 1J1; , 1JL ' JG

'Ijj , qu

shang

' it '

JG ' qu

tilMJ '

' ~ , shang

;I; , R: ' §'J; ,

qutfi:,~,~ p"" I3=! :riE

Ili' 1. ' :m- 'qu 1.,

ping ~ , ~ 'shang

~

,~

m' 1m ' ;ft , l j , 91 ' ~ , :f:j , 1m ' *m ' 1lt '

tang [dal)] ping ~ , shang ;W; , ~ , •

' qu :if '

~ ,

1® '

~

[LC 102; JY 40] 104. 105.

~ ~

106.

~

107.

~

lOS.

109. 110.

~ ~ ~

nang [nal)] jang [t§al)] shang :R ' -?

~

cang

ping

Ii '

ping iJ.& '

1t ' iJl ' qu

shang

:II

'qu if(

*' '

*~ , ~ , W: ' :E~ , ~ , III ' JlJ ' m-~ , r~ , ~ , ;!:!J , ~ , $: , III

chang [t§'al)] ping 0~ , iffi: ' § , i~ , til ' ~ , shang 7W ' ~'~'.'~~'~'M'~'~'@'~ Inscr: § cang [d~al)]

:R

ping

:R '

* ' !m '

;I:~ , shang ;t ,

frJ ' qu Il

nang [l).al)]

ping ~~ ,

bang [pal)]

ping. ' fr$ , ~ , *~

phang [p' al)]

ft ' it ' qu 1t '

ping rJj , wj ,

~

,

, shang

~ , ~ , ~

ffl~

[LC 102; JY 41] 111.

~

pang [bal)]

qu

1~

, i~

ping 1~

, in

' m ' '¥f 116

' Jli '

~

, shang

1$ ,

!!If ' :f$ ,

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

112.

~ ~~

113.

~

114.

~~~

115.

~

mang [rna!]]

Hwang [fa!]] ping TE ' 1J ' :tJj , JjE ' 17] , fJ}j , 1JjJ , 1tx ' iJj , iJj , kifj , ~ , qu 1tx ' J[1j , Wi

*' ,

tI ' qu

117.

~ ~

tshang [ts' a!]]

118.

~

tsang [dza!]]

dzang [tsa!]]

shang 8Jj ,

:r: ' ~ , ~ , %t: ' fg , shang

ping L '

wang [va!]]

1!f '

m' IW ' :tJj , f!,fJj , qu

ping

hang> hwang [va!]]

7W ' 'l'ftJ ' 116.

~ , 'l't ' t~ , 11 ' ~ , Dt~ , ~ , shang

ping

~

ping

f.i!¥l '

~ , ~~

,

fg , ~

ping JJ@Z , •

Wf ' AA '

'

it ' if '

ping

IW

iZ ' shang

, m-

~~

shang ,~.§.

' shang

* ' qu iZ '

'1m' qu

~

if

)31

[LC 102; JY 42]

~ ~

shang [I?a!]]

~

zhang [2;.a!)]

122.

~

Xang [ya!]]

123.

~

'ang [la!)]

124.

~

yang [ja!)]

119. 120.

121.

125.

126.

~

~

sang [sa!)] ~~

* ' , shang I1i ' ~

ping ping

1m '

1~

~

, ~j , qu

~

, ~ , ~ , ~ , t~ , shang ,. , III ' qu

, rPJ , ~ pmg f% '

;>lL.

I>lJ '

~ :& '

,....,.

~

,

f~

,

lM'f.

h sang V

J1i,j§f ,

L i.. '

qu';>lL. I>lJ

'

J:: ping

~JL ' 1T ' ~ , 1JL ' shang m: ' i1L ' qu

shang t3:!:

'13k:' qu

ping ~ , ~ , f~ , $ , shang • ' $ , 1tf

i-¥ ' 1-¥ ' f*,.,¥i

ITJt ' 1T

:§t

m' • ' ~ , m~ , ~ , -* ' i-¥ ' ' ¥i ' qu

1~

,~ ,

*' , , ~

~

~ .B!~ , :f.fl~ , TN ' f~ , 1M ' ~~ , ~N ' 1~ , !RN ' :EN '

lang [Ia!)] ping , j'N ' shang J5!J3 ' qu ~J Zhang [ra!]] §I

ping

'

11,

1~

, :tN '

~

f~ , :tJ ' 11 ' M ' shang J!l ' 11 ' f~ , qu 117

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

[LC 103; JY 43] 127 .

~

(-

~) gyang (- gyang) [kjaI]J m' qu

~

(-

129.

~

(-

130.

~ (-~)

131.

~

128.

~

51 '

,I ' 7Ii ' 1iI ' 11 '

, !Ill

~) khyang (- khyang) [k'jaI]J

ping ~ ,

!1m '

g~

, t~ , it '

shang ~ Inscr: ~ gyang

(-

~) ~)

132.

~ (- ~)

133.

~

(-

~

(-

134.

ping]l,.,

.,~,u,u,n'U,rr'ili~g,m,m,m,~,

~)

~)

kyang (- kyang) [gjaI]J

ping

7$ , 51 '

ngyang (- ngyang) [IJjaI]J

ping fCD

dzyang (- dzyang) [tsjaI]J

ping

~

ping

JEJI~

Wr ' Tit

tsyang (- tsyang) [dzjaI]J

ping

itt ' #i ' qu 1ft

fCD

,

Tit '

~

,~ ,~ ,

#1 ' JrI' frl' 11 ' 'iI '

syang (- syang) [sjaI]J ping t.I ' a:!lli h ;;t§ '+R m ' ,9~ , sang JD' ' qu '1'1=1

hk

51

#~ , ~fi ' ~ , m' shang

, ~ , ~ , ~ , qu • ' #~

tshyang (- tshyang) [ts' jaI]J

'qu

shang

~ , Jf§ , ~f§ , t§ , i,;f§ ,

V

[LC 103; JY 44] 135.

136.

137.

~

(-

~

(-

~)

zyang (- zyang) [zjaI]J

ping

f*, 1*

M ' ff '

rn ' ~ , shang

~ ,

~) hyang (- hyang) [xjaI]J ping W ' ~ , ~~~ , gr ' shang. ' ~ , m' tI ' ~ , • ' qu rPJ ' tI ~ (-~) Hyang (- Hyang) [yjaI]J ping ~ , ~ , iff[ , ffi ' ffifp , shang Jj , ffifp ,

qu

~

118

, I~

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

138.

139.

~

(-

~)

'yang (- 'yang) [?jaI]] , shang ~

ping:f2:'

~

~ (-~)

lyang (-lyang) [ljaIJ] ping ~ , i~ , ~~ , shang fAPj , \Ii '

~ , 731: ' £~ , f!R: ' ~ ,

~ , * ' ~ ,• ' ~~ ,• ' qu

% ' ~ ,

*m ' fAPj , tN ' ~ ,

~, i~

142.

~ gwang [kwaIJ] ping :YC ' iYC ' ~ khwang [k' waIJ] ping g: , ~ kwang [gwaIJ] ping 51

143.

~

140. 141.

f17IC '

~

jwang

[t~waI]]

ti ' qu

ping

JJi ' qu §3'I

shang

, t[ , §[ , qu !II ' f!I '

~

, #1

j!

[LC 103; JY 45] 144.

~ chwang [t~'waIJ]

145.

~

cwang

146.

~

shwang

147. 148. 149.

150. 151. 152.

ping $ ,

tfft

[d~waIJ]

ping

tl ' ti ' i* ' qu ti

[~waIJ]

ping

~

~

hwang [xwaIJ]

ping

Jft '

~

'wang [?waIJ]

~----"~

2

~

! !

----r

2

11: ' tr! '

shang

tshwang > xwang [fiwaI]] 8]:' .=:E

Iwang [lwaIJ] jh ang

ping

~ , shang 'I'm ' 11l

[~AI]]

ch'ang [t, hwyang [xyaI]]

~SC' 1Jt

N. 3t ji [t§i] 157.

~

ping fi '

gi [id]

~ , ~ , til ' M ' ~~ , & ' ;tt , ~ , ~ , ~ ,

a'.'.'.'~'.'~~g~'~'a'~,.,~*, .'~'~'W,.,.,~,~,~~,~,ti,m,~,~,

~'1&,*&,jj,~,.,~

158.

~

ping!lffi]-,;Itt, shang *iIT '

khi [k'i]

~'~'?J"~':f~'

ru

~ , fe ' We ' B ' 11 ' qu ~ ,

L'~*'~P'N'm,a~

[LC 104; JY 47] 159. ~ ki [gil

ping ~ , ~ , ,~iIT ' ~iIT ' ;tt , M ' 1Jl ' !1m ' ~ ,

:Jt ' ;ijt

,

.,m,m,m,~,@,.,!lffi]-'*'~'~~g~'~'.' ~g

, ~ , ~ , 113 , ,i5; , frfi' 16 ' {~

, qu

,~

~

,

,g~

, if '

1~

,~

j~

, JJz.. ' ;&: ,

i1fj , Inscr: JJz..' {~ khi 160.

~ ngi [I]i] ping 1r ' {~ , ,~ , 1!I ' ~ , • ' 1fT ' ~ , shang ~ , .. ' !lIft ' • ' • ' 1tE ,1M, J1f ' ~ , ~j , qu ~ , ~ .~ ~ )(U '

m' , , ,

4Z'~'.'& Inscr: lr, 1fT 'i; ~ yi

X'x'ru 161.

~

di [til

ping {E£ ' .ffj , 11-'- ' 1l& ' 120

~~,

shang

~~ , ~ , ~[£

, :f:l& '

t~ ,

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

[LC 104; JY 48]

162. 163.

~

thi [t'i] ~

,

~

~ ti [di]

ping

~,~

, {)!J , jfI ,

ping

~Jj

,

, shang 'I~

fI ' 1* ' qu ~ , ~iJ ' 1* ' JW: ' rU

,~ ,~

om, JI ' J® ' tfT ' ~ , tm ' ~ , W ' M ' ~, ~~,

*'* '

~ , #Jf: ' ,~J!' shang $ , ~~ , t~ , JI ' qu $ , ~ , ~ , ~ , m,~,w,~,~,~,tm'J1'~'~'rU~'~'M'~' ~,ft'*'~'W*,JFt~,~

164.

~

ping 1fB '

ni [nil

~ , shang tm ' 15m ' qu 1fB ' ~ , ru t~ , ~~~ [LC 104; JY 49]

165.

~

ji

[~i]

ping

~D

' jQ ,

~~ , t~ , m' 5Z ' JB '

rFs ' ifi ' ~x ' ~ ,

g , 11& ' 7,~ , m' m~ , z ' z ' shang m' ~ , Q ' :1:1& ' $~ , F8 ' tR ' t~ , §( , t~ , ~ , It. ' ffi~ , 111: ' ~K ' ;l:l1: ' 1t: ' ~K ' qu 9§l ,

m'

~,m,~,m,.,ft'.'fi'.'~'~'.'~'~'

~'~'~'W'.'.'rU~,m'.'$'~'~'~'M' B'~'fi'~'~'@'~'.'.'~'.'.'~'~' r~

rr' 166.

~

m' ~I '

chi [~'i] ping ~ , ;/ffJi ' t~ , Jf£ ' ~ , ~ , fr,~ , §3r ' shang If,G ' tK ' {3r ' ~ , ~ qu §i1' 1~ , ~i ' ~ , W '

2¥ ' fflt '

rUt~'OI'}i&' jJj'.'Dt'R'~'~R'Jf

[LC 104; JY 50]

167.

~

ci

[d~i]

ping

qu #,~ , ~f

*'

~

m' NJo ' ±~ , ;l:1& ' 1~ , ~ , 1-E! ' t~ ,

' III '

~

1i1 ' fll ' r1 ' fflt ' m' jf\ , 11 ' ,. , ~1 ' it ' j!i!

lnser: 1-E! ji; 168.

,Wl' 1m'

ili~g$,.,~,m'.'~'~'~,~,m,m,~,~,

t~

, ~, ru *~

, f,&( , ~~ , ~ ,

chi; jf\ zhi

iii [I).i] ping J't:, , 'I~ , shang 'I~' ~ lnser: J't:, ni; Su: J't:, ni

121

r~

, {f]I , nm ' qu

!1m ' rU

am ' 8M '

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

169.

170.

171.

~

bi [pi]

i. ' qu

ping

~

y, '

~ phi

173.

~'~l' ~ ,

~ pi

'

~

shang frlt ' ftt ' It ' , rU £, , __ ' • ' ~, '

~~ , It ' ilt ' qu " ' frl ' yw. ' rU

m'

[p'i] ping tIt, shang ~'1~¥,g$'.'.'~'nl¥

[LC 105; JY 151]

*' '

[bi] ping ~ , ~ , t!lp , t$ , It ' Wlt .l:t shang fr~ , ~~ r~ N ' qu .. ' .l:t ' ~'.'M'~'rU~'~'~'~'~'~

m'

;ttt,

172.

r. ' .'

,

, ~ , W ' J!E ' I¥J ' ~ , • t,;f , ~ , fib ' g$ , ~ , 1]1 , ~ Inser: .l:t bue ~

~ mi

ping 5j , 1~ , ~ qu i!* ' ~ , R'

*' ,

[mi] ~ 18' ~

~ -7 ~

, ,

' ,~~,

~c

rU

* ' m' m '

*'

' 3:t} , 1~ , t£, , ~, ~'Jffi' ~ ,

~F ~~ , ,~3F ' ~F ' ~ ,

ping f.0IF ' ' shang ~ , 1fg , ~ , 11 ' 'm ' ~ , ~F ' If! ' If ' Hm

hi > hwi [fi] qu 1!J1j ,

shang r5lf ~ ,~ ,~

, fJ '

' :EE ' ~~ , ~m ' ~lt ' m ' ;tlt ' 31li ' g$ ,

m'

m'

* ' Bill '

t~f

'

Hi> Hwi [vi]

174. 175.

~

176.

~ dzi

wi [vi]

~

ping 17\& ' iY.& ' shang

[tsi]

ping

, ~~ , ~ , ru

If ' ~

jlf ,

ffi ' jI , qu

* ' '*

ii ' p}Jf , m, ~'shang i'M ' qu . ' i'M' jj!rJ)l, m, ilP , Ii ' JW ' t!P ,

, nH~ , fj , if ' Nw '

~,f:*,$

1A

))~9

1*

[LC 105; JY 52] 177.

~ tshi [ts'i]

ping

~ , ~ , i~ , {~ , 'II ' a ' shang y~t ' J~~ , qu

~'W'~'rUt'~'~'~'d,~,.,m'.,m,~

178.

~

tsi [dzi]

'11£f'ru

ping

'/!ff: ' ~f4' ' t74' '

shang

*,~,~,~,m,;rs:,

f!f ' qu ffl' ' ~ , ~J ' ~ , '/!ff: ' tff' m'iliZ'~'~'!liIt,

~

179.

~

si [si]

rU

ping iZ§ ,

rJ ' ;trB ' ~ , Illt'T '

shang

17t ' yiZS ' qu ~m ' ~ ,

~'~'.'fi,m'~'~,.,~,~,~,~,m,m

122

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

180. ~ zi [zi] 181.

~

rU frt ' 57 ' 3T ' !if ' ~ , ~ , ~ , iii ' fI

shi [~i] ping iii[ , 1Jili ' F ' B~ , WE ' • ' ~ , shang ~fu ' ~ , ~ , yf1 ' qu Y?B ' 1Ji!i ' '&' ~'fil'~:rI:' tit ' W ' • ' ru ~ , ~ , ~ ,

.,~,.,~,~,~,~,~,.,m'M

ji

Inscr: •

[LC 105; JY 53] 182.

183.

~

~

[~i]

zhi

ping

S~

, JWj ,

m' ~ , tll! ' ~ , shang

~ , .B:; , ~ , HJ ' , W ' 1fi ' ~ , rU E ' ~J[ ,

'I=if '

,

hi [xi]

ping!ll'."~' WI' HI ' fl ' {~~ , frl ' :ti ' • ' # ' ~ , m ' ~ , ~ , qu ,~ , • ' ~, ~,

*~ qu ER ' rI! ' f~ , M ' ~ , ~ ~'~'~'~'~'m'm,m,m,tt,~,+

am ' ~ , ~ , ffff ' shang

.'rU~'M,~,~,a'~'E'~'~'~'~'~'~

184.

r;:]

ping ~~ , 3~ , T~ , t¥ ' Ii ' ~ , ot ' f1:( , ~ , shang f* ' , 1~ , qu It ' §f ' ~ , m ' ~ 'rU Z ' ,~l ' t~ , {-t ' ijj , M '

'i [?i] ~

;i: ,

tm ' §. , 'I'B ' 1B

[LC 105; JY 54] 185.

~

ping 1ft ' OW ' K -'~'~'t~'tB'~

186.

~

;fJJiH' ~t ' @fu , ffii ' !llt ' fr~ , ~ , ~ , ill~ , M'~'~'~'~'~'ffl'ffi'~'OO,~,~,m'fi' Il ' $Je ' 37G ' ft ' ~ , ~ , shang ~ , ffii ' :Effi ' .DJ ' B ' qu ~'~'~'~'~'~'.'~'~'~'~'fi'~'~'

Yi [?ji]

yi Ui]

ping

' ~ , • ' qu ~ , ~ , HI ' 71 ' rU ~ ,

~ , ~,

m,

~'~'.'M'~'rU~,~,m,~,~,~,~,~,~, ~'~'~'~'.'.,~,~,~,m,~,~,~,~, ~,~,~,*,~,~,~,~,~,~,~,~,~,~,

)t,~

[LC 106; JY 55] 187.

';:Iii [Ii]

ping

~ , IiI ' M ' fM ' 1M ' 111 ' WJ ' ii, ~, ~,~,

.'.,.,.,~,.,~,m,.,w'.,.,.,m,

I~

,

shang •

' ~ , !Ii '

JfI ' ~" ' tf '

*'

l!. ' fr!. '

f-'. ' :tl ' • '

m'.'.'~W'~'~'~'~'.'~,m,.,.,., ~'~'~'~'.'~'.'.'rU~,~,.,~,.,., ~'~'~'~'~'~'.'.,.,~,m,~,~,.,

123

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

~,~,~,~,i'JI

Su: 188.

~

tlJ

Zhi [ri] ,~ , qu

Zhi pIng

5l '

rm ' ~)fij , ~rm ' ~ffij , jffi~ , 1ffii ' shang m' B

= ' ,m' ll} , O£j: , ~

~U

'~,

' rU B ' ,®8 ' A

[LC 106; JY 56] 189.

190. 191. 192.

~

ti [1$\.]

pIng ii'~'~

m' ~ , 1~ , ,ffi ' r~ , shang ~ , J3$ , qu ~ ,

~ ~ ~ chhj [~'1] pIng E£ ' !lJ£ ' qu )]frj ~ chi [d~l] pIng shang ± ' {± ' , FB ' , , qu ~ dzhi [tSl] pIng ~ , ~ , i~ , ~ , B ' ~ , ~ , • ' ~S ' ~ , ti ' ~,

~ , 15z ' ~1t ' ~ , {T tf ' qu {Sf , ;{§

193.

194.

ru

~ ~

tshhj [ts'1]

pIng

{~

~$

' shang ~ , ~llt

JHi '

shang

'

tt ' {ret'

~

{~

1~

~

, ~JlJ ' fJlJ ' T ' *t ' f=r '

lret '

1llt '

qu

wU ' wU '

*'

~ :on ' :I ' ti ' )JZ , ~ , ~ , f.rfE ' mJ:t ' iii ' qu

tshj [dzt] ping , ::f:'N'~'§'iI Inscr: ~ tshhj

195.

[LC 106; JY 57] 196.

~

~P]

~,

zhi [zt] ping , tPJ ' shang qu :B= ' ifflllJ ' ~~ , jt Inscr: tB chi, shi; ~ shi; ifflllJ chi

124

3G '

{~ , tB ' "9tJ '

8 '

*8 ' 18 '

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

197.

~

198.

~

199.

~

200.

~

~ , 9: ' iJe'

ping gffi ' shang ~'Jtt'1FE

Shhi [R]

gyi [kji] ping rU~'W!J:'. Inscr: ;fg gi, khi

qu

,~ , ~ , iJe ' ri:t

r0 '

~ , ;fg , tH ' H ' qu ~t ' 1* ' ~ , frJ ' ~ , *~

khyi [k'ji] JE.x ' qu ~

~ , 1~ , ~ , 118 ' shang ~ , ~ , ~ , if: ' JE.x ' ~ , ~ , 3¥ ' ru Ojg , ~

kyi [gji]

ping flX '

ping

~ ,

7f\ ' ili.x ' ll:.x '

,

, ;fg , if: '

, iT

,1£ ' V ' *~

[LC 106; JY 58]

201. 202.

~ ~

203.

~

204.

~

205.

206. 207.

~

~ ~

hyi [xji]

* ' fjg ,

Hyi [yji]

qu

~ ping ~ , {~, ~, tit ' ~, ~, 1* ' shang {~, ~,

ping

~

, ru

~

ax

, ~! '

A ' &w' it':Et' shang ~ , :tm ' !ft ' ,)L , qu tM ' tlib ' it ' it ' Ht ' M ' ifWl ' 1tf ' lWG Jii ' lWU ' Wr ' §it ' tit ' :bii ' 'II ' ~~ , IR ' ru ~

gue [kue] ping fJ1J ' 1i ' ~ , 91: ' [f1i ,

*'

khue [k'ue]

ping Jt'iJ ' 'I::tk '

~

kue [gue] ~,

thue [t'ue]

f@: , shang lEfe; ,

~ , ~ , ~ , ,~~ , ~J[ , shang

ping

i'!I,.,&w

due [tue]

* ' ~ ,'1:' '

ping

:Lt'

ping

ji[ ,

lEfe; ,

qu

o~ ,

qu II ' If '

w.. ' qu Jt ' 1M ' t)t:

m' it ' shang g~ , qu

,~~, ~

[LC 107; JY 59]

208. 209.

~ ~

tue [due]

p ,lng

Due [nue]

shang

'*§ J~/,

'

~

~ ' J.r¥!

, qu

IF , • ~

[7g

125

,

qu 5t '

~,,~,IJ(,j¥,~

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

210.

~

214.

~ ~ ~ ~

215.

~

211. 212. 213.

jue [t§ue]

ping

lli '

:a= chue [t§'ue]

ping

8X ' 1):. , 3t ' qu 8X '

tf '

cue (t§ue]

ping

nue [l}.ue]

qu ~

m ' 1£ ' ,~ , ,~i ' shang

~

, ~Ji! ' 1t ' qu

'!'1M ' ~ ,

,1M,

~

, ji!

t~ , ifu: ' shang

1Bt. ' iID~ , iE\ , • ' 'W ' Ii ' ru ~ ,

bue (pue] ping , , , Yffl ' 1l ' qu • ' ~, ~~, t!E\ , W ' ~ , [7z~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , {j , $M ' :It Inscr: ~f!jl. bung; ~ pue

t~ ~ , I~ , ::f '

phue [p'ue] ping , shang t~ , f~, qu ~~ , iJ Inscr: ::f, Me pue

¥ ' qu

tfj , ~

~

~~ ~ ~f!jl.

~ ,

,IH ' M '

iff'

' Me ' ~c ' rU

J:j , 'l~

JB~ , :tf ' {f '

, m ' MU

[LC 107; JY 60] 216.

~

pue [bue]

ping

=6 ' :l:c' qu

rU 5B5'W' 217.

§I

EZ '

~ , 1m ' I~ , ~ , 1~~ , fg: , ~~ , shang

, fN ' ~ , fi, ~, 1m'i]' 'lj, ~g ~

mue [mue] ping ~ , fJJJ ' :£3( , 1*'

M'

~

, :it~,

~, ~ ,1ft,

m;,

fN ' 'W ' 15m,

~,

)§~ ~ , tz ' ' a ' qu

J§ , um ' iffiJ ' ;tFgj , , fij , ~, shang 1ft, ~, fJY& ' 00

~,.,~,~,~,a'.'~'~'rUW,~,~,m,~

218. 219.

220.

~ ~ ~

ping 1lflJ ' shang

dzue (tsue] tshue [ts'ue]

ping ~ ,

it '

~ , qu

M ' a$'

m ' shang

~

~,:rr,

qu ~ , ~ , JW: '

$)t'14S'i4S tsue [dzue]

ping

11 '

~ , shang ~,

qu

¥' '1$'

~ , :Ii

[LC 107; JY 61] 221.

~

sue [sue]

ping Ilt '

*$; , Ell ' §l , ~,

n,*,g$'~' ~~'1i$

126

shang

~,

qu

~ , W'

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

222.

~

zue [zue]

~,~

ping

~~'~¥!'~'g

~ , § , ~ , f~ , J~ , ~

qu

,

,M '

~,

Inscr: ~ cue 223. 224. 225. 226.

227.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

shue [~ue]

shang

zhue [~ue]

*, qu f5? ' g5? '

mt ' 11 ' shang M ' qu IW ' JiM

ping ~ , ~ ,

1ik ' shang Jm,

hue [xue]

ping

Xue [vue]

ping

~

, @] ,

qu 11, 11' t.I ' IVJ '

~

~@

~

,

~

JI~'

, ;fl ,

qu

tj1 , ~Ej , JI~

1@l , ~ , @

, ailJ

, shang

M' IrI '

~ , ~ , ~

, rU

* ' qu

'ue [?ue] ping ~ , shang ~ , itA ' :fit '

, ~)t

~

,

Ill!!' ~~ , ~ , 1N ' t~ , ' fIB ' ~ , II ' m ' ~ , ¥~, if,

~

~1

rU~'~'~'~'{~

,

~,

[LC 107; JY 62]

228.

~

JTI:,

xue [fiue]

Wfe: ' rjJff ,

~,~,~,¥

'

[I] , IVJ '

~ , 1$ ' t~ ,

*'~'ili~g~,a,~,.,.,m,.,m,.,~,~,

¥ ' • ' 5ii ' ~ , qu ¥~,

1~

, {fz: '

~

, Wl '

~

, g~ , • ' • '

!Il~

,

WJ'§'J},1ji

229.

~

230.

~

231.

~ (- ~)

*11 ''11'. lue [lue]

ping

~ , -. ' f.:~ , II ' qu ~Ji ' ¥~ , ~ , ~ , *J[ , mI ' ' shang ~ , ~ , i'm' :!:, & ' §* ' ~ ,

M ' • ' g , m' •

Zhue [rue]

ping

~, ~, shang

* ' qu pg , NJ ' M ' ~Fg ~, J1 ' !~ , 00 ' ~,

gyue (- gyue) [kye] ping j(J[, shang ~ , qu 11 ' ru ~iaj , Jt~

*'

[LC 108; JY 63]

232. ;

233.

(-

~)

khyue (- khyue) [k'ye] ping shang ~i ' J1 ' ~Ji ' rU Iil kyue (- kyue) [gye]

ping 127

~,

~jj , m' ~ , ~ , !U ' shang

f~'

qu

JI~

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

234. 235.

~ (- ~) ~ (-~)

hyue (- hyue) [xye]

qu og

Hyue (- Hyue) [yye]

ping

Hl1' qu '1\1 '

~

236.

~ ~ ~ syue> hyue [xye]

237.

~

, m' J! '

~ , m' tl'

~!

!Ill'.'

' rU

Jj%

~

J' ' 1:, '

~I '

*' '~ ,

ping.' , If ' ~ , t$' shang ~ , ~ , ~, M3' ER ' ff ' qu ~ , ff ' ~ , ru 1lf1l ' 1lf1l ' ~ Inscr: J' Hyue

'wi [?wi]

, :*

qu ,"'"

238.

[LC 108; JY 64]

v.

239.

~

1* '

~

241.

~

242.

~

xyu [fiy]

gu [ku] ping:ml' 1J.[' M ' ~ , & ' ii~ , !15 ' am ' fMl ' $ , fJIl ' m'ili~g~'fi'V'~'~'.'~'B'~'~'~'.' ~,~

240.

m~

~

~,~,~,&,g,~,.,~,rU

,E '

~

khu [k'u] ping W][ , ~ , Jffi ' liZ: du [tu] ~,~

thu [t'u] ~

ping

, il ' 18 ' 'Iil

M' ~U ' shang E 'qu J!l[' E~ , rU

W' ~

shang

~,ti,~,

'shang lijf'

± ' a± ' f*

~

' qu ~ ,

128

, :!:1lf '

!jg ,

W! '

qu f].p , II ' ¥J ' rU

* ' a± ' t~ , rU ~ , 7i~ ,

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

[LC 108; JY 65] 243.

~

tu [du]

g± ' ± '

m' m' ~ , ~ , 1%'

ping:fIE' qu ~ , ¥X

, ~ , Jjf , ~,.

ill'.' 1',41, 244.

~

245.

nu [nu] , -"-m ru prJ

p ing

~

ju [t:§u]

ping

246.

~

ehu [t:§'u]

247.

~

eu

248.

~

bu [pu]

rU

~

ping ping

'

~

,

~

,

IiII ' ~, shang H ' rU 1; , MI ' If ' ~ , D ' 71 ' ;fJ ,

:m ' j j , shang

m ' shang ~], , *~ , qu

~

,

~

-g , qu

,

~

,

ill ' ~],

fJJ ' ~ , shang ~ , W'! ' m ' ru Ii

ping

[d~u]

~~ , ~WJ ' lit ' $,~ W' M '

, shang

Hm' shang

fffi '

~,~,~,tI'/f

lII. ' qu

~! '

J1}]

11m ' qu

W'

11m '

{til '

~ pu

lnser: 249.

~J.

~,

phu [p'u]

ping

mm ' ~ , shang ff ' 1W ' 1m ' qu

J[1!J '

mm ' rU =i+ '

~,~

[LC 108; JY 66] 250. 251.

~ ~

pu [bu]

ping

~m '1m' iff, ¥Ii ' M'

shang

fi ' ~~ , qu

&'rU.,.,tI,~,m,~,~,~,~,~,~

mu [mu]

ping;f~' ~ , ~ , f~ , shang ~£ ' ~ ,

tiff) , qu

fm ' rrjij , W' ~ ,

.'.,m,rU*'~'~'.,~,~,&,~

252 .

~

~j(

~ ~

~~

Hwu [fu] ping Nft ' , 11 ' mj(' x':fj(, fZ ' , , -'¥ ' , • '~'¥,n,~,n'~'iliangm'M'%'M'~'~' 11 ' Iff ' m=' )(, ~ , sf1 ' qu {1 ' Jm\: ' fW ' J!1 ' §J ' 1[" , rU :flii '

m'.'~'~'.'.'~'m,m'~'*'~'m,~,

~'~'~'~'m'~'/f'~'~ lnser: bu

m

253.

*' ff1''t1 ' ,

~ , X ' Wi ' shang ~ ~ ,~M ' ~m ru {t , ii[ , m,~,w'.'.'.'~'~'~,m,~,~,~, ~

hwu> Hwu [vu]

ping:fj(, ~ qu [)f1

)( , m' " ' , ,

Su: {t hwou (sic!)

129

'

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

[LC 109; JY 67] 254.

~

wu [uu]

rutt '

, !!1m '

~

~'ill'.' ~&

ping Jtt~

, ~M ' qu ?JJ '

~

' z;Jl , shang

,~ ,

~

~

, rit

, • ' ~ , 11iJ ' ir~ § , ~ , f~ , ~~ ,

~,~,~,o/j,UW

255.

~

256.

~ tshu [ts'u]

dzu [tsu]

fB' il: ' shang tB ' :f.§. , #B ' qu {t ' ru ~ , --¥-

ping ping

"$

257.

~

258.

~I su [su]

tsu [dzu]

II ' 1m ' !ffIJ ' qu m ' ~~ , ~ , rit

m. ' m ' shang fB ' t'F ' ifF ' WF ' rit 1ffi( , W i.* ' ~,f , ~ , qu ~H ' ~ , ~fF ' 1~ , ~ , m ' ru

ping ping

~ , ~ , ~$ ,

*'

w'~'~'i*X'~*'¥

[LC 109; JY 68] 259.

~

--7

~ zhu > shu [~u]

ping

Mt ' tm ' m ' !iii ' M:f ' iltu '

IJ ' qu Mt ' IJ ' i@ , If ' 260.

~

261.

~

hu [xu]

ping ru~'f0,'ttz

Xu [yu]

a¥ ' Jli '

ping J!iij ,

~l

IE1S '

*'

fiff '

§r/J ' "

~ , shang

' iJ$ ,

shang

JJE '

:m ' ~§f , qu iii '

~ , ~J1l ' !~ , Jiifl ' ~ , ~~,~ , M! ' *~ , 5Jn ' f

'

~ , ~ , shang P , II ' tt ' ~ , M ' 8F ' UJii ' Ji ' M ' qu ~ , ~'.'li,~,~,~,rit.'.'M'.'.'~'~'~'

1Jili ' ~ Inscr:

f hu;

~

hwu

262.

~

ping i~' q!1ff ' ru~' ill' 1f:..' ~

263.

~

Iu [Iu] ping ill ' ~ , J;Ii: , Jif. ' 0 ' • ' • ' U ' ~J!. ' ~4 ' shang W ' it ' 1~ , • ' ~ , qu ~ , B ' ~IE8 ' ~ , • ' lJE& ' g,rit.'~'~'.'~'.'.'~'~'H'~

'U

[?u]

m ' t'5 ' 1R" ' ~ , shang ,~~

,

qu ~ , 1f '

~,

Jm '

[LC 109; JY 69] 264.

~

gyu [ky] ping 5 shang ~ , § , ~E '

' fJiS ' :tJiS ' lJi!f

g , :tE ' qu

'

~

Ji5,~ , * ' :t1:iJ ' ,fiij , :t'* ' {~ , ,~ ,@

,

Ji!JiS ' ~ ,

HI '

~,m,rit.,.,~,.,~,~,.,~,~,OO

130

Ia] ,

,

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

265.

266.

~

~

khyu [k' y]

r! ' ;fm ' ~! ' ]!I , ,~rni ' ~ , !It ' m~ , shang

pIng:J;W,

*'M'~',~rnii'ril~'

ffB

*' ' J~' tE~' ffi '

~ ~l

pIng , ' ~ , ~,~ , #,1i] , ~}§ , shang E gil • ' ~E ' 'II ' Jt ' ril ill Inser: ~ kew; gyu

kyu [gy]

m

267.

~

jyu [t§y] shang ~9

ping

'

,FtB,~tfj

,

'

,•

'

00 '

~£

jffi ,

~

, JfM ' Wi ' Il '

m' .M ' ~ , tiJJJ '

1E ' 3£ ' m; , W ' =rftll

~ , mi ' ~ , ~ , ;f* ' *~ , * ' ~ ,#* ' ~ ,

;f1!:f ' ~ , [It' ,

m' ± ' ~ , tt ' gil

~ , ~ ,

a ' ~± '

n,~,tt,.,~,tt,~,~n,~,m,.,~,m,~,

*,.,m,~,~,m,.,.,.

[LC 109; JY 70] 268.

~

269.

~

270.

~

m' ~ , i1£ ' fr-* ' shang ;f1!:f ' W ' ~ , ;ff '

ehyu [t§'y] ping:tll' , gil ~ , ril 1*]( , ~ , i:\1lli '

~

t±!

~

i~

~

eyu [dzy] P ing , 1&1 ' 1M! ' f?* ' , 1M ' JJJ , , shang 1T ' #'9 ' ;ff ' ff ' T ' #'f ' 1f ' ;f± ' gil ~ , ~ , 1.t ' ril ~ffi ' ~ , m' ;fm ' f(q , ~ , j!Jf , JfI ' Jft ' Vlt ' 1f{rJ Inser: 1.t jyu nyu [I).Y]

ping

ftlIl ' Wi '

~

, shang -g , gil -g , ril

~jfj , JrJJ '

tEl: '

Jfr!tI:

271.

~

dzyu [tsy]

ping

B. '

Wf,~m:'~'JE

Inser:

1],

!H~ , 1[ , ~ , ~ , gil t§. , m. ' JE ' ~ §

,

tsu [LC 110; JY 71]

272.

~

273.

~

UI~

tshyu [ts'y] pIng ill ' , u.§. , shang £I'3( , gil ;~ , ~ , ~ , ril 1}t tsyu [dzy]

shang

~li

' 1], , ~.§.

131

~ , 1[ , 1], , 1£ ' !Jl ' m ' J!:& '

, ~ , gil

~

,

~

.¥ ' Jf$

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

274.

275.

~

276.

~

277.

~

ping

zyu [zy]

f* ' shang

*;:Z , ~ , }j; , ~ , ru

shyu [~y] ping:w' ~ , #-f ffR'B(;'ru tR'fR,;mz'5R BJX: 5R su zhyu [zy] ping tll ' qu ~ , ~ ,

'• '

shang ~ , JW~

%-. ' 1i)- , )( , ~ , M ' qu

~tB

~ , 13K ' ~ , 1* ' * ' 9: ' shang ~ , ~ , W '

W'

W:j , ru

1A '

~A '

trJR '

~

, )=1 ' MSZ ' IJ ' • '

1M [LC 110; JY 72] 278.

279.

~ ~

hyu [xy] t~

~ , H ' Of ' t1JX ' shang fff ' ~ , O'f. ' , rU if ' if ' 'Ii ' fig , fj , liJj , ;J?X ping 1R- ' ~ , #-f ' ft ' shang 1~ , qu ~* ' ~ , fr~ , ~~ , ping J.!![ , !$}: , 8t1j , rJ~ , ?\~

, ~ , ~ qu

'yu [?y]

rUm,~,.,.,~,~,~,~,.,.,~,m,~,~

Inscr:

1R- 'u, xyu, yyu;

BJX:

1R-

'u

~

280. ~ xyu [fiy] ping ~ '1m' J1i ' ~ , ~~ , :f:~ , Wf.!l\ ' ~ , :bli ' ~ , ¥ ' ~~g~'.'~'~'~'M'~'.'~'~'M,m,*, fjlj , qu ~ , ,~ , ~fi ' ~ , • ' ¥ ' 5m ' ru ~ , 3W\ ' Ulft!l ' ffi[ ,

m'

18 Inscr, BJX:

281.

T yyu. This graph is not included in the MGZY proper.

~

132

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

[LC 110; JY 73] 282.

~ ~~

=- ' shang

IS ' 00 ' .. ' ,~' ' if ' lIgJj , , ~ , 18 ' f,I , it ' fJ ' qu Ii '

lyu [ly]

ping

1* ' • '

t~

~

g ,

, rU /\ '

~,~,m'~'w'~'~'~'$'~'~'~'M' ~'MZ,,~,~

283.

~

ping"tzO' '$ ,

Zhyu [ry]

*ft ' '$ , ~L ' qu

¥tIo ' '$ , 11

284. ~ u [u] ping:g., ~ , ~ , qu @! , 'IN ' Ji: ' 'It ' fr ' JTf&: '

~ , trIff ' 'I'W ' Um ' ~ , shang 1;( , & '

flU

'rU ~ , ~ , ~ ,

W'

~~

, #Ji ' ¥fi

Jg , ~ , m' shang 11. ' iIi ' q:. , it ' Bt:f ' 'IN ' m' rU 7L ' fJI ' :tTl: ' iliJ[ , ~J[

,

[LC 110; JY 74]

~

VI. 285.

~

gay [kaj]

ping

gyay [kjaj]

~ , :f:~ , ~ , ~ , ili~ , ~

, shang cj( ,

qu

}f ,

j~Jt

'

f~

286.

287. 288. 289.

Ea

53 ~ ~

00 '

khay [k'aj] 'I~ , 'I~> ~X

'

ngay [ IJaJ.]

p >mg "'''' P.R '

day [taj]

#-i:! ' §EI ' 291.

03

292.

EZJ jay [~aj]

shang

1Wt

flX. '

tMt ' 1m ' :f:i ' ~i ' rWI ' qu ~ , 'I~ ,

qu,-++X.

--7 ' qu m' ~

shang

thay [t'aj]

~ 290. W tay [daj]

ping ~i

ping

Ml ' EI '

i:!~

r~7

' lfJJE

,~

, qu

* ' tk ' t

' jf

, ~

*-

til ' fa ' 1§ , ,~i:I ' shang 7'i:! ' g , ~ , ' 1* ' ii ' 11i ' it ' ~ , ~ , ~ , ~

ij~

, shang

ping"'.' 1~

, qu

nay [naj] ping ~'ruti ping

7J ' ~ , ~ , ~ , fr/j\ , qu ~ ,

~ , qu 11 ' ~ , ~ , rU

tt,~,m:,m,~,~

133

•

'

* ' ffij ,

Di ' ~J ' • ' aF '

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

[LC 111; JY 75]

293.

~

chay [t$'aj] ping

iJZ ' X ' ~ , shang

TIffi,m'~':f:JF

[d~aj]

BJ

cay

295.

~

bay [paj]

296.

53

phay [p'aj]

297.

VJ

pay [baj]

294.

~ , ~ , ~ , 1J!f '

ping

m' qu ~ , ~ , •

' rU

~,~

~,~

shang

, qu

fffi ' , ru

]£f'i:8,m,~¥,~

shang:tflli' j:J$ , qu

s,fs'.'ill

rU

B'

BJX:

ping

~

B

qu

, ~a

ff ' j:/\ ' 5& '

~

, 1$ , jJ! ' rU fs '

~* ' ffif ' ~ , 1$ , rU :ftl ' m' ~ #* ' 13F ' f~F ' shang ~ , fig , qu ** ' W ' f! ' ~s: '

bay [LC 111; JY 76]

298.

~

299.

~

dzay [tsaj]

~

tshay [ts'aj]

300. 301.

~

ping ill[ , ~ , R: ' shang ~ , qu -. ' ~ , fM ' t;t , ~ rU [58 , ~% ' ~* , ?It ' ~s ~ JW ' ID! ' §)R *This item appears to have been rniscopied here from the following entry.

may [maj]

, 1* '

' ,

ping 15< '

#,¥

~~ , 1i~, ' shang

ping

*,:1:* tsay [dzaj]

ping

~ , ~ , m' shang

*'

~ , iI ' ~t ' ::t ' ;ft

*'

j:* '

#,¥ ,

1.* '

, shang

~

, qu ¥} ,

* '~ ,

:tE '

qu

qu

~,

~ , :tE '

~,ttt

302.

shay M'~

[~aj]

oil '

' ~ shang 1,1 , qu 6,1 ,

ping

Xay [yaj]

ping ~ , ~J[ , shang ping $. ,

, tif '

shang $I: , I[

hay [xaj]

'ay [?aj]

~® ' ~ , rU ~

:1:-* ' if/x'

~

134

*- '

qu

i!i '

qu ~':!:i'

~}j

R ' ?Jt ' fff '

~f

' nff '

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

[LC 111; JY 77]

~

Yay [?jaj]

308.

~

yay Uaj]

ping

309.

~

lay [laj]

ping 31 thhiy [t'oil

~ [~il ~ ~ ~

~

ru ~U

khhiy [k';:}j]

l7!: ' fA '

ru

ru 1~U ' tltU ' ~

chiy [d~;:}j]

ru j1U

,

..........

dzhiy [ts;:}j]

rU

fliJ

tshiy [dZdj]

ru

~,m

shiy [s;:}j]

f~1j

rU~

[LC 112; JY 82] 332.

~ ~ -->

zhhiy > shhiy [!Oi]

ru, 136

1S

m ztz:. T '[:§:!' Ill!

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

333. 334. 335.

~

lhiy

[l~j]

~ hiy [xij] ~ Xiy [yij]

ru

if] ,

;j:n '

ru'm JI"

rU

~U

VII. 336.

337.

338.

339. 340.

~ ~ ~

~ ~

gin [kin]

ijJ , r~fJ

ijjJ ,

ping

~ ~

rtJ ' IT ' ij9J '

:Ei ' qu IT ' 1iW kin [gin]

ping Jj] ,

:Ei,S,:I:i ping

nin [nin]

ping f.iJJ

jin [!liin]

ping

, ft ' W '

~ , shang §I , 1'1 ' * ' 'Iii ' ~ ,

~ , 'Iii, shang lli ' qu lli ' il ' ft ' Jl '

m' 00 ' ~ , tN ' #r ' lIT ' M ' shang

ngin [I) in] ~'J4I

~

JF '

jin [!liin]

OfT '

qu

3t ' ~ , Ii ' :j:J,N , Blt ' shang !It ' Blt ' §t , #.'& ' :ri ' f~ , qu • ' :j:J,N , ~~ , ~~ , t~ , ~ [LC 113; JY 83]

341. 342.

343.

344.

~ ~

chin [!li'in]

-7 ;

[d~in]

cin Inser:

ping

ping 1$ ,

t$ zhin, zhim

~

bin [pin]

~

phin [p'in]

~

p ing ~ ,

-l:* ~, J~

B~

,

~

,

~

, shang

~

,

qu

:jj( ,

~

~-* ' ~ , shang #'~I ' ~ , qu ~-* ' ~ m' • ' it ' tit ' [Ij , 5Jj) , il ' qu il ' JJ: '

ping f,1J

137

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

345.

~

346. ;

pin [bin]

ping

min [min]

~ , 1Jt ' B±S ' • ' ~ , Jf ' shang tr. ' ijl ~ , 1lI~ , t1~ , me, , ~ , shang ~ , '1'00 ' 00 ' ~y: '

g;j , Jj!

ping

~'1~'{;

347.

~

348. ; 349.

~

3'1 'qu

ping $ , 1* ' shang

dzin [tsin] tshin [ts'in] tsin [dzin]

,

~ ,

m' iii ' ~ ,

ping ~ 'qu ~

* ' _'

ping

shang

3'1 [LC 113; JY 84]

350.

~

sin [sin]

ping :$ ,

35l.

~

zin [zin]

ping .. ' 1.1 ' ~ , ~,!

352.

~

shin

353.

354. 355. 356.

357. 358.

~

[~in]

zhin [:zin] 'I~;'

m

fJT '

ping $ , ping

~

,

qu

11f '

1$ , t1$ , ~

,

I~

,

ill ' 1n

§T\ '

~$

,~ ,

~

@ , shang ~ ,

~ Xin [yin] ping * ' shang jN ' qu t& , Eft h sang .",.' qu .",. ~ 'in [lin] pmg ~ quYinfp[?jin] ping IZ9 ' e ' , Ii! ' , ::x. ,

,ij~ "0.' '

V

~

~ yin [jin] lin [lin] ~ shang

~

~

~51

'

M ' fiN '

~ifS

~

, qu

'~

,~

ping j[ , ji[ , shang ij I ' ~51 ping ~~ , ~ , ~ , ~\\ ' ~ , , qu ~ , 1§= , rif ' ~ , !lm

138

, shang

1~

'• '

,

~

qu

, t113l ' frlN '

JiL '

W~

;t~ ,

¥J '

, '51

m' ~ , • ' M ' ~ , I~~

,

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

[LC 113; JY 85] 359.

360.

~ ~

gun [gun] ' Jlim

ping :1:$ , ~ , shang rnm '

[k'un]

ping

366. 367. 368.

t!JJ '

qu

bun [pun]

ping

phun [p'un]

tm ' 'I'm

~ , ~ , ~ft

'

' 00 ' i[ , qu 12§

iii]

shang 1M

, ~ , 3li

nun [nun]

pun [bun]

B¥!J: '

ping ~ , )j8Z ,

[dun] ~

qu

ping WY.. ' '1$ , :It/( ,

[t'un]

~ ~ ~ ~

re ' t&! ' m' l~ , ~JE ' ~ft ' shang

ping

~JE

[tun]

365.

~!72, , 1'J] , Jli3J '

~i)]

~ khun 362. ~ dun 363. ~ thun 364. ~ tun 3li ' qu

361.

?J ' qu IJJ '

ping A ' 1- , shang

Zhin [rin]

ff '

m' shang

~'WY..'~'~4!'~'

~

:n ' jt , shang * ' tIf

ping ping

m' ~ , qu

:fJJ. ' qu

~

~

[LC 113; JY 86] 369.

~

mun [mun]

ping

F5 '

tr~

, ~ , • ' shang

'I:~

, r~ , qu

370.

Hun> Hwun [fun] ping 7t ' 1M ' 5} , ~,B , Jf!. ' shang ~ , ;% , qu 1ft ' ;% , • ' rl ' '1'1 ' If

371.

hun> hwun [vun]

ping 1}j ,

it. '

~

~t~ , r~

~

, $[ , ;f)J , !I!S' '

, it. '

*'

#'B,jt,~,m'.'ili~gm,m,m,~,~,jt,

qu 7t ' :1:51

139

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

khun > wun [uun] ping)(' [il:j , ~ , 3.t ' !I& ' shang rI?o ' mU ' :j)( , ~ , qu r~~ , 1)( , 11 ' ill ' [il:j , :j)(

372.

373. 374. 375.

~

ping. ' ~t

dzun [tsun]

*'

*' ' ,

'

~

shang

:t, ' ~ , qu

1~

~ tshun [ts'un] ping t1 ' shang '1'1 ' qu ':t ~ tsun [dzun] ping ff ' ~ , shang ~t ' ffI!I [LC 114; JY 87]

Sl

376. ~ sun [sun] 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384.

385.

~ ~ ~ ~

; ;

~

; i

hun [xun]

ping .I§' ,

'l'W '

~~

,

t;j

Xun [yun] 'un [?un]

ping 1If1r ' shang

Iun [lun]

, pmg

gyun [kyn] khyun [k'yn] kyun [gyn] jyun

[~yn]

*

"-A

it

~

§I!ll ' 11'1'- , '11ffl '

ping

;g , 1j[

ping ping

qu'''-A §I!ll

, ~ , ±>j , ~5j ,

r>J '

~

, qu

III ' W

f:f ' f! '

shang §g ,

W'

ping ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , shang

m' qu tt~ i'f ' ~ Yyun > yyun

~ ~ -->

Iyun [lyn]

Uyn]

ping Is] •

~

ping iIfl; • iIiifii • 1TIl! •

• shang j't • :It • Jft

~

• J!ili [LC -; JY 89]

~

396. ~ Zhyun [ryn]

397.

398.

~ ~

ping ~$ , shang ~~ ,

ping ~R

shang

' Ji!R ' qu N ~,~

141

qu

~

, WMJ

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

399.

400.

401.

402.

403.

~

I I i i

404. ; 405.

i

th'in [t'gn] j'in

[~n]

"in [1,n]

~

ping

,

?i ' 1* ' 1*

qu tI ' 1:1 ' ~ , ilt

ch'in [1{;'gn]

sh'in [1'>n]

B: ' qu fl

ping

ping $ , ,~ , ,

tt ' %t ' ~JfG ' f5t ' !$

\ZSI

pmg

J~'

gyin [kjin] hyin [xjin]

ping

Stf ' ~tf '

JV\ ' tFf '

rtf ' qu • ' 1JfX ' rff [LC 114; JY 90]

406.

407.

~ Hyin [yin]

~

ping

'win [twin] ping If ' j:~ , , '1'131 , 1([1 , tIlJ , ,.131 qu' il!i[l r::urrt ..rm flIIJ. JllilU

408.

til

~ xwin [fiwin] shang 7ffi! '

~

ping ~j , ,. ,

~qu , ~ ,, iJf ,'JI~i ' ' •fi ' j1§ ,

f~

ff~

~

~ ~

,M '

ping

142

-:E. '

,~ ,'~

~

,

li. '

Xan [yan]

T ' U ' :¥ ' , qu Sf ' ¥f: ' ~ , H

gan [kan]

~

jl[[Il

VIII.

409.

i£ ' tEa. ' shang 'I!fit ' IK ' 1i. '

~f ' ff ' ff ' shang

'jgJ ,

** ' ~f '

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

410. 411.

~ ~

khan [k'an] ngan [IJan]

ping ~ • tU p ing ~f

• shang 1frL • 1fT • qu 1fri • ~ • iff

· ~f · qu J¥ • ~ • ~f · Offi [LC 115; JY 91]

412.

~

414.

~ ~

415.

~

413.

418.

~ ~ ~

419.

~

420.

~

416. 417.

dan [tan]

p~g~'~'B'~'.'~~gI'.'~'~

E!. than [t'an]

it ·

ping

o~

· ol · It · shang is · qu

• 5~ • ,w.

tan [dan] ping :l:ll • ff · ;J:' , 5'''' I'''' • ,~ qu .!f!.' {S _ • 1-' • {• • 'Ej'! nan [nan] jan

[~an]

chan can

[~'an]

[d~an]

ban [pan] ~'fi phan [p' an]

ping shang

It · shang

· ,m · shang

~ • ~j • qu

~ •

Jx · ol

{S • i.E!. • ~ •

It

"9 · ~ · ii

shang it ping ~ •

· qu it

m· 1M • shang ~ • :8 · qu ~ • ~ • #JE

ping:PJI' ili[ • b'1® • ping

IXl • m~

· ~ · ;J:R • shang ~EZ • ;fEZ •

~ • ;J:R • WZ • qu ~ • !l)j- • !r5 [LC 115; JY 92]

421.

~

pan [ban]

422.

~

man [man]

423.

~~~

424.

~~~

qu ¥iff • •

ping]l· qu

~~~

t~ · ~I · ~ · #~

han> hwan [fan] ping B · Mi ,& • shang,& • ~R · ~ · qu ~

* ·JJI

wan [van]

• 11 · $I •

* ·~ ·• ·

f.;i •

~ ~ m· ~ · fJ · ~ ·

ping lEI • • • • fji • # · f* · shang ~EZ

Han> Hwan [van]

fW • 11 • 425.

• fJ¥

shang Bjc • iJfJG • 143

fi · J!lt£ • qu

• qu ~EZ

~ • Jj • !I · ~

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

426. 427. 428.

~ ~ ~

dzan [tsan]

ping ~

tshan [ts'an]

ping

tsan [dzan]

7~

'qu

~ ,~, ~

, ~ , shang fl [LC 115; JY 93]

429. 430.

431. 432.

~ san [san] ping ~fffi ' fOO ' frlffi ' shang fl. ' *f£ ' $: , qu fl. ~ --7 ~ zhan > shan [~an] ping fffi~ , ~W ' r! ' LlJ ' shang r! ' J£ '

~ ~

~

, 1£ ' qu

han [xan]

shang

Xan ryan]

ff ' 1f '

ping

'I~

,~ ,

~w

' 1W

¥ ' 8l ' 1i ' qu 11 ' 8l ' 1i

* ', ~ ,f$J , i:fl3 ' 1f ' qu ~ , * ~

shang

,~!J!

434.

~ ~

Van [rjan]

435.

~

yan Uan]

ping

~ , shang ~ , qu Hi ' ]I

436.

~

Ian [Ian]

ping

Xi'1 ' M ' il '

~

on [In]

433.

437.

~ , qu

f$J , :tf '

ping tJ;i: , f:l( ,

'an [ran]

ping]g)l'

qu 11 ' •

qu ~ , ~

ping rIl7G ' ffU '

~ , ill ' tr'1 ' ~I ' shang ~ , 'I~ ,

tlG ' !Rn ' in ' Jiffi ' qu m ' Yn ' Jlm [LC 115; JY 94]

438.

~ gon [kJn] ~ , l'§ ,

Su:

439. 440.

E ' fg , fEr ' shang :g , % ' m' , fI ' 111 ' -. ' 1:1 ' m' m' fi

ping 1§' , % ' fi '

m' qu

~

fi khyu

, f* '

~g

~ khon [k'Jn] ping J[ , ' shang ff,x , m ~ don [tJn] ping , shang m ' qu $ , if ~t

~ffij

144

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

441. 442. 443.

~ thon ~ ton

~

[t'::m]

frM '

ping

shang

Wi ' qu -% '

[d::m]

ping ~ , '[$ ,

fJ. ' yt '

non [n::m]

shang 8~ , 1:~

, ]!~

~ bon 445. ~ phon 446. ~ pon !II ' :#- ' 444.

ping ffl~

[p::m] [p'::m]

[b::m]

ping

shang

t~

1M ' qu .f&

, qu #- ' i.ff YI ' W ' qu *U ' yf ' yft

~' qu!Bi ' ttIIF¥' '*if' 11 ' fi¥f ' ~ , g* ' M ' • ' ~ ,

ping shang 1*

,

f'}j ,

[LC 116; JY 95] 447.

~ mon

[m::>n]

~ dzon

[ts::>n]

ping §fiJi ,

$1'y~,tI,~

448.

ping

It '

~-' ' ~-' ' ~~ , ~ , shang •

'

shang

*I ' 11 '

~

y~ , i~ , qu ~ ,

, qu It

~

449.

~

450.

~ tson [dz::>n]

tshon [ts' ::>n]

qu it ' • ping

fI ' UI ' liX ' qu fI

shyan ~

~f ' ::f:= ' ~ , 'I ' shang ~ , qu 11 '

-=f '

ping

syan [sjen] ping 7'G jj , ~ , #.I ' ~ '#.I

~

~ ~

' J1I ' 1ill ' , , shang JiJt ' 'fi' qu It ' 7'G ' f:t,~

[~jen]

ping

W\ '

hyan [xjen] ping $f ' Inscr: ~J[ H wyan

fI ' tM; , :tJ[ , ~

~ , shang

rpJ ,

~Jt ' ~JG ' ~ ,

,~

'qu

,

~

~J[ , qu IX ' )I [LC 117; JY 101]

495.

~

496.

~

497.

498. 499.

500. 501.

II I i i I

'yan [{jen] ping qu :t[l Inscr: 7% Yyan Yyan [{jen]

7% '

~

, f$g

, ~~ , shang

ping ~ , ~ , ~~ , ~~ ,

gwYan [kyen]

ping

1~

,

§~

qu

1Il '

I!~

, ~~ , HI '

* ' ,• ' H ' ~

, ~,~ , ~ , shang

Iltk ' qu

§~

fr~

~I

'

,

~~

, ~ , *~

j~

khwyan [k'yen]

ping

*-

kwj'an [gyen] ping lill ' ¥i ' l!Il ' !# ' TI ' shllng I!!I ' qu ji/< ' Inscr: 'I~ gwyan. This graph does not occur in the MGZY proper. jwyan

[~yen] [~'yen]

chwj'an

ping 1!J.

' ill ' 'J!i- '

shiing iI$ ,

ping ~ , j[ I ' shang 74 ' 149

'J ' qu

O-Iffi '

qu

I!!I

II1II ' P!!- ' iI$

mJI! ' ~

,

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

502. 503. 504.

~

i

c,ryan [d'l)'en1 ping

, i$ , shang

f~

~

, f~ ,

qu i$

ping ~ , ~~

dzwyan [tsyen]

~ tshwyan

Btl- '

[ts'yen]

ping

~

,

{~

,

if: '

jl , ~ , ~ , ~ ,

1'i '

,!~

[LC 117; JY 102] 505. 506. 507. 508. 509.

i ~

;

;

511.

512.

* ' ti '

swyan [syen]

ping '§ , f§ ,

zwyan [zyen]

ping 1fJE '

zhwyan

f1f '

~ ,

shang ~ , qft

shang

fME ' ~ ,

~

qu

,

qu

~

1fJE

ping ~, ~

[~en]

~ hwyan '

[xyen] ping ~ , 1:1 §1[ , shang $ , 1.§ , Ol[ ,

~t

510.

ping ~ ,

tswyan [dzyen]

' ~ , frft ' ,~~ , B'§ , 11'§ , '!If ' qu f.iirr ' ,~~ , 11 ' ill

~

,

t~

,

~

i m'

'wyan [?yen]

~

~

xwyan [fiyen] ~ m ~ -R ' R ' .J-E. ' qu,

ping g , ~ , ~% ' ~ , , % ' qu 1&

, ~ , fJ[f

% ' 1& ' shang

ping 7C ' ~ , ~ , i~ , p~ , ,~!* ' ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~ , liZ ' 'J.!5l.. ' m ' .R ' Id£I ' lBl ' ?!5l.. ~

Ii!ii'i "'" '±. ~ ~ -t~ Iff~ , ~{£" ' ~ , W}J\ , ..vL5Z ' :1,bt ,

150

-h~

'}/5t.. '

{Z-

1m

~

ii: ' 1JG '

,

rrt '

~5t

h r sang 1% V

'

'

' 8: ' ~

ffi '

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Fonus

[LC 118; JY 103] 513.

~ Ywyan

514.

~

515.

516.

517.

518.

519.

i ~ ~

~ ~

[(yen]

ywyan Oyen]

fJ ' ;I); ,

ping

~il ' m' :It ' ~ j(j: ,

1ft ' tJt ' qu t]Z'

~

Zhwyan [ryen]

ping JJJi! ' shang

shang 1l; ,

gyon [kyon]

khyon [k'yon]

lyon [ly;:m]

Xyen [yjen] ~ , J;!

!;;a" 'i!j'£

,

tl '

qu :ff '

shang ~ ,

If]

""'" ' qu''''~''' shVang """ '~' , '3'i:: ;1t~

'Ii '

ping

~

m' qu ~ , II\l ' 1l;

ping ~ ,

p ,mg

lIX '

, shang YI; ,

x. II

~z

' ~ , ~ , tt ' shang

~

syaw [sjew]

m~

, 15%

'

8~ ,

qu

[LC 118; JY 104] 520.

~

522.

~ ~

523.

~

521.

gaw [kaw] shang ~ ,

ping

i% ' • '

=* ' tjWj ,

khaw [k'aw] ngaw [I)aw]

daw [taw]

¥U ' • ' {iU

#,liWj ,

shang ping

qu

~ , ~ , tjWj , • §f5 ' 1!¥~

, 15 '

'

::g: , 7!z • 115 ' tjWj , :t! '

m: ' ~ , fi ' ~ · •

ping)]'

'

~J] , t7J ' ~)] , shang 151

~,~,

#,liWj , •

~

~

'

* 'W '

fU ~ , ~

, qu

~jWj , rU

, ~ , Ii '

{iU '

'i:fr

iI} , $J. ,

~ , f~ , Jl% ' qu

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

524.

525.

[LC 118; JY 105] 526.

~

~

qu

, 1!J1 '

~

rmJ '

ru

530.

~

baw [paw]

qu

¥~

~

ping

ping

531.

~

, shang

~ , 1:g , §

, ~"J ' • ' 1:1 '

~J' J~"~ BJX: 1:g paw

phaw [p'aw]

,

§if

529.

528.

jaw

[t~aw]

~~ , ofrJ ' ~ , ttzJ ' HI ' shang ~~ , JI'~

ping j'* ' j'! '

m ' m' j]t , fi ' qu ~ , tJR ~ chaw [t~'aw] ping tY , shang PJ> ' qu tY , ~J> ~ caw [d~aw] ping =* ' qu W ' ~I

527.

~

naw [naw]

, shang. '

*' ' rU tw ' 1:1 ' 11 '

ping JffiZ '

~,~

~¥ ' ttill ' m ' qu

1* ' ~ , :fI* ' ~ , ~ ,

~j , •

' fj , t~

:mJ ' uEz ' rU

,~ ,

1~ , ;f~ ,

[LC 118; JY 106] 532.

~

~

,

~ , 1§ , 1Ji§ , ~ , !Ii ' ~ , shang .gp , , ~ , 1§ , ~t ' J~ , '@ , 1Ji§ , ~ , ru ~ , ~ , ~ ~'.'~'~'tl'1~,m

,

paw [baw]

ping @ , rJliZ '

, tBz ' qu ¥t'lit

~fJ

~

'

~

~ , m' m' J@ , ~ , ~

, ~ , HI ' if ' fi ' ru

~

, shang

, ~ , 18 ' rEi ' '1'8 '

BJX: ~ baw

533.

~

maw [maw]

:gp , ~ , qu Inser:

~

ping =§ ,

~g[

mwo

152

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

534.

~

535.

~

536.

~

tshaw [ts'aw]

~

tsaw [dzaw]

537.

fU ~, '

Hwaw [yaw]

'II

dzaw [tsaw] ping;m, qu ~ , fU it ' fg

** '

ping

~,~

fI ' shang !P , ~*

' ~ , m ' ~ , • ' ~* '

t* ' shang ¥ ' '1* ' qu t* ' ~ , '1m ' *~ , fU

ping if ' 11 ' 01 ' !Ill ' 1m ' 11 ' shang ¥ ' 11'fu B'F'fF'YF,fg'ff'W

~

, qu

[LC 119; JY 107] 538.

~

539.

~

shaw

540.

fi

haw [xaw]

541.

542.

~

~

* ' 0*ti' ' ~ tw, **' 1*' ~*' rU' ~%" ,

saw [saw] ping J:§i , , '1'11 ' qu

tw ' :I:~

[~aw]

ping

ffi5fl ' shang

:I:~ ,

~.! ' 1* '

f~ , t~ , 5~ , ti ' 1m ' ~ , !I!~ , qu f~

ping "Ii; ,

~ , m' shang

iff ' qu f£ ' ft ' iff '

Wi~

,

0iWj

Xaw [yaw]

ping

~ , ~JJt ' ~ , ~ , 1:f ' ~ , shang

~*,.,~,~,~~

law [raw]

ping.' shang

rm':l:l'~'~~'rU ~,~

~ , t~ , ~ , fr.I#r ' ~

,

qu

SiS' '

* '~ ,

~ , 'rl '

[LC 119; JY 108] 543. 544.

545.

~

~ ~

Yaw [?jaw]

ping:J:l4J' shang

$i,o~,*fj

yaw Uaw]

ping

~,~

law [law]

qu

ping ,

H~ , iJff; , ~~ ~i' ~,.

~ , qu

~ , 'ff ' shang ~ ~

,

, ¢ , ~ , t~ ~ , i~ , rU

153

fijJ ,

OX ' qu

WJ ' rU ~i: ' t~ , ii: '

~ , ~~ , :I:~ , rU ~ , -fir

, ~ , shang ~

,

*l ' ~ , *~ ,

m. ' *fr ' /~ , :E~ , ~ , ~ , ;~ ,

'

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

546.

548.

~ ~

549.

~

550.

~

547.

khew [k'ew]

kew [gew] ping Inscr: 1i¥ kya ngew [IJew]

1i¥ '

ping

, ri:t

j'~

ping @i ,

:§P

, 11 ' 1i' ' qu • ' ri:t 01 ' M ' M

~

~ , ru ~ , WI

{~ ~

tew [dew] ping ill ' , , Sjg , shang ?Jg , j:lj[ , j:jE ' qu l j , j:lj[ , W!J '

W~ , • ' 1~~ , E ~

, l!I ' WJ5

'

*JWJ '

{Il '

[LC 119; JY 109] 551.

~ jew [~ew] ping~)j, 8B ' m' ~U ' ~ , shang 1t3 ' qu ?~ , fB ' ~,ri:t~,~,~,~,~,~,~,.,~,~,~

[t~'ew] ~ cew [d~ew]

552. ; 553.

chew

B'

554.

555. 556.

557. 558.

~

~ ~

~ ~

ping jB '

ru

1,;£j[ ,

ping §[ , ~)j , ~~ , shang •

' ~1S

' fEl1 '

:fjJg , :tjE '

qu

ru~

,

bew [pew] tJ' ~

ping. ' ~I

'

~

, ~ , 1'1 ' ~ , tJ '

pew [bew]

ping Il\ ' ~iJ

'

~

, shang j'J ' ffiI: ' 7fJ. ' J¥ ' qu

mew [mew] frj/ , ~ shew

[~ew]

zhew

[~ew]

ping

ping

*~

shang

S3 ' fs!i ' fe!i ' shang Itt' ' Wy , ~ , tv

m' shang :Y ' qu m' :Y ' ru

ping 00 ' ~ ,

qu 1,;13 ' 13G ' B '

154

~

fl ' ,~

' ~ , qu

,~

?3JJ ' ri:t ~ ,

¥J ' k'j

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

559.

~

hew [xew]

ping •

'

m ' (!ff( , ru

W! [LC 119; JY 110]

560.

~

56l.

g

562.

563.

~ ~

yew Uew] ping ~ , 'j,£ ' ~ , ~1iJJ ' rU~,

lEI' 11'

Inscr:

~

~

565.

~

~* ' 7::. ' shang 7::. ' 7;k , ru *1

:tJ( ,

~ , W~ , ~ , {it ' ,* '~ ,~ ,~j5 ' tIE ' m' Jit '

shang

~, ~,

Yyaw; BJX:

lfJ ~

tIE

~'~'rU

!Il&'m

Zhew [rew]

ping

~, ~~ ~

II! '

1~

, qu

*,11

~ ,

*1 ' ~ , 1:1 ' BI '

yyaw

~ , t~ , ~ , *4 ' ~ , if* ' ~ , {* ' ~ ,

lew [lew] ping , 1f ' ~ , ~ , ~ , shang 7 ' ~

Inscr:

564.

ping iff. '

few [lew]

,

~

, ~ , ~ , '~ , {]t

, qu

*4 '

~

,

~ , m' ~ , shang :tf ' ~ , ~ , rU ~ , ~~ ,

Zhiw

ping,~,., m' 'liZ ' ~ , shang EX ' 6!~ , qu i!Z '

gyaw [kjew] fIJJ. khyaw [k'jew]

ping Kit ' qu

ill: [LC 120; JY 111]

566.

~

567.

~

568.

569.

~

j

~ , I& ' @

kyaw [gjew]

ping

dyaw [tjew] qu ffi ' 93 '

ping m:? ' :::; , l}!J ,

j"J ' It

thyaw [t'jew] ~m, ~

<m '

mJ,~ , • ' ~ , shang J~

,

It '

ping :fj~ , {~~ , t~E ' 'I~t ' shang M~ , 3 ' qu Jm ' !!3E '

nyaw [njew] 155

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

570. ; 571.

~

572.

~

573.

574.

~ ~

chyaw

[~'jew]

P 'lng

pyaw [bjew] dzyaw [tsjew]

qu

~

':i@ , 1~

ping

~ :aY!1t~

,

m' ~

'1@1,i!§;J;J , shaVng )~VF f:"@,Q'qu'i!'iIJ"I@ 7rt ~ s.,.~ 7J"' 1~

~ , ~ , JlI.t ' 1~ , 1r1N ' ~,

, ~ , ~ , aj , 11 ' ru f,J , ~ , il

tshyaw [ts'jew] i,~'

Jm ' 'I'B ' rU

ping

ping

m, ~

tsyaw [dzjew]

ping

m'

shang 'l'J!§ ,

shang

'Irk, qu {J!§ ,

~,~,~,~,

qu

"§j:lj , rU

*n ' *U '

oi!§ , tlli!3 ' rU

om

[LC 120; JY 112] 575.

~

576.

~

hyaw [xjew]

ping Ojt ,

577.

~

Hyaw [yjew]

shang ~

578.

~

Yyaw [?jew]

m'

1l ' '!E ' qu Inscr:

~

ping ~

~

,

'~

580.

581.

~ nwaw [nwaw]

582.

~ jwaw [t~waw]

~[J fl~

'1m '

gwaw [kwaw] khwaw [k'waw] Inscr: gwaw

m

156

~

' , , .. ' W3 ' , ill ' f.ii!3 ' , ~ , IJ\ , qu ~ , iJI ' f:i:j , :fI!J '

, shang

ngaw

~ ~

579.

~Ii

syaw [sjew] ping:l{' '• ui!3 ' oi!§ , ii!3 ' ~i!3 ' shang 1r~ rU i!3U

~

~ , ~ , ~~ , ~ , ~ , shang ~ ,

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

583.

J

chwaw

[t~'waw]

ril

3! '

~

, IW ' frJE ' ilE ' til '

m [LC 120; JY 113]

584. 585.

586.

~

cwaw

[d~waw]

j shwaw ~ hwaw

~I ' ~ , ~; , fi ' al ' w ' ~,; ril ifi,lj , ~ IZ

ill 1JE '

[shwaw]

ilJ/iX '

ill

[xwaw]

~ ,•

,

' 5'1 ' tI

~ Xwaw [ywaw] ill:ft, it ' it 588. ~ 'waw [?waw] ril B ' !Ii ' *I 589. ~ Iwaw [lwaw] ril ~ 590. ~ (- ~) gyaw (- gyaw) [kjaw] ping 3t ' !lrx: ' U5( , 5

628.

Hwuw> hwuw [fuw]

ping I; , $j ping

khuw> wuw [vuw]

or ' jlf , shang

~

,

§~

,

ffi ' i'i' '

-$ , {$ , ::y ,

~

or ' ,~ ,

~

Inscr: -$ mo

629.

I

g"iw [kow]

ping jjfy , j;IJ ,

:lfIi ' lifE ' • ' ffjJ , 1] ,

'iii) , shilng

~'~'~'~'qum,~'.,~,m,~,~,~,~

Inscr:

10

giw

160

1fi '

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

630.

631.

632.

633.

J

to ' op , ~D ' qu Jt& ' to '

kh'iw [k'ow] ping S!@ , f[@ , shang 0 ' W§ Inscr: Jt& khiw

J

shang ~ , ~ ,

ng"iw [rpw]

~

ping SJ32 ' shang

I

ping

{tu ' Mtr '

m' ~ -4- ' t4 ' !i!4 '

~!E

II ' qu

~

shang

' qu

r~

[LC 122; JY 119]

634.

635.

636.

637.

638.

639.

640.

~ 1--> J

t"iw [dow]

ping !Ii[ , ~ ,

c'iw > nhiw [now]

I J

jhiw [t:;ow]

ping

chhiw [t:;'ow]

1--> 1 j *

shang

liII ' lI1Il '

ping

i

tshhlw [ts'ow]

~

R ' .. '

qu

m; , ~ , li ' tIl

;/Jil

, shang

J!Ii ' qu lW!i '

~

,

till

m' w ' 1* ' qu m

zhiw > chiw [dzJw]

dzhiw [tsow] ping Inscr: thhiw

fit: ' qu

l!Iit '

ping

Ji& ' qu

~ , J!Ii ' J!Ii '

shang MI3 '

!f;z , qu

161

~

~ ,~

shang ;<E ,

qu

, ~ , ~ , )j~

'* '

;<E

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

641.

642.

j j

, fHllir pmg ",,'lJ-

ts'iw [dzow]

shiw [sow]

shang

!!l ' Ii ' mz '

zhhiw > Shhiw

643.

qu

[~dW]

~

, qu

0JfX ' ~ , *~

B ' JJ: ' :i: ' shang

ping t~,

1~

,

~

[LC 122; JY 120]

644.

j

ping ~~ , ~ , lID[ , ~ , I!i~ , shang ~ , u~ , ~ ,

Ihiw [fdW]

r; 645.

646.

647.

648.

649.

qu

~

I !

J ~

, ~1j

gyiw [kjiw]

ping 1~

, shang

kyiw [gjiw]

ping ~4

' ~ , ~ , shang

hyiw [xjiw] ping {* ' Inscr: {* hiw

, ~ , {~

~ft

, Ifg

ping

Inscr: ~ Hwow; ~ hwu

162

~

' R* ' shang ;f7J ' qu

r-'¥ ' 1¥ ' @ , -!J ' , qu ii ' 1* ' tI ' ~

Hwow [vJw] ~

Uft '

T~

§F ,

u~

Wi ' !R¥ ' shang frfff '

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

XII. Jf{f

650.

~

gam [kam]

651.

~

kham [k'am]

~

tam [dam]

tt ' # ' m' ~tt ' shang ~

ping

ping

Ii ' :l:ft ' ri '

shang :l:jz ,

,

:Ef:Q: '

~:E& ' qu • '

m' III ' ~

qu

[LC 122; JY 121] 652.

653.

654.

~

~

dam [tam] #':X ' qu tt

ping

tham [t'am] ~~

, IJik '

~~~

n ' 1ft ' m' tt ' !t ' tt ' {l , shang !t ' Jlli '

' tIt ' 1Jt ' 15 ping

n

tam [dam]

~ , n,

JfM' shang

ping Jf{f ,

~. ' •

~ , OJ: , N ' ~ , qu • '

~ , 1:l ' ~JJ? ' iR~ , 'Ilk ' ~~ ,

'

~'~'~'~~g.,g,~,~,~,.,~,~,~,

~

655. 656. 657.

~ ~ ~

, ~~ , t~ , 'Ilk ' qu

nam [nam] jam

[~am]

cham

ping

WI '

~

shang !WT ' qu

[~'am]

ping

t~

, 'Ilk '

~~

,

D~ , ~ , •

' iR~

, t-I4 ' ;fflJ , W¥i ' rJi¥j

ft '

y~

it ' shang it ' IU ' qu

t~

[LC 122; JY 122] 658. 659. 660.

~

cam

[d~am]

ping

~ , ~ , ~ , ilit ' shang

111t '

qu ~,l

~ ~ ~ hwam [fam] ~ Hwam [vam] ping fL ' $JL ' :tB ' *fL ' shang m' m' i8 ' ~8 ' qu ;t , $JL

662.

~ ~

dzam [tsam]

663.

~

tsham [ts'am]

661.

warn [vam]

shang ~ ping

~

,

£,; , shang

~

,

ping ~ , ,~ , shang 'I~

163

it , '1'1 '

~

,~

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

665.

~ ~

666.

~

667.

~

664.

tsam [dzam] sam [sam] sham [~am] qu, ~/ 19 ham [xam]

ping ping

~~

ping

p ing

II ' ,

~

ii ' ~

j;i ,

'I$T , If '

~

,

, shang

,1;; , 1;;

*~

IZ '

shang ~

qu

fl ' I[ , If

~

, qu

(duplicate) , ~ ,

::£ ' shang

~ ,

u~

, shang

[LC 123; JY 123] 668.

~

669.

~

Xam [yam] 'I~'~ 'am [lam]

~

Yam [?jam]

671.

~

yam Uam]

672.

~

674. 675. 676.

~ ~ ~ ~

ping §1f ,

~

Ml ' ill ' rut '

, ~ , ~ ,

lFll '

shang ~J[ , f~ ,

shang

at '

~

lID '

qu

, m ' qu

Bif ' M

670.

673.

ping ~ , ~ ,

h 11# sang ""R '""s V

ping ffi ' ~ , .. ' shang )W,~

lam [lam] ping ~ , tJ;fb , ,@l , qu ~m *I '

'

gem [kern] khem [k'em] kern [gem] ngem [IJem]

om

m ' ~ , shang

:f:l ' • ' M ' ;fI ,

shang ~ , qu ~IJ qu ping

'J\. 1tf '

m' $~ , ~ , ~~ , ~ , shang fiR ' 7f.

ping ~ , shang' {il ' qu

IW '

,~

[LC 123; JY 124] 677. 678. 679.

~ dem [tern] shang , lti ' qu r;g , ttl ' 15 ' ~ them [t'em] p ing , shang ~ tern [dem] ping W ' '115 , shang • ' ifj )W,~

~

164

~

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

680.

681. 682. 683.

~

nem [nem] ping Inser: ;@: oem

tti · qu

;@:

~ jem [~em] ping:m' rdi • fi · !li · t=i • shang !M • qu t=i ~ chern [~'em] ping ~~ • tt · r& • shang 815 • ~~ • qu tt · ~~

~

oem [I)£m] ping ~~ • *~

684.

~~~

bern [pem]

685.

~~~

dzem [tsem]

686.

~

tshem [ts' em]

ping 1Q • shang ~ • qu ~

ping

ping ~ • )iI • ~$T • 11

:ft · ~ · shang

t~

· qu f:f§'

· ,[~ · qu !I · ~ [LC 123; JY 125]

687.

<sl 3J

688.

~

689.

~

690.

~

sem [sem]

ping ~i5

• ~ • ~ • f.~ • t~

shem [~em] ping -;5 • shang ~ • ~Jk loser: ~ sem zhem

[~em]

ping ~ • •

• shang ~U

'em [?em]

ping ~ • ~ • [iJ • M

lem [lem]

ping!t:·.·

It · qu

~. {~

• 00 • qu 00 • t~ · -;5 • qu Wi

· shang ~ • ~ • ;f# • at · ffl: •

691.

692.

~'$ .j~

693.

~~~

694.

~

'em> Zhem [rem]

gyam [kjemJ

ping

1* · 1& • • • m· shang ping

~. shang flj. • ¥} • ~ • qu ~

~ • ~ • a · ~ · lit 165

~ • ~ • qu

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

[LC 123; JY 126] 695.

~

khyam [k'jem]

696.

~

tsyam [dzjem]

697. 698. 699. 700. 701.

~ ~ ~

703.

'

shang

' JB '

gyam [kjam]

ping #~

, Ei ' 1!l '

khyam [k'jam]

qu

, {l , qu

~

{l , ~

1$1

ping ~A

~ hyam [xjam] ~ Hyam [yjam]

~ ~

p ing ~I

tl '

, shang

Yyam [?jem]

Il: ' qu

702.

~

ping

shang

II '

m' qu m' ~A ' JB

shang 1~ ,

qu

~I:

'

~

, Ei

~

shang OflX ping

AA '

~

, ~ , {jij

, shang Fj ,

:til: ' iii ' 1m '

~@

hyem [xjem] Hyem [yjem]

ping

fX ' shang

~ , ~ , ~

ping ~

XIII.

1~ ~

tshim [ts' im] [LC 124; JY 127]

704.

705. 706.

707.

~

~ ~ ~

gim [kim] khim [k'im] kim [gim] ~

ngim [I)im]

ping

3i: ' -5;- , f:i '

ping

~

ping ~ ,

,

m ' ~ , shang

~f!1

' qu

~

~

m' ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , shang

ping r!0J ' ~

166

~

,

qu r!0J '

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

708. 709. 710. 711. 712. 713.

~

ping ijt , 1-i~ ,

jim [t§im]

i!W '

~t

' ~~ , ~ , shang tt ' qu tt

~ chin [t§'im] ping , , m' shang III ' ping m' shang M* ' qu ~ , g ~ cim ~ fiim [l).im] qu'w ~ bim [pim] shang ~ ~ ~ phim [p'im] shang ~

~~

~

, qu MJ

[d~im]

~~

~

p

r:!r:!

[LC 124; JY 128] 714. 715.

~ dzim [tsim] ~ tshim [ts'im]

ping

i'3! '

ping

qu

~

13! '

1i: ' f.& '

,~

, 15t

, shang ill '

~

, :i~ , qu

~~\

~I 716.

a:l

sim [sim]

717.

~

zim [zim]

ping ~ ,

718.

~

shim [~im]

P ing 1~

719. 720.

721. 722. 723.

g:j ~

:i' '

~

,

='

~

, shang if[ , 'If ' III '

t~

, :ti ' tll

Inscr: 1~ shin

zhim

[~im]

'im [tim] Inscr:

g

ping ping

Wt ' tt ' 1:ft '

W'

~

shang

, m' shang

ft '

qu

ix ' qu

g

~ ,

it ' g , ix

in

~ Yim [?jim] ping J'~ ~ yim [jim] ping i¥ ' ~ , fr¥ ' • ~ ~ ~ lim [lim] ping ** ' Iff ' m' ~ , !@; , shang 167

JJj ,

t~ , {~

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

[LC 124; JY 129] 724.

725.

726.

727.

728. 729.

~

! ! I I !

Zhim [rim]

if: ' :f ' M '

pIng

shang

1£ '

~f

' ii- ' qu

~f

' #'f '

if:

m

pIng ~'qu

j'im [t!'lm] chhim [~'gm]

pIng ~ 'qu ~

1-*

chim [dz.gm]

pIng

'?4 '

shhim [~gm]

pIng

** ' , ,qu

hyim [xjim]

pIng

W\

~

XIV.

730.

S(I

731.

~ kho [k'::>]

~

*x

S(I

1~

, 'I'~

go [k::>]

go [k::>] !U' ~ pIng

~ , shang

ru ' ~ , tPJ ' qu

tPJ ' rU 11 ' ~ , $ ,

ii'~

[LC 124; JY 130] 732.

~

ngo [1p] pIng ~ , Oft ' qu ~'rU ~,~

733. ~ do [t::>] 734.

~

tho [t'::>]

ping:g" pIng

~fX ' ~ , ~~ , 1ft ' ~ , shang iZ '

shang ~ , qu $:

it ' 1m ' 't ' !I!t ' qu fffi 168

m'

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Fonus

735.

~

to [d;:,] shang

,~t ' II ' i.tt: ' ~t: '

ping

re ' mt ' qu

736. ~ no [n;:,]

,~ ,

ping jj~ , •

737.

XI

dzo [ts;:,]

738.

~

tsho [ts';:,]

739.

~ tso [dz;:,]

ping

' shang

tq]~ , jj~ , qu ~ , jj~

tr. ' qu 16: ' tr.

shang ping

n: ' lEt ' ~ , ~t ' ng , ,~ , 1t '

*-

~ , 3i ' 1& ' M: ' shang :£1 M'~,~,~ [LC 125; JY 131]

740. ~I so [s;:,] 741.

~ ~~

ping ~ , 19-> ' Ti9i '

ho [x;:,]

742. ~ Xo [y;:,]

ping

ping

~

IiI* ' ~) , qu

®

, QPJ ' shang ru

16]' , iij]' , ro ' ~

~,~,~

, '11j , shang ro ' qu

~ , rU ~ ,

m'~'H'~'.'~'~'$'~

743.

IX

'0

744.

~

10 [b]

745.

~

gwo [kw;:,]

ping!friJ' WIT ' ru Su: !friJ xa [?;:,]

ping

is ' iftf ' *15 746.

747.

~ ~

*I ' Jf ' it ' ifI ' ~I ' }I

ping j(; , ' ~i5 ' ffi '

khwo [k'w;:,]

~ , ~ , :f;~ , ~

ping

~

,

, •

'

:'ii; , Q/5

m' shang

it

~ , ~Pril ' shang ~ , ~ , j* ' qu ~ , ru

13 '

13

f4 '

m' m' Sff4 ' shang '1 'qu ~'ru ~ ,

dwo [tw;:,] shang:tj,,,, Inscr: :tj da

*'

rU

~ , ~~ [LC 125; JY 132]

748.

~

thwo [t'w;:,]

ping ~ , shang if: '

[!3

749. );:! two [dw;:,] 750.

~

nwo [nw;:,]

shang

frlli ' TIli ' qu

oj , rU *~

m ' :t>R ' ~ , 'fw ' qu m ' 'fw ' rU

ping ~ , qu f1m ' 'f1m ' ~

169

•

, Jill.

' ~ , ~5?,

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

751.

~

752.

~

bwo [pw:)] ping iiSl. ' iI §i'fU R'1i'Wf,g phwo [p'w:)]

' 11 ' shang

~ , t&: ' JEt ' shang

ping

ii

i€ ' §"I ' qu 11 ' i€ '

1fEl '

[[ ,

~ , qu

l1BZ ' ru

ti '

Inser: l1BZ phYo. This form is clearly a scribal error fOf phwo. 753. 754.

~ pwo [bwo] ~ rnwo [mw:)]

~ , SI ' M ' rU JW: ' gft ' ~ , 1ft ' IW: ' R ' tft ping.' II ' M ' I~ , shang ~ , qu M ' ru * '

ping

87K'1*'T*'?5K M rnue; Su:

Inser: 755. 756. 757.

~

~ ~

dzwo [tsw:)]

rna

t~ , ~ , rU

qil

tshwo [ts'w:)]

•

1'1 '

~

~~ , qil :*U ' ~ , ~ , fil 1'1 ~ , ~ , shang ~ , qu ~ ,

shang

tswo [dzw:)]

ping

'* [LC 125; JY 133]

~

ii: '

~

swo [sw:)]

ping ~ ,

759.

~

hwo [xw:)]

shang!k' qil

760.

~

Xwo [yw:)]

761.

~

'wo [?w::>]

762.

~ lwo [lw::>]

758.

ping

~

, rU

~

,

~~

, ~

y~

fD ' %: ' M ' shang t/iU '

~

ping ping

0

[::>]

ping §1~

'

, ~* qil fD ' rU

{rs,m,~

tm'rUt~

763. A

n* ' 1~ , shang

1~ , #ib ' 1\% ' ~ , qil m' ru ~ ,~~ , ~~ , 11 ' •

, a1t ' qil fV-.

170

' shang ff

,~, if ' •

'

qil

~,

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

xv. • 0-1 764.

~

gya [kje]

765.

!§

khya [k'je]

rna [rna]

~ , ffi ' ~ , fa ' ~J[ , j~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , ~

rU

rU

fi ' ~ , JI~ , ~ [LC 125; JY 134]

766. ~ dya [tje] 767.

~ thya [t'je]

768.

~

769.

2

rU ~ , ~ , ~J!i

~ , ,~ , tti ' ~J!i ' ~~ , ~~

fU.'

7i ' ~ , ~I ' • ' fdJ. ' ~ ~ , shang fl ' 1ffl ' qu fn ' J!t,~ , ~ , m ' rU rg- ,

nya [nje]

rU ilE '

jya [t:§je]

ping

m'.'M,m,~,m,~,m,.,.,~,.,m

Su: ~ je 770. ~ chya [t:§'je] 771.

~

772.

~ phya [p'je]

773.

~ mya [rnje] Su:

774.

~

-?

-YT

L::;

~

fU.':fI

shang i2 ' rU ft! ' me, mI,• II'

~ , ~ , 1iJj , ~~ , ~

ping III ' fi ' shang

dzya [tsje] ~

m' 11tZ ' ~

It ' ~ , 55U

fU 5j , M '

bya [pje]

' shang ~ , rU

ping 1$[ , •

, :t~ , f:& '

, ~i '

f~

~

~~ , :t~ , qu

{i ' rU

ti1J '

, i!K [LC 126; JY 135]

775.

~ tshya [ts'je]

776.

~ -? ~

shang

sya [sje]

B. ' fU fJJ ' ~ , ~ , #~

ping

@ ,

shang

'm '

~~ , qu

rEP ,

~~ , fU ~ , ~ ,

~

* ' qu * '

~'m'~'~'~'~'~'~'~

777.

~

-?

~

zhya> shya

[~je]

ping

~,~

, shang

W

528 ' 740; ~R 552; 1m ' 'I§ 570 ~ 527; ~ 529; Ij!Jj , ~ 553 1'J> 528 • ' 1i$ 770 • 770 :f;JT 293; 769; 769, S29; f/lV: ' 11 769 ' 770; ~ 770

:n '

mz

m

179

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

chen chen chen cheng cheng

341; ~ , ~3!t ' m ~* 342; ~ , ,i: , ~~ , t2 if)( , ~ 341; • ' t¥J! ' Vi] , tmt ~ , ~, f~' 1~ 52; ~ , ~

cheng cheng chI

~

m' 1~ , f~ , ff

chi

,~,

chi chi

~G ' 1~ , ~ , R '!l1R 166; ER 182 ~,.,g'~'~'~'~'~'~'.'~'~'~1~;

chong chong chong chou chou

'l'q:r , Jt: ' lft ' 3'6 ' iii ' {iI ' If ' 9; ffR' ~* 11 ' frp 30

g~

,

~

'•

~

,

709 353; ilL 710; WI; , tt ' 11 719 401; rwJ 709; ~ 726 , ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , ~I ' 77

m

¥'~'B'~'B,m'~'*53;~,~,~,g,~,~, 7}:.

64; H 76; 52

, ,!¥J

t:& ' ti 52

~Z; 157 ' 158; ~ 199;

166;

R

~

1m'

tff! '

#-m ' fff][ ,

191

:l:g;,

1~

, JII ' mJ '

, §$ , 1M ' frl

)g , g,~

m' frEll ' ~ 604; 1'1 '

, JJI '

1~

, t~ 167;

~

,

if

182;

m'

'

'I~ 604;

t~

776

m' ~ , :t~,

*li: ' Yn 181

*'R8

78

~

ti

8;

ff '

~ , ~ 637 #,iff! ' #%J '

, WI ' • ' r%J '

~

, m21

f%J 605; it '

~j+1 615; 1~

638

chou chou chii chu

it ' ffi ' IDt; 604 ~'yl604

tB

211; fJJ 246; ~ , ~ , ~lli ' tB 268 ~ 246; ~£l ' ~WJ ' lit ' ;,~ 247; ~ , ~ , ~ , f?* ' i~ 269; !I!* 277 chu ~ , ~ , ttl! 246; 1if 267, 268; ftf ' tt ' ~ 268 chu A 246; lilSZ ' f,;tfj 267; J1L ' iIT'R ' M 268; tf 604 chuai fffij 312 chuai DI 312 chuan ~ , JlI 501 chufm f.J'd ' ~ , l' 502; ~ , lITID 508 chuan 74 ' u-;m 501 chuan &1[1 , ~ 501 chuang iB ' rtit 144; ;§!J ' ~ 152 chuang ti ' W ' ~* 145; W 153 chuang if;} , ;§IJ ' tt ' ~ 152 chuI 8'lZ ' 1)\ 211 chui ~m 206; ~ , ~ 210; ~ , ~~ , it 212; ~ , ~ , 13i ' chiin ~ , 1i ' Wi!! ' 385 chun W ' ~M 386; M ' f,;lH , • ' ~ , ~¥ ' 1$ 392

*tl

180

, JfJ ' lIT '

iI 224

~

PInYIn Index

chun chuo chuo cI

ci cl

cl cong cong cong cou cou cu cu

Z' Jm ~

, *!j[,

fr¥

385 583 552;

801;

~

JilEIi:

i¥: ' ~ 190 Jltl 193; ~ ,

m' ~ 570;

~ ,

frfE ' IE ' til 583;

~,t~ 800;

m' :it ' n ' >5Z ' ~ , ~ , ~ , JEt

194; ~Pj ,

:tPJ '

JOO 640 ~

'l'B ' 1§= Sl; 31 S3 tT Sl 735 y 288 fW1 ' ~ 288; it 289;

m

cUI cui cun

*1

ctm

dan dan dan

,

~~

d£t da da dai dai

cuI

,

~

cun cun cuo cuo cuo

CUM

~

196 1J1± ' IJ1± 177' 193; lI:t, {~t 193 WU ' WU ' Yx. ' {;'l\ 193; ~ 195 ~, I,I!( , ~ , \I!( , ,~!!t 18; f1fE 32 ~'~~':F7%' '1* ' 1* ' 'I: 19; f;£ 33 ~I!( 18 640 II ' Iffi ' ~ 256; *~ 257 ~g , ~ , J$ , ~ 256; ~ 256 ' 640; § , IS 271; {,IE 272 tI, tl$l , i1X 450 it' II 449; ~ 458 219; 1M ' {1M 219' 220 ~ , It 219 ~ 211 ' 219; ~ , JW; , W ' 1$ 219; ¥' '1$ , W 220 374; ~lit 388 t¥ ' itt 375 '1'1 374 --t 374 ~ , I& ' t& 738; ~ 738 ' 756; ~* tl 756 M ' ~ , ~ , ~ 739; ~ , ~ 757 ill 256; ~ 256, 536; ~ 536; ~ 755; ~U ' ~ 756 ' 788

cu{m

IX

807

'

"*

m' JtI ' ;@, , m' *tI ' gtl ' i~ , "* ' 1* ' 1i: . m' Ji ' ~ , »! ' ~ , m290 '&i ' ~ , H ' 7-' ' .. 412; lft ' 11 ' Itt ' it ' {t 652; l1t4 653 ~ , • 412; It ' m~ , #x 652; *' ' g 654

g 412;

~ , {B ' ~ , 5~

, {B ' 1ff1 ' 181

t~

,~

414;

rtt ' it ' ilL ' {~ ,

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

dang dang dfmg dao dao dao de deng deng deng dI di dI di

dian dian dian diao diao die dIng dIng ding dong dong dong dou dou dou du

du du du duan

E 652; Vl ' 8 ' ~ , § , O. ' UIf~ , ~ , 1& ' tt ' t~ , O~ , • 654; 1$: 733 ~'%I' tm ' ~ , f~ , 31lt 101 'Ii,}t, ~ 101; 11 155 ~,&", ~ 101; Y!i ' fa ' 11 ' 7Et ' m ' 1i~ , ~ 103 7J ' ~)] , '17J ' ~)] 523 fiG ' fI ' t~ , ~ , ~ 523 jU ' fiG 523; ~§ , fi' ~'In' II ' '1$ , Jf§ , Et ' Ji ' ~~ , ~1fiJ 525 1~ , 1~ 323 ~'~!f' ~ 73 ~ 73 ~ 53; !lJ!f ' m ' ~! ' 11! 73; W ' ~! 74 {E& ' g , f~ , fE; , ~~ , ~iilfj 161 8~ , ~ , ~ , Jf~ , 161; ~jlij 161' 181; 3* ' ~ , ~ , II ' M ' ft ' 83 ' ~ , W~ , &tR ' 3m 163 f&~ , )g; , §~ , :f:E; , 1~ , t~ , ~E; , M ' ~ , ~E; 'g 161 1~ , ~ , • ' B~ , iiL ' ,~ , 93 ' ~ 161; frA5 ' 'I#] , 31 ' ~ ~ tW ' ~ , 1* ' Jf~ , M'[ , 31 ' ~ , :i:-[g 163 M';Ii' ~ , JW: ' 1~ 470; IS 677 ~ 470; lWi~ 677 ~ 470 ' 472; ~ , ~ , ~I: ' f;J: , 1iV ' 1m ' ~ffi ' rI1 472; IS, r;5 , j:S ' 16 ,~ 677; .. ,~ 679 ~~':;:;';EJ!J' {~ , mJ.~ , IE ' mB 567 :j:lj!' :j:~t ' 'Ii. ' ~J!j , 1Il ' PI ' jfrJt 550; tft ' 93 ' ikJ 567 O.i 166; ~ , ~ , ~r5 766; ff~ S28 T' ~J ' ;EJ ' 47 1T' J~. rnL ' ID 47 1ifE' ~J ' in 47; "§J ' 5E 47 ' 49; if ' }f , ~ 49 ~ 3 11, _ ' 'Iii 3 {*' 1* 3; Ih' tfilJ ' 'I'IPJ ' 'IIV 5 ~G 241; !JIG 632 -4- ' 14 ' !!!4 ' ~tE 632 F~ 632; R ' .. ' m; · ~ , R ' tE 634 ~G ' ~ , ~ 241 m ' §j , B ' J§ , R ' Jj , fI ' ill ' Q • ~jf , 41 ' "$ , II 243; Q 277 1m ' :f:~ , ~ 241 frp , It 241; ¥X 241 ' 243; H ' §± ' ± ' 7li • ~ , Ii 243 ftflij 440

m: '

m

* ' §*, ' , m' ** '

m'

n

*' {* ' , _

mr '

182

PInyIn Index

duan

~}i

du~m

$ 440;

dUI

tl ' fl. 206 f-t ' ME. ' t)[ 206; >t ' ~ , ~ , • ' ~~ , ~ 208 fl. ' '1$ , :WJ 362; ~J. 364 ilij 362; lIm ' fl. ' Jl§ , 14! ' ~ , m' ~ 364; @" , ;tJ§

du 1 dUn dun

duo duo duo duo

e

440

:g,

~ 440' 442;

.®: 442

386

733; ~!J 747 525; ~ 747; ~ , }& 749 212; .. 733; tj , • ' ~ 747 525; tt ' ~t 735; t~ , ;fj , ,[~ 749

~

•

m'

1l

!rnJ '

~ 743

e

~

~

m'~'~'fi'~3m;~'~'~'~,_,~,.,.,., t~ 522; ~ , ¥ 542; ~ 732; ;l:~ , ~ , OB 743

en

J~' 403 ~ ffiJ 'm ' ~

er er er

fa fa fa fan ~

, !l#; , ~~

, d@ , 1!t!® ' {fJ( ,

,

~

='

' flffi ' ~mi ' §ffif ' iIiiI® ' 1ffii 188 , £t: ' ,~ , ~ , 3lj: 188 m; , I1.ij 'IfU 188

~ 1~

732;

~

743;

~lt

' oft 763

~

S12

,

1*

S13 S12 ' m ' $I , :m: ' ~ , $I ,

~ , il~ , :bii f.I ' & 423; tl 751 .,.,.,m,~,.,m,m'.,:m:'.'~'~'#~4;

~ 423 ~ 423; ~ 424; ~fL

753

&'

t-n ' 1J '

,

~8 659; m '

fJ}j

tot ' til. '

114 {jj , {jj ,

#5 '

fang fang fe i

1b. 113

*'

~~

mJ' W '

m' IVJ ' j:jj 'jJj Bjj ,

'

:tJj'

ffmg

fei fei fei fen fen

,

mz '

fL ' $A ' fA 660; • fan fan fang

~

m ' ~ , ~F

'

~~

$Jl '

Ifr"B ' J~

'7f 113 ~

, fJD ' Wi

, W~ , l~jF ' §JF '

~

113

, ~c

' ~~ 173

m:s ' §jF ' 1!JB 174 ~ , m ' fl ' 'lfff: ' ~ , ~tJj , t#p 173; ~~ ffi ' §JF ' JJl ' ~ , It ' nw 173; j~ , m. ' uj\ 5t ' ~l ' 5} , W ' ~ , M 370; ffi 370, 371; 17t ' ffi ' ~ , 7E'[ , fJ1 ' !ll5f ' fi ' • ' fit ' m ' ~

1* '

*'

, Jt '

*' 183

, II 174 174 371 371

*

~A 660

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

fen fen feng feng feng feng fo fou fou fou fU fil

~ 370; ?t 371 ~ , • ' • ' If 370; ~ , • ' ~ , I~ ~I

,

' ~ , tJ> ' ~ 556 ~jt , ~ 556 t:1 773 ' S36 ~ , .. ' ~ , iI ' ~~ , ~ 773 ~ , ill,a; , *~ R 346 lIIl 57; fMi ' ~ , '1'00 ' 00 ' 'iIt'y: , ~ , 1R: ' 1; 346 ~ , Eij3 , q~ , is ' 141 ' ~ , ~ , ?~ , t~ , ~ , 8~ , 1S ' ~ 57 1f[J 57 ?l?I ~ 608 P'~ , Jl~ t~ 533 t~ , 11m ' ~ , 1~ 251; J1l 533; • ' JJl ' M ' I~ , 754 ~ , #~ , ~ 217; ~9. ' 7J9. 251; !)B , ~:fr ' • ' ~jj , IDR ' §IN 298; ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , 1~ , ~ 533; M ' 87K ' 1* ' 1* 754 ~ , §$ , .$ , 1$ , ~ , ~ 628 626 ~~ , tzHJ 251; -BJ: ' ~± ' 1m: ' ~ 626

mu

. ' ~,~,

mao

J~

~,~

mei mei mei men men meng meng meng mi mI mI mifm mian mian miao miao miao m1e mie min mIn ming mIng m l' u'

mo

mo mo mou mou

na

,

*'

*' , ,

*'

*'

*'

,

*'

*

f~

~

~,t~,

m f* '

*' W, ~'R' ft' ~ 251;

, ~ , ~ 254; ¥ 533

S4 193

§, ~,

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

na nai nai nai nan nan nan nang nang nang nao nao nao ne nei nei nen neng ni ni nt nian nian nian niang niang niao nie ning ning n tng niu niu niu nang nong nOll nu nu nu

*' n ' ill ' im ' tIl ' *it ' * m' ,

~~ 736; ~P3 787;

§~

oils 814; 1* ' iiils S4

291

frf]l 291

291 ' 736; mIT ' im 291 415; ~ @ , ift¥j , ~ , of¥j 655 ~ , ~ 415 It 415 It 104 • 104 it 104 j'* ' j'! ' j~ , oy~ , ~ , '[31~ , JlOO 526 ~f:§} , '['f:£l 526 1!j! , ImJ 526 §ils 244; oils 814 ~ 209 pq 209 • 365 j$ , 1$ 75; §~ 75 ' 291 1m ' f!! 164; ~ , ,[~ 168; {)l , ~ , Il ' ,JG ' j'x ' ft ' ffiJt ' ~ 186 J~ , 1~ , ~ 160; tI ' 15m 164; t~ , 1fJ\ ' Dffi 168 ~ 160; 1m ' W ' t~ ,~~~ 164; • ' 8~ , 8~ , ~ 168; §5G 186 !if 473; tS 680; J~ , 683 t~ , 1,'g , fi ' ~ 473; :;: 482 ~ 680

*ti

y~,

fjJ 108

@I 108 ,~ , J,; 567; fr~~ , ~ 569 ~ 186; 1~ , 7i ' iI ' NI ' • ' f;!J. , • 768; [lJ;l , ~ , W:lJ! 782; ~ , 0:1 784; !Ji ' Mi\ S27 {~ 46; $: 50 1$ 50 Wl ' 1i ' 1$ 50 4 602 t.iB: ' m ' HI: ' j'H 606 ~ 606 JI: ' {~ , ill 6; 14 ' 1~ , tl ' 11 10 # 26 *~ 635 f)J. ' ~ , Yi ' jj. 244 ~ , -g 244 ~ 244

m'

194

W'

=* ' 8¥ ' WB ' ~M

PInyIn Index

nil, nil nuan nile nuo nua

tx. 270 tx. ' E~ , RJJ.

' fH ' ID!H 270

BI ' 11 ' ~~ 443 ~

, g 549;

jj~ , •

fi

~

559

' tr!1~ 736

291 ' 581; §t 526;

Tm ' 'I'W ' 11

au

§;,~,lID['l!I'~~

au au

~

pa pa pa pal pai pai pan pan

S9 SlO 'I's 532; ~f:l ' 1)\ S9 1B 296 1~F 216; ~.$':J3F' 1~F 297 iff 296 • ' iR ' ~,& 420; 11 ' it 445

pan pang pang pang pao pao pao pel pei pei pen pen pen peng peng peng pI pi

, ~ , 100; 644

~

,

~

750

644

631;

o~

,

~

644

BB

tB

1* '

, !!m: ' tt ' $ , nI ' ~ , ~ , ~~ , • ' lID 420; *U ' 1* ' 1ft 445; fR ' Bf¥ 446

~

*

r1f ' ~~ , % ' 110 1~ , 1)] , 50/ ' Jft '

Jjt

m'

~

, 91 ' #-

446

~

446 )@ , Jf¥ ' ftt1J 531 fel: ' rtf:g , ~ , 1§ , ~ , N§ , f§ , ~ 532 i'P2 ' mI ' ~§ 531 tI ' Mq , Jjf ' :Ef 215 I~ , ;1:if ' M 216 ~ 214; ~lZ ' @B ' P2 215; 1Jl!R ' wt 216; 1m 295 ' 296; ~ 296 11, ~ 367 1JJ. 368; 370 ~ 367; ?l 368 ~ , 7 ' =tf 80 l j 11; ~ , ~ , ~ , If ' 11 ' ~* 12; ~ , tM ' JjJj , j:~~ , HH,~ , 5EE 81 =t~ 14 #Jt ' =tit' ~ 170; fEz ' ~ , I~ , /G ' ,\[E , {:f ' fI 215 ~ , ~ , ;1:.$ , f$ , tllf. ' g , it, ffi ' ~l ' HI ' ~it ' tit 171; mlt 171 ' 194; Jm 214; E!. ' ml ' ~ 216

*'

m

195

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

pi pi

plan pian pian PlaO piao piao piao

PIe pin pin

pin pIng ping po po po po pou pou pou pou pu

pu pu pu qI

, it ' i1t ' 121 ' @ , ~ 170; ~ , :Fe 216 'WI ' frl ' 1:W ' ffl¥ ' Z¥ ' iIl¥ 170; yJ 215 ~ , ~ , mm ' ~ 489 m' !II ' ,!§]t , ~# ' i!! ' ;fff ' ~ , 3f 476 J:!r ' ,~; 489 ~~

~~,

' ~~

•

t" ' ,~

, 11

~ ~ , jJ ~Q 713 ~ , frIlg

55; 55

, 11*

3f '

~

~~

fez

345; :fit 476

752;

m' m' ff: ' m' {,\§ , ~~

wi ' ~

56;

752

,*

476

, Ei 753 [[ , ~ 752 ill 295; ~ 296; ~ 752 if~ 624 ~, if' 625 623; ifU 624; :!::g. 625 ~ff 624 wm ' :J+ 249; ~ 249' 252; 11" 252, 624' 627; ;f~ 531; ~ 249 ' 531 ' 532 iJ' 'lJ 216; ~ , ~ 248; ~ 249; ~jij , 1m' :g, $ , M ' 1~ 250; ;f~ , ;fl 531 ~ , 11m 248; ~ , ~, ' 249 y~ 248 ' 250; wm 249; Hi 250 ~

m' m

m

im

Uff;J , ~ 158; ~,~, ~ , {~ , ~

,

~~

,

~

'I'J ' • ' --t '

199

y* ' JllG ' JW ' ~

~,~,.,.,~,~,~,.,.,~,~,.,m,m,

m' tJT ' frJ[ , ~ , Uff;J , ;l:ff , m 159; 199; tEE ' jf\ ,

qi qi

Jt

345

, ~ , ff ' ftFi '

~~ 531; ~ ,

177;

qi

571 , ~ 555 555; #!fi: ' 571 555; 'I~ , ~IJ ' ~~ 571 772 , f$ , :flt ' !ill ' .. ' WHi '

e

Y¥ ' Jf.

i~

~

I) ,

wiZ ' ilit '

~

, ,H;

, , te ' We ' B ' W ' z:

*~ ~ ~z: 157; ~ ,

1l '

~i

765 ill 795

7{If' H~

, " ' :t~ , if

158;

, tJlf 178;

~iZ

' !iBZ

200

m' ~ , ~ , m' it:

199

, t~ , YiL ' Fs 158; 111:)] , 1iJf ' wU ' #i ' ' :&: 177; m' '1'2: ' i~ 183; ~ , it: ' ~iZ ' ~ , ~ 199; ~ tiffi '

~

, ffj ,

'I~

196

PInyIn Index

qia qlan qifm qian qian qlang qifmg qiang qlao qiflO qiao qiao qle

qie qie qie qln qin

~i§: , 'Ii'! ' r!Ji?i 795 'I~ 464; ~'*467;. 467, 494; $' WJf 485; ¥ ' ~ , M 491; W't ' ~fj 514; ~ , ri 686; ~ 695 $Z , m 468; M ' iJ@ 478; fir ' W ' ~t!i ' !i ' ~~ , ~ 675;

fa'

!i

iI

706;

m:

~ 467;

m,

717 467 ' 485; ~ 491; 'It ' lS ' f~ 491; 7Z 675;

' ~ 695 !fI ' ~ 686; if

{J[ 485; 699

fi

5E ' !Il5t '

, 'I~ , fit ,~ 128; ffll~ , i'! ' ~ , ~ , ~ 'MiT 129; MI ' Jfi ' ~i ' 1'1 ' tI ' ~~ , J!i 133

~s

11

'~

T' 1Yf' 11 696;

695; ~ 695 '

E~

132

127; t~ 152 ~* 535; ~~ , ~ 544' 591; ;m , t~ 547; 565; jfk 573; ~ 591 ~ , 1l ' 11 ' ~ , !l!~ 548; 1& 566; ~ , ~ , §! , ~ 574 'I'~ , 'Itk 573; Vj 591 iI 565; ~ 566; {~ , ~~ , U!i1:l 573; ~fi 574; :/Wi 575; ~ , i~ 591 fJJ 775 150 794; ilJa S26 £L 775 fJJ 177 ' 775; ~ , ~ , 'I'~ , ~ 765; ~ , #~ 775; t~ S25 348; ~J\ ' ~ 705; t~ 714; 1~ , ~ , ,~ 715

m

*'

m

~'~'~'~3TI;.'.3@;~,a'~'.'.W6;.

717

qin qln qlng qing qing qlng qlong qi6ng qlU

qiu qiu qu

qu qu qu quan qufm

~ ,~ ,~~

715 ~C\ 715 ' 716 gNP 44; !~ , Wi ' ~ 59; 1);]{ , tj 88; $~ 93 WI- ' WJJ ' JW~, ffi.~, ~ 45; 'Ii ' 8~ 60 ~i 59; J::j 88 JJ: 44; 1~ , Wi ' 1m ' t~ 59; ~ 88; ~, ~ , W 93; 348 ~,1§, ~ 28 ~ , fit ' r~, ;tf3' ~ 29; ~j , 'If ' B: ' 'If 89 JJ~ 600; f:k' ~'I;' I): , tfk 610 t.t 599, 601; ~ , {n ' ~ , n ' ~ , i# ' ~ , 11 ' ~dt ' tt ' 601; gg , ill 611; III 613; ~4 ' ~* ~ 647 *$! 600, 646 Jffi 264' 265; ~ , r! ' ~! ' 1iI ' "rm; , ~ , 11 ' !l!~ , "rm; , ~ , §tfj 265; arB ' m ' ~ 272; a! S25 ~ ~* ~ ;f~ , ¥i ' • ' iIJ ' M ' M ' ~ , 1lj}] , frij , tgJ® ' *121 266 1M ' fffi 265; ]f3Z 272' 640 00 232; 265; • ' ~ , m 272 Ei1 499; 'I'~ 504; ~ , ti! 517 Ii!£: 457; il ' ¥ ' IDi ' ~ , :ff ' t'g 499; ~ , {:i ' ~ , 1i ' :¥ ' ~ , ~ 504; ~ , ~:i 505

m

*' '

.f*

, ' ,

*

*'

197

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

quan quan que que que qiin qun

8jjt 497;

7:.

~,WJ

517

498; ~ 517

fIi;R: 799; ~ 816

'*

j\f 817 tiP 158' 547; 'I~ 521; 572; W® ' iW& ' 'fJt?; , 1it ' ~ , #fj 591; lifl£J 593; ~ , M 382; ~ 388 f=f ' 383

m' i!1Z 573; m' it ' :ft 590; IiJ

799

:m

rong

483; ~ 693 483; -14 ' ¥} , ~ 693 • ' t~ , tl ' ii{ , JJl 126 t~ 126 §l 126 ~ 563 jJ: , ~ , ~ , ~!! 563 ;g , ;:.fi 784 ~ 784; ~ 814 A ' 1- 359; f:f ' :E 724 Hif, 359; if 724 #ZJJ 339; TJJ ' ~!B ' fJ] , ~I1 ' "§I1 359; ~1 ' ffI7, , ~1 ' #,1 ' i:f 724 1Jj , ~ 70 B ' ,~B ' A 188 ~ 38; ~!R ' ~~ , 11 ' ~ , i@ , ~ , ?It ' ~ 40; tJ(; , ~ , ,~ , i,\t~ , If 42 7L ' IE 42

rau rou rou

j,* ' 622 ~ 283

rfm ran rang rang rang rao rao re re ren ren ren reng

r1 rang

~ ~

,

~

m' rl ' m' m'

m'

'** '

~*

ru ru ru

ftIO ' Wi ' ¥j. !x. ' & ' *ft:

ruan ruan rut rut rut rua ruo

:!:W

A

~~

' '* ' f* ' '* ' if*

622

270; ~D ' fri ' 11 ' iI ' 'II ' ~ , 283 188; itIO ' ~ , :00 ' *~ 1Ji 283 515 396' 515; we 512; ~ 515 ~ 230 230 224; pg , ¥r7'J ' ~FJ 230; ~3t ' ~ 238; 750 , ~~ , ~ 563; ~ 814

' ~L

m

' U]I ,

m ' ri'm

,

n'

*

Jffij

~

;:.fi

198

m 230'

814

283

PInyIn Index

run run

~* 396

sa

1,1 303; Ji '

Sal

sai san san san sang sang sang sao sao sao se sen seng sha sha sha shai shan shan shan shang shang shang shao shao shao shao she she she she shei

M'

~~ 396

~& S18;

1,1 303, S19

[W 302; ~ 331 {~ 181; • ' ~ 302 ~t ' .=:. ' ~ 665 fl: ' ~f( , $: 429; ~ 665 fl: 429 ~ , ~ 119 ~ , ~ , ~ 119 ~ 119 ~i ~i:

' 11 ' ~ , #~ , ~~ , ft ' 'II ' iff} , tff} 538

538

* ' 0* ' tw ' iff}1lliE , 1*

538 , ~ , 3;N , 197; ~ 331; 5 ' Tit ' Ti 332 ~ 666; ~ 728 1~ , fi 84 19;- , ~ S 19 1l 789 III 307 ' S19; ~ S19 8.1 ' ~ 303 gOO ' f!!!T ' frfffi 429; ffiFJ ' M ' W 430; fl ' tM; , iJll ' ~ , ~ 493; ~ , ~,~ ,~, ~J 666; -;5' 688 ~ 653; ~ , 00 688 "§W ' 1W 430; ~ , ~ , Ifl ' E!) , #,~ , i~ , Hi ' mr 480; ~ 493; ~ , -;5' 688; • 689 p,}j' ~ , 1J ' ~ , M ' ~ , *~ 120 • 120; L 121 ~

t, '

~'L 121

fF§ , tF§ , 5F§ , ~ , 1m ' 1l'f ' ~F§ 539; m 557 19 161 ' 558; 00 ' kJ 558; *~ 558 ' 561 & 557 & 557; ~B ' B~ , B 558; Btl 558 ' 566 ~ , ~ 777; 1t S5 E 734' S29; E S29; 1il S33 ~

, '

,•

~ , 303 ' 538; ~Ji

389

0i ' t~ 758 ' ~ 758; :m:

789

1fu ' '2: 734

III ' jI M:r 289

13 '

, ~~ , ~ S2; ~ S3

il~ 289; ,;: ,

*1Ji '' '1* ', -x.It ' ~~

J:l ' 1.1 ' 5lf. 654 413;

m

1M ' ~

fJ( ,

II ' fi=l ' 11: ' 1ii '

~J 289 413; ffit ' ~ 653 414; .. ' 1l ' f!:

'

~

,~ 290

, §ik '

~~

, '11R.

' 1~

, ~ik ' M ' •

~ , N ' fig 653 413; ~ 480; ~ 652' 653; ~ , ~~ 653; •

rEI. 414;

o.l

688 , it 102 201

654; ~~

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

~~ tang tang tao tao tao te teng tI ti t'i ti tian tian tian tian tiao tiao tiao tiao

tie tie tie tIng ting t'ing ting tong tong

~'.'.'~'M'~'~'~'.'~'~lm !Ii ' 11 ' -m- 102 11 ' l$j , ~ 102 W ' ~ , '1'5 ' OJ] , {I* ' :j:jt ' #JEJ ' j'it ' 15 524; ;J:{tf] 525 1Jt 524; ~{irJ , f,;1JH ' ~ , DJt ' 1Jt ' fg , ,~ , r$) , rID ' ~ , III 525; ~Jt 550 ~"1 524 rt ' ~ , ~ 324; ~ , 1m 325 JJI ' E~ , ~ , jJi , JJt 74 ;f~ , ~ , ~Ij 162 rPrlf ' ~ , ~W ' :fff ' #~ , W ' M ' t7t' *~, ~ #Jl! ' ,~}! 163 ffI 162 ~ 161; 1!f ' ~iJ ' ~ , Jf!tt, ~,~, 1JEJ ' lEI ' ~iJ ' t~ , ~ 162 471; ~ 678 EE ' 1ff! ' ffij( , ~Hl ' t~ , IiJ 472; mt ' i[i5 679 MI! ' ~ , jJ1. 471; 1% 678 ~ 471 tit ' 1Jt ' :j:j~ , i[~t 568 ill ' {I* ' ~ , tllR ' !W!J ' 1J~ , ':B ' ~ , {~ 550 1iS 550; J±jt ' ~ 568 R ' gJt ' ~m JI1t 568 '['r!i ' ~J!i ' ~J!i ' ~J!i 767 • ' ' . ' ~J!i 767 ~ , ~J!i 767 1T ' ~~ , • 48 rg , 1~ , }i , ~ , "'F ' ~ , 1~ , fr~' g 49 ~ , 1M ' mi 48; Jru; 49 • 48 W4 i['~ 4; ~ 4 ' 5; [PJ , ~ , :it ' 11 ' ~1nJ ' i~ , 1m ' JJl ' 81 ' 11 ' .'.'~'~'~,m'~'¥'~5

m'

,m

*-

'

tou

1to ' MrJ

til tii

tit

m,

m'

:j:m ' 1m ' #JE

tu-

m'

m'

tong tong tou tou tou

,

m: ' rm '

m4

4

633 iIJ[ , ~ , 'rot: 634 l± 633 633 7.i=t J:..A. 1J;:t tt::r ill1 J n§tr , fit ' 1f ' ~ , • ' 1:1i ' ~ , tiX ' m ' tl,~ , J'l~ , ft ' U!fr 281 FF;1 ,

l1i.!

yuan

'

~ , ~ , J[~ ,

I==f

n ' t~

511;

. / ....

1J#1 ' B ' 207

./....

~i':l

'

,/....

'l'1:§ 513; ~ 514

l

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

Pn

yuan

1')ffi ,

yuan yuan yue yue

~ 512

JB •

yun

yun yun yun

437;

~

]I; •

,

~

1m ' jl · PI · 1'R '

i)j , ft~ • ,I( , ~ , iJt ~ , 1m ' [II , il 512;

,

'

~n

' ii ' R ' zt ·

m' ~ , *~ 514

7'& 511; !9J[ , ~ , ~ , ;EI 512; t~ 514 *,fi 543; f.t"J 560; EI 811 Jjlj 284' 811 ' 793; ~ , ffi ' ~ , " 544; iii ' ~ , ~ , 11 561; ~ 596; ¥ 597; ~ 760, 811; Jjlj 793; H ' fJ[ • .. ' ~~ • f~ , ~B ' EI 811; t~ , ~ , 1m 812 if ' 1~ , i1 ':5] , ~ 394; ~ , ~ , iI ' 1.i ' fi ' ~ , A ' ~ , "ii 408 ft ' 1ft 394; ~ , ~~ , 11 408 qz. 68; 1~ , t!l ' 'I'!f! ' ~ , m ' ~ , fit 407; ~ • ~ , ~ , 'I: ' *~ ~~ 408

za

ill S 15

za

t~

zal zai zai

zan zan zan zang zang zang

zao zao zao zao ze ze zei

zen zeng zeng zha zha zha zha

m S17 1». ' *Z ' ~ , mS15;

* ' iX

299

299 298 ' 300; ~ • 299; J1X • 1± ' ~ 301 662; ~ 662 ' 725 fl 448; ~ , JI 662 • ' ~ • I'~ 426; :EJ 428; tJf 450; If ' ;X , IT ' J[ 664 ~ , .: ' ~f ' jj:l(;, ~~ 116 ,~El. ,~~ 116 ~ 116; ~ 111 118 fI ' 1f!. ' i%! ' ~ , 11" ' ~ , 535 ~ 535 ' 537 1f!. ' i%! • ~ • 11" • ~ , 535 ~ 535; !fi ' ~ 537; t~ 538; i!i 637 • ' ~ , ~J ' 'if ' rtF ' ffF ' ~ 292; [Ill • :t¥ ' 294; ~U 329 f:t!:. ' IX 326; 328 ~ • 330 725 *~ ~~ 60; t~ , 'I'~ , W ' Jfi • Il ' f~ 82 ~FL 58; ~~ 83 tB 774; fJ! S5 D1JT ' ~u S5; 11 ' ~ S7 fF S5; !lZ S 15 u:t ' ~ S5; -'F S7

**

i"

iX

m'

m

m

*' , m

m' #'* m' t* ' *'* rr ·

,

208

r¥

,

PInyIn Index

zhai zhfli zhai zhai zhan zhan zhan zhang zhang ~ang

zhao zhao zhao

m

~

, 292 , ~ 294 ~ 292; ~ , i%' 294 ~ ~ 292; ~ 294 l~J 414 , 474; ~ , ~f 474; !I ' flft ' ffi ' It ' I~ 486; {tt" ' Ji' ' !It ' r!=i 681; J~ 682 9 ' ~ , S 416; M ' • 486; ljiff 656; j4 681 ~ 418 ' 490; ~ , ~ , *JE 418; ~ , j~ 486; ft' fZ~ 656; ~! 658; r!=i 681 5:R' lift ' ~ , ~ , ~ , :Ef ' ~ , ~ , 1f 105 ~,~, iJL 105

~

1. ' ,

:m '

~'$'~'~'.'.'~lM;~'tt'tt'~lm IlWJ 527; s:g , ~lj , ~ 551

:m '

JT\ '

JR '

~ , Jm 527; ~ 527; W '

B 553

zhe zhe zhe zhe zhen zhen zhen zheng zheng zheng zM ~i ~I

~i

~

m'

1B 551

11

529; !l~ ,

iE ' g?3 551;

» ' ~lS ' 1m ' 1ff6 ' :tj~ ,

769

m 167; ~~ 292; rg- , !if ' $[ , fg , 1JT ' V ' 'II ' ~ , '!'~ 769' S29; 1JT S33 m 182; ;fr , ~ 769

769; •

tE ' l~ , ffl': ' #JT 769 JJi 340' 484; ~ , ti:l: ' ti:l: 51; 1~ 76; ~ , ~ , j:KZ 340; ~ , ~ , 1* 400; 1il ' Eti ' i4 ' ~t ' ffi~ , ~ 708 ,~ , !lit ' ~ , f.:'& ' ~ , M; , If ' rM ' 1l 340; ~ 341; TX 708 R ' 1M ' ~~ , ~ , ±l ' :FJ! 340; *51 ' ~* ~ 342; ~ 342 ' 710;

*'

'

708; t® 710 ~,ti:l:' t~ , fIE ' M ' ~iE • :IE ' ~ , ~ , 76; :f¥i- 637 ~,j:?i; 51 Jt3z: ':IE , ~lE ' i& 51; "J~ 53; $~ 76

m:

51; T '

tt

* ' * ' fi¥

~'~'M,m,m,~,~,~,~,~,~,~,~,.,.,

,z '

,

m~ Z ' 11 ' *~ 1+ ,!It 165 .'.'.'B'~'~'.'~'~I~;~'~l~;~l~' 182; :l:1[ 182; ~i 167' S28 ~'~'~'~'~'ffl,m,m,m,~,m'@'±'~'hl' Nll: ' ;tJJ: ' :it: ' ~ll: 165

m'

w'~'m,~'m,.,ft'.'fi'.'~'.'.'~'~ ~,~,.,m,.,~,~,~,.,~,~,g,ft,.,

~I

'

~I 165; .. 165' 181; ~ 166;

11 '

~i

' 9i ' Wlf ' If'if '

11~

,

~,m,m,~,.,m,~,~,~,~'~'ft'.I~;

~ 167' 189;

g 181;

~ 167 ' 294; ~ 165 ' 769

209

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

zhong zhong zhong zhou zhou zhou zhou zhii zhu

'~'J~\'~I'~i'~'!ii 7 ~ ~I 7; 30 ~ ~I 7; 30 5*5 267; lj!* ' 1f.t ' ft ' rnJ ' 1\[\[ , m~ fEB 269 Bt ' ffl 603 r; , f5G 603; M ' ~ , @"t ' 636; ,~ , 1165 638

*r:pr:p ', ,, JW '' m' JEi1$ , it:m:

, lVWJ '

m'

• ' u* ' ~

a=r '

§I '

~

i&* ' ffn

, • ' r1+[

603

605; ~B( , ~ , ~

, m' ~ , ~ , ~* ' *~ , *= ' J5K ' ** ' !I!* 267; ~ , 1* ' * 277 ~ , J}L , ~ , II~ , tEl ' 11 ' m267; ~ 268 ' 269; ~Ui ' N~

1'1 '

269

zhu zhu

~,~,~,m,~,.,tt'~'.'.'.2~

zhua zhuan zhuan zhuan

tm

@~7;~,a,tt,~,~,~,tt,.,~,tt,~,m

267; 1er ' til7 ' iT ' 527; ~ , ~ 788 ~ 457; W ' lfi ' •

"

500

:tn ' tl€ ' ~ , ~ JIl 658

zhuang zhufmg zhuI zhul zhiin zhun zhun zhuo zhuo zI

fr ' T '

*-t ' ~ , 13:

' trJ 500

459; ~ , "

l'

500;

269

500' 502;

*'

f~ 502;

m: ' J± ' ~ , #tz: 151 :fl 145; M± 151; AA 153 ~ , m ' 1£ ' ,!§l , ,~1E 210

iU 143; •

143;

'!'i'ffi ' ~ , ~ 210; IM ' ~ , ~ 212 ~ , ~ , ~ , ~~ 384 ~ , ± 'f '1'3 'l'rnJ

186 795 270 619 135 243,525 167 648 466 186 650,690 172 517 441 469 290 226 282 390 617 124 244 195 290 157 511 795 354 204 65, 71 182 679 4,5

Stroke Order Index

'I~

tlfIl 'I'~

'I~

tt 'l'1I 'I~~

11iJ 't~

m Jffii f-f

fg;:

fA f~

15 f:J:t t~

t3 t~ ~

:WE

ti ~ flQ] f~ t~ ifj(

i!O[

nIT Dtli &if

1H

521 274 593 186 545 141 568 389 36 476,488,489 87 295 433 181 167 764 27 51 745 182 504 524,550,568 310 S4 5 165 S15 51 239 551 181 157 620

flf.

BE BJ;!:

e* ~

~

8f §! if-

if€! BJ: Bit Bty @

tm ~

ffij ~

U

* ~

* ~

tt!i fIIfr f~

filJ t~

m tHI

f1l] fB

ff WP

385 551 66 217,298,754 182 61 537 281 106 510 168 278 662 533 742 191 693 269 622 626 463 794 240 293 601 730 54 650 269,620 629 295 537 621

227

tlf

tEfl t1£ fB

t# {tit

tl fE ;fhu f~

fflt f€J fR

teJ M :z!s:

~

~

'riJX

*'Jfl 711. ¥~ ~

-a:J:

mIt ,r&, ~

r$ ~1+1

t.it /,

rfiE $

r7E ¥3

56 797 161 735 446 186 215 769 794 168 655 559 165 649 239 291, 736 195 278 138 290 257 442 243 171,194 214 505 124 603 24 621 347 179,492 745, 760

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

~i1

~* ~®

~~

m ~J\:

~ ¥j~

¥T3]

113 1M ¥~

ri r!1 riffi r{f

rrtt iroJ

nm

r* ~13 ~~

mn 1:~

~

1:p;j 1§ ;tIiJJ '-'-'

ER.

1:~

1:B 1:1 m

I I \\

797 296 36 545 228 140 186 524 390 159 236 186 307, 792 262 179,303 478 177,193 283 226 277 57 24,137 188 510 228 54 266 91 413 532 551 267 532

~

tt ~ ~ff 1~

IN j~

lr5 II JEt ;EfJ ~

lB JM !~

1ft l§. ~

:& ~

Waf7\ 1II!x:

ItJ IH,& ~

m f}(

tt fEf. ~

~ ~

512 85 239 161 614 354 590 677 429 752 69 340 296 169 510 8 255 25 719 227 318 497 472 394 423 238 318 341 602 200 231 318 149, 155

228

7J:? 1J;. ~

Jill.

b'ri ~

f§ J!§ ~

~ ~5t ~y

~L§

~t: ~7i

r4' ~51

liH

Em ~

ffrlC WllI: ffifT

iiiK tJj

tn t~ ~

r4

tk ftt

frp l=E ~

68 368 214 30 61,85 134 217 410 364,386 420 556 477 533 420 43,456 352 481 177 314 560 166 159 200 113 79 206 280 746 610 169 30 540 501

Stroke Order Index

~

1B ¥ ~

*9:

*t rl me mE *Z:

*"J

mf

~JII

*Jt arr ~ ~

A

~

9'fl ~

it H ~* ~

ijI ~ S=!

Pl

W i!iJj

ijEfi ijil ij~

J~l

242 384 409 280 283 605 24 157 339 261 560 279 390 453 137 649 217 620 186 533 291 192 446 274 215 228 605 214,216 261 794 289 531 357

lID: ~* M:

165 265 753 ~ili 173 WF 257 189 ~$ ¥!x: 165 Th S6 660 533 r:iT 742 :e; 240 no 794 ;fi 563, 784 If 626 f!¥ 693 83 556 ~ 66 FE 267, 788 -;tt p 290 rri 279,511 :§ 530 ~ 69 tij 629 :9ff 533 :!if:: 187 .l.L ~ £\ . 171 ZjS 56 1st 751, 753 ~ 252 % 8 75 688 75 688

m

"* -H-

229

]t -++-

l3.

n m !!II ~t

M! fir fn ~

§t §T §~

~ ~

lEt ~

'ij[ ~Jt

~ ~ ~71 m ~ j@

m ~.A

m

~

tt ~~

~~

rm ~~

t~

271 272 186 549 1,24,127 13 236 481 410 578 198 47,49 252 51 649 252 646 381 203 269 S24 550 163 91 295 290 164 292 590 125 279 742 231

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

px~

¥~

*~ l!J~

6~ -@f

@T 11 ~R

~iN ~B ~~ ~t< ~fffi

00 l¥ :XL

&!

~ ::IT.

s Jj,

m

* §

W

64 165 267 389 617 611 47 30 465 645 298 127, 137 285 188 477 318 228 599 720 14 173 167, 186, 196 614 136

f~ f~

i' f~

i¥ @[

iii i~

1$11 i~

i:R iJili i~ i~ i~ {~

i~ m~

fl~ {~

1}l 1~

{1ffi {~

1$ {~

Ten Strokes

*{ff fl?;

{1i~

{m

53 438 297 113 252

{iji {t;( {~

~ ~ ~

~

499 2 15 59,491 97 167 774 184 523 690 106 266 264 264 106 730 617 297 612 761 186 169 395 45 219 478 582 268 162 28 117 101 694

230

~ }j[

/"

,** ~

it

1m ~

{' gfj

JEll ~Ij

[MJll

1j{fj ~Ij ~Ij JiJJ

~ p~U

JJf.:

5ll of'3

m o§p ~

f!f o~

Uffl ~

t£i t$ t51:

ttl

t'F if1

rn ro

t15 tft

fZJS

f* #(

fEl ~

f9( f~

fE

340 166 85 264 708 752 165 684 272 531 55 214 602 196 221 255 342 267,603 165 257 253 182 524 261 252 52 754 138 255 349 167 214 266

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

~f

f$ ~

JJJ ~

'&

m ~ m yr!l

~

* ~ ~

m *)}

*1i *Sl:

* *7h ;W

mrH

m *!t t&

*i mPi *a *61 itt *f

*1' *:ft

215 192 292 578 684 578 267 531,621 792 656 575 198 159 S25 527 370 113 372 372 258 303,538 384,392 606 170 157 408 S4 165 370 652 724 627 24

~If

mR Wi

342 269,276 601 799 239

~

~

13

~

774 239 520 239 181 25 24 370 188 408 92 540 652 92 140 165 778 496 219 36 298 291 75 176 476 240, 786 604, 782

TL:

*51 *Y

*t m

m ~

J\\\

f~

YM /,U.

~~

~~

$ ~ffii

*i

*jj: *t Wt

~*

nyc m~ ~

nlN MB n~

Illi1 tf~ tf~

1f M n~ ~

234

# jlJj[

jij1J

-=t!!:

1IL

ffh ffij

if 1$

1fi 00 ® 1£

n

rui ~

m 5R 1ff. ~

~ ~

if ~

1m fr] .......

.!l:~

I&

:g;

1*

167 281 122 113 419,444,446 246 112 147 187 43 42 478 536 356 226 724 192, 194 283 57 389 277 194 504 590 285,318 42 163, 186 491 783 194 566 318 253

Stroke Order Index

-+-+-

1'f ~ ~

Mf. JJJf. ~Jt ~4 ~51 ~

m ~:f

~ ~7i: ~tt ~5i

!llR ~P3

!i!'n-

Sa mIlt ~

;W -=±=..

-!m.

rR

r~ ~

~ ~C

H ~1 ~I

gili ~1t

97 166,293 468 592 195 372 632,647 357 535 166 111 7 437,512 171 199 166 230,814 371 811 270 313 7 512 172 381 704 705 157 S24 524 24 430 350

~t:

~JII ~Z: ~f

~ .!=!,i

R

~t ~9

~f ~t =

ffi!

--"'" ~

Ii] ~~

!lIf !lIE $J[ $fL ~ ~

~ ~ ~

~

jJm ~ ~ ~

ill ill ~

~ ~~

524, 748 393 157 278 359 158 294 530 411,464 301 1 324 158 27 494 359 811 660 283 20 160 172 207 291 226 525 210 617 79 783 745 37 383

235

~~

540 ~~ 68 ~~ 794 ~~ 252 ~~ 520 im 609 @C 215 @~ 551 gg;j 605 @!B 186 ~T 47 ~t 708 ~IJ 551 ~ 253 688 Ilif! 342 ~JE 632 171 ~.f ~ 688 ~~ 269 ~~ 97 ~M 63 165 ~!V 11 165 ~ 389 w!L 157 fl 47 ,~ Sl1 if 239 520 rWJ 31 FJ 632 187,318 ~ gj 607

f\,

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

'*' I::::::.

*

106 203

1ffi&

f~ i~1

{II

{l f~ {~ {~ {~ {~

f~IJ

{WI {,;

fa {oo

{i @ {,~ {~

{fij {lli {~

{~ {1~

!fi2

m

rutr 77

/!Ill

lu

Eleven Strokes ~

lIt

409,468 228 49 794 495 228 468 631 227 318 52, 76 326 633 489 184 477 214 543 195,300 159 52 224 155 649 167 632 477

f.M l¥1J f~

IJJ ;}]

'MJ ~

m;

m ~

Ii ~ ~ ]tij

UtfL U~

US2 O~

u*1!7{ F~9

U&1

I1i

m UN U~

O@ U, U,

ott

155 490 215,252,627 262 785 333 254 651 5 216,253 532 182 168 265,644 203 663,665,748 425,447 120 S23 582 307,S21 106 654 372 525 238 615 807 187 654 12 12 669

236

1/ ~

I¥I ~ ~ ~

:ti ;I:~

~

¥: ~

¥A ;I:~

;l:J¥: ;I:~

;I:~

tw

;I:~

tM t~

*

;1:* f?f ~

• ~

~ffl

~ ~~ ~~ ~

M! ~¥

499 203 280 227 484 542 206 171 157 103 241 165 216,625 384 182 290 538 186 81 481,493 336 300 777 272 645 511 649 672 171 377 753 774 97

Stroke Order Index

~I&

tIr¥ ~~

~r~ ~A

IT!

m ~

JM:

m W !! ~

* ~1 ~

M~ ~

Fwt g}. ~

ru~

Uffit mJifl

~

~ '-'-'

I'm

*1M ijJ ~ 1M}

¥

1i

271 552 722 277 277 630 357 157 178 274,612 217 662 300 227,279 500 131 243 162 9 2 158, 159 266,280 308 360 79 219,220 380 593 34 98 690 273 707

J;l ~

1r¥f

IP*

$1 ~

1M tft ~

~

5.R 5$ 5/lfJ ;j;$

-=r

*~ *~ ~/

n5

1~

fJE

1[£ 1~F l~P J~ ~ {r5( Jt:::..

1'JB '1$ 'I~ 'I'~

tR til

'I£¥! 'I'~

529 121 288 105 228 99 40 276 669 281 105 129 81 222,228 343 300 567 323 195 31,33 216 280 460 179 620 454 220 177 60 106 179 525 115

237

'I~ 'I~

499 162 '1m 604 'tt 238 'I~ 233 tm 260 'I~ 362 'I'~ 2, 128 '1":'7 )J\ 19 '1'X. '1< 654 t~ 800 1~f 173 'I~ 377 t~ 187 JmX 177 ~ 794 ~ 261 tg 139,562 ~ 2, 128 tft 516 t~ 186 ~ 652,653 t* 774 tJ! S32 14 ifttl 266 itT 256 1t 690 t¥ 550 538 ft~ 310 tr~ 369 tiE 207,211 JC,i)

t*

tm

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

flfH f$ f* 1*.1

m f~ tJTX

~

1ft j]\

1M 1¥ Vlk 1~ 1~

i@ 1rS f", 1~

mJ ii t~ ~ 95!J.

*!J. f!J. ~!J.

~!J. ~ ~jz

}ljz ~~

W!J. ~

395 637 300 264 297 525 494 777 S4 623,625 257 688 636,639,642 747 795 264 295 750 54 493 59 171 522 599 590 295 297 199 346 749 275 166 280

~f

!WT

1m M fj~

om 1% ~

..E3.

~

Bg ~

BEJ Bm VI fih 'iI.

em B~ tR s

f§f ~ m, 71":

fl* f¥ 1{

fm @

ffi f~ f~

m ~ f~

fBi 217 fFB 165 11* 550

261 656 257 507 58 168 58 603 425 284 353 225 183 537 278 115 248 519 165 769 506 139 162 192 660 4 361 284 92 321 49 199 758

~

• f1C

f~ ~

fN ~

~ t~

f3t fili t~

ti:lJ f~

fH f5R ~

!¥X ~X

it'x ~~

~ ~

~ t~

r,fj'(

itt

r6 IJ\

r~

rJR.

238

187 564 439 125 171 214 714 68 252,649 748,800 239 590 740 250 634 303 281 642 183 306 303,S19 555 541 601 479 139 392 19, 145 186 654

Stroke Order Index

rtR ~ ~~

m tIt -',

#f rii hl'~ rfg

rim ~i iWrf

#ft iJ ~~ ¥~ r~ t~

tim i~

tiE

m ~;

¥l'1 ¥¥ i~ ~ 'r'?

{IE

~~

~~ 1~ ~}ffi

iW

279 678 491 59 159 723 160,308 277 690 239 378 513 179 177 267 668 229 722 395 718 315 593 189 649 219 582 650 472 761 69 227 261 170

~!j!

iff< t~E

i~ -s-

;K'\

7.%

it ~

JR ~

$ ~ ~~

t15 1~ 1~ 1~

5*

r1

1~

JJJl

17C $

*f3RIN :EI fJl Jet J~

ijf

J% ~1ll

526 282 174 718 80 495,469 14 393 276 154 485 187 93 239 300 13 106 745 256 184 592 186 259,282,313 263 125 601 187 519 284 510 48 612 261

239

ffEi

56 194 ~ ~t:t 679 £ 430 ffi~ 562 Bli 235 169 W 186 ~ 165, 167 iffit 259 m 167 ~ 354 m 194 ~ 504 ~ 186 W 124 564 J!J?

Ml ffi$ ~

m ~

7J'
-L.

#~

~ il~

m ~

*g lWP

558 252 267 179 352 255 229 7 776 252 269 735 650 605 167 181 264,266 340 290 751 310 612 124 269 161 186 69 180 186 167 252 196 562

240

Iffl ID4 ~m ij}t

Mi ~JN

'I Ifft ~ H~ ~ ~ ~

H' ¥t

~t ~J:

ME! ~&

~iiJ

Mm

ilJF ~ ~ ~

7C

~ ~

M ~ ~ -H-

§

}if ~

fI}:.

69 653 252 748, 749 612 353 386 460 695 97 531 756 503 94 21 735 519 297 502 730 269 292 252 758 438,460 402 764 97 112,251,626 533 264 151 217

Stroke Order Index

~

1iif tJ( ~

Iff J[

:e J~'\

-::tt

!IT.

@

~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~

Jf8

m

11ft

!Irt ~i!i

!Ill!. !l!tl !I!~

VIti 1~j

~

f'& fEl fm fPJ

r! t-t f~

620 742 163 243 252 465 115 634 259 97 252,555 756, 788 49 732 268 607 253 261 186,734,S29 239 271 69 519 269 510 360 216 414 613 532 510 424 265

f0 ;:/ ~

WJ ~ ~

J1t ~JI!

AA ~~

Mi ~if

~ ~f\J

~~ §~

§0 ~1t ~Jf

§X §7( ~~ n~ ~ff

~

~ ffi.l.

~

ffi'l.

~ ~ ]t

~

'1&

Nt

Jfj(

340 626 543 290 14 172 231 798 256 113 S22 798 244 278 777 35 763 405 602 560 182 364 484 787 420 292 438 759 653 345 415 777 165

~ff g~

g~

~&

~

,It'X jf! jH1 ~"Ei ~

~ ~

WI ~

~ ~ ~tt

m

~

~ ~ ~

ilil ~

~ f§~

!1~ if~ 1.] khon [k':Jn] khu [k'u] khue [k'ue] khun [k'un] khung [k'ul)] khwa [k'wa] khwang [k' wal)] khwaw [k'waw] khway [k'waj] khwe [k'we] khwo [k'w::>] khwya [k'ye] khwyan [k'yen] khwyaw [k' yew] khya (- khya) [k' ja] khya [k'je] khyam [k'jam] khyam [k'jem] khyan [k' jan] khyang [k' jal)] khyaw [k' jew] khyay [k' jaj] khyi [k'ji] khying [k' jil)] khyon [k'y::>n] khyu [k'y] 291

99 521 286 S25 674 467 547 398 72 630 322 158 705 44 600 731 439 240 204 361 2 786 141 580 311 816 746 799 498 595 795 765 699 695 464,485 128 565,591 319 199 93 517 265

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

khyue [k'ye] khyun [k'yn] khyung [k' yUl)] ki [gil kim [gim] kin [gin] king [gil)] kiw [giw] kue [gue] kwang [gwal)] kwe [gwe] kwyan [gyen] kyang [gjal)] kyaw [gjew] kyi [gji] kyiw [gjiw] kyu [gy] kyue [gye] kyun [gyn] kyung [gyUl)]

232 382 28,88 159 706 337 45 601 205 142 817 499 129 566 200 647 266 233 383 29,89

la ria] lam [lam] Ian [lan] lang [lal)] law [law] lay [laj] lem [lem] len [len] lew [lew] Ihing [lgl)] lhiw [lgw] lhiy [lgj] li [li] lim [lim] lin [lin] ling [lil)] liw [liw] 10 [b] Ion [bn] lu [lu]

S23 672 436 125 545 309 692 482 562 86 645 333 187 723 358 69 621 744 455 263 292

lue [lue] lun [lun] lung [lUl)] lwang [lwal)] lwaw [lwaw] lwo [lw~] lwya [lye] lya [lje] lyang [ljal)] lyon [ly~n] lyu [ly] lyun [lyn] lyung [lyul)]

229 380 26 150 589 762 813 783 139 518 282 395 41

rna [rna] man [man] mang [mal)] maw [maw] may [maj] me [me] men [men] mew [mew] mi [mil min [min] ming [mil)] miw [miw] mon [m~n] mu [mu] mue [mue] mun [mun] mung [mul)] muw [muw] mwo [mw~] mya [mje]

Sl1 422 112 533 298 S36 477 556 172 346 57 608 447 251 217 369 13 626 754 773

na rna] nam [nam] nan [nan] nang [nal)]

S4 655 415 104

Index of 'Phags-pa Forms

fiang [I).a1)] naw [naw] nay [naj] nem [nem] fiem [I).em] nen [nen] ngan [1)an] ngang [1)a1)] ngaw [1)aw] ngay [1)aj] nge [1)e] ngem [1)em] ngen [1)en] ngew [1)ew] ng'iw [1)~w] ngi [1)i] ngim [1)im] ngin [1)in] nging [1)i1)] ngiw [1)iw] ngo [1)J] ngyang [l)ja1)] nhing [n~1)] nhiw [n~w] ni [nil fii [I).i] fiim [I).im] nin [nin] ning [ni1)] fiiw [I).iw] no [nJ] non [nJn] nu [nul nue [nue] fiue [I).Ue] nun [nun] nung [nu1)] fiung [I).u1)] nwa [nwa] nwaw [nwaw] nwo [nwJ] nya [nje]

108 526 291 680 683 473 411 100 522 287 S29 676 469 549 631 160 707 338 46 602 732 130 75 635 164 168 711 339 50 606 736 443 244 209 213 365 6 10 787 581 750 768 293

nyaw [njew] fiyu [I).y]

569 270

o [J] on [In]

763 437

pa [ba] pan [ban] pang [ba1)] paw [bawl pay [baj] pe [be] pew [bew] pha [p'a] phan [p'an] phang [p' a1)] phaw [p'aw] phay [p'aj] phhing [p' ~1)] phi [p'i] phim [p'im] phin [p'in] phing [b~1)] phing [p'i1]] phon [p'Jn] phu [p'u] phue [p'ue] phun [p'un] phuw [p'uw] phwo [p'wJ] phya [p'je] phyan [p'jen] pi [bi] pin [bin] ping [bi1)] pon [bJn] pu [bu] pue [bue] pun [bun]

SlO 421 111 532 297 S30 555 S9 420 110 531 296 80 170 713 344 81 55 445 249 215 367 624 752 772 489 171 345 56 446 250 216 368

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

pung [bul)] puw [buw] pwo [bwo] pyaw [bjew]

12 625 753 571

sa [sa] sam [sam] san [san] sang [sal)] saw [saw] say [saj] sem [sem] sha [~a] sham [~am] shan [~an] shang [~al)] shaw [~aw] shay [~aj] shem [~em] shew [~ew] shhang [~Al)] Shhi [~l] shhim [~gm] shhin [~gn] shhing [~gl)] Shhiw [~gw] shhiy [~gj] shi [S}] shi [~i] shim [~im] shin [~in] shing [Sgl)] shing [~i1]] shiw [Sgw] shiw [~iw] shiy [Sgj] shu [~u] shue [~ue] shung [~ul)] shwa [~wa] shwang [~wal)]

S18 665 429 119 538 302 687 S19 666 430 120 539 303 688 557 154 197 728 402 85 643 332 195 181 718 352 84 63 642 614 331 259 223 21 789 146 294

shwaw [shwaw] shway [~waj] shwya [~ye] shya [~je] shyan [~jen] shyu [~y] shyun [~yn] si [si] sim [sim] sin [sin] sing[sil)] siw [siw] so [s;:,] son [sJn] su [su] sue [sue] sun [sun] sung [sul)] swo [swJ] swya [sye] swyan [syen] sya [sje] syan [sjen] syang [sjal)] syaw [sjew] sYu [sy] syun [syn] syung [sYUl)]

585 313 806 777 493 276 391 179 716 350 61 612 740 451 258 221 376 20 758 804 506 776 492 134 575 274 389 34

ta [da] tam [dam] tan [dan] tang [dal)] taw [daw] tay [daj] te [de] tern [dem] ten [den] tew [dew] tha [t'a] tham [t'am]

S3 654 414 103 525 290 S28 679 472 550 S2 653

Index of 'Phags-pa Forms

than [t' an] thang [t' aIJ] thaw [t'aw] thay [t'aj] them [t'em] then [t' en] thhin [t' gn] thhiw [t'gw] thiw [dgw] thhiy[t'gj] thi [t'i] thing [dgl]] thing [t' i1]] thiy [dgj] tho [t' J] thon [t'Jn] thu [t'u] thue [t'ue] thun [t'un] thung [t' Ul]] thwo [t'wJ] thya [t'je] thyaw [t'jew] ti [di] ting [dil]] to [dJ]e ton [dJn] tsa [dza] tsam [dzam] tsan [dzan] tsang [dzal]] tsaw [dzaw] tsay [dzaj] tse [dze] tsen [dzen] tsha [ts'a] tsham [ts' am] tshan [ts' an] tshang [ts' al]] tshaw [ts'aw] tshay [ts' aj] tshem [ts' em]

413 102 524 289 678 471 399 633 634 324 162 74 48 325 734 441 242 207 363 4 748 767 568 163 49 735 442 S17 664 428 118 537 301 S31 478 S16 663 427 117 536 300 686

tshhi [ts'1] tshhiw [ts' gW ] tshi [dZ}] tshi [ts'i] tshim [ts'im] tshin [ts'in] tshing [dzgl]] tshing [ts' il]] tshiw [dzgw] tshiw [ts'iw] tshiy [dzgj] tsho [ts'J] tshon [ts'Jn] tshu [ts'u] tshue [ts'ue] tshun [ts'un] tshung [ts'Ul]] tshwo [ts'wJ] tshwyan [ts'yen] tshya [ts'je] tshyan [ts'jen] tshyang [ts'jal]] tshyaw [ts'jew] tshyu [ts'y] tshyun [ts'yn] tshyung [ts'yUl]] tsi [dzi] tsin [dzin] tsing [dzil]] tsiw [dziw] tso [dzJ] tson [dzJn] tsu [dzu] tsue [dzue] tsun [dzun] tsung [dzul]] tswo [dzwJ] tswya [dzye] tswyan [dzyen] tsyam [dzjem] tsyang [dzjal]] tsyaw [dzjew] 295

193 640 194 177 715 348 83 59 641 610 330 738 449 256 219 374 18 756 504 775 491 132 573 272 388 32 178 349 60 611 739 450 257 220 375 19 757 803 505 696 133 574

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

tsyu [dzy] tsyung [dzyuI]] tu [du] tue [due] tun [dun] tung [duI]] two [dw::>]

273 33 243 208 364 5 749

u [u]

284

wa [va] warn [vam] wan [van] wang [vaI]] wi [vi] wu [vu] wun [vun] wung [VUI]] wuw [vuw]

S14 661 425 115 175 254 372 16 628

xa [fia] Xam [yam] Xan [yan] Xang [yaI]] Xaw [yaw] Xay [yaj] Xin [yin] Xing [yiI]] Xiw [yiw] Xiy [yij] Xo [y::>] Xon [y::>n] Xong [Y::>I]] Xu [yu] xue [fiue] Xue [yue] Xun [yun] Xung [YUI]]

S37 668 432 122 541 305 354 65 617 335 742 453 155 261 228 226 378 24 296

xwa [fiwa] Xwa [ywa] xwan [fiwan] Xwan [ywan] xwang [fiwaI]] Xwaw [ywaw] xway [fiwaj] Xway [ywaj] xwin [fiwin] Xwo [yw::>] xwya [fiye] xwyan [fiyen] xwyaw [fiyew] Xyen [yjen] xyu [fiy] xyung [fiYUI]]

793 791 462 460 149 587 317 315 408 760 811 512 597 519 280 38

Ya [?ja] ya [ja] Yam [?jam] yam [jam] Yan [?jan] yan [jan] yang [jaI]] Yaw [?jaw] yaw [jaw] Yay [?jaj] yay [jaj] ye [je] yem [jem] yen [jen] yew [jew] yi [ji] Yi [?ji] Yim [?jim] yim [jim] Yin [?jin] yin [jin] Ying [?jiI]] ying [jiI]]

S21 S22 670 671 434 435 124 543 544 307 308 S35 691 481 561 186 185 721 722 356 357 67 68

Index of 'Phags-pa Forms

Yiw [?jiw] yiw [jiw] ywi [yi] ywya [ye] Ywyan [?yen] ywyan [jyen] Yya [?je] yya [je] Yyam [?jem] Yyan [?jen] Yyaw [?jew] yyu [jy] Yyun> yyun [jyn] Yyung [?yUI]] yyung [jyuI]]

619 620 238 812 513 514 81 782 697 496 578 281 394 39 40

ze [ze] zen [zen] Zhang [raI]] zhang [z;.aI]] zhe [z;.e] Zhem [rem] zhem [z;.em] Zhen [ren] zhen [z;.en] Zhew [rew] zhew [z;.ew] zhi [Z}] Zhi [ri] zhi [z;.i] Zhim [rim] zhim [z;.im]

S32 479 126 121 S33 693 689 483 480 563 558 196 188 182 724 719

Zhin [rin] zhin [z;.in] Zhing [riI]] zhing [z;.iI]] Zhiw [riw] zhiw [z;.iw] Zhue [rue] zhue [z;.ue] zhung [z;.uI]] Zhwya [rye] zhwya [z;ye] Zhwyan [ryen] zhwyan [z;yen] Zhya [rje] Zhyu [ry] zhyu [zy] Zhyun [ryn] zhyun [z;yn] Zhyung [ryuI]] zi [zi] zim [zim] zin [zin] zing [ziI]] ziw [ziw] zue [zue] zwya [zye] zwyan [zyen] zyang [zjaI]] zyu [zy] zyun [zyn] zyung [zyUI]]

297

359 353 70 64 622 615 230 224 22 814 807 515 508 784 283 277 396 392 42 180 717 351 62 613 222 805 507 135 275 390 35

References

'Phags-pa Related Works Cheng Tsai Fa ~~:j3}~. 1965. Menggii ziyun gen gen Baslba zi you guan de yunshii ~ti*MJEJULV\J@ES*:ff~s"JM •. History and Chinese Literature Series No. 15. Taipei: Taiwan National University. - - . 1967. "Baslba zl biaozhu Hanyu dliliao jiaokanjl j\JGJ,ES*1~§±1l~~ ;f:t*41XlIJ~a. "In Qingzhu Lf Ji xiansheng qIshi sui ]unwenji ~*5L*~7t ~-t;+~§fflJX~, 933-1003. Taipei: Qinghua xuebaoshe, 1965-67. - - . 1985. Ancient Chinese and Early Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series No.2. Berkeley: Journal of Chinese Linguistics. Clauson, Gerard. 1959. "The HP'ags-pa Alphabet." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 22: 300-323. Coblin, W. South. 1999. "Thoughts on the Identity of the Chinese 'Phagspa Dialect." In Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series No. 15: Issues in Chinese Dialect Description and Classification, ed. Richard V. Simmons, 84-144 Berkeley: Journal of Chinese Linguistics. - - . 2001. "'Phags-pa Chinese and the Standard Reading Pronunciation of Early Ming: A Comparative Study." Language and Linguistics 2.2: 1-62. Denlinger, Paul. 1963. "Chinese in hP'ags-pa Script." Monumenta Serica 22.2: 407-433. Dragunov, Aleksandr A. 1930. "The hPhags-pa Script and Ancient Mandarin." Izvestija Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdelenie gumanitarnyx nauk,9:627-647,11:775-797. Gabelentz, Hans Conon von der. 1839. "Versuch tiber eine alte mongolische Inschrift." Zeitschriftfiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes 2.1: 1-21. Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1967. "The hP'ags-pa Transcription of Chinese Plosives." Monumenta Serica 26: 149-174.

299

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

- - . 1968 [1978]. "The hP'ags-pa Transcription of a Medieval Chinese Vowel." Original version included in a festschrift for Wataru Masuda, published as a volume of Jimmon kenkyu AXWf~ in 1968. Later revised and republished in Hashimoto (1978), 65-73. - - . 1971. "The hP'ags-pa Transcription of the Geng-she Syllables." Journal of Asian and African Studies 4: 1-37. - - . 1974. "Medieval Chinese in hP'ags-pa Script: Part 1." Journal of Asian and African Studies 9: 51-112. - - . 1975. "Medieval Chinese in hP'ags-pa Script: Part 2." Journal of Asian and African Studies 10: 165-182. - - . 1978. bP'ags-pa Chinese. Writing and Reference Materials, 1. Tokyo: National Inter-University Research Institute of Asian & African Languages and Cultures. Hope, Earl R. 1953. Karlgren's Glottal Stop Initial in Ancient Chinese, with Particular Reference to the hPhags-pa Alphabet and to Certain Points of Linguistic Psychology. Ottawa: privately published. Hugjilt, W. :Itt . n-¥if~51gf]1II. 1992. "Baslba z'i he Mengguyu wenxian' pingjie" «/\J!!.ES**D~-S~gX!l*)) ~-ffl-. Minzuyuwen R~~X 2: 25-33. Junast ?~~~wrlll. 1980a. "Baslba z'i Baijiax'ingjiflOkan" /\J~lES*s *~l;f5(WJ. In Minzu yuwen lunwenji R~~X§JfHX~, 267-269. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue. [Note: Junast is an ethnic Mongolian. When writing in Chinese, he uses the Chinese form of his name as given here.] - - . 1980b. "Lun Baslba z'i" ~1fB/\J~ ES::f:. Minzu yuwen R~~X 1: 37-43. - - . 1987. "Baslbawen yuffi1yln z'imu z'ixing wentishang de liangzh6ng tlxi" /\J!'l ESX7G1f::f:m::f:7f:1F~5:mJ::i¥Jmfifl~. Minzu yuwen R~~gX 4: 1-6. --.1988. "Y6uguanBaslbazimuedejlgewenti" 1§~/U~lES::f:m e s"J~{~F~5:m. Minzu yuwen R~~X 1: 1-7. - - . 1989. "Baslba z'i zhong de ling shengmu fuhflO" ~.-at1~fft Minzu yuwen R~~X 2: 29-36.

300

/\J=&.ES::f:r:f:1s"J

References

- - . 1990-91. Basfba zi he Menggiiyii wenxiim J\Jl~H:g*5fD~il)Z:lK. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. - - . 1999. "Mengguwen he Baslba zi yufmyln zimu de zlsu fenxI" ~il)Z:5fDJ\J~U:::*J1:1f*-eB"J**:5ttJT. Minzu yiiwen ~~*§:g)z: 3: 6-11.

*

--.2003. Xfnbian Yuandill· Basfba zi Baljiaxing ~JT~IJ\JGle:r=jq3 ~!. Beijing: Wenwu. JUnast and Yfmg NaisI f~lffitJl~¥\. 1987. Menggii ziyunjiilOben ~il* mHjc:$:. Beijing: Minzu. Lewicki, Marian. 1949. La Langue mongole des transcriptions chinoises du XIV siecie. Warsaw: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu i Politechniki we Wroclawin. Ligeti, L. 1956. "Le Po Kia sing en ecriture 'phags-pa." Acta Orientalia (Budapest) 6: 1-52. - - . 1961. "Trois notes sur l'ecriture 'phags-pa." Acta Orientalia (Budapest) 13: 200-237. Lua Changpei ~'m':r:g:. 1939. "Menggu ziyun ba" ~il*Mrut. Beijfng tushuguan tushujikan jt~i1.Wiil.~fU, n.s. 1.3. Reprinted in Lua and Cai (1959: 83-87). Lua Changpei and Cai Meibiao ~~~. 1959. Basfba zi yu Yuandili ' \83lIJ27£B.-f~'I;!J!;'>'li IianyuJ J!.J\u7-/,,7C ,,1~i'h:::t. B··· eIJIng: Kexue. v

Nakano, Miyoko. 1971. A Phonological Study in the 'Phags-pa Script and the Meng-ku Tzu-yun. Canberra: Australian National University Press. Oshibuchi Hajime .V#I-. 1930. "'Chugen on'in' chU no Pasupaji nite utsusaretaru kanji-on ni tsuite" I r=p mt1ftfi J r=p(J) J\J~ 1:::* t: "'( ~ ~ h tz. ~ ¥l*1ft:8t~~"'(. Ogawa hakushi kinen shigaku chirigaku ronsa IJ\J!lt'±Jim§B~5t:*t-fu~]H,glfB~. Kyoto: Kobundo.

*-

Ozaki YUjiro ~W1IT1t:t=¥~. 1980. "Daiei hakubutsukambon Moko ji'in zakki" ~1W~?;jWi*~il*M:fL§B. In Chugokugo oninshe no kenkyu r=p~§:g1f5t: (J) 1iJf~, 167-183. Tokyo: Sobunsha. 301

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

Pauthier, G. 1862. "Observations sur l'alphabete de P'a-sse-pa." Journal Asiatique 5.19: 1-47. Pelliot, Paul. 1927. [Oral Remarks before the Societe Asiatique]. Journal Asiatique 1: 372. - - . 1932. [Review of Dragunov (1930)]. T'oung Pao 29: 166-168. Poppe, Nicholas. 1957. The Mongolian Monuments in J:)P'ags-pa Script. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Pulleyblank, E. G. 1970. "Notes on the fiP'ags-pa Alphabet for Chinese." W. B. Henning Memorial Volume. London: Asia Major. Shen, Zhongwei. 2000. "The Phonetic Values of Divisions III and IV in the Menggu Ziyun." Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, n.s. 30.1: 93-112. - - . 2001. "The Interpretation of the Vocalic h - New Approaches to an Old Problem." Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, n.s. 31.4: 449-488. - - . In press. "The Chongniu Contrast in the Menggu Ziyun ~~*M - Patterns and Explanations." - - . Ms. "The Issues of the Zero Initials in the Menggu Ziyun." Tsuboi Yoshimasa ~#~IE. 1956. Eiin Daiei hakubutsukan-zo kyilshilhon Mokoji'in ni'kan ~fP*~t~to/jjij~niHlt:J;*~~*M= :ff. Suita: Kansai Daigaku Tozaigakujutsu Kenkyujo. Wang Qllong ±~~. 2001. Basfba shengping yu "Zhangsu6 zhflun" duikan yanjiu }\}=&, ES.'=t. ~W «~PJT~IJ~» ~m1iJf~. Zhonggu6 f6jiilO xueshu lundiim $~~~§1fB~ n077. Taipei: Foguangshan. Wylie, Alexander. 1870. "On an Ancient Buddhist Inscription at Keuyung-kwan, in North China." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, n.s. 5.1: 14-44. Yfmg NaisI t~ffiM/~ and Jiinast ~jjWWrlii. 1981. "Baslba zl yanjiu gaikuang" }\/~ES*1iJf~;fmt15L. Minzuyuwen l~;:Jj~~)( 1: 26-33. Zhang Weidong ~1$r:~t 1983. "Shilun Baslba zl de gUM h yunmu" ~ §1fBJ\/~ ES*B"J%f h fj~HJ:. Minzu yuwen ~~g:g)( 6: 39-42.

302

References

Other References Allsen, Thomas. 1994. "The Rise of the Mongolian Empire and the Mongolian Rule in North China." In Franke and Twitchett (1994), 321-413. Baugh, Albert C. 1935. A History of the English Language. New York: Appleton-Century . Baxter, William H. 2000. "Did Proto-Mandarin Exist?" JCL 28:100-115. BeijIng daxue llshlxi ::!t*::k~M9:%. 1985. BeijIng shI::!t Beijing: Beijing chubanshe.

*9:.

Chao, Yuen Ren li:l!bd:I. 1928. Studies in the Modern Wu Dialects ~§tHiJf:¥C. Beijing: Tsinghua College Research Institute.

JJHi:

- - . 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press. Coblin, W. South. 1990. "Notes on Sanghabhara's Mahamayuri Transcriptions." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 19: 195-251. - - . 1997. "Notes on the Sound System of Late Ming Guanhua. " Monumenta Serica 45: 261-307. - - . 2002. "A Palatal Nasal in Late Ming Guanhua." Acta Orientalia 63: 207-220. Coblin, W. South, and Joseph A. Levi. 2000. Francisco Varo's Grammar of the Mandarin Language (1703). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Endo Mitsuaki jiJ1iJ't;~. 1990. "Plinyi Lao Qlda Piita tongshi" Hanzi zhuYIn suoyln i~~~Z:::k:tHgHJ1~r'¥ttif*ij I. Tokyo: Kobun. Fennell, Barbara A. 2001. A History of English - A Sociolinguistic Approach. Oxford: Blackwell. Franke, Herbert. 1994. "The Chin Dynasty." In Franke and Twitchett (1994),215-320.

303

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

Franke, Herbert, and Denis Twitchett. 1994. The Cambridge History of China. Vol 6. Alien Regimes and Border States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Furuya Akihiro ~ ~ rl'l'1§=f.Lj~(J)

-=§'*.

BE 5b.

1988. "Hinshu monda shigi no onkei" ~.:t Kai Pian: Chugoku gogaku kenkyu 1*1.: r:p ~~

~ti}f% 6: 38-56.

- - . 1989. "Mindai kanwa no isshirya: Ricci, Ruggieri no 'Hinshu monda shigi' -" 1j)j1~'§~§(J) -~*4 : I) "J T . Iv "J ~'.I. - I) (J) ~.:trl'l'1§=fLj%EJ -. Toyo gakuho }~j¥:~¥~ 70.3-4: 1-25.

r

Gorlach, Manfred. 1997. The Linguistic History of English - An Introduction. Houndsmill & London: Macmillan. Himyu fangyfn z]hui 1l~1J-=§,* •. 2nd ed. 1989. Beijing: Wenzi gaige. Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1978-79. Phonology of Ancient Chinese. Study of Languages & Cultures of Asia & Africa, Monograph Series No. 10. 2 vols. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages & Cultures of Asia. Hattori ShIra ~Ilg~rz:g~~. 1946. Genchoh ish i no Mokogo 0 arawasu kanji nokenkyu 7G:$")j:f~5t:.(J)~r5~t- ~Hj: -t1l*(J)~3f%. Tokyo: Syokyoku.

*

JiangsO sheng he Shanghai shl fangyan diaochci zhldaozu 1I ~ 11 fD 1: mJ 1J ~ ~ J~ ~ #.\§.. 1960. Jiangsu sheng he Shanghai shi 1J *~ 15t. Jiangsu: JiangsO fangyfm gaikuang 1I ~ 11 fD 1: mJ renmfn chubanshe.

m

m

JIn JIsh! ifl~:P. 1999. "Chaoxian dulyln wenxian qiannllm" -=§'xl*~ffifH. Zhongguo yuwen r:p~~RX 5: 9-18.

:$")jjffT

Karlgren, Bernhard. 1915-26. Etudes sur la phonologie chinoise. Archives d'etudes orientales, vol. 15 (in four parts). Leiden: E. J. Brill; Uppsala: K. W. Appelberg. Kim, Kwangjo. 1991. A Phonological Study of Middle Mandarin: Reflected in Korean Sources of the Mid-15th and Early 16th Centuries. Ph.D. diss., University of Washington. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.

304

References

Ladefoged, Peter, and Ian Maddieson. 1996. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. Ledyard, Gari. 1997. "The International Linguistic Background of the Correct Sounds for the Instruction of the People." In The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure, ed. Young-Key Kim-Renaud, 31-87. Honolulu: University of Hawai 'i Press. Li Jieping *mff:. 1981. Zhongguo giidai diicheng gaikuang $~~1i; t~:lJ~Hmtr)L. Harbin: Heilongjiang renmin. Li, Wen-Chao. 1999. A Diachronically-Motivated Segmental Phonology of Mandarin Chinese. New York: Peter Lang. Liti DanqIng ~Uft~. 1995. Nfmjfng fangyfm cidian i¥njt:Jj§~~~. Nanking: Jiangsu jiaoyu. Lockwood, W. B. 1965. An Informal History of the German Language. London: Andre Deutsch. Lu Gu6yao ~~~. 1985. "Mingdai guanhuaji qi jIchu fangyan wenti" ~1i;,§~§R~:;§B~:Jj§rI=l5~. Nfmjfng daxue xuebao ~~¥R 4: 47-52.

m**

Luo Changpei

M'Mt-tf.

~->-~-'-A-+r.f$

PI=l §

"FijmU