ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȺȽȿɇɌɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂɘ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə «ȼ...
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ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȺȽȿɇɌɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂɘ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə «ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ»
ɆɂɇȿɊȺɅɈȽɂə ɋ ɈɋɇɈȼȺɆɂ ɄɊɂɋɌȺɅɅɈȽɊȺɎɂɂ ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ: Ⱥ.ɇ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ, ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ 2007
ɍȾɄ 549+548(075.8)
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ 17 ɦɚɹ 2007 ɝ., ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 6
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɱɥɟɧ-ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬ ɊȺɇ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɇ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɧɵɲɨɜ Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɞɪɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɂ.ɉ. Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ȼ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ (ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ) ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 011200 «Ƚɟɨɮɢɡɢɤɚ», ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: 011200 – Ƚɟɨɮɢɡɢɤɚ 2
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ȼɵ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɟɬɟ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ, ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɟ. ɇɟ ɡɧɚɹ ɢɯ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɸ, ɧɚɞɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ȼɵ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬɟ «ɚɡɛɭɤɭ» ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɱɢɬɶ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɷɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɠɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɱɢɬɶ, ɷɬɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ, ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ȼɵ ɩɨɣɦɟɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɚɲ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɢ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ȼɭɥɚɯ «Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɹ» 1999 ɢ 2002 ɝɝ. ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ «Ʉɭɪɫ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɢ» Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ȼɟɬɟɯɬɢɧɚ (1956 ɢ 2007 ɝɝ.). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɟ Ƚ.Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɚ ɢ ɂ.ɂ. ɒɚɮɪɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ «Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ» (1972) ɢ ɘ.Ʉ. ȿɝɨɪɨɜɚ-Ɍɢɫɦɟɧɤɨ «Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɯɢɦɢɹ» (2005). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɨɞɫɩɨɪɶɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɋɦɨɥɶɹɧɢɧɨɜɚ «ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɢ» (1972). ȼ ɧɟɣ ȼɵ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɟ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ. 1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ȼɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɢ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ – ɷɬɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɚɦɨɨɝɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɟɩɢɩɟɞɨɜ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɝɪɚɧɹɦ (ɪɟɛɪɚɦ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦ). ȼ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɟɩɢɩɟɞɨɜ (ɭɡɥɚɯ) ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ (ɚɬɨɦɵ, ɢɨɧɵ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ). ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɟɩɢɩɟɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚ) ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ – a, b, c, Į, ȕ, Ȗ (ɪɢɫ. 1), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ. ȼ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɵ (ɥɭɱɢ) ɩɨ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɥɭɱɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɥɭɱɚɯ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɪɹɞɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ (ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɬɨɤ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ 3
ɬɨɱɟɤ. ɋɟɬɤɢ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɩɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɟɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɟ.
c 3
2
b
1
a
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ (a, b, c – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ, 1, 2, 3 – ɭɝɥɨɜɵɟ) Ɉɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ, ɚ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ. Ⱥɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ (ɚɬɨɦɵ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɢɨɧɵ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɝɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɊɌ-ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ. 2. ɋɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɋɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɥɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. 2.1. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ (ɋ) ɐɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ (ɋ) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ, ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2 ɚ). ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2 ɛ). B1
D1
A1
ɛ
ɚ A
B
D
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ (ɚ) ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ (ɫɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) (ɛ) 4
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ: ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ (!) ɝɪɚɧɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɧɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɫɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɤɥɚɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥ ɢ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ). 2.2. Ɉɫɶ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ (L) Ɉɫɶɸ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ «ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ» ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ). ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ (Į) – ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɨɫɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ (n) – ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ ɧɚ 360ɨ. ȼ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɨɫɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ 1, 2, 3, 4 ɢ 6 ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ. Ɉɫɟɣ ɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ 6 ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ. ȼ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɶ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɶ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. 2.3. ɉɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ (P) ɉɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɮɢɝɭɪɭ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3). (ȼɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɥɚɞɨɧɢ). P
P
P
P
P
P P
P
P
P P
P
P
P
P
Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ (Ɋ) ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɯ
P
5
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ, ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ, ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɪɟɛɟɪ, ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɢɯ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɢɫɤ: ɛɟɪɟɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ ɩɨ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɸ (ɩɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ) ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɫɟɣ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (ɜɵɲɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ ɧɚ 90ɨ ɧɚɛɨɤ (ɬ. ɟ. ɜɚɥɹɟɦ ɟɝɨ) ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɫɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɪɟɛɟɪ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ, ɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ: «ɪɟɠɟɦ» ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦ ɢɯ «ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ». ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɳɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɭɸ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ Ȼɪɚɜɷ: 1) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɟɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ; 2) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɟɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ; 3) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ; 4) ɰɟɧɬɪ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɤɭɛɚ: 3L4 4L3 6L2 9P C. 2.4. ȼɢɞɵ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ɋɢɧɝɨɧɢɢ ȼɢɞɨɦ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ 32 ɜɢɞɚ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɨɫɟɣ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɟɣ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɶ ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɲɭɸ, ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ; ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɫɟɣ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ȿɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɭɱɢɬɶ).
6
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɢ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɋɢɧɝɨɧɢɹ ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɇɢɡɲɚɹ Ɍɪɢɤɥɢɧɧɚɹ 1) ɧɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚ2) ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɬ ɨɫɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɪɢɢ (ɋ) 2ɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ Ɇɨɧɨɤɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɋɭɦɦɚ L2 ɢ Ɋ < 3 Ɋɨɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɋɭɦɦɚ L2 ɢ Ɋ 3 ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ 1L3 Ɉɞɧɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɌɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɶ- 1L4 ɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɨɫɶɸ ɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ Ƚɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶ- 1L6 ɧɚɹ ȼɵɫɲɚɹ Ʉɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ 4L3 ɇɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɟɣ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 2.5. ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɭɛ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ, ɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɛɪɚ – ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ. ȼ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ 47 ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡ 32 ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ȼɵ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɭɱɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɜɵɭɱɢɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɇɨɧɨ – ɨɞɢɧ Ƚɟɤɫɚ – ɲɟɫɬɶ Ⱦɢ – ɞɜɚ Ɉɤɬɚ – ɜɨɫɟɦɶ Ɍɪɢ – ɬɪɢ Ⱦɟɤɚ – ɞɟɫɹɬɶ Ɍɟɬɪɚ – ɱɟɬɵɪɟ Ⱦɨɞɟɤɚ – ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɉɟɧɬɚ – ɩɹɬɶ ɗɞɪɚ – ɝɪɚɧɶ Ƚɨɧɢɚ – ɭɝɨɥ 7
Ɇɨɧɨɷɞɪ – ɨɞɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɶ (ɥɸɛɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ), ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ɉɢɧɚɤɨɢɞ – ɞɜɟ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ (ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɟ). Ⱦɢɷɞɪ – ɞɜɟ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɢ. Ɍɟɬɪɚɷɞɪ – 4 ɝɪɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɬɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ. Ɍɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɨɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɝɪɚɧɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ), ɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɪɚɜɧɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ), ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ). ɉɪɢɡɦɵ – ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɛɟɪ. ɉɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ – ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ (ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ). Ⱦɢɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɞɜɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢɡɦɵ, ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ ɢ ɞɢɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɨɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɬɪɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɞɢɬɪɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɞɢɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɢɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. Ⱦɢɬɪɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɢ-ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɭ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɢɝɭɪ (ɪɢɫ. 4).
L3 ɚ
L4
L6
ɜ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ⱦɢɬɪɢɝɨɧ (ɚ), ɞɢɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧ (ɛ), ɞɢɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧ (ɜ)
Ɋɨɦɛɨɷɞɪ – ɲɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɚɪɧɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɨɦɛɨɜ (ɷɬɨ ɫɩɥɸɫɧɭɬɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɣ ɜ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɤɭɛ). ɋɤɚɥɟɧɨɷɞɪɵ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ (ɪɢɫ. 5 ɜ), ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɹɫ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɪɨɜɧɵɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɛɪɚ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ. ɋɤɚɥɟɧɨɷɞɪɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɪɚɩɟɰɨɷɞɪɵ ɬɨɠɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ (ɪɢɫ. 5 ɛ), ɩɨɹɫ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɪɨɜɧɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɭ ɫɤɚɥɟɧɨɷɞɪɨɜ, ɧɨ ɪɟɛɪɚ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɢɧ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɨɷɞɪɨɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ. Ɍɪɚɩɟɰɨɷɞɪɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ. ɉɨɹɫ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɞɢɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ – ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɧɢɡɲɟɣ (ɦɨɧɨɷɞɪɵ, ɞɢɷɞɪɵ, ɪɨɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɵ, ɩɪɢɡɦɵ, ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ, ɞɢɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ) ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ. ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɣ. ȼ ɤɪɢ8
ɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɢɡɲɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ.
ɉɨɹɫ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ
P
ɚ ɛ ɜ Ɋɢɫ. 5. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɢɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ (ɚ) ɨɬ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɨɷɞɪɚ (ɛ) ɢ ɫɤɚɥɟɧɨɷɞɪɚ (ɜ)
ȼ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ 5 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ 10 ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɨɦ, ɝɟɤɫɚɷɞɪɨɦ (ɤɭɛɨɦ), ɨɤɬɚɷɞɪɨɦ, ɪɨɦɛɨɞɨɞɟɤɚɷɞɪɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɧɬɚɝɨɧɞɨɞɟɤɚɷɞɪɨɦ. Ɉɤɬɚɷɞɪ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɢɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɭ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ – ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ. Ⱦɨɞɟɤɚɷɞɪɵ – ɷɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 12 ɝɪɚɧɟɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɨɦɛɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɧɬɚɝɨɧɨɜ (ɩɹɬɢɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ). ɇɚ ɡɚɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ: 1) ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ; 2) ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ; 3) ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ – ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ; 4) ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ, ɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ, ɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɤ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɦ ɩɢɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ, ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ. 3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɉɪɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɢ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɦɟɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɥɟɫɤ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɥɹ ɝɚɥɟɧɢɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɩɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ (ɜɵɤɨɥɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɭɛɨɜ), ɞɥɹ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɢɬɚ – ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɤɨɣ, ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɢɬɚ – ɱɟɲɭɣɱɚɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɚɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɞɥɹ ɚɪɫɟɧɨɩɢɪɢɬɚ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, – ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɞɥɹ ɛɥɟɤɥɵɯ ɪɭɞ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ, ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɦɟɞɧɚɹ ɡɟɥɟɧɶ. 9
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 ɋɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɛɥɟɫɤɨɦ (ɱɟɪɬɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ, ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɚɹ) ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ Ƚɚɥɟɧɢɬ Ⱥɧɬɢɦɨɧɢɬ Ɇɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɢɬ ȺɪɫɟɧɨȻɥɟɤɥɵɟ ɩɢɪɢɬ ɪɭɞɵ Ɍɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɣ ɋɜɟɬɥɨɈɫɨɛɟɧ- Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɨ Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɋɜɟɬɥɨɫɟɪɵɣ ɞɨ ɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɵɣ -ɫɟɪɵɣ ɫɟɪɵɣ «ɝɨɥɭɛɨɜɚɬɵɣ» ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɉɥɚɫɬɢɧ- ɋɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ Ɏɨɪɦɚ Ƚɟɤɫɚɷɞ- ȼɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɑɟɲɭɣɤɢ, ɦɚɫɫɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥ- ɪɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɟ ɝɟɤ- ɱɚɬɵɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɨɜ ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɦɵ ɋɩɚɣɋɨɜɟɪɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɨɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ Ɍɜɟɪ3–4 3–4 1 5,5 3–4 ɞɨɫɬɶ ɍɞɥɢɧɟɧɑɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟ- ɋɬɚɥɶɧɨ- ɑɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢȾɨɩɨɥɑɚɫɬɨ ɦɚɡɤɢ ɦɟɞɫɟɪɵɣ ɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɬɟɥɶɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ- ɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɧɨɣ ɡɟɥɟɧɢ ɰɜɟɬ ɤɜɚɪɰɟ ɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɵɟ ɫɜɟ- ɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɮɚɥɟɪɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɦ Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɟɥɬɵɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɛɥɟɫɤɨɦ (ɬɚɛɥ. 3) ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɢɪɢɬ ɢ ɦɚɪɤɚɡɢɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ (5,5), ɧɨ ɩɢɪɢɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɤɭɛɵ ɢ ɩɟɧɬɚɝɨɧɞɨɞɟɤɚɷɞɪɵ), ɚ ɦɚɪɤɚɡɢɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɰɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɯɚɥɶɤɨɩɢɪɢɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɩɟɫɬɪɚɹ ɩɨɛɟɠɚɥɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ – ɦɟɞɧɚɹ ɡɟɥɟɧɶ. ɉɢɪɪɨɬɢɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɧɨ ɰɜɟɬ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɦɧɵɣ, ɚ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɟɧ. ȼ ɩɢɪɪɨɬɢɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɩɚɣɧɨɫɬɶɸ – ɩɟɧɬɥɚɧɞɢɬ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ ɭɠɟ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ.
10
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 ɋɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɛɥɟɫɤɨɦ (ɱɟɪɬɚ ɱɟɪɧɚɹ, ɡɟɥɟɧɨɜɚɬɚɹ) ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɉɢɪɢɬ Ɇɚɪɤɚɡɢɬ ɏɚɥɶɤɨɩɢ- ɉɢɪɪɨ- ɉɟɧɬɥɚɧɞɢɬ ɪɢɬ ɨɬɢɧ Ɉɫɨɛɟɧ- ɋɜɟɬɥɨ-ɠɟɥɬɵɣ, ɫɨɥɨɀɟɥɬɵɣ ɫ Ɍɟɦɧɨ- ȼ ɩɢɪɪɨɬɢɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɨ- - ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɧɧɨ-ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɩɟɫɬɪɨɣ ɥɵɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɫɨ ɩɨɛɟɠɚɥɨ- ɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɫɩɚɣɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɶɸ Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
Ƚɟɤɫɚɷɞɪɵ (ɤɭɛɵ) ɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɝɚɪɧɹɯ 5,5
Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɥɭɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɨɣ
ɑɚɳɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɪɟɞɤɨ ɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɵ
ɋɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ
5,5
3,4–4
3,5–4
Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ
ɉɟɫɬɪɚɹ ɩɨɛɟɠɚɥɨɫɬɶ, ɦɟɞɧɚɹ ɡɟɥɟɧɶ
ɂɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɜ ɩɢɪɪɨɬɢɧɟ
3,5–4,5
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬ- ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɢɪɪɨɬɢɧɟ
ɋɜɟɬɥɵɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ (ɞɨ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɨɜ) ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ 2 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ: ɨɞɧɢ ɰɚɪɚɩɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ (ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ >5) – ɢɯ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɜɚɪɰɚ; ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɰɚɪɚɩɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ (ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ